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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/archaic/asamples.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/archaic/asamples.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..89c9d9a6dce --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/fonts/archaic/asamples.tex @@ -0,0 +1,382 @@ +% bsample.tex Samples of archaic fonts +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage{protosem} +\usepackage{phoenician} +\usepackage{greek6cbc} +\usepackage{greek4cbc} +\usepackage{etruscan} +\usepackage{runic} +\usepackage{linearb} +\usepackage{cypriot} +\usepackage{hieroglf} +\usepackage{ugarite} +\usepackage{oldprsn} +\usepackage{oands} + +%\newcommand{\ABC}{ABCDEFGHIJKL MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ} +\newcommand{\abc}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} + +\newcommand{\BC}{\textsc{bc}} +\newcommand{\AD}{\textsc{ad}} + +\title{Archaic Font Sampler} +\author{Peter Wilson\\ \texttt{peter.r.wilson@boeing.com}} +\date{23 September 2000} +\begin{document} +\maketitle +\tableofcontents + +\clearpage +\section{Introduction} + + This document provides some samples of archaic fonts. They are +available from CTAN in the \texttt{fonts/archaic} directory. The fonts +form a set that display how the Latin alphabet and script evolved from the +initial Proto-Semitic script until Roman times. + + The fonts consist of letters only --- punctuation had not been invented +during this period, neither, effectively, had numerals. The fonts are all +single-cased. Upper- and lower-case letters were again only invented after +the end of this period. + + Other fonts are also available for some scripts that were not on the +main alphabetic tree. The period covered by the scripts is from about +3000~\BC{} to the Middle Ages. + + For some of the scripts transliterations into the Latin alphabet can +be automatically generated by the accompanying LaTeX packages. + +\clearpage + + +\section{Proto-Semitic} + + Around 1600~\BC{} there were alphabetic scripts in use in the Middle East +that are variously called Proto-Siniatic, Proto-Canaanite, etc. I +have lumped these together into a Proto-Semitic font. Several +of the signs in this alphabet are obviously derived from Egyptian +Hieroglyphs, and it may have been a precursor to the Phoenician script. + + The alphabet consisted of 23 letters, some of which had alternate +forms. Writing was generally from left to right, but could be vertical +or in other directions. + + The font and package are in the \texttt{protosem} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\protofamily +abgdzewhiyklmnopuvqrsxt +\end{center} + + +\section{Phoenician} + + The Phoenician alphabetic script dates from about 1000~\BC. +The Phoenecians wrote right to left. The script is provided in both a +left to right and a right to left form. The alphabet consisted of +22 letters. The font provided actually includes a 23rd letter as +the \textit{vau} character had two forms: \textphnc{V} and \textphnc{F}. + + The font and package are in the \texttt{phoenician} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\phncfamily +ABGDEFVZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OP\Tsade QRST \\ +tsrq\tsade po\tXi nmlki\tTheta hzvfedgba +\end{center} + +\section{Greek} + + The Greeks used the Phoenician script and alphabet as a basis for their +own writing. In the earliest times the Greeks used to alternate the writing +direction for successive lines, but later settled down to writing left to +right. Two forms of the Greek script are provided. + +The earlier one is representative of about the sixth century~\BC, when the +Greek alphabet consisted of 26 letters. + The font and package are in the \texttt{greek6cbc} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\gvibcfamily +ABGDEFZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OPQRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi\TOmega +\end{center} + + The later script is representative of the fourth century~\BC, when the +alphabet had been reduced to the 24 letters in use today. + The font and package are in the \texttt{greek4cbc} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\givbcfamily +ABGDEZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OPRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi\TOmega +%%abgdezh\tTheta iklmn\tXi oprstux\tPhi\tPsi\tOmega +\end{center} + +\section{Etruscan} + + The Etruscans, who were the precursors of the Romans in Italy, based their +alphabet and script on the Phoenician and Greek models. Like the Phoenicians, +they wrote right to left. In their turn, the Romans based their alphabet on +the Etruscan one, but they wrote left to right and provided the forms of +our capital letters. + + The script is provided in both a left to right and a right to left form +and is representative of about the eighth century~\BC. + The font and package are in the \texttt{etruscan} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\etrfamily +ABGDEFZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OP\Tsade QRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi 8\\ +8\tPsi\tPhi xutsrq\tsade po\tXi nmlki\tTheta hzfedgba +\end{center} + + +\section{Runic} + + The \textit{futharc} alphabetic script +(named, like ours, after the first few letters) +was a script used in Northern Europe until after the Middle Ages, when it +died out after printing was invented. It has glyphs that are reminiscent of +some of those in the other scripts shown here, but some are wildly different. +I have included it because it has the \textit{wen} character, \textfut{W}, +which is the first appearance of a character for the `W' sound. Also, it +has the \textit{ger} character, \textfut{J}, which corresponds to the modern +`J' sound --- `J' did not appear in the Latin alphabet until about the mid +1500's. + + The Anglo-Saxon version of the font and package are in the \texttt{runic} +subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\futfamily +FU\Fthorn ARKGWHNIJYPXSTBEML\Fng DO +\end{center} + +\section{Hieroglyphics} + + Hieroglyphics were used by the Egyptians from about 3000~\BC{} to +400~\AD. The script is partly a consonantal alphabet, a syllabary, +and logograms. There are approximately 6000 known different +hieroglyphs, but less than 1000 were in use at any one time. + + The hieroglf package provides about 60 hieroglyphs, enough to +write a few names, like Cleopatra or Ptolemy. Serge Rosmorduc's +hieroglyphic package is for serious Egyptologists and provides about +600 hieroglyphs. + + The hieroglf package, which is in the \texttt{hieroglf} subdirectory and +which requires the oands package, includes the following hieroglyphs: + +\begin{center} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\pmhgfamily +a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z +A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ++ ? / | \Hms\ Hibp\ \Hibw\ \Hibs\ \Hibl\ \Hsv +\end{center} + + The package can also be used for hieroglyphs within either +horizontal or vertical cartouches. The three below are the +names Cleopatra, Caesar and Alexander. + +\begin{center} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\Cartouche{\pmglyph{K:l-i-o-p-a-d:r-a}} +\Vertouche{\pmvglyph{k:y:S:l:S}} +\Cartouche{\pmglyph{a-l:k-s-i-n:d-r:S}} +\end{center} + +\section{Linear B} + + The \textit{Linear B} script was a syllabary that was used during the +approximate period between 1600 and 1200~\BC{} for writing the Mycenaean Greek +dialect. Most examples of the script come from Crete, and in particular from +Knossos. The script was deciphered in 1953 by Michael Ventris with assistance +from John Chadwick. + + The script consists of some 60 basic signs, 16 optional signs, and about +11 signs that have yet to be deciphered. The script also had signs for numbers +(1--1000), and signs for various kinds of weights and measures. There were +also sets of signs for different kinds of trade goods, such as pots or wool. +Although Linear B was used for writing Greek, there is no other relationship +between this ancient script and the Greek alphabet. + + The Metafont script includes only the basic, optional, unidentified, +and number signs. The font and package are in the \texttt{linearb} +subdirectory. The basic signs are illustrated below. + +\begin{center} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\linbfamily +a e i o u +d D f g x +j J b L +k K c h v +m M y A B +n N C E F +p P G H I +q Q X 8 +r R O U V +s S Y 1 2 +t T 3 4 5 +w W 6 7 +z Z 9 + +\end{center} + + +\section{Cypriot} + + The \textit{Cypriot} script was a syllabary used in Cyprus during the +approximate period between 1000 and 200~\BC{} for writing Greek. It has a +relationship to Linear~B as it includes some of the same signs. Towards +the end of its life few people could read the script, so inscriptions +were written using both the syllabary and the Greek alphabetic characters. +These bilinguals made it relatively easy to decipher the script, a task that +was essentially completed by the last quarter of the nineteenth century. + + Like Linear B, the Cypriot script has no relationship with the Greek +alphabet apart from the fact that both can be used for writing the same +language. + + The script consisted of 55 signs. The Metafont source and package is +in the \texttt{cypriot} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\cyprfamily +a e i o u +g +j b +k K c h v +l L d f q +m M y A B +n N C E F +p P G H I +r R O U V +s S Y 1 2 +t T 3 4 5 +w W 6 7 +x X z +9 + +\end{center} + +\section{Ugaritic Cuneiform} + + The first cuneiform scripts appeared around 2800~\BC{} and the last +recorded use of cuneiform was in 75~\AD. + + The Ugaritic cuneiform script dates from about 1300~\BC{} and +was alphabetical. The script consisted of 30 letters and a ideographic word +divider (a short vertical wedge). The Metafont source and package +is in the \texttt{ugarite} subdirectory. + +\begin{center} +\cugarfamily +\Ua\ \Ub\ \Ug\ \Uhu\ \Ud\ +\Uh\ \Uw\ \Uz\ \Uhd\ \Utd\ +\Uy\ \Uk\ \Usa\ \Ul\ \Um\ +\Udb\ \Un\ \Uzd\ \Us\ \Ulq\ +\Up\ \Usd\ \Uq\ \Ur\ \Utb\ +\Ugd\ \Ut\ \Ui\ \Uu\ \Usg\ +\Uwd +\end{center} + + Modern Western transliterations of these glyphs are: +\begin{center} +\translitcugar{% +\Ua\ \Ub\ \Ug\ \Uhu\ \Ud\ +\Uh\ \Uw\ \Uz\ \Uhd\ \Utd\ +\Uy\ \Uk\ \Usa\ \Ul\ \Um\ +\Udb\ \Un\ \Uzd\ \Us\ \Ulq\ +\Up\ \Usd\ \Uq\ \Ur\ \Utb\ +\Ugd\ \Ut\ \Ui\ \Uu\ \Usg\ +\Uwd} +\end{center} + +\section{Old Persian} + + It is believed that the Old Persian cuneiform script was invented on +the order of the Persian king Darius~I for use on royal monuments. +The script was only in use between about 500 and 350~\BC. + + Old Persian was a syllabary with 36 glyphs. There were also 5 ideographs, +some with multiple forms, +for the words \textit{king}, \textit{country}, \textit{earth}, \textit{god} +and \textit{Ahuramazda} (the Persian god), together with a word divider. +Numerals were also represented. +The Metafont source and package is in the \texttt{ugarite} subdirectory, but +the numerals are not provided. + +\begin{center} +\copsnfamily +\Oa\ \Oi\ \Ou\ \Oka\ \Oku\ +\Oxa\ \Oga\ \Ogu\ \Oca\ \Oja\ +\Oji\ \Ota\ \Otu\ \Otha\ \Occa\ +\Oda\ \Odi\ \Odu\ \Ona\ \Onu\ +\Opa\ \Ofa\ \Oba\ \Oma\ \Omi\ +\Omu\ \Oya\ \Ora\ \Oru\ \Ola\ +\Ova\ \Ovi\ \Osa\ \Osva\ \Oza\ +\Oha\ +\Oking\ \Ocountrya\ \Ocountryb\ \Oearth\ \Ogod\ +\OAura\ \OAurb\ \OAurc\ +\Owd +\end{center} + + +\clearpage +\section{Transliteration} + + There are generally accepted transliterations of ancient scripts +into modern alphabetic characters, often with diacritics. The +OandS font, in subdirectory \texttt{oands}, provides a few odd +characters needed for these. + + At present, the font consists of only two characters: \textoands{` z}. + + For example, the following hieroglyphs: +\begin{center} +\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2} +\pmglyph{\HU\Hw\HL\HJ\Hf-\Hq:\Hvbar-\HR:{\Hr:\Hr}-\Hy-\Ht:\HN-\Hf-\Hn:\Ht-\Hc\Hm\Hv-\HG:\Hvbar-\Hf\HZ\Hw\HV} +\end{center} +are transliterated as: +\begin{center} +\translitpmhg{\HU\ \HJ.\Hf\ \Hq\ \HR\Hr\Hy\Ht.\Hf\ \Hn\Ht\ \Hc\ \HG.\Hf\ \HZ} +\end{center} +and can be translated as: +\begin{center} +His Majesty departed upon his chariot of electrum, his heart joyful. +\end{center} + +\newcommand{\xerxes}{% + \Oxa\Osva\Oya\Oa\Ora\Osva\Oa\Owd\-% 1 + \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Owd\-% 2 + \Ova\Oza\Ora\Oka\Owd\-% 3 + \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Owd\-% 4 + \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Oa\Ona\Oa\Oma\Owd\-% 5 + \Oda\Oa\Ora\Oya\Ova\Oha\Ou\Osva\Owd\-% 6 + \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Oha\Oya\Oa\Owd\-% 7 + \Opa\Ou\Occa\Owd\-% 8 + \Oha\Oxa\Oa\Oma\Ona\Oi\Osva\Oi\Oya\Owd} + + + Xerxes had this inscription carved above the doorways of his palace +at Persepolis: +\begin{center} +\textcopsn{\xerxes} +\end{center} +which transliterates as: +\begin{center} +\translitcopsn{\xerxes} +\end{center} +and which, when translated, means: +\begin{center} +Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings, the son of Darius the king, +an Achaemenian. +\end{center} + + + + +\end{document} + |