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-% Copyright (C) 1988, all rights reserved.
-
-\def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
- T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
-
-\title{B\kern-.05em{\large I}\kern-.025em{\large B}\kern-.08em\TeX ing}
-\author{Oren Patashnik}
-\date{February 8, 1988}
-
-\documentstyle{article}
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\section{Overview}
-
-[This document will be expanded when \BibTeX\ version 1.00 comes out.
-Please report typos, omissions, inaccuracies,
-and especially unclear explanations
-to me ({\tt patashnik@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU}).
-Suggestions for improvements are wanted and welcome.]
-
-This documentation, for \BibTeX\ version 0.99b,
-is meant for general \BibTeX\ users;
-bibliography-style designers should read this document
-and then read ``Designing \BibTeX\ Styles''~\cite{btxhak},
-which is meant for just them.
-
-This document has three parts:
-Section~\ref{differences}
-describes the differences between versions 0.98i and 0.99b
-of \BibTeX\ and between the corresponding versions of the standard styles;
-Section~\ref{latex-appendix}
-updates Appendix~B.2 of the \LaTeX\ book~\cite{latex};
-and Section~\ref{odds-and-ends}
-gives some general and specific tips
-that aren't documented elsewhere.
-It's assumed throughout that you're familiar with
-the relevant sections of the \LaTeX\ book.
-
-This documentation also serves as sample input to help
-\BibTeX\ implementors get it running.
-For most documents, this one included, you produce the reference list by:
-running \LaTeX\ on the document (to produce the {\tt aux} file(s)),
-then running \BibTeX\ (to produce the {\tt bbl} file),
-then \LaTeX\ twice more (first to find the information in the {\tt bbl} file
-and then to get the forward references correct).
-In very rare circumstances you may need an extra \BibTeX/\LaTeX\ run.
-
-\BibTeX\ version 0.99b should be used with \LaTeX\ version 2.09,
-for which the closed bibliography format is the default;
-to get the open format, use the optional document style {\tt openbib}
-(in an open format there's a line break between major blocks of a
-reference-list entry; in a closed format the blocks run together).]
-
-Note: \BibTeX\ 0.99b is not compatible with the old style files;
-nor is \BibTeX\ 0.98i compatible with the new ones
-(the new \BibTeX, however, is compatible with old database files).
-
-Note for implementors: \BibTeX\ provides logical-area names
-\hbox{\tt TEXINPUTS:} for bibliography-style files and
-\hbox{\tt TEXBIB:} for database files it can't otherwise find.
-
-
-\section{Changes}
-\label{differences}
-
-This section describes the differences between
-\BibTeX\ versions 0.98i and 0.99b, and also between
-the corresponding standard styles.
-There were a lot of differences;
-there will be a lot fewer between 0.99 and 1.00.
-
-
-\subsection{New \BibTeX\ features}
-\label{features}
-
-The following list explains \BibTeX's new features and how to use them.
-\begin{enumerate}
-
-\item
-With the single command `\hbox{\verb|\nocite{*}|}'
-you can now include in the reference list
-every entry in the database files, without having to explicitly
-\verb|\cite| or \hbox{\verb|\nocite|} each entry.
-Giving this command, in essence,
-\hbox{\verb|\nocite|}s
-all the enties in the database, in database order,
-at the very spot in your document
-where you give the command.
-
-\item
-\label{concat}
-You can now have as a field value (or an {\tt @STRING} definition)
-the concatenation of several strings.
-For example if you've defined
-\begin{verbatim}
- @STRING( WGA = " World Gnus Almanac" )
-\end{verbatim}
-then it's easy to produce nearly-identical
-{\tt title} fields for different entries:
-\begin{verbatim}
- @BOOK(almanac-66,
- title = 1966 # WGA,
- . . .
- @BOOK(almanac-67,
- title = 1967 # WGA,
-\end{verbatim}
-and so on. Or, you could have a field like
-\begin{verbatim}
- month = "1~" # jan,
-\end{verbatim}
-which would come out something like
-`\hbox{\verb|1~January|}' or `\hbox{\verb|1~Jan.|}' in the {\tt bbl} file,
-depending on how your bibliography style defines
-the {\tt jan} abbreviation.
-You may concatenate as many strings as you like
-(except that there's a limit to the overall length
-of the resulting field);
-just be sure to put the concatenation character `{\tt\#}'$\!$,
-surrounded by optional spaces or newlines,
-between each successive pair of strings.
-
-\item
-\BibTeX\ has a new cross-referencing feature,
-explained by an example.
-Suppose you say \hbox{\verb|\cite{no-gnats}|} in your document,
-and suppose you have these two entries in your database file:
-\begin{verbatim}
- @INPROCEEDINGS(no-gnats,
- crossref = "gg-proceedings",
- author = "Rocky Gneisser",
- title = "No Gnats Are Taken for Granite",
- pages = "133-139")
- . . .
- @PROCEEDINGS(gg-proceedings,
- editor = "Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter",
- title = "The Gnats and Gnus 1988 Proceedings",
- booktitle = "The Gnats and Gnus 1988 Proceedings")
-\end{verbatim}
-Two things happen.
-First, the special \hbox{\tt crossref} field tells \BibTeX\
-that the \hbox{\tt no-gnats} entry should inherit
-any fields it's missing from
-the entry it cross references, \hbox{\tt gg-proceedings}.
-In this case it in inherits the two fields
-\hbox{\tt editor} and \hbox{\tt booktitle}.
-Note that, in the standard styles at least,
-the \hbox{\tt booktitle} field is irrelevant
-for the \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS} entry type.
-The \hbox{\tt booktitle} field appears here
-in the \hbox{\tt gg-proceedings} entry
-only so that the entries that cross reference it
-may inherit the field.
-No matter how many papers from this meeting exist in the database,
-this \hbox{\tt booktitle} field need only appear once.
-
-The second thing that happens:
-\BibTeX\ automatically puts the entry \hbox{\tt gg-proceedings}
-into the reference list if it's cross
-referenced by two or more entries that you
-\verb|\cite| or \hbox{\verb|\nocite|},
-even if you don't \verb|\cite| or \hbox{\verb|\nocite|}
-the \hbox{\tt gg-proceedings} entry itself.
-So \hbox{\tt gg-proceedings} will automatically appear
-on the reference list if one other entry
-besides \hbox{\tt no-gnats} cross references it.
-
-To guarantee that this scheme works, however,
-a cross-referenced entry must occur later in the database files
-than every entry that cross-references it.
-Thus, putting all cross-referenced entries at the end makes sense.
-(Moreover, you may not reliably nest cross references;
-that is, a cross-referenced entry may
-not itself reliably cross reference an entry.
-This is almost certainly not something you'd
-want to do, though.)
-
-One final note:
-This cross-referencing feature is completely unrelated
-to the old \BibTeX's cross referencing,
-which is still allowed.
-Thus, having a field like
-\begin{verbatim}
- note = "Jones \cite{jones-proof} improves the result"
-\end{verbatim}
-is not affected by the new feature.
-
-\item
-\BibTeX\ now handles accented characters.
-For example if you have an entry with the two fields
-\begin{verbatim}
- author = "Kurt G{\"o}del",
- year = 1931,
-\end{verbatim}
-and if you're using the \hbox{\tt alpha} bibliography style,
-then \BibTeX\ will construct the label
-\hbox{[G{\"o}d31]} for this entry, which is what you'd want.
-To get this feature to work you must place the entire accented
-character in braces;
-in this case either \hbox{\verb|{\"o}|}
-or \hbox{\verb|{\"{o}}|} will do.
-Furthermore these braces must not themselves be
-enclosed in braces (other than the ones that might delimit
-the entire field or the entire entry);
-and there must be a backslash
-as the very first character inside the braces.
-Thus neither \hbox{\verb|{G{\"{o}}del}|}
-nor \hbox{\verb|{G\"{o}del}|} will work for this example.
-
-This feature handles all the accented characters and
-all but the nonbackslashed foreign symbols found in Tables
-3.1 and~3.2 of the \LaTeX\ book.
-This feature behaves similarly for ``accents'' you might define;
-we'll see an example shortly.
-For the purposes of counting letters in labels,
-\BibTeX\ considers everything contained inside the braces
-as a single letter.
-
-\item
-\BibTeX\ also handles hyphenated names.
-For example if you have an entry with
-\begin{verbatim}
- author = "Jean-Paul Sartre",
-\end{verbatim}
-and if you're using the \hbox{\tt abbrv} style,
-then the result is `J.-P. Sartre'$\!$.
-
-\item
-\label{preamble}
-There's now an \hbox{\verb|@PREAMBLE|} command
-for the database files.
-This command's syntax is just like \hbox{\verb|@STRING|}'s,
-except that there is no name or equals-sign, just the string.
-Here's an example:
-\begin{verbatim}
- @PREAMBLE{ "\newcommand{\noopsort}[1]{} "
- # "\newcommand{\singleletter}[1]{#1} " }
-\end{verbatim}
-(note the use of concatenation here, too).
-The standard styles output whatever information you give this command
-(\LaTeX\ macros most likely) directly to the {\tt bbl} file.
-We'll look at one possible use of this command,
-based on the \hbox{\verb|\noopsort|} command just defined.
-
-The issue here is sorting (alphabetizing).
-\BibTeX\ does a pretty good job,
-but occasionally weird circumstances conspire to confuse \BibTeX:
-Suppose that you have entries in your database for
-the two books in a two-volume set by the same author,
-and that you'd like volume~1 to appear
-just before volume~2 in your reference list.
-Further suppose that there's now a second edition of volume~1,
-which came out in 1973, say,
-but that there's still just one edition of volume~2,
-which came out in 1971.
-Since the {\tt plain} standard style
-sorts by author and then year,
-it will place volume~2 first
-(because its edition came out two years earlier)
-unless you help \BibTeX.
-You can do this by using the {\tt year} fields below
-for the two volumes:
-\begin{verbatim}
- year = "{\noopsort{a}}1973"
- . . .
- year = "{\noopsort{b}}1971"
-\end{verbatim}
-According to the definition of \hbox{\verb|\noopsort|},
-\LaTeX\ will print nothing but the true year for these fields.
-But \BibTeX\ will be perfectly happy pretending that
-\hbox{\verb|\noopsort|} specifies some fancy accent
-that's supposed to adorn the `a' and the~`b';
-thus when \BibTeX\ sorts it will pretend that
-`a1973' and `b1971' are the real years,
-and since `a' comes before~`b'$\!$, it will place volume~1 before volume~2,
-just what you wanted.
-By the way, if this author has any other works included
-in your database, you'd probably want to use instead something like
-\hbox{\verb|{\noopsort{1968a}}1973|} and
-\hbox{\verb|{\noopsort{1968b}}1971|},
-so that these two books would come out in a reasonable spot
-relative to the author's other works
-(this assumes that 1968 results in a reasonable spot,
-say because that's when the first edition of volume~1 appeared).
-
-There is a limit to the number of \hbox{\verb|@PREAMBLE|} commands
-you may use, but you'll never exceed this limit if
-you restrict yourself to one per database file;
-this is not a serious restriction,
-given the concatenation feature (item~\ref{concat}).
-
-\item
-\BibTeX's sorting algorithm is now stable.
-This means that if two entries have identical sort keys,
-those two entries will appear in citation order.
-(The bibliography styles construct these sort keys---%
-usually the author information followed by the year and the title.)
-
-\item
-\BibTeX\ no longer does case conversion for file names;
-this will make \BibTeX\ easier to install on Unix systems, for example.
-
-\item
-It's now easier to add code for processing a
-command-line {\tt aux}-file name.
-
-\end{enumerate}
-
-
-\subsection{Changes to the standard styles}
-
-This section describes changes to the standard styles
-({\tt plain}, {\tt unsrt}, {\tt alpha}, {\tt abbrv})
-that affect ordinary users.
-Changes that affect style designers appear in
-the document ``Designing \BibTeX\ Styles''~\cite{btxhak}.
-\begin{enumerate}
-
-\item
-In general, sorting is now by ``author''$\!$, then year, then title---%
-the old versions didn't use the year field.
-(The {\tt alpha} style, however, sorts first by label,
-then ``author''$\!$, year, and title.)
-The quotes around author mean that some entry types
-might use something besides the author, like the editor or organization.
-
-\item
-Many unnecessary ties (\verb|~|) have been removed.
-\LaTeX\ thus will produce slightly fewer
-`\hbox{\tt Underfull} \verb|\hbox|' messages
-when it's formatting the reference list.
-
-\item
-Emphasizing (\hbox{\verb|{\em ...}|})
-has replaced italicizing (\hbox{\verb|{\it ...}|}).
-This will almost never result in a difference
-between the old output and the new.
-
-\item
-The {\tt alpha} style now uses a superscripted~`$^{+}$' instead of a~`*'
-to represent names omitted in constructing the label.
-If you really liked it the way it was, however,
-or if you want to omit the character entirely,
-you don't have to modify the style file---%
-you can override the~`$^{+}$' by
-redefining the \hbox{\verb|\etalchar|} command
-that the {\tt alpha} style writes onto the {\tt bbl} file
-(just preceding the \hbox{\verb|\thebibliography|} environment);
-use \LaTeX's \hbox{\verb|\renewcommand|} inside
-a database \hbox{\tt @PREAMBLE} command,
-described in the previous subsection's item~\ref{preamble}.
-
-\item
-The {\tt abbrv} style now uses `Mar.' and `Sept.'\
-for those months rather than `March' and `Sep.'
-
-\item
-The standard styles use \BibTeX's new cross-referencing feature
-by giving a \verb|\cite| of the cross-referenced entry and by
-omitting from the cross-referencing entry
-(most of the) information that appears
-in the cross-referenced entry.
-These styles do this when
-a titled thing (the cross-referencing entry)
-is part of a larger titled thing (the cross-referenced entry).
-There are five such situations:
-when (1)~an \hbox{\tt INPROCEEDINGS}
-(or \hbox{\tt CONFERENCE}, which is the same)
-cross references a \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS};
-when (2)~a {\tt BOOK}, (3)~an \hbox{\tt INBOOK},
-or (4)~an \hbox{\tt INCOLLECTION}
-cross references a {\tt BOOK}
-(in these cases, the cross-referencing entry is a single
-volume in a multi-volume work);
-and when (5)~an \hbox{\tt ARTICLE}
-cross references an \hbox{\tt ARTICLE}
-(in this case, the cross-referenced entry is really a journal,
-but there's no \hbox{\tt JOURNAL} entry type;
-this will result in warning messages about
-an empty \hbox{\tt author} and \hbox{\tt title} for the journal---%
-you should just ignore these warnings).
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt MASTERSTHESIS} and \hbox{\tt PHDTHESIS}
-entry types now take an optional {\tt type} field.
-For example you can get the standard styles to
-call your reference a `Ph.D.\ dissertation'
-instead of the default `PhD thesis' by including a
-\begin{verbatim}
- type = "{Ph.D.} dissertation"
-\end{verbatim}
-in your database entry.
-
-\item
-Similarly, the \hbox{\tt INBOOK} and \hbox{\tt INCOLLECTION}
-entry types now take an optional {\tt type} field,
-allowing `section~1.2' instead of the default `chapter~1.2'$\!$.
-You get this by putting
-\begin{verbatim}
- chapter = "1.2",
- type = "Section"
-\end{verbatim}
-in your database entry.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt BOOKLET}, \hbox{\tt MASTERSTHESIS},
-and \hbox{\tt TECHREPORT} entry types now format
-their \hbox{\tt title} fields as if they were
-\hbox{\tt ARTICLE} \hbox{\tt title}s
-rather than \hbox{\tt BOOK} \hbox{\tt title}s.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS} and \hbox{\tt INPROCEEDINGS}
-entry types now use the \hbox{\tt address} field
-to tell where a conference was held,
-rather than to give the address
-of the publisher or organization.
-If you want to include the
-publisher's or organization's address,
-put it in the \hbox{\tt publisher}
-or \hbox{\tt organization} field.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt BOOK}, \hbox{\tt INBOOK}, \hbox{\tt INCOLLECTION},
-and \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS} entry types now allow either
-\hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number} (but not both),
-rather than just \hbox{\tt volume}.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt INCOLLECTION} entry type now allows
-a \hbox{\tt series} and an \hbox{\tt edition} field.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt INPROCEEDINGS} and \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS}
-entry types now allow either a \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
-and also a \hbox{\tt series} field.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt UNPUBLISHED} entry type now outputs,
-in one block, the \hbox{\tt note} field
-followed by the date information.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt MANUAL} entry type now prints out
-the \hbox{\tt organization} in the first block
-if the \hbox{\tt author} field is empty.
-
-\item
-The {\tt MISC} entry type now issues a warning
-if all the optional fields are empty
-(that is, if the entire entry is empty).
-
-\end{enumerate}
-
-
-\section{The Entries}
-\label{latex-appendix}
-
-This section is simply a corrected version of
-Appendix~B.2 of the \LaTeX\ book~\cite{latex},
-\copyright~1986, by Addison-Wesley.
-The basic scheme is the same, only a few details have changed.
-
-
-\subsection{Entry Types}
-
-When entering a reference in the database, the first thing to decide
-is what type of entry it is. No fixed classification scheme can be
-complete, but \BibTeX\ provides enough entry types to handle almost
-any reference reasonably well.
-
-References to different types of publications contain different
-information; a reference to a journal article might include the volume
-and number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.
-Therefore, database entries of different types have different fields.
-For each entry type, the fields are divided into three classes:
-\begin{description}
-
-\item[required]
-Omitting the field will produce a warning message
-and, rarely, a badly formatted bibliography entry.
-If the required information is not meaningful,
-you are using the wrong entry type.
-However, if the required information is meaningful
-but, say, already included is some other field,
-simply ignore the warning.
-
-\item[optional]
-The field's information will be used if present,
-but can be omitted without causing any formatting problems.
-You should include the optional field if it will help the reader.
-
-\item[ignored]
-The field is ignored.
-\BibTeX\ ignores any field that is not required or optional, so you can include
-any fields you want in a \hbox{\tt bib} file entry. It's a good idea
-to put all relevant information about
-a reference in its \hbox{\tt bib} file entry---even information that
-may never appear in the bibliography. For example, if you want to
-keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put it in an \hbox{\tt
-abstract} field in the paper's \hbox{\tt bib} file entry. The
-\hbox{\tt bib} file is likely to be as good a place as any for the
-abstract, and it is possible to design a bibliography style for
-printing selected abstracts.
-Note: Misspelling a field name will
-result in its being ignored,
-so watch out for typos
-(especially for optional fields,
-since \BibTeX\ won't warn you when those are missing).
-
-\end{description}
-
-The following are the standard entry types, along with their required
-and optional fields, that are used by the standard bibliography styles.
-The fields within each class (required or optional)
-are listed in order of occurrence in the output,
-except that a few entry types may perturb the order slightly,
-depending on what fields are missing.
-These entry types are similar to those adapted by Brian Reid
-from the classification scheme of van~Leunen~\cite{van-leunen}
-for use in the {\em Scribe\/} system.
-The meanings of the individual fields are explained in the next section.
-Some nonstandard bibliography styles may ignore some optional fields
-in creating the reference.
-Remember that, when used in the \hbox{\tt bib}
-file, the entry-type name is preceded by an \hbox{\tt @} character.
-
-\begin{description}
-\sloppy
-
-\item[article\hfill] An article from a journal or magazine.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt journal},
-\hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume}, \hbox{\tt number},
-\hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[book\hfill] A book with an explicit publisher.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor},
-\hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt series},
-\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month},
-\hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[booklet\hfill] A work that is printed and bound,
-but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.
-Required field: \hbox{\tt title}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt howpublished},
-\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[conference\hfill] The same as {\tt INPROCEEDINGS},
-included for {\em Scribe\/} compatibility.
-
-\item[inbook\hfill] A part of a book,
-which may be a chapter (or section or whatever) and/or a range of pages.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt title},
-\hbox{\tt chapter} and/or \hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt publisher},
-\hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt series},
-\hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address},
-\hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[incollection\hfill] A part of a book having its own title.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt booktitle},
-\hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
-\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt chapter}, \hbox{\tt pages},
-\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[inproceedings\hfill] An article in a conference proceedings.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt booktitle},
-\hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
-\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt pages}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
-\hbox{\tt organization}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[manual\hfill] Technical documentation. Required field: \hbox{\tt title}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt organization},
-\hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt edition}, \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year},
-\hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[mastersthesis\hfill] A Master's thesis.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt school},
-\hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
-\hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[misc\hfill] Use this type when nothing else fits.
-Required fields: none.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt howpublished},
-\hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[phdthesis\hfill] A PhD thesis.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt school},
-\hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
-\hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[proceedings\hfill] The proceedings of a conference.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt editor}, \hbox{\tt volume} or \hbox{\tt number},
-\hbox{\tt series}, \hbox{\tt address}, \hbox{\tt month},
-\hbox{\tt organization}, \hbox{\tt publisher}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-
-\item[techreport\hfill] A report published by a school or other institution,
-usually numbered within a series.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author},
-\hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt institution}, \hbox{\tt year}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt type}, \hbox{\tt number}, \hbox{\tt address},
-\hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-
-\item[unpublished\hfill] A document having an author and title,
-but not formally published.
-Required fields: \hbox{\tt author}, \hbox{\tt title}, \hbox{\tt note}.
-Optional fields: \hbox{\tt month}, \hbox{\tt year}.
-
-\end{description}
-
-In addition to the fields listed above, each entry type also has an
-optional \hbox{\tt key} field, used in some styles
-for alphabetizing, for cross referencing,
-or for forming a \hbox{\verb|\bibitem|} label.
-You should include a \hbox{\tt key} field for any entry whose
-``author'' information is missing;
-the ``author'' information is usually the \hbox{\tt author} field,
-but for some entry types it can be the \hbox{\tt editor}
-or even the \hbox{\tt organization} field
-(Section~\ref{odds-and-ends} describes this in more detail).
-Do not confuse the \hbox{\tt key} field with the key that appears in the
-\hbox{\verb|\cite|} command and at the beginning of the database entry;
-this field is named ``key'' only for compatibility with {\it Scribe}.
-
-
-\subsection{Fields}
-
-Below is a description of all fields
-recognized by the standard bibliography styles.
-An entry can also contain other fields, which are ignored by those styles.
-\begin{description}
-
-\item[address\hfill]
-Usually the address of the \hbox{\tt publisher} or other type
-of institution.
-For major publishing houses,
-van~Leunen recommends omitting the information entirely.
-For small publishers, on the other hand, you can help the
-reader by giving the complete address.
-
-\item[annote\hfill]
-An annotation.
-It is not used by the standard bibliography styles,
-but may be used by others that produce an annotated bibliography.
-
-\item[author\hfill]
-The name(s) of the author(s),
-in the format described in the \LaTeX\ book.
-
-\item[booktitle\hfill]
-Title of a book, part of which is being cited.
-See the \LaTeX\ book for how to type titles.
-For book entries, use the \hbox{\tt title} field instead.
-
-\item[chapter\hfill]
-A chapter (or section or whatever) number.
-
-\item[crossref\hfill]
-The database key of the entry being cross referenced.
-
-\item[edition\hfill]
-The edition of a book---for example, ``Second''$\!$.
-This should be an ordinal, and
-should have the first letter capitalized, as shown here;
-the standard styles convert to lower case when necessary.
-
-\item[editor\hfill]
-Name(s) of editor(s), typed as indicated in the \LaTeX\ book.
-If there is also an \hbox{\tt author} field, then
-the \hbox{\tt editor} field gives the editor of the book or collection
-in which the reference appears.
-
-\item[howpublished\hfill]
-How something strange has been published.
-The first word should be capitalized.
-
-\item[institution\hfill]
-The sponsoring institution of a technical report.
-
-\item[journal\hfill]
-A journal name.
-Abbreviations are provided for many journals; see the {\it Local Guide}.
-
-\item[key\hfill]
-Used for alphabetizing, cross referencing, and creating a label when
-the ``author'' information
-(described in Section~\ref{odds-and-ends}) is missing.
-This field should not be confused with the key that appears in the
-\hbox{\verb|\cite|} command and at the beginning of the database entry.
-
-\item[month\hfill]
-The month in which the work was
-published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.
-You should use the standard three-letter abbreviation,
-as described in Appendix B.1.3 of the \LaTeX\ book.
-
-\item[note\hfill]
-Any additional information that can help the reader.
-The first word should be capitalized.
-
-\item[number\hfill]
-The number of a journal, magazine, technical report,
-or of a work in a series.
-An issue of a journal or magazine is usually
-identified by its volume and number;
-the organization that issues a
-technical report usually gives it a number;
-and sometimes books are given numbers in a named series.
-
-\item[organization\hfill]
-The organization that sponsors a conference or that publishes a \hbox{manual}.
-
-\item[pages\hfill]
-One or more page numbers or range of numbers,
-such as \hbox{\tt 42--111} or \hbox{\tt 7,41,73--97} or \hbox{\tt 43+}
-(the `{\tt +}' in this last example indicates pages following
-that don't form a simple range).
-To make it easier to maintain {\em Scribe\/}-compatible databases,
-the standard styles convert a single dash (as in \hbox{\tt 7-33})
-to the double dash used in \TeX\ to denote number ranges
-(as in \hbox{\tt 7--33}).
-
-\item[publisher\hfill]
-The publisher's name.
-
-\item[school\hfill]
-The name of the school where a thesis was written.
-
-\item[series\hfill]
-The name of a series or set of books.
-When citing an entire book, the the \hbox{\tt title} field
-gives its title and an optional \hbox{\tt series} field gives the
-name of a series or multi-volume set
-in which the book is published.
-
-\item[title\hfill]
-The work's title, typed as explained in the \LaTeX\ book.
-
-\item[type\hfill]
-The type of a technical report---for example,
-``Research Note''$\!$.
-
-\item[volume\hfill]
-The volume of a journal or multivolume book.
-
-\item[year\hfill]
-The year of publication or, for
-an unpublished work, the year it was written.
-Generally it should consist of four numerals, such as {\tt 1984},
-although the standard styles can handle any {\tt year} whose
-last four nonpunctuation characters are numerals,
-such as `\hbox{(about 1984)}'$\!$.
-
-\end{description}
-
-
-\section{Helpful Hints}
-\label{odds-and-ends}
-
-This section gives some random tips
-that aren't documented elsewhere,
-at least not in this detail.
-They are, roughly, in order
-of least esoteric to most.
-First, however, a brief spiel.
-
-I understand that there's often little choice in choosing
-a bibliography style---journal~$X$ says you must use style~$Y$
-and that's that.
-If you have a choice, however, I strongly recommend that you
-choose something like the {\tt plain} standard style.
-Such a style, van~Leunen~\cite{van-leunen} argues convincingly,
-encourages better writing than the alternatives---%
-more concrete, more vivid.
-
-{\em The Chicago Manual of Style\/}~\cite{chicago},
-on the other hand,
-espouse the author-date system,
-in which the citation might appear in the text as `(Jones, 1986)'$\!$.
-I argue that this system,
-besides cluttering up the
-text with information that may or may not be relevant,
-encourages the passive voice and vague writing.
-Furthermore the strongest arguments for
-using the author-date system---like ``it's the most practical''---%
-fall flat on their face with the advent
-of computer-typesetting technology.
-For instance the {\em Chicago Manual\/} contains,
-right in the middle of page~401, this anachronism:
-``The chief disadvantage of [a style like {\tt plain}] is that additions
-or deletions cannot be made after the manuscript is typed without changing
-numbers in both text references and list.''
-\LaTeX, obviously, sidesteps the disadvantage.
-
-Finally, the logical deficiencies of the author-date style
-are quite evident once you've written a program to implement it.
-For example, in a large bibliography,
-using the standard alphabetizing scheme,
-the entry for `(Aho et~al., 1983b)'
-might be half a page later than the one for `(Aho et~al., 1983a)'$\!$.
-Fixing this problem results in even worse ones.
-What a mess.
-(I have, unfortunately, programmed such a style,
-and if you're saddled with an unenlightened publisher
-or if you don't buy my propaganda,
-it's available from the Rochester style collection.)
-
-Ok, so the spiel wasn't very brief;
-but it made me feel better,
-and now my blood pressure is back to normal.
-Here are the tips for using \BibTeX\
-with the standard styles
-(although many of them hold for nonstandard styles, too).
-\begin{enumerate}
-
-\item
-With \BibTeX's style-designing language
-you can program general database manipulations,
-in addition to bibliography styles.
-For example it's a fairly easy task for someone familiar with the language
-to produce a database-key/author index of all the entries in a database.
-Consult the {\em Local Guide\/} to see
-what tools are available on your system.
-
-\item
-The standard style's thirteen entry types
-do reasonably well at formatting most entries,
-but no scheme with just thirteen formats
-can do everything perfectly.
-Thus, you should feel free to be creative
-in how you use these entry types
-(but if you have to be too creative,
-there's a good chance you're using the wrong entry type).
-
-\item
-Don't take the field names too seriously.
-Sometimes, for instance, you might have to include
-the publisher's address along with the publisher's name
-in the \hbox{\tt publisher} field,
-rather than putting it in the \hbox{\tt address} field.
-Or sometimes, difficult entries work best when you
-make judicious use of the {\tt note} field.
-
-\item
-Don't take the warning messages too seriously.
-Sometimes, for instance, the year appears in the title,
-as in {\em The 1966 World Gnus Almanac}.
-In this case it's best to omit the {\tt year} field
-and to ignore \BibTeX's warning message.
-
-\item
-If you have too many names to list in an
-\hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor} field,
-you can end the list with ``and others'';
-the standard styles appropriately append an ``et~al.''
-
-\item
-In general, if you want to keep \BibTeX\ from changing
-something to lower case, you enclose it in braces.
-You might not get the effect you want, however,
-if the very first character after the left brace is a backslash.
-The ``special characters'' item later in this section explains.
-
-\item
-For {\em Scribe\/} compatibility, the database files
-allow an \hbox{\tt @COMMENT} command; it's not really
-needed because \BibTeX\ allows in the database files
-any comment that's not within an entry.
-If you want to comment out an entry,
-simply remove the `{\tt @}' character preceding the entry type.
-
-\item
-The standard styles have journal abbreviations that are
-computer-science oriented;
-these are in the style files primarily for the example.
-If you have a different set of journal abbreviations,
-it's sensible to put them in \hbox{\tt @STRING} commands
-in their own database file and to list this database file
-as an argument to \LaTeX's \hbox{\verb|\bibliography|} command
-(but you should list this argument before the ones that
-specify real database entries).
-
-\item
-It's best to use the three-letter abbreviations for the month,
-rather than spelling out the month yourself.
-This lets the bibliography style be consistent.
-And if you want to include information for the day of the month,
-the {\tt month} field is usually the best place.
-For example
-\begin{verbatim}
- month = jul # "~4,"
-\end{verbatim}
-will probably produce just what you want.
-
-\item
-If you're using the \hbox{\tt unsrt} style
-(references are listed in order of citation)
-along with the \hbox{\verb|\nocite{*}|} feature
-(all entries in the database are included),
-the placement of the \hbox{\verb|\nocite{*}|} command
-within your document file will determine the reference order.
-According to the rule given in Section~\ref{features}:
-If the command is placed at the beginning of the document,
-the entries will be listed in exactly the order
-they occur in the database;
-if it's placed at the end,
-the entries that you explicitly
-\hbox{\verb|\cite|} or \hbox{\verb|\nocite|}
-will occur in citation order,
-and the remaining database entries will be in database order.
-
-\item
-For theses, van Leunen recommends not giving
-the school's department after the name of the degree,
-since schools, not departments, issue degrees.
-If you really think that giving the department information
-will help the reader find the thesis,
-put that information in the \hbox{\tt address} field.
-
-\item
-The \hbox{\tt MASTERSTHESIS} and \hbox{\tt PHDTHESIS} entry types
-are so named for {\em Scribe\/} compatibility;
-\hbox{\tt MINORTHESIS} and \hbox{\tt MAJORTHESIS}
-probably would have been better names.
-Keep this in mind when trying to classify
-a non-U.S.\ thesis.
-
-\item
-Here's yet another suggestion for what to do when an author's
-name appears slightly differently in two publications.
-Suppose, for example, two journals articles use these fields.
-\begin{verbatim}
- author = "Donald E. Knuth"
- . . .
- author = "D. E. Knuth"
-\end{verbatim}
-There are two possibilities.
-You could (1)~simply leave them as is,
-or (2)~assuming you know for sure that
-these authors are one and the same person,
-you could list both in the form that the author prefers
-(say, `Donald~E.\ Knuth').
-In the first case, the entries might be alphabetized incorrectly,
-and in the second, the slightly altered name might
-foul up somebody's electronic library search.
-But there's a third possibility, which is the one I prefer.
-You could convert the second journal's field to
-\begin{verbatim}
- author = "D[onald] E. Knuth"
-\end{verbatim}
-This avoids the pitfalls of the previous two solutions,
-since \BibTeX\ alphabetizes this as if the brackets weren't there,
-and since the brackets clue the reader in that a full first name
-was missing from the original.
-Of course it introduces another pitfall---`D[onald]~E.\ Knuth' looks ugly---%
-but in this case I think the increase in accuracy outweighs
-the loss in aesthetics.
-
-\item
-\LaTeX's comment character `{\tt\%}' is not a comment character
-in the database files.
-
-\item
-Here's a more complete description of
-the ``author'' information referred to in previous sections.
-For most entry types the ``author'' information
-is simply the \hbox{\tt author} field.
-However:
-For the \hbox{\tt BOOK} and \hbox{\tt INBOOK} entry types
-it's the \hbox{\tt author} field, but if there's no author
-then it's the \hbox{\tt editor} field;
-for the \hbox{\tt MANUAL} entry type
-it's the \hbox{\tt author} field, but if there's no author
-then it's the \hbox{\tt organization} field;
-and for the \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS} entry type
-it's the \hbox{\tt editor} field, but if there's no editor
-then it's the \hbox{\tt organization} field.
-
-\item
-When creating a label,
-the \hbox{\tt alpha} style uses the ``author'' information described above,
-but with a slight change---%
-for the \hbox{\tt MANUAL} and \hbox{\tt PROCEEDINGS} entry types,
-the {\tt key} field takes precedence over the \hbox{\tt organization} field.
-Here's a situation where this is useful.
-\begin{verbatim}
- organization = "The Association for Computing Machinery",
- key = "ACM"
-\end{verbatim}
-Without the {\tt key} field, the \hbox{\tt alpha} style
-would make a label from the first three letters of information
-in the \hbox{\tt organization} field;
-\hbox{\tt alpha} knows to strip off the `\hbox{\tt The }'$\!$,
-but it would still form a label like `\hbox{[Ass86]}'$\!$,
-which, however intriguing, is uninformative.
-Including the {\tt key} field, as above,
-would yield the better label `\hbox{[ACM86]}'$\!$.
-
-You won't always need the {\tt key} field to override the
-\hbox{\tt organization}, though:
-With
-\begin{verbatim}
- organization = "Unilogic, Ltd.",
-\end{verbatim}
-for instance, the \hbox{\tt alpha} style would
-form the perfectly reasonable label `\hbox{[Uni86]}'$\!$.
-
-\item
-Section~\ref{features} discusses accented characters.
-To \BibTeX, an accented character is really a special case
-of a ``special character''$\!$,
-which consists of everything from a left brace at the top-most level,
-immediately followed by a backslash,
-up through the matching right brace.
-For example in the field
-\begin{verbatim}
- author = "\AA{ke} {Jos{\'{e}} {\'{E}douard} G{\"o}del"
-\end{verbatim}
-there are just two special characters,
-`\hbox{\verb|{\'{E}douard}|}' and `\hbox{\verb|{\"o}|}'
-(the same would be true if the pair of double quotes
-delimiting the field were braces instead).
-In general, \BibTeX\ will not do any processing
-of a \TeX\ or \LaTeX\ control sequence inside a special character,
-but it {\em will\/} process other characters.
-Thus a style that converts all titles to lower case
-would convert
-\begin{verbatim}
- The {\TeX BOOK\NOOP} Experience
-\end{verbatim}
-to
-\begin{verbatim}
- The {\TeX book\NOOP} experience
-\end{verbatim}
-(the `{\tt The}' is still capitalized
-because it's the first word of the title).
-
-This special-character scheme is useful for handling accented characters,
-for getting \BibTeX's alphabetizing to do what you want,
-and, since \BibTeX\ counts an entire special character as just one letter,
-for stuffing extra characters inside labels.
-The file \hbox{\tt XAMPL.BIB} distributed with \BibTeX\
-gives examples of all three uses.
-
-\item
-This final item of the section describes \BibTeX's names
-(which appear in the \hbox{\tt author} or \hbox{\tt editor} field)
-in slightly more detail than what
-appears in Appendix~B of the \LaTeX\ book.
-In what follows, a ``name'' corresponds to a person.
-(Recall that you separate multiple names in a single field
-with the word ``and''$\!$, surrounded by spaces,
-and not enclosed in braces.
-This item concerns itself with the structure of a single name.)
-
-Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr;
-each part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens.
-The Last part will be nonempty if any part is,
-so if there's just one token, it's always a Last token.
-
-Recall that Per Brinch~Hansen's name should be typed
-\begin{verbatim}
- "Brinch Hansen, Per"
-\end{verbatim}
-The First part of his name has the single token ``Per'';
-the Last part has two tokens, ``Brinch'' and ``Hansen'';
-and the von and Jr parts are empty.
-If you had typed
-\begin{verbatim}
- "Per Brinch Hansen"
-\end{verbatim}
-instead, \BibTeX\ would (erroneously) think ``Brinch'' were a First-part token,
-just as ``Paul'' is a First-part token in ``John~Paul Jones''$\!$,
-so this erroneous form would have two First tokens and one Last token.
-
-Here's another example:
-\begin{verbatim}
- "Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vall{\'e}e Poussin"
-\end{verbatim}
-This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and
-two in the Last.
-Here \BibTeX\ knows where one part ends and the other begins because
-the tokens in the von part begin with lower-case letters.
-
-In general, it's a von token if the first letter at brace-level~0
-is in lower case.
-Since technically everything
-in a ``special character'' is at brace-level~0,
-you can trick \BibTeX\ into thinking that
-a token is or is not a von token by prepending a dummy
-special character whose first letter past the \TeX\ control sequence
-is in the desired case, upper or lower.
-
-To summarize, \BibTeX\ allows three possible forms for the name:
-\begin{verbatim}
- "First von Last"
- "von Last, First"
- "von Last, Jr, First"
-\end{verbatim}
-You may almost always use the first form;
-you shouldn't if either there's a Jr part,
-or the Last part has multiple tokens but there's no von part.
-
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\bibliography{btxdoc}
-\bibliographystyle{plain}
-\end{document}