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+% BibTeX `adaptable' family
+ % version 1.10 derived by Hans-Hermann Bode (H2B), Osnabr\"uck,
+ % (BitNet/EARN: HHBODE@DOSUNI1)
+ % from the `plain' family version 0.99b.
+ % The copying statement declared below extends to this file also with
+ % the file names btxabst.doc, aplain.bst, aunsrt.bst, aalpha.bst,
+ % aabbrv.bst, anotit.bst, and aunsnot.bst added.
+% BibTeX `plain' family
+ % version 0.99b for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09.
+ % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
+ % Copying of this file is authorized only if either
+ % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
+ % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than
+ % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst.
+ % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical.
+ % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style.
+% Please notify Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU) of any bugs in
+% these standard styles or in this documentation file.
+%
+% This is file btxbxt.doc; it helps document bibliography styles,
+% and is also a template file that you can use to make
+% several different style files, if you have access to a C preprocessor.
+% For example, the standard styles were made by doing something like
+% cpp -P -DAPLAIN btxabst.doc aplain.txt
+% cpp -P -DAUNSRT btxabst.doc aunsrt.txt
+% cpp -P -DAALPHA btxabst.doc aalpha.txt
+% cpp -P -DAABBRV btxabst.doc aabbrv.txt
+% cpp -P -DANOTIT btxabst.doc anotit.txt
+% cpp -P -DAUNSNOT btxabst.doc aunsnot.txt
+% and then renaming after removing unwanted comments and blank lines.
+% If you don't have access,
+% you can edit this file by hand to imitate the preprocessor,
+% with the following explanation of the C preprocessor constructs used here.
+%
+% The output of the preprocessor is the same as the input, except that certain
+% lines will be excluded (and some blank lines will be added). The sequence
+% #if VAR
+% lines to be included when VAR is not zero
+% #else
+% lines to be included when VAR is zero
+% #endif
+% (with the #-signs appearing in column 1) means that one set or the other of
+% the lines are to be included depending on the value of VAR.
+% The #else part is optional. Comments can be added after #else and #endif.
+% Variables can be set by
+% #define VAR value
+% and one can also use #ifdef VAR to see if VAR has any value, and #ifndef
+% to see if it has none.
+% Another #if form used in this file is #if !VAR, which includes the lines
+% after the #if only if VAR is zero.
+%
+% Convention: Use all uppercase identifiers for these preprocessor variables
+% so you can spot them easily
+%
+% The command line to the preprocessor should define one of APLAIN, AUNSRT, AALPHA
+% or AABBRV (though APLAIN will be used by default if none is given),
+% and the following lines will set various boolean variables to control the
+% various lines that are chosen from the rest of the file.
+% Each boolean variable should be set true (1) or false (0) in each style.
+% Here are the current variables, and their meanings:
+% LAB_ALPH: an alphabetic label is used (if false then a numeric
+% label is used)
+% SORTED: the entries should be sorted by label (if nonnumeric)
+% and other info, like authors (if false, then
+% entries remain in order of occurrence)
+% NAME_FULL: the authors, editors, etc., get the full names as
+% given in the bibliography file (if false, the first
+% names become initials)
+% ATIT_LOWER: titles of non-"books" (e.g., articles) should be
+% converted to lower-case, except the first letter or
+% first letter after a colon
+% (if false then they appear as in the database)
+% MONTH_FULL: months are spelled out in full (if false, then
+% they're abbreviated); now used generally for
+% distinction between ``full'' and ``abbreviated''
+% styles (H2B)
+% JOUR_FULL: macro journal names are spelled out in full
+% (if false then they are abbreviated, currently
+% as they appear in ACM publications); no more used
+% (H2B)
+% NO_TITLE: the titles of articles, incollections, inproceedings
+% and techreports are omitted, if there are other
+% informations to identify the work cited (added by H2B)
+%
+#ifndef AUNSRT
+# ifndef AALPHA
+# ifndef AABBRV
+# ifndef ANOTIT
+# ifndef AUNSNOT
+# define APLAIN 1
+# endif
+# endif
+# endif
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifdef APLAIN
+% aplain style (sorted numbers)
+# define LAB_ALPH 0
+# define SORTED 1
+# define NAME_FULL 1
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 1
+# define JOUR_FULL 1
+# define NO_TITLE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef AUNSRT
+% aunsrt style (unsorted numbers)
+# define LAB_ALPH 0
+# define SORTED 0
+# define NAME_FULL 1
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 1
+# define JOUR_FULL 1
+# define NO_TITLE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef AALPHA
+% aalpha style (sorted short alphabetics)
+# define LAB_ALPH 1
+# define SORTED 1
+# define NAME_FULL 1
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 1
+# define JOUR_FULL 1
+# define NO_TITLE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef AABBRV
+% aabbrv style (sorted numbers, with abbreviations)
+# define LAB_ALPH 0
+# define SORTED 1
+# define NAME_FULL 0
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 0
+# define JOUR_FULL 0
+# define NO_TITLE 0
+#endif
+#ifdef ANOTIT
+% anotit style (sorted numbers, with abbreviations, no article titles)
+# define LAB_ALPH 0
+# define SORTED 1
+# define NAME_FULL 0
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 0
+# define JOUR_FULL 0
+# define NO_TITLE 1
+#endif
+#ifdef AUNSNOT
+% aunsnot style (unsorted numbers, with abbreviations, no article titles)
+# define LAB_ALPH 0
+# define SORTED 0
+# define NAME_FULL 0
+# define ATIT_LOWER 1
+# define MONTH_FULL 0
+# define JOUR_FULL 0
+# define NO_TITLE 1
+#endif
+%
+% Entry formatting: Similar to that recommended by Mary-Claire van Leunen
+% in "A Handbook for Scholars". Book-like titles are italicized
+% (emphasized) and non-book titles are converted to sentence
+% capitilization (and not enclosed in quotes).
+% This file outputs a \newblock between major blocks of an entry
+% (the name \newblock is analogous to the names \newline and \newpage)
+% so that the user can obtain an "open" format, which has a line break
+% before each block and lines after the first are indented within blocks,
+% by giving the optional \documentstyle argument `openbib';
+% The default is the "closed" format---blocks runs together.
+%
+% Citation alphabetic label format:
+% [Knu73] for single author (or editor or key)
+% [AHU83] (first letters of last names) for multiple authors
+%
+% Citation label numberic format:
+% [number]
+%
+% Reference list ordering for sorted, alphabetic lables:
+% alphabetical by citation label, then by author(s) or whatever
+% passes for author in the absence of one, then by year,
+% then title
+%
+% Reference list ordering for sorted, numeric lables:
+% alphabetical by author(s) or whatever passes
+% for author in the absence of one, then by year, then title
+%
+% Reference list ordering for unsorted:
+% by the order cited in the text
+%
+% History
+% 12/16/84 (HWT) Original `plain' version, by Howard Trickey.
+% 12/23/84 (LL) Some comments made by Leslie Lamport.
+% 2/16/85 (OP) Changes based on LL's comments, Oren Patashnik.
+% 2/17/85 (HWT) Template file and other standard styles made.
+% 3/28/85 (OP) First release, version 0.98b for BibTeX 0.98f.
+% 5/ 9/85 (OP) Version 0.98c for BibTeX 0.98i:
+% fixed Theoretical Computer Science macro name;
+% fixed the format.vol.num.pages function.
+% 1/24/88 (OP) Version 0.99a for BibTeX 0.99a, main changes:
+% assignment operator (:=) arguments reversed;
+% the preamble$ function outputs the database PREAMBLE;
+% entry.max$ and global.max$ (built-in) variables replace
+% entry.string.max and global.string.max functions;
+% alphabetizing by year then title, not just title;
+% many unnecessary ties removed; \it ==> \em;
+% the `alpha' style uses a superscripted `+' instead of a
+% `*' for unnamed names in constructing the label;
+% the `abbrv' style now uses "Mar." and "Sept.";
+% the functions calc.label and presort now look at just
+% the fields they're supposed to;
+% BOOKLET, MASTERSTHESIS, TECHREPORT use nonbook titles;
+% INBOOK and INCOLLECTION take an optional type (e.g.
+% type = "Section"), overriding the default "chapter";
+% BOOK, INBOOK, INCOLLECTION, and PROCEEDINGS now allow
+% either volume or number, not just volume;
+% INCOLLECTION now allows an edition and series field;
+% PROCEEDINGS and INPROCEEDINGS now use the address field
+% to tell where a conference was held;
+% INPROCEEDINGS and PROCEEDINGS now allow either volume
+% or number, and also a series field;
+% MASTERSTHESIS and PHDTHESIS accept types other than
+% "Master's thesis" and "PhD thesis";
+% UNPUBLISHED now outputs, in one block, note then date;
+% MANUAL now prints out the organization in
+% the first block if the author field is empty;
+% MISC can't be empty---it requires some optional field.
+% 3/23/88 (OP) Version 0.99b for BibTeX 0.99c---changed the three
+% erroneous occurrences of `cite ' to `cite$ '; this
+% change didn't affect the four standard styles, so the
+% 0.99a versions of those styles are still current.
+% 5/11/91 (H2B) Version 1.00 of the `b' style family by
+% Hans-Hermann Bode with the following changes and
+% extensions: renaming the styles, adding a `anotit'
+% style; adding an output.state named continue.sentence
+% and a new.clause function; setting author names in
+% small caps, putting booktitles in quotes rather than
+% to emphasize them, boldfacing volume numbers of
+% journals, including date specification in parentheses,
+% discarding macros for journal names.
+% 6/15/91 (H2B) Version 1.10 of the `adaptable' style family (which
+% replaces the `b' style family) with adaptable
+% type styles, phrases, conjunctions etc., new macros
+% for edition numbers and ``chapter'' names and a new
+% `aunsnot' style.
+%
+% The ENTRY declaration
+% Like Scribe's (according to pages 231-2 of the April '84 edition),
+% but no fullauthor or editors fields because BibTeX does name handling.
+% The annote field is commented out here because this family doesn't
+% include an annotated bibliography style. And in addition to the fields
+% listed here, BibTeX has a built-in crossref field, explained later.
+
+ENTRY
+% Fields:
+ { address
+% Usually the address of a publisher or other type of organization.
+% Put information in this field only if it helps the reader find the
+% thing---for example you should omit the address of a major
+% publisher entirely. For a PROCEEDINGS or an INPROCEEDINGS,
+% however, it's the address of the conference; for those two entry
+% types, include the publisher's or organization's address, if
+% necessary, in the publisher or organization field.
+% annote
+% Long annotation---for annotated bibliographies (begins sentence).
+ author
+% Name(s) of author(s), in BibTeX name format.
+ booktitle
+% Book title when the thing being referenced isn't the whole book.
+% For book entries, the title field should be used instead.
+ chapter
+% Chapter (or section or whatever) number.
+ edition
+% Edition of a book---should be an ordinal (e.g., "Second").
+ editor
+% Name(s) of editor(s), in BibTeX name format.
+% If there is also an author field, then the editor field should be
+% for the book or collection that the work appears in.
+ howpublished
+% How something strange has been published (begins sentence).
+ institution
+% Sponsoring institution of a technical report.
+ journal
+% Journal name (macros are provided for many).
+ key
+% Alphabetizing, labeling, and cross-referencing key
+% (needed when an entry has no author or editor).
+ month
+% Month (macros are provided).
+ note
+% To help the reader find a reference (begins sentence).
+ number
+% Number of a journal or technical report, or of a work in a series.
+ organization
+% Organization sponsoring a conference (or publishing a manual); if
+% the editor (or author) is empty, and if the organization produces
+% an awkward label or cross reference, you should put appropriately
+% condensed organization information in the key field as well.
+ pages
+% Page number or numbers (use `--' to separate a range, use `+'
+% to indicate pages following that don't form a simple range).
+ publisher
+% Publisher name.
+ school
+% School name (for theses).
+ series
+% The name of a series or set of books.
+% An individual book will will also have it's own title.
+ title
+% The title of the thing you're referred to.
+ type
+% Type of a Techreport (e.g., "Research Note") to be used instead of
+% the default "Technical Report"; or, similarly, the type of a
+% thesis; or of a part of a book.
+ volume
+% The volume number of a journal or multivolume work.
+ year
+% The year should contain only numerals (technically, it should end
+% with four numerals, after purification; doesn't a begin sentence).
+ }
+% There are no integer entry variables
+ {}
+% These string entry variables are used to form the citation label.
+% In a storage pinch, sort.label can be easily computed on the fly.
+#if LAB_ALPH
+#if SORTED
+ { label extra.label sort.label }
+#else !SORTED
+% It doesn't seem like a good idea to use an order-of-citation
+% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but when this happens
+% we do things a little differently
+ { label }
+#endif SORTED
+#else !LAB_ALPH
+ { label }
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+
+% The following macros have to be defined by the user (e.g., with the
+% expansions given below) for formatting of certain fields and to replace the
+% constant built-in strings for phrases, conjunctions etc. This makes the
+% BibTeX style files adaptable---a feature introduced by H2B.
+%
+% The type style of certain fields is determined by the \abtype command. The
+% first parameter is a number, that denotes the field in question, namely:
+% 0 author and editor names,
+% 1 titles of books and series,
+% 2 journal titles,
+% 3 journal volumes,
+% 4 journal numbers, and
+% 5 dates.
+% The second parameter is the text to format. Hence, the type style macro
+% could be something like:
+% \def\abtype#1#2{%
+% \ifcase#1{\sc#2}\or``#2''\or{\em#2\/}\or{\bf#2}\or(#2)\or(#2)\else#2\fi}
+% The \else clause returns the text unformatted, if the command is called with
+% an undefined field number (which is not used in this file).
+%
+% Phrases are defined by the \abphrase command. The only parameter is a code
+% for the phrase:
+% 0 conjunction between two or before the last name of a name list
+% 1 comes before the last conjunction of a name list
+% 2 replaces names of co-authors and co-editors (``et al.'')
+% 3 marks multiple editors
+% 4 marks a single editor
+% 5 ``of'' for a volume of a series or crossref
+% 6 ``in'' for a number in a series
+% 7 ``In'' for crossrefs to books, articles, etc.
+% 8 comes before a volume number, lower-case
+% 9 comes before a volume number, upper-case
+% 10 comes before a series number, lower-case
+% 11 comes before a series number, upper-case
+% 12 comes after an edition number
+% 13 comes before multiple page numbers
+% 14 comes before a single page number
+% 15 comes before a chapter number
+% 16 denotes a technical report
+% 17 denotes a master's thesis
+% 18 denotes a phd thesis
+% An appropriate definition of the phrases macro would be:
+% \def\abphrase#1{%
+% \ifcase#1{ and }\or{,}\or{ et~al.}\or{, editors}\or{, editor}\or%
+% { of }\or{ in }\or{In }\or{volume}\or{Volume}\or{number}\or{Number}\or%
+% { edition}\or{pages}\or{page}\or{chapter}\or%
+% {Technical Report}\or{Master's thesis}\or{PhD thesis}\fi}
+
+% Each entry function starts by calling output.bibitem, to write the
+% \bibitem and its arguments to the .BBL file. Then the various fields
+% are formatted and printed by output or output.check. Those functions
+% handle the writing of separators (commas, periods, \newblock's),
+% taking care not to do so when they are passed a null string.
+% Finally, fin.entry is called to add the final period and finish the
+% entry.
+%
+% A bibliographic reference is formatted into a number of `blocks':
+% in the open format, a block begins on a new line and subsequent
+% lines of the block are indented. A block may contain more than
+% one sentence (well, not a grammatical sentence, but something to
+% be ended with a sentence ending period). The entry functions should
+% call new.block whenever a block other than the first is about to be
+% started. They should call new.sentence whenever a new sentence is
+% to be started. The output functions will ensure that if two
+% new.sentence's occur without any non-null string being output between
+% them then there won't be two periods output. Similarly for two
+% successive new.block's.
+%
+% The output routines don't write their argument immediately.
+% Instead, by convention, that argument is saved on the stack to be
+% output next time (when we'll know what separator needs to come
+% after it). Meanwhile, the output routine has to pop the pending
+% output off the stack, append any needed separator, and write it.
+%
+% To tell which separator is needed, we maintain an output.state.
+% It will be one of these values:
+% before.all just after the \bibitem
+% continue.sentence in the middle of a sentence: blank---no
+% comma---needed if more sentence is
+% output (value added by H2B)
+% mid.sentence in the middle of a sentence: comma needed
+% if more sentence is output
+% after.sentence just after a sentence: period needed
+% after.block just after a block (and sentence):
+% period and \newblock needed.
+% Note: These styles don't use after.sentence.
+% This note doesn't apply really (H2B).
+%
+% VAR: output.state : INTEGER -- state variable for output
+%
+% The output.nonnull function saves its argument (assumed to be nonnull)
+% on the stack, and writes the old saved value followed by any needed
+% separator. The ordering of the tests is decreasing frequency of
+% occurrence.
+%
+% output.nonnull(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% s := argument on stack
+% if output.state = continue.sentence then -- added by H2B
+% write$(pop() * " ") -- dto.
+% -- "pop" isn't a function: just use stack top
+% else
+% if output.state = mid.sentence then
+% write$(pop() * ", ")
+% else
+% if output.state = after.block then
+% write$(add.period$(pop()))
+% newline$
+% write$("\newblock ")
+% else
+% if output.state = before.all then
+% write$(pop())
+% else -- output.state should be after.sentence
+% write$(add.period$(pop()) * " ")
+% fi
+% fi
+% fi
+% output.state := continue.sentence
+% fi
+% push s on stack
+% END
+%
+% The output function calls output.nonnull if its argument is non-empty;
+% its argument may be a missing field (thus, not necessarily a string)
+%
+% output(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if not empty$(s) then output.nonnull(s)
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% The output.check function is the same as the output function except that, if
+% necessary, output.check warns the user that the t field shouldn't be empty
+% (this is because it probably won't be a good reference without the field;
+% the entry functions try to make the formatting look reasonable even when
+% such fields are empty).
+%
+% output.check(s,t) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then
+% warning$("empty " * t * " in " * cite$)
+% else output.nonnull(s)
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% The output.bibitem function writes the \bibitem for the current entry
+% (the label should already have been set up), and sets up the separator
+% state for the output functions. And, it leaves a string on the stack
+% as per the output convention.
+%
+% output.bibitem ==
+% BEGIN
+% newline$
+% write$("\bibitem[") % for alphabetic labels,
+% write$(label) % these three lines
+% write$("]{") % are used
+% write$("\bibitem{") % this line for numeric labels
+% write$(cite$)
+% write$("}")
+% push "" on stack
+% output.state := before.all
+% END
+%
+% The fin.entry function finishes off an entry by adding a period to the
+% string remaining on the stack. If the state is still before.all
+% then nothing was produced for this entry, so the result will look bad,
+% but the user deserves it. (We don't omit the whole entry because the
+% entry was cited, and a bibitem is needed to define the citation label.)
+%
+% fin.entry ==
+% BEGIN
+% write$(add.period$(pop()))
+% newline$
+% END
+%
+% The new.block function prepares for a new block to be output, and
+% new.sentence prepares for a new sentence.
+% Added by H2B was new.clause, that prepares for a new subordinate clause.
+%
+% new.block ==
+% BEGIN
+% if output.state <> before.all then
+% output.state := after.block
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% new.sentence ==
+% BEGIN
+% if output.state <> after.block then
+% if output.state <> before.all then
+% output.state := after.sentence
+% fi
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% new.clause ==
+% BEGIN
+% if output.state <> after.sentence then
+% if output.state <> after.block then
+% if output.state <> before.all then
+% output.state := mid.sentence
+% fi
+% fi
+% fi
+% END
+%
+
+INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block
+ continue.sentence }
+
+FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
+{ #0 'before.all :=
+ #1 'mid.sentence :=
+ #2 'after.sentence :=
+ #3 'after.block :=
+ #4 'continue.sentence :=
+}
+
+% the variables s and t are temporary string holders
+
+STRINGS { s t }
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+ output.state continue.sentence =
+ { " " * write$ }
+ { output.state mid.sentence =
+ { ", " * write$ }
+ { output.state after.block =
+ { add.period$ write$
+ newline$
+ "\newblock " write$
+ }
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'write$
+ { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ continue.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+ s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.check}
+{ 't :=
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
+{ newline$
+#if LAB_ALPH
+ "\bibitem[" write$
+ label write$
+ "]{" write$
+#else
+ "\bibitem{" write$
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+ cite$ write$
+ "}" write$
+ newline$
+ ""
+ before.all 'output.state :=
+}
+
+% This function finishes all entries.
+
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ add.period$
+ write$
+ newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block}
+{ output.state before.all =
+ 'skip$
+ { after.block 'output.state := }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence}
+{ output.state after.block =
+ 'skip$
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'skip$
+ { after.sentence 'output.state := }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.clause}
+{ output.state after.sentence =
+ 'skip$
+ { output.state after.block =
+ 'skip$
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'skip$
+ { mid.sentence 'output.state := }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% These three functions pop one or two (integer) arguments from the stack
+% and push a single one, either 0 or 1.
+% The 'skip$ in the `and' and `or' functions are used because
+% the corresponding if$ would be idempotent
+
+FUNCTION {not}
+{ { #0 }
+ { #1 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{ 'skip$
+ { pop$ #0 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{ { pop$ #1 }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+% Sometimes we begin a new block only if the block will be big enough. The
+% new.block.checka function issues a new.block if its argument is nonempty;
+% new.block.checkb does the same if either of its TWO arguments is nonempty.
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
+{ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.block
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
+{ empty$
+ swap$ empty$
+ and
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.block
+ if$
+}
+
+% The new.sentence.check functions are analogous.
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
+{ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.sentence
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
+{ empty$
+ swap$ empty$
+ and
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.sentence
+ if$
+}
+
+% And the new.clause.check functions, which were added by H2B, also.
+
+FUNCTION {new.clause.checka}
+{ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.clause
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.clause.checkb}
+{ empty$
+ swap$ empty$
+ and
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.clause
+ if$
+}
+
+% Here are some functions for formatting chunks of an entry.
+% By convention they either produce a string that can be followed by
+% a comma or period (using add.period$, so it is OK to end in a period),
+% or they produce the null string.
+%
+% A useful utility is the field.or.null function, which checks if the
+% argument is the result of pushing a `missing' field (one for which no
+% assignment was made when the current entry was read in from the database)
+% or the result of pushing a string having no non-white-space characters.
+% It returns the null string if so, otherwise it returns the field string.
+% Its main (but not only) purpose is to guarantee that what's left on the
+% stack is a string rather than a missing field.
+%
+% field.or.null(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return s
+% END
+%
+% Another helper function is emphasize, which returns the argument emphazised,
+% if that is non-empty, otherwise it returns the null string. Italic
+% corrections aren't used, so this function should be used when punctation
+% will follow the result. In contrast to the last sentence, now italic
+% corrections are always used (H2B).
+%
+% emphasize(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return "{\em " * s * "\/}"
+% END
+%
+% Similar to emphasize is capitalize, from which the argument comes out in
+% small caps. This function was added by H2B.
+%
+% capitalize(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return "{\sc " * s * "}"
+% END
+%
+% And here is another such function---added by H2B---, that returns a boldface
+% string.
+%
+% boldface(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return "{\bf " * s * "}"
+% END
+%
+% The function quote will put its argument string in quotes (added by H2B).
+%
+% quote(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return "``" * s * "''"
+% END
+%
+% And parentheses includes it in parentheses (added by H2B).
+%
+% parentheses(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then return ""
+% else return "(" * s * ")"
+% END
+%
+% The format.names function formats the argument (which should be in
+% BibTeX name format) into "First Von Last, Junior", separated by commas
+% and with an "and" before the last (but ending with "et~al." if the last
+% of multiple authors is "others"). This function's argument should always
+% contain at least one name.
+%
+% VAR: nameptr, namesleft, numnames: INTEGER
+% pseudoVAR: nameresult: STRING (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
+%
+% format.names(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% nameptr := 1
+% numnames := num.names$(s)
+% namesleft := numnames
+% while namesleft > 0
+% do
+% % for full names:
+% t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
+% % for abbreviated first names:
+% t := format.name$(s, nameptr, "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}")
+% if nameptr > 1 then
+% if namesleft > 1 then nameresult := nameresult * ", " * t
+% else if numnames > 2
+% then nameresult := nameresult * ","
+% fi
+% if t = "others"
+% then nameresult := nameresult * " et~al."
+% else nameresult := nameresult * " and " * t
+% fi
+% fi
+% else nameresult := t
+% fi
+% nameptr := nameptr + 1
+% namesleft := namesleft - 1
+% od
+% return nameresult
+% END
+%
+% The format.authors function returns the result of format.names(author)
+% if the author is present, or else it returns the null string.
+% Capitalization of names added by H2B.
+%
+% format.authors ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(author) then return ""
+% else return capitalize(format.names(author))
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% Format.editors is like format.authors, but it uses the editor field,
+% and appends ", editor" or ", editors".
+% Capitalization of names added by H2B.
+%
+% format.editors ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(editor) then return ""
+% else
+% if num.names$(editor) > 1 then
+% return capitalize(format.names(editor)) * ", editors"
+% else
+% return capitalize(format.names(editor)) * ", editor"
+% fi
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% Other formatting functions are similar, so no "comment version" will be
+% given for them.
+%
+% The `pop$' in this function gets rid of the duplicate `empty' value and
+% the `skip$' returns the duplicate field value
+
+FUNCTION {field.or.null}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\abtype{2}{" swap$ * "}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {capitalize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\abtype{0}{" swap$ * "}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {boldface}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\abtype{3}{" swap$ * "}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {quote}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\abtype{1}{" swap$ * "}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {parentheses}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\abtype{5}{" swap$ * "}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
+
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 's :=
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+#if NAME_FULL
+ { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+#else
+ { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+#endif NAME_FULL
+ nameptr #1 >
+ { namesleft #1 >
+ { ", " * t * }
+ { numnames #2 >
+ { "\abphrase{1}" * } %H2B
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ t "others" =
+ { "\abphrase{2}" * } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{0}" * t * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ 't
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors}
+{ author empty$
+ { "" }
+ { author format.names capitalize }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor format.names capitalize
+ editor num.names$ #1 >
+ { "\abphrase{3}" * } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{4}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.title function is used for non-book-like titles.
+% For most styles we convert to lowercase (except for the very first letter,
+% and except for the first one after a colon (followed by whitespace)),
+% and hope the user has brace-surrounded words that need to stay capitilized;
+% for some styles, however, we leave it as it is in the database.
+
+FUNCTION {format.title}
+{ title empty$
+ { "" }
+#if ATIT_LOWER
+ { title "t" change.case$ }
+#else
+ 'title
+#endif ATIT_LOWER
+ if$
+}
+
+% By default, BibTeX sets the global integer variable global.max$ to the BibTeX
+% constant glob_str_size, the maximum length of a global string variable.
+% Analogously, BibTeX sets the global integer variable entry.max$ to
+% ent_str_size, the maximum length of an entry string variable.
+% The style designer may change these if necessary (but this is unlikely)
+
+% The n.dashify function makes each single `-' in a string a double `--'
+% if it's not already
+%
+% pseudoVAR: pageresult: STRING (it's what's accumulated on the stack)
+%
+% n.dashify(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% t := s
+% pageresult := ""
+% while (not empty$(t))
+% do
+% if (first character of t = "-")
+% then
+% if (next character isn't)
+% then
+% pageresult := pageresult * "--"
+% t := t with the "-" removed
+% else
+% while (first character of t = "-")
+% do
+% pageresult := pageresult * "-"
+% t := t with the "-" removed
+% od
+% fi
+% else
+% pageresult := pageresult * the first character
+% t := t with the first character removed
+% fi
+% od
+% return pageresult
+% END
+
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ 't :=
+ ""
+ { t empty$ not }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+ { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+ { "--" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+ { "-" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ while$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+% The format.date function is for the month and year, but we give a warning if
+% there's an empty year but the month is there, and we return the empty string
+% if they're both empty.
+% The resulting string is enclosed in parentheses (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{ year empty$
+ { month empty$
+ { "" }
+ { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
+ month parentheses
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { month empty$
+ { year parentheses }
+ { month " " * year * parentheses }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.btitle is for formatting the title field when it is a book-like
+% entry---the style used here keeps it in uppers-and-lowers and emphasizes it.
+% The emphasis will be done by quotation marks (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ title quote
+}
+
+% For several functions we'll need to connect two strings with a
+% tie (~) if the second one isn't very long (fewer than 3 characters).
+% The tie.or.space.connect function does that. It concatenates the two
+% strings on top of the stack, along with either a tie or space between
+% them, and puts this concatenation back onto the stack:
+%
+% tie.or.space.connect(str1,str2) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if text.length$(str2) < 3
+% then return the concatenation of str1, "~", and str2
+% else return the concatenation of str1, " ", and str2
+% END
+
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+ { "~" }
+ { " " }
+ if$
+ swap$ * *
+}
+
+% The either.or.check function complains if both fields or an either-or pair
+% are nonempty.
+%
+% either.or.check(t,s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(s) then
+% warning$(can't use both " * t * " fields in " * cite$)
+% fi
+% END
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.bvolume function is for formatting the volume and perhaps
+% series name of a multivolume work. If both a volume and a series field
+% are there, we assume the series field is the title of the whole multivolume
+% work (the title field should be the title of the thing being referred to),
+% and we add an "of <series>". This function is called in mid-sentence.
+% The emphasis will be done by quotation marks (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
+{ volume empty$
+ { "" }
+ { "\abphrase{8}" volume tie.or.space.connect %H2B
+ series empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { "\abphrase{5}" * series quote * } %H2B
+ if$
+ "volume and number" number either.or.check
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.number.series function is for formatting the series name
+% and perhaps number of a work in a series. This function is similar to
+% format.bvolume, although for this one the series must exist (and the
+% volume must not exist). If the number field is empty we output either
+% the series field unchanged if it exists or else the null string.
+% If both the number and series fields are there we assume the series field
+% gives the name of the whole series (the title field should be the title
+% of the work being one referred to), and we add an "in <series>".
+% We capitilize Number when this function is used at the beginning of a block.
+% The latter applies if output.state is mid.sentence or continue.sentence
+% (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.number.series}
+{ volume empty$
+ { number empty$
+ { series field.or.null }
+ { output.state mid.sentence = output.state continue.sentence = or
+ { "\abphrase{10}" } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{11}" } %H2B
+ if$
+ number tie.or.space.connect
+ series empty$
+ { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { "\abphrase{6}" * series * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "" }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.edition function appends " edition" to the edition, if present.
+% We lowercase the edition (it should be something like "Third"), because
+% this doesn't start a sentence.
+% The latter applies if output.state is mid.sentence or continue.sentence
+% (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition empty$
+ { "" }
+ { output.state mid.sentence = output.state continue.sentence = or
+ { edition "l" change.case$ "\abphrase{12}" * } %H2B
+ { edition "t" change.case$ "\abphrase{12}" * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.pages function is used for formatting a page range in a book
+% (and in rare circumstances, an article).
+%
+% The multi.page.check function examines the page field for a "-" or "," or "+"
+% so that format.pages can use "page" instead of "pages" if none exists.
+% Note: global.max$ here means "take the rest of the string"
+%
+% VAR: multiresult: INTEGER (actually, a boolean)
+%
+% multi.page.check(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% t := s
+% multiresult := false
+% while ((not multiresult) and (not empty$(t)))
+% do
+% if (first character of t = "-" or "," or "+")
+% then multiresult := true
+% else t := t with the first character removed
+% fi
+% od
+% return multiresult
+% END
+
+INTEGERS { multiresult }
+
+FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
+{ 't :=
+ #0 'multiresult :=
+ { multiresult not
+ t empty$ not
+ and
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$
+ duplicate$ "-" =
+ swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+ swap$ "+" =
+ or or
+ { #1 'multiresult := }
+ { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+ multiresult
+}
+
+% This function doesn't begin a sentence so "pages" isn't capitalized.
+% Other functions that use this should keep that in mind.
+
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+ { "" }
+ { pages multi.page.check
+ { "\abphrase{13}" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{14}" pages tie.or.space.connect } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.vol.num.pages function is for the volume, number, and page range
+% of a journal article. We use the format: vol(number):pages, with some
+% variations for empty fields. This doesn't begin a sentence.
+% The format was changed to `vol(number), pages', where the `vol' comes out in
+% boldface, by H2B.
+
+FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
+{ volume field.or.null boldface
+ number empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { "\abtype{4}{" number * "}" * * %H2B
+ volume empty$
+ { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ pages empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ format.pages }
+ { ", " * pages n.dashify * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% The format.chapter.pages, if the chapter is present, puts whatever is in the
+% type field (or else "chapter" if type is empty) in front of a chapter number.
+% It then appends the pages, if present. This doesn't begin a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
+{ chapter empty$
+ 'format.pages
+ { type empty$
+ { "\abphrase{15}" } %H2B
+ { type "l" change.case$ }
+ if$
+ chapter tie.or.space.connect
+ pages empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { ", " * format.pages * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The format.in.ed.booktitle function is used for starting out a sentence
+% that begins "In <booktitle>", putting an editor before the title if one
+% exists.
+% The emphasis will be done by quotation marks (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor empty$
+ { "\abphrase{7}" booktitle quote * } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{7}" format.editors * ", " * booktitle quote * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The function empty.misc.check complains if all six fields are empty, and
+% if there's been no sorting or alphabetic-label complaint.
+
+FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+ month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
+ and and and and and
+#if SORTED
+ key empty$ not and
+#else !SORTED
+#if LAB_ALPH
+ key empty$ not and
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+#endif SORTED
+ { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+% The function format.thesis.type returns either the (case-changed) type field,
+% if it is defined, or else the default string already on the stack
+% (like "Master's thesis" or "PhD thesis").
+
+FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
+{ type empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { pop$
+ type "t" change.case$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% The function format.tr.number makes a string starting with "Technical Report"
+% (or type, if that field is defined), followed by the number if there is one;
+% it returns the starting part (with a case change) even if there is no number.
+% This is used at the beginning of a sentence.
+
+FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
+{ type empty$
+ { "\abphrase{16}" } %H2B
+ 'type
+ if$
+ number empty$
+ { "t" change.case$ }
+ { number tie.or.space.connect }
+ if$
+}
+
+% Now come the cross-referencing functions (these are invoked because
+% one entry in the database file(s) cross-references another, by giving
+% the other entry's database key in a `crossref' field). This feature
+% allows one or more titled things that are part of a larger titled
+% thing to cross-reference the larger thing. These styles allow for
+% five posibilities: (1) an ARTICLE may cross-reference an ARTICLE;
+% (2) a BOOK, (3) INBOOK, or (4) INCOLLECTION may cross-reference a BOOK;
+% or (5) an INPROCEEDINGS may cross-reference a PROCEEDINGS.
+% Each of these is explained in more detail later.
+%
+% An ARTICLE entry type may cross reference another ARTICLE (this is
+% intended for when an entire journal is devoted to a single topic---
+% but since there is no JOURNAL entry type, the journal, too, should be
+% classified as an ARTICLE but without the author and title fields).
+% This will result in two warning messages for the journal's entry
+% if it's included in the reference list, but such is life.
+% In the original true function the emphasis with italic correction had been
+% made by inserting the necessary TeX control sequences directly; this is
+% substituted by a call to emphasize (H2B).
+%
+% format.article.crossref ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(key) then
+% if empty$(journal) then
+% warning$("need key or journal for " * cite$ *
+% " to crossref " * crossref)
+% return(" \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+% else
+% return("In " * emphazise.correct (journal) *
+% " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+% fi
+% else
+% return("In " * key * " \cite{" * crossref * "}")
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% The other cross-referencing functions are similar, so no "comment version"
+% will be given for them.
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
+{ key empty$
+ { journal empty$
+ { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
+ warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{7}" journal emphasize * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{7}" key * } %H2B
+ if$
+ " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% We use just the last names of editors for a cross reference: either
+% "editor", or "editor1 and editor2", or "editor1 et~al." depending on
+% whether there are one, or two, or more than two editors.
+
+FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
+{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
+ editor num.names$ duplicate$
+ #2 >
+ { pop$ "\abphrase{2}" * } %H2B
+ { #2 <
+ 'skip$
+ { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+ { "\abphrase{2}" * } %H2B
+ { "\abphrase{0}" * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% A BOOK (or INBOOK) entry type (assumed to be for a single volume in a
+% multivolume work) may cross reference another BOOK (the entire multivolume).
+% Usually there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct the
+% cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else the series
+% field (since the series gives the title of the multivolume work).
+% The series title is enclosed in quotes rather than emphasized (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
+{ volume empty$
+ { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
+ "\abphrase{7}" %H2B
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{9}" volume tie.or.space.connect %H2B
+ "\abphrase{5}" * %H2B
+ }
+ if$
+ editor empty$
+ editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+ or
+ { key empty$
+ { series empty$
+ { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+ crossref * warning$
+ "" *
+ }
+ { series quote * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { key * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { format.crossref.editor * }
+ if$
+ " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% An INCOLLECTION entry type may cross reference a BOOK (assumed to be the
+% collection), or an INPROCEEDINGS may cross reference a PROCEEDINGS.
+% Often there will be an editor, in which case we use that to construct
+% the cross reference; otherwise we use a nonempty key field or else
+% the booktitle field (which gives the cross-referenced work's title).
+% The booktitle is enclosed in quotes rather than emphasized (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
+{ editor empty$
+ editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+ or
+ { key empty$
+ { booktitle empty$
+ { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+ crossref * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{7}" booktitle quote * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{7}" key * } %H2B
+ if$
+ }
+ { "\abphrase{7}" format.crossref.editor * } %H2B
+ if$
+ " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+% Now we define the type functions for all entry types that may appear
+% in the .BIB file---e.g., functions like `article' and `book'. These
+% are the routines that actually generate the .BBL-file output for
+% the entry. These must all precede the READ command. In addition, the
+% style designer should have a function `default.type' for unknown types.
+% Note: The fields (within each list) are listed in order of appearance,
+% except as described for an `inbook' or a `proceedings'.
+%
+% The article function is for an article in a journal. An article may
+% CROSSREF another article.
+% Required fields: author, title, journal, year
+% Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note
+%
+% article ==
+% BEGIN
+% output.bibitem
+% output.check(format.authors,"author")
+% new.block
+% output.check(format.title,"title") % omitted if NO_TITLE (H2B)
+% new.block % dto.
+% if missing$(crossref) then
+% output.check(emphasize(journal),"journal")
+% % italic correction added (H2B)
+% output(format.vol.num.pages)
+% output.check(format.date,"year")
+% else
+% output.nonnull(format.article.crossref)
+% new.clause % added by H2B
+% output(format.pages)
+% fi
+% new.block
+% output(note)
+% fin.entry
+% END
+%
+% The book function is for a whole book. A book may CROSSREF another book.
+% Required fields: author or editor, title, publisher, year
+% Optional fields: volume or number, series, address, edition, month,
+% note
+%
+% book ==
+% BEGIN
+% if empty$(author) then output.check(format.editors,"author and editor")
+% else output.check(format.authors,"author")
+% if missing$(crossref) then
+% either.or.check("author and editor",editor)
+% fi
+% fi
+% new.block
+% output.check(format.btitle,"title")
+% if missing$(crossref) then
+% new.clause % added by H2B
+% output(format.bvolume)
+% new.block
+% output(format.number.series)
+% new.sentence
+% output.check(publisher,"publisher")
+% new.clause.checka(address) % added by H2B
+% output(address)
+% else
+% new.block
+% output.nonnull(format.book.crossref)
+% fi
+% edition new.clause.checka % added by H2B
+% output(format.edition)
+% output.check(format.date,"year")
+% new.block
+% output(note)
+% fin.entry
+% END
+%
+% The other entry functions are all quite similar, so no "comment version"
+% will be given for them.
+
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+#if !NO_TITLE
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+#endif
+ crossref missing$
+ { journal emphasize "journal" output.check
+ format.vol.num.pages output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ }
+ { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
+ new.clause
+ format.pages output
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ output.bibitem
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull
+ crossref missing$
+ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ format.btitle "title" output.check
+ crossref missing$
+ { new.clause
+ format.bvolume output
+ new.block
+ format.number.series output
+ new.sentence
+ publisher "publisher" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ }
+ { new.block
+ format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+ }
+ if$
+ edition new.clause.checka
+ format.edition output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% A booklet is a bound thing without a publisher or sponsoring institution.
+% Required: title
+% Optional: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors output
+ new.block
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ howpublished address new.block.checkb
+ howpublished output
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ format.date output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% For the conference entry type, see inproceedings.
+
+% An inbook is a piece of a book: either a chapter and/or a page range.
+% It may CROSSREF a book. If there's no volume field, the type field
+% will come before number and series.
+% Required: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher,year
+% Optional: volume or number, series, type, address, edition, month, note
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ output.bibitem
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull
+ crossref missing$
+ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ format.btitle "title" output.check
+ new.clause
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.bvolume output
+ new.clause
+ format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.number.series output
+ new.sentence
+ publisher "publisher" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ }
+ { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+ }
+ if$
+ edition new.clause.checka
+ format.edition output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% An incollection is like inbook, but where there is a separate title
+% for the referenced thing (and perhaps an editor for the whole).
+% An incollection may CROSSREF a book.
+% Required: author, title, booktitle, publisher, year
+% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, type, chapter, pages,
+% address, edition, month, note
+% For the NO_TITLE option the title is suppressed, if the chapter or the pages
+% field is nonempty (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and
+ {
+#endif
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+#endif
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+ new.clause
+ format.bvolume output
+ new.clause
+ format.number.series output
+ new.clause
+ format.chapter.pages output
+ new.sentence
+ publisher "publisher" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ edition new.clause.checka
+ format.edition output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ }
+ { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+ new.clause
+ format.chapter.pages output
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% An inproceedings is an article in a conference proceedings, and it may
+% CROSSREF a proceedings. If there's no address field, the month (& year)
+% will appear just before note.
+% Required: author, title, booktitle, year
+% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, pages, address, month,
+% organization, publisher, note
+% For the NO_TITLE option the title is suppressed, if the pages field is
+% nonempty (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ pages empty$
+ {
+#endif
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+#endif
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+ volume new.clause.checka
+ format.bvolume output
+ number series new.clause.checkb
+ format.number.series output
+ pages new.clause.checka
+ format.pages output
+ address empty$
+ { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+ organization output
+ publisher new.clause.checka
+ publisher output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ }
+ { new.clause
+ address output.nonnull
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.sentence
+ organization output
+ new.clause
+ publisher output
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+ new.clause
+ format.pages output
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% The conference function is included for Scribe compatibility.
+
+FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
+
+% A manual is technical documentation.
+% Required: title
+% Optional: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note
+
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ output.bibitem
+ author empty$
+ { organization empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { organization output.nonnull
+ new.clause
+ address output
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ format.btitle "title" output.check
+ author empty$
+ { organization empty$
+ { address new.block.checka
+ address output
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ { organization address new.block.checkb
+ organization output
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ }
+ if$
+ edition new.clause.checka
+ format.edition output
+ format.date output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% A mastersthesis is a Master's thesis.
+% Required: author, title, school, year
+% Optional: type, address, month, note
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ "\abphrase{17}" format.thesis.type output.nonnull %H2B
+ new.clause
+ school "school" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% A misc is something that doesn't fit elsewhere.
+% Required: at least one of the `optional' fields
+% Optional: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors output
+ title howpublished new.block.checkb
+ format.title output
+ howpublished new.block.checka
+ howpublished output
+ format.date output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+ empty.misc.check
+}
+
+% A phdthesis is like a mastersthesis.
+% Required: author, title, school, year
+% Optional: type, address, month, note
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.btitle "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ "\abphrase{18}" format.thesis.type output.nonnull %H2B
+ new.clause
+ school "school" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% A proceedings is a conference proceedings.
+% If there is an organization but no editor field, the organization will
+% appear as the first optional field (we try to make the first block nonempty);
+% if there's no address field, the month (& year) will appear just before note.
+% Required: title, year
+% Optional: editor, volume or number, series, address, month,
+% organization, publisher, note
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+ editor empty$
+ { organization output }
+ { format.editors output.nonnull }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ format.btitle "title" output.check
+ volume new.clause.checka
+ format.bvolume output
+ number series new.clause.checkb
+ format.number.series output
+ address empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { publisher new.sentence.checka }
+ { organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+ organization output
+ publisher new.clause.checka
+ }
+ if$
+ publisher output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ }
+ { new.clause
+ address output.nonnull
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.sentence
+ editor empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { organization output
+ new.clause
+ }
+ if$
+ publisher output
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% A techreport is a technical report.
+% Required: author, title, institution, year
+% Optional: type, number, address, month, note
+% For the NO_TITLE option the title is suppressed, if the number field is
+% nonempty (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ number empty$
+ {
+#endif
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+#if NO_TITLE
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+#endif
+ format.tr.number output.nonnull
+ new.clause
+ institution "institution" output.check
+ address new.clause.checka
+ address output
+ format.date "year" output.check
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% An unpublished is something that hasn't been published.
+% Required: author, title, note
+% Optional: month, year
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors "author" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.title "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ note "note" output.check
+ format.date output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+% We use entry type `misc' for an unknown type; BibTeX gives a warning.
+
+FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
+
+% Here are macros for common things that may vary from style to style.
+% Users are encouraged to use these macros.
+%
+% Months are either written out in full or abbreviated
+%
+% The macros for the month names now expand to TeX macros, so they are
+% adaptable too. Thus no conditional MONTH_FULL is needed anymore (H2B).
+%
+% The \abmonth macro should be defined by the user as something like:
+% \def\abmonth#1{\ifcase#1\or January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or
+% June\or July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi}
+
+MACRO {jan} {"\abmonth{1}"}
+
+MACRO {feb} {"\abmonth{2}"}
+
+MACRO {mar} {"\abmonth{3}"}
+
+MACRO {apr} {"\abmonth{4}"}
+
+MACRO {may} {"\abmonth{5}"}
+
+MACRO {jun} {"\abmonth{6}"}
+
+MACRO {jul} {"\abmonth{7}"}
+
+MACRO {aug} {"\abmonth{8}"}
+
+MACRO {sep} {"\abmonth{9}"}
+
+MACRO {oct} {"\abmonth{10}"}
+
+MACRO {nov} {"\abmonth{11}"}
+
+MACRO {dec} {"\abmonth{12}"}
+
+% The next ten macros are provided for edition numbers. For higher numbers the
+% \abedition command should be extended by the user and called directly or---
+% better---via @STRING declarations in the BIB files. The \abedition command
+% to be defined by the user is, e.g.:
+% \def\abedition#1{\ifcase#1\or First\or Second\or Third\or Fourth\or Fifth\or
+% Sixth\or Seventh\or Eighth\or Ninth\or Tenth\else?\fi}
+
+MACRO {first} {"\abedition{1}"}
+
+MACRO {second} {"\abedition{2}"}
+
+MACRO {third} {"\abedition{3}"}
+
+MACRO {fourth} {"\abedition{4}"}
+
+MACRO {fifth} {"\abedition{5}"}
+
+MACRO {sixth} {"\abedition{6}"}
+
+MACRO {seventh} {"\abedition{7}"}
+
+MACRO {eighth} {"\abedition{8}"}
+
+MACRO {ninth} {"\abedition{9}"}
+
+MACRO {tenth} {"\abedition{10}"}
+
+% Finally, some macros are defined to re-dedicate the CHAPTER field via the
+% TYPE field. An appropriate \abchapter command were:
+% \def\abchapter#1{\ifcase#1Section\or Paragraph\or Appendix\or Part\fi}
+
+MACRO {section} {"\abchapter{0}"}
+
+MACRO {paragraph} {"\abchapter{1}"}
+
+MACRO {appendix} {"\abchapter{2}"}
+
+MACRO {part} {"\abchapter{3}"}
+
+% Journals are either written out in full or abbreviated;
+% the abbreviations are like those found in ACM publications.
+%
+% To get a completely different set of abbreviations, it may be best to make
+% a separate .bib file with nothing but those abbreviations; users could then
+% include that file name as the first argument to the \bibliography command.
+%
+% All journal macros were commented off, because the set applies only to a
+% very special field of sciences; so the hint in the previous paragraph
+% becomes mandatory (H2B).
+
+% #if JOUR_FULL
+%
+% MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
+%
+% MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
+%
+% MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"}
+%
+% MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"}
+%
+% MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeetcad}
+% {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"}
+%
+% MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
+%
+% MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"}
+%
+% MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"}
+%
+% MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"}
+%
+% MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"}
+%
+% MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"}
+%
+% MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"}
+%
+% MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"}
+%
+% MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"}
+%
+% MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"}
+%
+% MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"}
+%
+% MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
+%
+% #else !JOUR_FULL
+%
+% MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}
+%
+% MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}
+%
+% MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}
+%
+% MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}
+%
+% MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}
+%
+% MACRO {ieeetcad}
+% {"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"}
+%
+% MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}
+%
+% MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}
+%
+% MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}
+%
+% MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"}
+%
+% MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}
+%
+% MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}
+%
+% MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}
+%
+% MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."}
+%
+% MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}
+%
+% MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}
+%
+% MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."}
+%
+% MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."}
+%
+% #endif JOUR_FULL
+
+% Now we read in the .BIB entries.
+
+READ
+
+% The sortify function converts to lower case after purify$ing; it's
+% used in sorting and in computing alphabetic labels after sorting
+%
+% The chop.word(w,len,s) function returns either s or, if the first len
+% letters of s equals w (this comparison is done in the third line of the
+% function's definition), it returns that part of s after w.
+
+#if SORTED
+
+FUNCTION {sortify}
+{ purify$
+ "l" change.case$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { len }
+
+FUNCTION {chop.word}
+{ 's :=
+ 'len :=
+ s #1 len substring$ =
+ { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
+ 's
+ if$
+}
+
+#else !SORTED
+#if LAB_ALPH
+
+% We need the chop.word stuff for the dubious unsorted-list-with-labels case.
+
+INTEGERS { len }
+
+FUNCTION {chop.word}
+{ 's :=
+ 'len :=
+ s #1 len substring$ =
+ { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
+ 's
+ if$
+}
+
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+#endif SORTED
+
+% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels
+%
+% The format.lab.names function makes a short label by using the initials of
+% the von and Last parts of the names (but if there are more than four names,
+% (i.e., people) it truncates after three and adds a superscripted "+";
+% it also adds such a "+" if the last of multiple authors is "others").
+% If there is only one name, and its von and Last parts combined have just
+% a single name-token ("Knuth" has a single token, "Brinch Hansen" has two),
+% we take the first three letters of the last name. The boolean
+% et.al.char.used tells whether we've used a superscripted "+", so that we
+% know whether to include a LaTeX macro for it.
+%
+% format.lab.names(s) ==
+% BEGIN
+% numnames := num.names$(s)
+% if numnames > 1 then
+% if numnames > 4 then
+% namesleft := 3
+% else
+% namesleft := numnames
+% nameptr := 1
+% nameresult := ""
+% while namesleft > 0
+% do
+% if (name_ptr = numnames) and
+% format.name$(s, nameptr, "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}") = "others"
+% then nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
+% et.al.char.used := true
+% else nameresult := nameresult *
+% format.name$(s, nameptr, "{v{}}{l{}}")
+% nameptr := nameptr + 1
+% namesleft := namesleft - 1
+% od
+% if numnames > 4 then
+% nameresult := nameresult * "{\etalchar{+}}"
+% et.al.char.used := true
+% else
+% t := format.name$(s, 1, "{v{}}{l{}}")
+% if text.length$(t) < 2 then % there's just one name-token
+% nameresult := text.prefix$(format.name$(s,1,"{ll}"),3)
+% else
+% nameresult := t
+% fi
+% fi
+% return nameresult
+% END
+%
+% Exactly what fields we look at in constructing the primary part of the label
+% depends on the entry type; this selectivity (as opposed to, say, always
+% looking at author, then editor, then key) helps ensure that "ignored" fields,
+% as described in the LaTeX book, really are ignored. Note that MISC is part
+% of the deepest `else' clause in the nested part of calc.label; thus, any
+% unrecognized entry type in the database is handled correctly.
+%
+% There is one auxiliary function for each of the four different sequences of
+% fields we use. The first of these functions looks at the author field, and
+% then, if necessary, the key field. The other three functions, which might
+% look at two fields and the key field, are similar, except that the key field
+% takes precedence over the organization field (for labels---not for sorting).
+%
+% The calc.label function calculates the preliminary label of an entry, which
+% is formed by taking three letters of information from the author or editor or
+% key or organization field (depending on the entry type and on what's empty,
+% but ignoring a leading "The " in the organization), and appending the last
+% two characters (digits) of the year. It is an error if the appropriate fields
+% among author, editor, organization, and key are missing, and we use
+% the first three letters of the cite$ in desperation when this happens.
+% The resulting label has the year part, but not the name part, purify$ed
+% (purify$ing the year allows some sorting shenanigans by the user).
+%
+% This function also calculates the version of the label to be used in sorting.
+%
+% The final label may need a trailing 'a', 'b', etc., to distinguish it from
+% otherwise identical labels, but we can't calculated those "extra.label"s
+% until after sorting.
+%
+% calc.label ==
+% BEGIN
+% if type$ = "book" or "inbook" then
+% author.editor.key.label
+% else if type$ = "proceedings" then
+% editor.key.organization.label
+% else if type$ = "manual" then
+% author.key.organization.label
+% else
+% author.key.label
+% fi fi fi
+% label := label * substring$(purify$(field.or.null(year)), -1, 2)
+% % assuming we will also sort, we calculate a sort.label
+% sort.label := sortify(label), but use the last four, not two, digits
+% END
+
+#if LAB_ALPH
+
+INTEGERS { et.al.char.used }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.et.al.char.used}
+{ #0 'et.al.char.used :=
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.et.al.char.used}
+
+FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
+{ 's :=
+ s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+ numnames #1 >
+ { numnames #4 >
+ { #3 'namesleft := }
+ { numnames 'namesleft := }
+ if$
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ ""
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+ { nameptr numnames =
+ { s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+ { "{\etalchar{+}}" *
+ #1 'et.al.char.used :=
+ }
+ { s nameptr "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$ * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { s nameptr "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$ * }
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+ numnames #4 >
+ { "{\etalchar{+}}" *
+ #1 'et.al.char.used :=
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ { s #1 "{v{}}{l{}}" format.name$
+ duplicate$ text.length$ #2 <
+ { pop$ s #1 "{ll}" format.name$ #3 text.prefix$ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+ { key empty$
+#if SORTED
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
+ { "for label, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ cite$ #1 #3 substring$
+ }
+#endif SORTED
+ { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+#if SORTED
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
+ { "for label, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ cite$ #1 #3 substring$
+ }
+#endif SORTED
+ { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor format.lab.names }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label}
+{ author empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { organization empty$
+#if SORTED
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
+ { "for label, need author, key, or organization in " cite$ *
+ warning$
+ cite$ #1 #3 substring$
+ }
+#endif SORTED
+ { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label}
+{ editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { organization empty$
+#if SORTED
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+#else !SORTED % need warning here because we won't give it later
+ { "for label, need editor, key, or organization in " cite$ *
+ warning$
+ cite$ #1 #3 substring$
+ }
+#endif SORTED
+ { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { key #3 text.prefix$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {calc.label}
+{ type$ "book" =
+ type$ "inbook" =
+ or
+ 'author.editor.key.label
+ { type$ "proceedings" =
+ 'editor.key.organization.label
+ { type$ "manual" =
+ 'author.key.organization.label
+ 'author.key.label
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ duplicate$
+ year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #2 substring$
+ *
+ 'label :=
+ year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$
+ *
+ sortify 'sort.label :=
+}
+
+% It doesn't seem like a particularly good idea to use an order-of-citation
+% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but we need to have a
+% special pass to calculate labels when this happens.
+
+#if !SORTED
+
+ITERATE {calc.label}
+
+#endif !SORTED
+
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+
+% When sorting, we compute the sortkey by executing "presort" on each entry.
+% The presort key contains a number of "sortify"ed strings, concatenated
+% with multiple blanks between them. This makes things like "brinch per"
+% come before "brinch hansen per".
+%
+% The fields used here are: the sort.label for alphabetic labels (as set by
+% calc.label), followed by the author names (or editor names or organization
+% (with a leading "The " removed) or key field, depending on entry type and on
+% what's empty), followed by year, followed by the first bit of the title
+% (chopping off a leading "The ", "A ", or "An ").
+% Names are formatted: Von Last First Junior.
+% The names within a part will be separated by a single blank
+% (such as "brinch hansen"), two will separate the name parts themselves
+% (except the von and last), three will separate the names,
+% four will separate the names from year (and from label, if alphabetic),
+% and four will separate year from title.
+%
+% The sort.format.names function takes an argument that should be in
+% BibTeX name format, and returns a string containing " "-separated
+% names in the format described above. The function is almost the same
+% as format.names.
+
+#if SORTED
+
+FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
+{ 's :=
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ ""
+ s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+ { nameptr #1 >
+ { " " * }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+#if NAME_FULL
+ s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
+#else
+ s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
+#endif NAME_FULL
+ nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
+ { "et al" * }
+ { t sortify * }
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+% The sort.format.title function returns the argument,
+% but first any leading "A "'s, "An "'s, or "The "'s are removed.
+% The chop.word function uses s, so we need another string variable, t
+
+FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
+{ 't :=
+ "A " #2
+ "An " #3
+ "The " #4 t chop.word
+ chop.word
+ chop.word
+ sortify
+ #1 global.max$ substring$
+}
+
+% The auxiliary functions here, for the presort function, are analogous to
+% the ones for calc.label; the same comments apply, except that the
+% organization field takes precedence here over the key field. For sorting
+% purposes, we still remove a leading "The " from the organization field.
+
+FUNCTION {author.sort}
+{ author empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
+{ author empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor sort.format.names }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
+{ author empty$
+ { organization empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
+{ editor empty$
+ { organization empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+% There is a limit, entry.max$, on the length of an entry string variable
+% (which is what its sort.key$ is), so we take at most that many characters
+% of the constructed key, and hope there aren't many references that match
+% to that many characters!
+
+FUNCTION {presort}
+#if LAB_ALPH
+{ calc.label
+ sort.label
+ " "
+ *
+ type$ "book" =
+#else !LAB_ALPH
+{ type$ "book" =
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+ type$ "inbook" =
+ or
+ 'author.editor.sort
+ { type$ "proceedings" =
+ 'editor.organization.sort
+ { type$ "manual" =
+ 'author.organization.sort
+ 'author.sort
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+#if LAB_ALPH
+ *
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+ " "
+ *
+ year field.or.null sortify
+ *
+ " "
+ *
+ title field.or.null
+ sort.format.title
+ *
+ #1 entry.max$ substring$
+ 'sort.key$ :=
+}
+
+ITERATE {presort}
+
+% And now we can sort
+
+SORT
+
+#endif SORTED
+
+% This long comment applies only to alphabetic labels, when sorted
+%
+% Now comes the final computation for alphabetic labels, putting in the 'a's
+% and 'b's and so forth if required. This involves two passes: a forward
+% pass to put in the 'b's, 'c's and so on, and a backwards pass
+% to put in the 'a's (we don't want to put in 'a's unless we know there
+% are 'b's).
+% We have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
+% by the "thebibliography" environment.
+%
+% VAR: longest.label, last.sort.label, next.extra: string
+% longest.label.width, last.extra.num: integer
+%
+% initialize.longest.label ==
+% BEGIN
+% longest.label := ""
+% last.sort.label := int.to.chr$(0)
+% next.extra := ""
+% longest.label.width := 0
+% last.extra.num := 0
+% END
+%
+% forward.pass ==
+% BEGIN
+% if last.sort.label = sort.label then
+% last.extra.num := last.extra.num + 1
+% extra.label := int.to.chr$(last.extra.num)
+% else
+% last.extra.num := chr.to.int$("a")
+% extra.label := ""
+% last.sort.label := sort.label
+% fi
+% END
+%
+% reverse.pass ==
+% BEGIN
+% if next.extra = "b" then
+% extra.label := "a"
+% fi
+% label := label * extra.label
+% if width$(label) > longest.label.width then
+% longest.label := label
+% longest.label.width := width$(label)
+% fi
+% next.extra := extra.label
+% END
+
+#if LAB_ALPH
+
+#if SORTED
+
+STRINGS { longest.label last.sort.label next.extra }
+
+INTEGERS { longest.label.width last.extra.num }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.sort.label :=
+ "" 'next.extra :=
+ #0 'longest.label.width :=
+ #0 'last.extra.num :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {forward.pass}
+{ last.sort.label sort.label =
+ { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
+ last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
+ }
+ { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
+ "" 'extra.label :=
+ sort.label 'last.sort.label :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
+{ next.extra "b" =
+ { "a" 'extra.label := }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ label extra.label * 'label :=
+ label width$ longest.label.width >
+ { label 'longest.label :=
+ label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ extra.label 'next.extra :=
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+
+ITERATE {forward.pass}
+
+REVERSE {reverse.pass}
+
+#else !SORTED
+
+% It still doesn't seem like a good idea to use an order-of-citation
+% reference list when using alphabetic labels, but when this happens we
+% must compute the longest label
+
+STRINGS { longest.label }
+
+INTEGERS { longest.label.width }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+ #0 'longest.label.width :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
+{ label width$ longest.label.width >
+ { label 'longest.label :=
+ label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+
+ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
+
+#endif SORTED
+
+#else !LAB_ALPH
+
+% Now comes the computation for numeric labels.
+% We use either the sorted order or original order.
+% We still have to keep track of the longest (in width$ terms) label, for use
+% by the "thebibliography" environment.
+
+STRINGS { longest.label }
+
+INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+ #1 'number.label :=
+ #0 'longest.label.width :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
+{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
+ number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
+ label width$ longest.label.width >
+ { label 'longest.label :=
+ label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+
+ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
+
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+
+% Now we're ready to start writing the .BBL file.
+% We begin, if necessary, with a LaTeX macro for unnamed names in an alphabetic
+% label; next comes stuff from the `preamble' command in the database files.
+% Then we give an incantation containing the command
+% \begin{thebibliography}{...}
+% where the `...' is the longest label.
+%
+% We also call init.state.consts, for use by the output routines.
+%
+% At first a TeX definition is output, that makes user commands able to
+% distinguish between a ``full'' and an ``abbreviated'' style (H2B).
+
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{
+#if MONTH_FULL
+ "\newif\ifabfull\abfulltrue" write$ newline$
+#else
+ "\newif\ifabfull\abfullfalse" write$ newline$
+#endif
+#if LAB_ALPH
+ et.al.char.used
+ { "\newcommand{\etalchar}[1]{$^{#1}$}" write$ newline$ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+#endif LAB_ALPH
+ preamble$ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+ if$
+ "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" * write$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+
+EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
+
+% Now we produce the output for all the entries
+
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+
+% Finally, we finish up by writing the `\end{thebibliography}' command.
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$
+ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {end.bib}