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| author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2008-06-15 00:46:16 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2008-06-15 00:46:16 +0000 |
| commit | 310879a3c5868a81753450c3ca110fa3e1515d38 (patch) | |
| tree | 7e5443f08778be818dd05fba3f0e97d581b0d5ca /Master/texmf/doc/info/latex2e.info | |
| parent | c4a7e2faa4c3a6950b476ee6b0a3bda624b4a78a (diff) | |
latex2e-help-texinfo update, unofficial latex reference manual; remove old instances; .info install done by hand
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@8743 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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diff --git a/Master/texmf/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf/doc/info/latex2e.info new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..edc546d1656 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf/doc/info/latex2e.info @@ -0,0 +1,6992 @@ +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.12 from +latex2e.texi. + +This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an unofficial reference +manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system. LaTeX is a macro +package for TeX. + + This was originally translated from `LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS +Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. +Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The LaTeX 2.09 version was +written by Stephen Gilmore. The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this +by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, +and gratefully acknowledges using `Hypertext Help with LaTeX', by +Sheldon Green, and the `LaTeX Command Summary' (for LaTeX 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users Group as +`TeXniques' number 10), as reference material (text was not directly +copied). + + Copyright (C) 2007, 2008 Karl Berry. +Copyright (C) 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. +Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions. + +INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* LaTeX2e: (latex2e). Unofficial LaTeX reference manual. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir) + +LaTeX2e +******* + +This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an unofficial reference +manual for LaTeX, a document preparation system. It is intended to +cover LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many +years. + + LaTeX is implemented as a macro package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX +typesetting program. LaTeX was originally created by Leslie Lamport; +it is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(`http://latex-project.org'). The official documentation written by +the LaTeX project is available there. Again, the present document is +unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers. + +* Menu: + +* Overview:: What is LaTeX? +* Starting & ending:: The standard beginning and end of a document. +* Document classes:: Some of the various classes available. +* Typefaces:: And fonts, such as bold, italics etc. +* Layout:: Controlling the page layout. +* Sectioning:: How to section properly. +* Cross references:: Automatic referencing. +* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize. +* Line breaking:: Influencing line breaks. +* Page breaking:: Influencing page breaks. +* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes. +* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc. +* Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX. +* Lengths:: The length commands. +* Making paragraphs:: Paragraph commands. +* Math formulas:: How to create mathematical formulas. +* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes. +* Page Styles:: Various styles of page layout. +* Spaces:: Horizontal and vertical space. +* Boxes:: Making boxes. +* Special insertions:: Inserting reserved and special characters. +* Splitting the input:: Dealing with big files by splitting. +* Front/back matter:: Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes. +* Letters:: The letter class. +* Terminal Input/Output:: User interaction. +* Command Line:: System-independent command-line behavior. +* Document templates:: Starter templates for various document classes. +* Command Index:: Alphabetical list of LaTeX commands. +* Concept Index:: General index. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Overview, Next: Starting & ending, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 Overview of LaTeX +******************* + +The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the +LaTeX "macro package" for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an +input file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands +that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least +three files as output: + + 1. A main output file, which is one of: + + 1. If invoked as `latex', a "Device Independent" (`.dvi') file. + This contains commands that can be translated into commands + for a variety of output devices. You can view such `.dvi' + output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi' (display + directly) or `dvips' (convert to PostScript). + + 2. If invoked as `pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format" + (`.pdf') file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with + all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but + it does make the output much larger than the `.dvi' produced + from the same document. + + There are other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) as well, + which can produce HTML, XML, and other things. + + 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and + diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. + + 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for + things such as sectioning. + + A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a +`\' followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single +non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional +while arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required. + + LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Starting & ending, Next: Document classes, Prev: Overview, Up: Top + +2 Starting & ending +******************* + +A minimal input file looks like the following: + + \documentclass{CLASS} + \begin{document} + YOUR TEXT + \end{document} + +where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX. *Note Document +classes::, for details of the various document classes available +locally. + + You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' +and the `\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the +"preamble"). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document classes, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Starting & ending, Up: Top + +3 Document classes +****************** + +The class of a given document is defined with the command: + + \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS} + +The `\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX +source file. + + Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes +are available as add-ons; *note Overview::): + + article report book letter slides + + Standard OPTIONS are described below. + +* Menu: + +* Document class options:: Global options. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document class options, Up: Document classes + +3.1 Document class options +========================== + +You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the +`\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual. +To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma: + + \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS} + + Here is the list of the standard class options. + + All of the standard classes except `slides' accept the following +options for selecting the typeface size (default is `10pt'): + + 10pt 11pt 12pt + + All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the +paper size (default is `letterpaper'): + + a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper + + Miscellaneous other options: + +`draft, final' + mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is + `final'. + +`fleqn' + Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. + +`landscape' + Selects landscape format; default is portrait. + +`leqno' + Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the + right side. + +`openbib' + Use "open" bibliography format. + +`titlepage, notitlepage' + Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on + the class. + + These options are not available with the slides class: + +`onecolumn' +`twocolumn' + Typeset in one or two columns; default is `onecolumn'. + +`oneside' +`twoside' + Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is `oneside', except for + the `book' class. + + The `\evensidemargin' (`\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the + distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the + page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper + size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For + one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided, + `\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between `\paperwidth' + and `\textwidth' with `\evensidemargin' the remainder. + +`openright' +`openany' + Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default + is `openright' for book. + + The `slides' class offers the option `clock' for printing the time +at the bottom of each note. + + Additional packages are loaded like this: + + \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG} + + To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or +use multiple `\usepackage' commands. + + Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown +by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with +`\usepackage'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Typefaces, Next: Layout, Prev: Document classes, Up: Top + +4 Typefaces +*********** + +Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a +style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here. + +* Menu: + +* Font styles:: Select roman, italics etc. +* Font sizes:: Select point size. +* Low-level font commands:: Select encoding, family, series, shape. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Font styles, Next: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces + +4.1 Font styles +=============== + +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + + These commands are used like `\textit{italic text}'. The +corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which +takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the +next type style command or the end of the current group. + + The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either +`\sffamily\bfseries' or `\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif. + + You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for +instance, `\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'. + +`\textrm (\rmfamily)' + Roman. + +`\textit (\itshape)' + Italics. + +`\emph' + Emphasis (switches between `\textit' and `\textrm'). + +`\textmd (\mdseries)' + Medium weight (default). + +`\textbf (\bfseries)' + Boldface. + +`\textup (\upshape)' + Upright (default). The opposite of slanted. + +`\textsl (\slshape)' + Slanted. + +`\textsf (\sffamily)' + Sans serif. + +`\textsc (\scshape)' + Small caps. + +`\texttt (\ttfamily)' + Typewriter. + +`\textnormal (\normalfont)' + Main document font. + +`\mathrm' + Roman, for use in math mode. + +`\mathbf' + Boldface, for use in math mode. + +`\mathsf' + Sans serif, for use in math mode. + +`\mathtt' + Typewriter, for use in math mode. + +`\mathit' +`(\mit)' + Italics, for use in math mode. + +`\mathnormal' + For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration. + +`\mathcal' + `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode. + + In addition, the command `\mathversion{bold}' can be used for +switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas. +`\mathversion{normal}' restores the default. + + LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to +the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative. They are used +differently than the above commands, too: `{\CMD ...}' instead of +`\CMD{...}'. These are two very different things. + +`\bf' + Switch to bold face. + +`\cal' + Switch to calligraphic letters for math. + +`\em' + Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics). + +`\it' + Italics. + +`\rm' + Roman. + +`\sc' + Small caps. + +`\sf' + Sans serif. + +`\sl' + Slanted (oblique). + +`\tt' + Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width). + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Font sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font styles, Up: Typefaces + +4.2 Font sizes +============== + +The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX. The +table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size +used (in points) with the `10pt', `11pt', and `12pt' document size +options, respectively (*note Document class options::). + +Command `10pt' `11pt' `12pt' +-------------------------------------------------- +`\tiny' 5 6 6 +`\scriptsize' 7 8 8 +`\footnotesize' 8 9 10 +`\small' 9 10 10.95 +`\normalsize' (default) 10 10.95 12 +`\large' 12 12 14.4 +`\Large' 14.4 14.4 17.28 +`\LARGE' 17.28 17.28 20.74 +`\huge' 20.74 20.74 24.88 +`\Huge' 24.88 24.88 24.88 + + The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of +the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end +of the current group. You can also use the environment form of these +commands; for instance, `\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Font sizes, Up: Typefaces + +4.3 Low-level font commands +=========================== + +These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and +packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available +ones. + +`\fontencoding{enc}' + Select font encoding. Valid encodings include `OT1' and `T1'. + +`\fontfamily{family}' + Select font family. Valid families include: + + * `cmr' for Computer Modern Roman + + * `cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif + + * `cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter + + and numerous others. + +`\fontseries{series}' + Select font series. Valid series include: + + * `m' Medium (normal) + + * `b' Bold + + * `c' Condensed + + * `bc' Bold condensed + + * `bx' Bold extended + + and various other combinations. + +`\fontshape{shape}' + Select font shape. Valid shapes are: + + * `n' Upright (normal) + + * `it' Italic + + * `sl' Slanted (oblique) + + * `sc' Small caps + + * `ui' Upright italics + + * `ol' Outline + + The two last shapes are not available for most font families. + +`\fontsize{size}{skip}' + Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to + and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a + parameter named `\baselineskip'. The unit of both parameters + defaults to pt. The default `\baselineskip' for the Computer + Modern typeface is 1.2 times the `\fontsize'. + + The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the + `\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the + default is 1. However, the best way to "double space" a document, + if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use + the `setspace' package; see + `http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace'. + +`\selectfont' + The changes made by calling the four font commands described above + do not come into effect until `\selectfont' is called. + +`\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}' + The same as invoking `\fontencoding', `\fontfamily', `\fontseries' + and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by + `\selectfont'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Layout, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Typefaces, Up: Top + +5 Layout +******** + +Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page. + +* Menu: + +* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout. +* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout. +* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height. +* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height. +* Page layout parameters:: \headheight \footskip. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Up: Layout + +5.1 `\onecolumn' +================ + +The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces +single-column output. This is the default. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \twocolumn, Next: \flushbottom, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout + +5.2 `\twocolumn' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \twocolumn[TEXT1COL] + + The `\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces +two-column output. If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is +typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts. + + These parameters control typesetting in two-column output: + +`\columnsep' + The distance between columns (35pt by default). + +`\columnseprule' + The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so + there is no rule. + +`\columnwidth' + The width of the current column; this is equal to `\textwidth' in + single-column text. + + + These parameters control float behavior in two-column output: + +`\dbltopfraction' + Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be + occupied by floats. Default `.7', can be usefully redefined to + (say) `.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon. + +`\dblfloatpagefraction' + The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by + floats, for a two-column float page. Default `.5'. + +`\dblfloatsep' + Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float + page. Default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' + documents, `14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. + +`\dbltextfloatsep' + Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a + page and the main text. Default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \twocolumn, Up: Layout + +5.3 `\flushbottom' +================== + +The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height, +adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page. + + This is the default if `twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document +class options::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: Page layout parameters, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout + +5.4 `\raggedbottom' +=================== + +The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of +the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be stretched. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page layout parameters, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout + +5.5 Page layout parameters +========================== + +`\headheight' + Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is + `30pt', except in the `book' class, where it varies with the type + size. + +`\headsep' + Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the + top of the main text. Default is `25pt', except in the `book' + class, where it varies with the type size. + +`\footskip' + Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the + baseline of the page footer. Default is `30pt', except in the + `book' class, where it varies with the type size. + +`\linewidth' + Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size, + paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an `article' document in + `10pt', it's set to `345pt'; in two-column mode, that becomes + `229.5pt'. + +`\textheight' + The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies + with the font size, document class, etc. For an `article' or + `report' document in `10pt', it's set to `43\baselineskip'; for + `book', it's `41\baselineskip'. For `11pt', it's + `38\baselineskip' and for `12pt', `36\baselineskip'. + +`\textwidth' + The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as + usual. For an `article' or `report' document, it's `345pt' at + `10pt', `360pt' at `11pt', and `390pt' at `12pt'. For a `book' + document, it's `4.5in' at `10pt', and `5in' at `11pt' or `12pt'. + +`\topmargin' + Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the + paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is + computed based on many other parameters: `\paperheight - 2in - + \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then + divided by two. + +`\topskip' + Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline + of the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default + is the same as the font size, e.g., `10pt' at `10pt'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top + +6 Sectioning +************ + +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: + +`\part' + +`\chapter' + (report and book class only) + +`\section' + +`\subsection' + +`\subsubsection' + +`\paragraph' + +`\subparagraph' + + All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g., + + \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE} + + In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the +section title can appear in two other places: + + 1. The table of contents. + + 2. The running head at the top of the page. + + You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text. +To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument +TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places. + + Also, all sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print TITLE as +usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the +table of contents. For instance: + + \section*{Preamble} + + The `\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units +are numbered. The `\appendix' command itself generates no text and +does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command +is something like + + \chapter{A Chapter} + ... + \appendix + \chapter{The First Appendix} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Cross references, Next: Environments, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Top + +7 Cross references +****************** + +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." + +* Menu: + +* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text. +* \pageref:: Refer to a page number. +* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross references + +7.1 `\label' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \label{KEY} + + A `\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the +number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered +environment assigns that number to KEY. + + A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. + + To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is +common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a +colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: + +`ch' + for chapters + +`sec' + for lower-level sectioning commands + +`fig' + for figures + +`tab' + for tables + +`eq' + for equations + + Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:snark' or +`fig.snark'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross references + +7.2 `\pageref{KEY}' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \pageref{KEY} + + The `\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in +the text where the corresponding `\label'{KEY} command appears. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross references + +7.3 `\ref{KEY}' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \ref{KEY} + + The `\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit, +equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding `\label' command +(*note \label::). It does not produce any text, such as the word +`Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Environments, Next: Line breaking, Prev: Cross references, Up: Top + +8 Environments +************** + +LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text. Each +environment begins and ends in the same manner: + + \begin{ENVNAME} + ... + \end{ENVNAME} + +* Menu: + +* abstract:: Produce an abstract. +* array:: Math arrays. +* center:: Centred lines. +* description:: Labelled lists. +* displaymath:: Formulas that appear on their own line. +* document:: Enclose the whole document. +* enumerate:: Numbered lists. +* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations. +* equation:: Displayed equation. +* figure:: Floating figures. +* flushleft:: Flushed left lines. +* flushright:: Flushed right lines. +* itemize:: Bulleted lists. +* letter:: Letters. +* list:: Generic list environment. +* math:: In-line math. +* minipage:: Miniature page. +* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles. +* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation. +* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation. +* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily. +* table:: Floating tables. +* tabular:: Align text in columns. +* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list. +* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc. +* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages. +* verbatim:: Simulating typed input. +* verse:: For poetry and other things. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: abstract, Next: array, Up: Environments + +8.1 `abstract' +============== + +Synopsis: + \begin{abstract} + ... + \end{abstract} + + Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple +paragraphs. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: abstract, Up: Environments + +8.2 `array' +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{array}{TEMPLATE} + COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\ + ... + \end{array} + + Math arrays are produced with the `array' environment, normally +within an `equation' environment (*note equation::). It has a single +mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the +alignment within them. Each column COL is specified by a single letter +that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows: + +`c' + centered + +`l' + flush left + +`r' + flush right + + Column entries are separated by `&'. Column entries may include +other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array is terminated with `\\'. + + In the template, the construct `@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns +in each row. + + Here's an example: + + \begin{equation} + \begin{array}{lrc} + left1 & right1 & centered1 \\ + left2 & right2 & centered2 \\ + \end{array} + \end{equation} + + The `\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space +separating columns; the default is `5pt'. *Note tabular::, for other +parameters which affect formatting in `array' environments, namely +`\arrayrulewidth' and `\arraystretch'. + + The `array' environment can only be used in math mode. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments + +8.3 `center' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{center} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + \end{center} + + The `center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting +of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the +current page. Each line is terminated with the string `\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \centering:: Declaration form of the `center' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \centering, Up: center + +8.3.1 `\centering' +------------------ + +The `\centering' declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. +This declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or +in a `parbox'. Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on +the page by putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the +figure or table environment. + + Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an +environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + Here's an example: + + \begin{quote} + \centering + first line \\ + second line \\ + \end{quote} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: description, Next: displaymath, Prev: center, Up: Environments + +8.4 `description' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \begin{description} + \item [LABEL1] ITEM1 + \item [LABEL2] ITEM2 + ... + \end{description} + + The `description' environment is used to make labelled lists. Each +LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right. The ITEM text may contain +multiple paragraphs. + + Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if +you typeset a label in typewriter using `\texttt', you'll get bold +typewriter: `\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'. This may be too +bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use `\tt', which +resets all other style variations: `\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'. + + For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: displaymath, Next: document, Prev: description, Up: Environments + +8.5 `displaymath' +================= + +Synopsis: + \begin{displaymath} + MATH + \end{displaymath} + +or + + \[MATH\] + + The `displaymath' environment (`\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the +MATH text on its own line, centered by default. The global `fleqn' +option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::. + + No equation number is added to `displaymath' text; to get an +equation number, use the `equation' environment (*note equation::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: document, Next: enumerate, Prev: displaymath, Up: Environments + +8.6 `document' +============== + +The `document' environment encloses the body of a document. It is +required in every LaTeX document. *Note Starting & ending::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: document, Up: Environments + +8.7 `enumerate' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{enumerate} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{enumerate} + + The `enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations +can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also +be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as `itemize' +(*note itemize::) and `description' (*note description::). + + Each item of an enumerated list begins with an `\item' command. +There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. + + By default, the numbering at each level is done like this: + + 1. 1., 2., ... + + 2. (a), (b), ... + + 3. i., ii., ... + + 4. A., B., ... + + The `enumerate' environment uses the counters `\enumi' through +`\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::). If the optional argument to +`\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item. + + The `enumerate' environment uses the commands `\labelenumi' through +`\labelenumiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use +`\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand & +\renewcommand::). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase +letters: + + \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments + +8.8 `eqnarray' +============== + + \begin{eqnarray} (or `eqnarray*') + FORMULA1 \\ + FORMULA2 \\ + ... + \end{eqnarray} + + The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of +equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array' +environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive +items within a row separated by an `&'. + + `\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal +meaning of not allowing a page break at that line. + + An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a +`\nonumber' command. Alternatively, The `*'-form of the environment +(`\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering +entirely, while otherwise being the same as `eqnarray'. + + The command `\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across +lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of +zero width. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments + +8.9 `equation' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{equation} + MATH + \end{equation} + + The `equation' environment starts a `displaymath' environment (*note +displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also +places an equation number in the right margin. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments + +8.10 `figure' +============= + + \begin{figure}[PLACEMENT] + FIGBODY + \label{LABEL} + \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT} + \end{figure} + + Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try +to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly +put a float: + + 1. `h' (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure + environment appears. + + 2. `t' (Top) - at the top of a text page. + + 3. `b' (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page. + + 4. `p' (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + The standard report and article classes use the default placement +`tbp'. + + The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, +etc. you wish. + + The `\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure. The +caption is numbered by default. If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in +the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::). + + The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at + the bottom; default `.3'. + +`\floatpagefraction' + The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by + floats; default `.5'. + +`\floatsep' + Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default `12pt + plus2pt minus2pt'. + +`\intextsep' + Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; + default `12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' and `11pt' styles, + `14pt plus4pt minus4pt' for `12pt'. + +`\textfloatsep' + Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; + default `20pt plus2pt minus4pt'. + +`\textfraction' + Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too + much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a + different page. The default is `.2'. + +`\topfraction' + Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before + floats; default is `.7'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments + +8.11 `flushleft' +================ + + \begin{flushleft} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{flushleft} + + The `flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged +right Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \raggedright:: Declaration form of the `flushleft' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft + +8.11.1 `\raggedright' +--------------------- + +The `\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such +as `quote' or in a `parbox'. + + Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does +not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the +paragraph unit. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments + +8.12 `flushright' +================= + + \begin{flushright} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{flushright} + + The `flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph +consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged +left. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'. + +* Menu: + +* \raggedleft:: Declaration form of the `flushright' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright + +8.12.1 `\raggedleft' +-------------------- + +The `\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the `flushright' +environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such +as `quote' or in a `parbox'. + + Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does +not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the +declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command that ends the +paragraph unit. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments + +8.13 `itemize' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{itemize} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{itemize} + + The `itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list. +Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. +They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, +such as `enumerate' (*note enumerate::). + + Each item of an `itemize' list begins with an `\item' command. +There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment. + + By default, the marks at each level look like this: + + 1. * + + 2. -- (bold en-dash) + + 3. * + + 4. . (centered dot, rendered here as a period) + + The `itemize' environment uses the commands `\labelitemi' through +`\labelitemiv' to produce the default label. So, you can use +`\renewcommand' to change the labels. For instance, to have the first +level use diamonds: + + \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$} + + The `\leftmargini' through `\leftmarginvi' parameters define the +distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the +left margin of the list. By convention, `\leftmargin' is set to the +appropriate `\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered. + + The defaults vary from `.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to `2.5em' +(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode. This example +greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists: + + \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em + + Some parameters that affect list formatting: + +`\itemindent' + Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero. + +`\labelsep' + Space between the label and text of an item; default `.5em'. + +`\labelwidth' + Width of the label; default `2em', or `1.5em' in two-column mode. + +`\listparindent' + Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within + a list item; default `0pt'. + +`\rightmargin' + Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the + enclosing environment; default `0pt', except in the `quote', + `quotation', and `verse' environments, where it is set equal to + `\leftmargin'. + + + Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather +loose, by default). + +`\itemsep' + Vertical space between items. The default is `2pt plus1pt + minus1pt' for `10pt' documents, `3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `11pt', + and `4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for `12pt'. + +`\parsep' + Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. + Defaults are the same as `\itemsep'. + +`\topsep' + Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph. + The default is `4pt plus2pt minus2pt' for `10pt' documents, `6pt + plus2pt minus2pt' for `11pt', and `9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for + `12pt'. + +`\partopsep' + Extra space added to `\topsep' when the list environment starts a + paragraph. The default is `2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `10pt' + documents, `3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for `11pt', and `3pt plus2pt + minus2pt' for `12pt'. + +`\topsep' + Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list + item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; + for instance, within a first-level list at `10pt', it is `4pt + plus2pt minus2pt'. + + + Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide +space between items. Here is an example defining an `itemize*' +environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs +within a single item (`\parskip' is not list-specific, *note +\parskip::): + + \newenvironment{itemize*}% + {\begin{itemize}% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}% + \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}% + \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}% + {\end{itemize}} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments + +8.14 `letter' environment: writing letters +========================================== + +This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: list, Next: math, Prev: letter, Up: Environments + +8.15 `list' +=========== + +The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for +defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in +documents, but often in macros. + + \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING} + \item ITEM1 + \item ITEM2 + ... + \end{list} + + The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be +labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to `\item'). This +argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the +label. It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + + The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the +spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be +empty, i.e., `{}', which leaves the default spacing. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: math, Next: minipage, Prev: list, Up: Environments + +8.16 `math' +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{math} + MATH + \end{math} + + The `math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running +text. `\(...\))' and `$...$' are synonyms. *Note Math formulas::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: math, Up: Environments + +8.17 `minipage' +=============== + + \begin{minipage}[POSITION]{WIDTH} + TEXT + \end{minipage} + + The `minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that +will not be broken across pages (similar to the `\parbox' command, +*note \parbox::). You may use other paragraph-making environments +inside a minipage (unlike `\parbox'). + + It takes an optional POSITION argument for placing TEXT, and a +mandatory WIDTH argument for specifying the line width. + + By default, paragraphs are not indented in the `minipage' +environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as +`\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command. + + Footnotes in a `minipage' environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +`\footnote' or `\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom +of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the +`\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary `footnote' counter (*note +Counters::). + + However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using +footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments + +8.18 `picture' +============== + + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + ... PICTURE COMMANDS ... + \end{picture} + + The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind +of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You +tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their +coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point +and a minus sign--a number like `5', `0.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate +specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if +`\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies +a length of 2.54 centimeters. You should only change the value of +`\unitlength', using the `\setlength' command, outside of a `picture' +environment. + + A position is a pair of coordinates, such as `(2.4,-5)', specifying +the point with x-coordinate `2.4' and y-coordinate `-5'. Coordinates +are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is +normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a +position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the +parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + + The `picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a +`position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment +produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this +argument's x- and y-coordinates. + + The `picture' environment also has an optional `position' argument, +following the `size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike +ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square +brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at +the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). +For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) + produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 +millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose +upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first +draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin +at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by +shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. + + The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of +the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture +really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the +picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by +LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it. + + Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command. +The command + + \put (11.3,-.3){...} + +puts the object specified by `...' in the picture, with its reference +point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various +objects will be described below. + + The `\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything that +can go in an `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the `\put' +command. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left +corner of the box. + + The `picture' commands are described in the following sections. + +* Menu: + +* \circle:: Draw a circle. +* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size. +* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it. +* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box. +* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object. +* \line:: Draw a straight line. +* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness. +* \thicklines:: A heavier line thickness. +* \thinlines:: The default line thickness. +* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object. +* \oval:: Draw an ellipse. +* \put:: Place an object at a specified place. +* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects. +* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \makebox (picture), Up: picture + +8.18.1 `\circle' +---------------- + + \circle[*]{DIAMETER} + + The `\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to +the specified one as possible. The `*'-form of the command draws a +solid circle. + + Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \circle, Up: picture + +8.18.2 `\makebox' +----------------- + +`\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}' + + The `\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the +normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and +`height' in multiples of `\unitlength'. + + The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that +your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + + * `t' - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + + * `b' - Moves the item to the bottom + + * `l' - Moves the item to the left + + * `r' - Moves the item to the right + + *Note \makebox::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \dashbox, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture + +8.18.3 `\framebox' +------------------ + +Synopsis: + + \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...} + + The `\framebox' command is like `\makebox' (see previous section), +except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it +creates. + + The `\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', +and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the +box. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture + +8.18.4 `\dashbox' +----------------- + +Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis: + + \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT} + + `\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a `picture' +environment. Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall +width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT. The TEXT is positioned at optional +POS. A dashed box looks best when the `rwidth' and `rheight' are +multiples of the `dlen'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \frame, Next: \line, Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture + +8.18.5 `\frame' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \frame{TEXT} + + The `\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT. The +reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space +is put between the frame and the object. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \frame, Up: picture + +8.18.6 `\line' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH} + + The `\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope +XSLOPE/YSLOPE. + + Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y +have integer values from -6 through 6. For lines of any slope, not to +mention other shapes, see the `curve2e' and many many other packages on +CTAN. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \line, Up: picture + +8.18.7 `\linethickness' +----------------------- + +The `\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a +positive length. + + `\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines, +circles, or the quarter circles drawn by `\oval'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \thinlines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture + +8.18.8 `\thicklines' +-------------------- + +The `\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: +and *note \thinlines::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \multiput, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture + +8.18.9 `\thinlines' +------------------- + +The `\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal +and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness:: +and *note \thicklines::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \thinlines, Up: picture + +8.18.10 `\multiput' +------------------- + +Synopsis: + \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ} + + The `\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern +across a picture. OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at +(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture + +8.18.11 `\oval' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] + + The `\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The +optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the +following: + +`t' + selects the top portion; + +`b' + selects the bottom portion; + +`r' + selects the right portion; + +`l' + selects the left portion. + + The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a +maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with +rounded corners. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture + +8.18.12 `\put' +-------------- + +`\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }' + + The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory +argument at the given coordinates. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture + +8.18.13 `\shortstack' +--------------------- + +Synopsis: + + \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...} + + The `\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: + +`r' + Move the objects to the right of the stack. + +`l' + Move the objects to the left of the stack + +`c' + Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default) + + Objects are separated with `\\'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vector, Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture + +8.18.14 `\vector' +----------------- + +Synopsis: + + \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH} + + The `\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified +length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, +inclusive. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments + +8.19 `quotation' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{quotation} + TEXT + \end{quotation} + + The margins of the `quotation' environment are indented on both the +left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a +blank line between text produces a new paragraph. + + Unlike the `quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments + +8.20 `quote' +============ + +Snyopsis: + + \begin{quote} + TEXT + \end{quote} + + The margins of the `quote' environment are indented on both the left +and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank +line between text produces a new paragraph. + + Unlike the `quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments + +8.21 `tabbing' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{tabbing} + ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\ + ROW2COL1 \> \> ROW2COL3 \\ + ... + \end{tabbing} + + The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns. +It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on +an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where the width of +each column is constant and known in advance. + + This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular' +environment. + + The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment: + +`\\ tabbing' + End a line. + +`\= (tabbing)' + Sets a tab stop at the current position. + +`\> (tabbing)' + Advances to the next tab stop. + +`\<' + Put following text to the left of the local margin (without + changing the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line. + +`\+' + Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands + one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary. + +`\-' + Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands + one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary. + +`\' (tabbing)' + Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, + i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or + `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush + against the current column's tab stop. + +`\` (tabbing)' + Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including + tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last + column because there's no tab stop there. The `\`' command moves + all the text that follows it, up to the `\\' or `\end{tabbing}' + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + environment. There must be no `\>' or `\'' command between the + `\`' and the command that ends the line. + +`\a (tabbing)' + In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do + not produce accents as usual (*note Accents::). Instead, the + commands `\a=', `\a'' and `\a`' are used. + +`\kill' + Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\' + except that it throws away the current line instead of producing + output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in + that line remain in effect. + +`\poptabs' + Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'. + +`\pushtabs' + Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily + changing tab stop positions in the middle of a `tabbing' + environment. + +`\tabbingsep' + Distance to left of tab stop moved by `\''. + + + This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format: + + \begin{tabbing} + function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ + \> begin \= \+ \\ + \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ + fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ + else \+ \\ + fact := 1; \-\- \\ + end;\\ + \end{tabbing} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments + +8.22 `table' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + + Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Tables will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try +to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put +a float: + + * `h': Here - at the position in the text where the table + environment appears. + + * `t': Top - at the top of a text page. + + * `b': Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + + * `p': Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default +placement `[tbp]'. + + The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, +etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments + +8.23 `tabular' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular} + + or + + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + ... + \end{tabular*} + + These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. + + `\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, +except for the last, where it is optional--unless an `\hline' command +(to put a rule below the table) follows. + + The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: + +`width' + Specifies the width of the `tabular*' environment. There must be + rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the + specified width. + +`pos' + Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the + centre of the environment. + + * `t' - align on top row + + * `b' - align on bottom row + +`cols' + Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the + following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and + intercolumn material. + + * `l' - A column of left-aligned items. + + * `r' - A column of right-aligned items. + + * `c' - A column of centred items. + + * `|' - A vertical line the full height and depth of the + environment. + + * `@{text}' - This inserts `text' in every row. An @-expression + suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between + columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the + adjacent items must be included in text. An + `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an extra + space of width `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent + columns, until countermanded by another `\extracolsep' + command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space + is not suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep' + command can be used only in an @-expression in the `cols' + argument. + + * `p{wd}' - Produces a column with each item typeset in a + parbox of width `wd', as if it were the argument of a + `\parbox[t]{wd}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in + the item, except in the following situations: + 1. inside an environment like `minipage', `array', or + `tabular'. + + 2. inside an explicit `\parbox'. + + 3. in the scope of a `\centering', `\raggedright', or + `\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must + appear inside braces or an environment when used in a + `p'-column element. + + * `*{num}{cols}' - Equivalent to `num' copies of `cols', where + `num' is any positive integer and `cols' is any list of + column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'. + + + + Parameters that control formatting: + +`\arrayrulewidth' + Thickness of the rule created by `|', `\hline', and `\vline' in + the `tabular' and `array' environments; the default is `.4pt'. + +`\arraystretch' + Scaling of spacing between rows in the `tabular' and `array' + environments; default is `1',for no scaling. + +`\doublerulesep' + Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by `||' in + the `tabular' and `array' environments; default is `2pt'. + +`\tabcolsep' + Half the width of the space between columns; default is `6pt'. + + + These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment: + +* Menu: + +* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns. +* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns. +* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns. +* \vline:: Draw a vertical line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \cline, Up: tabular + +8.23.1 `\multicolumn' +--------------------- + +Synopsis: + \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT} + + The `\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several +columns. The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of +columns to span. The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the +formatting of the entry; `c' for centered, `l' for flushleft, `r' for +flushright. The third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to +put in the entry. + + Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash; +`\multicolumn' is used for the heading: + + \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l} + \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr + 0x80&0x7FF \cr + 0x800&0xFFFF \cr + 0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr + \end{tabular} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular + +8.23.2 `\cline' +--------------- + +Synopsis: + + \cline{I-J} + + The `\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns +specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are +specified in the mandatory argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hline, Next: \vline, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular + +8.23.3 `\hline' +--------------- + +The `\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing +`tabular' or `array' environment. It's most commonly used to draw a +line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular + +8.23.4 `\vline' +--------------- + +The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full +height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move +the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an +@-expression. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments + +8.24 `thebibliography' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL} + \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} + ... + \end{thebibliography} + + The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or +reference list. + + In the `article' class, this reference list is labelled +"References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography". +You can change the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the +command `\refname'. For instance, this eliminates it entirely: + + \renewcommand{\refname}{} + + The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is +as wide as the widest item label produced by the `\bibitem' commands. +It is typically given as `9' for bibliographies with less than 10 +references, `99' for ones with less than 100, etc. + +* Menu: + +* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item. +* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item. +* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography. +* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +8.24.1 `\bibitem' +----------------- + +Synopsis: + \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY} + + The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL. If the +LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using +the `enumi' counter. The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, +and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. + + This command writes an entry to the `.aux' file containing the +item's CITE_KEY and label. When the `.aux' file is read by the +`\begin{document}' command, the item's `label' is associated with +`cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a `\cite' command (see +next section) to produce the associated label. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography + +8.24.2 `\cite' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS + + The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated +by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to the +references associated with KEYS by entries in the `.aux' file. + + The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the +citation. For example, `\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, +p. 314]'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +8.24.3 `\nocite' +---------------- + +`\nocite{key_list}' + + The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which +is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography + +8.24.4 Using BibTeX +------------------- + +If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if +you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain +your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment +(*note thebibliography::). Instead, you include the lines + + \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} + \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2} + + The `\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its +own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be +produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE`.bst', which defines how +your citations will look. The standard STYLE names distributed with +BibTeX are: + +`alpha' + Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and + year of publication. + +`plain' + Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. + +`unsrt' + Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation. + +`abbrv' + Like `plain', but more compact labels. + + In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the +demands of various publications. See +`http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib'. + + The `\bibliography' command is what actually produces the +bibliography. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to files named +`BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. +Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed +in the bibliography. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments + +8.25 `theorem' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{theorem} + THEOREM-TEXT + \end{theorem} + + The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed +by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described +under `\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments + +8.26 `titlepage' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{titlepage} + TEXT + \end{titlepage} + + The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with +no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page +to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. +The `\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::). + + You can use the `\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce +a standard title page without a `titlepage' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments + +8.27 `verbatim' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \begin{verbatim} + LITERAL-TEXT + \end{verbatim} + + The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in +which LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the `\' +character produces a printed `\'. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter +with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would +on a typewriter. + + The `verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (`\tt'). + +* Menu: + +* \verb:: The macro form of the `verbatim' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim + +8.27.1 `\verb' +-------------- + +Synopsis: + + \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR + \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR + + The `\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including +special characters and spaces, using the typewriter (`\tt') font. No +spaces are allowed between `\verb' or `\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR, +which begins and ends the verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear +in LITERAL-TEXT. + + The `*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible +space" character. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments + +8.28 `verse' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \begin{verse} + LINE1 \\ + LINE2 \\ + ... + \end{verse} + + The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find +other uses for it. + + The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are +not indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each +stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the +stanzas. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top + +9 Footnotes +*********** + +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced +with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced +with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. + +* Menu: + +* \footnote:: Insert a footnote. +* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only. +* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only. +* Footnote parameters:: Parameters for footnote formatting. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +9.1 `\footnote' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT} + + The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the +bottom of the current page. The optional argument NUMBER changes the +default footnote number. + + This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you +cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, +tables or in a `tabular' environment. (See following sections.) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes + +9.2 `\footnotemark' +=================== + +With no optional argument, the `\footnotemark' command puts the current +footnote number in the text. This command can be used in inner +paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately, with the +`\footnotetext' command. + + This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote +markers referring to the same footnote with + + \footnotemark[\value{footnote}] + + after the first `\footnote' command. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \footnotetext, Next: Footnote parameters, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +9.3 `\footnotetext' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT} + + The `\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as +a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the `\footnotemark' +command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph +mode. + + The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnote parameters, Prev: \footnotetext, Up: Footnotes + +9.4 Footnote parameters +======================= + +`\footnoterule' + Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the + page's footnotes. Default dimensions: `0.4pt' thick (or wide), and + `0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except + slides, where it does not appear). + +`\footnotesep' + The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. + By default, this is set to the normal strut for `\footnotesize' + fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space + between footnotes. This is `6.65pt' for `10pt', `7.7pt' for + `11pt', and `8.4pt' for `12pt'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Counters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Top + +10 Definitions +************** + +LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds. + +* Menu: + +* \newcommand & \renewcommand:: (Re)define a new command. +* \newcounter:: Define a new counter. +* \newlength:: Define a new length. +* \newsavebox:: Define a new box. +* \newenvironment & \renewenvironment:: Define a new environment. +* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment. +* \newfont:: Define a new font name. +* \protect:: Using tricky commands. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Next: \newcounter, Up: Definitions + +10.1 `\newcommand' & `\renewcommand' +==================================== + +`\newcommand' and `\renewcommand' define and redefine a command, +respectively. Synopses: + + \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \newcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} + \renewcommand{CMD}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{DEFN} + +CMD + The command name beginning with `\'. For `\newcommand', it must + not be already defined and must not begin with `\end'; for + `\renewcommand', it must already be defined. + +NARGS + An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments + that the command will take. The default is for the command to + have no arguments. + +DEFAULT + If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's + first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the + default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not + specified in the call) is the string `def'. + +DEFN + The text to be substituted for every occurrence of `cmd'; a + construct of the form `#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the + Nth argument. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \newlength, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions + +10.2 `\newcounter' +================== + +Synopsis: + + \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME] + + The `\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT. The new +counter is initialized to zero. + + Given the optional argument `[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset +whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented. + + *Note Counters::, for more information about counters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Definitions + +10.3 `\newlength' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \newlength{\ARG} + + The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a +`length' command with a value of `0in'. The argument must be a control +sequence, as in `\newlength{\foo}'. An error occurs if `\foo' is +already defined. + + *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, +and for more information about lengths in general. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Prev: \newlength, Up: Definitions + +10.4 `\newsavebox' +================== + +Synopsis: + + \newsavebox{CMD} + + Defines `\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to +refer to a new bin for storing boxes. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Definitions + +10.5 `\newenvironment' & `\renewenvironment' +============================================ + +Synopses: + + \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \newenvironment{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + \renewenvironment{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF} + + These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is, +`\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'. + +ENV + The name of the environment. For `\newenvironment', ENV must not + be an existing environment, and the command `\ENV' must be + undefined. For `\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an + existing environment. + +NARGS + An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the + newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + +DEFAULT + If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT + gives the default value for that argument. + +BEGDEF + The text expanded at every occurrence of `\begin{ENV}'; a + construct of the form `#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of + the Nth argument. + +ENDDEF + The text expanded at every occurrence of `\end{ENV}'. It may not + contain any argument parameters. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment, Up: Definitions + +10.6 `\newtheorem' +================== + + \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN] + \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL} + + This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments: + +NEWENV + The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of + an existing environment or otherwise defined. + +LABEL + The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the + number. For example, `Theorem'. + +NUMBERED_LIKE + (Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like + environment; the new environment will be numbered just like + NUMBERED_LIKE. + +WITHIN + (Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional + unit. The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as + the WITHIN counter. + + + At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newfont, Next: \protect, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions + +10.7 `\newfont' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME} + + Defines a control sequence `\CMD', which must not already be +defined, to make FONTNAME be the current font. The file looked for on +the system is named `FONTNAME.tfm'. + + This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font. +More commonly, fonts are defined in families through `.fd' files. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \protect, Prev: \newfont, Up: Definitions + +10.8 `\protect' +=============== + +Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and +many more are so-called "fragile" commands. When a fragile command is +used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be +preceded by `\protect'. In addition, any fragile commands within the +arguments must have their own `\protect'. + + Some examples of moving arguments are `\caption' (*note figure::), +`\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in `tabular' and +`array' environments (*note tabular::). + + Commands which are not fragile are called "robust". They must not +be preceded by `\protect'. + + See also: + +`http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html' +`http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect' + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top + +11 Counters +*********** + +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The +name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or +command that produces the number, except with no `\'. +(`enumi'-`enumiv' are used for the nested enumerate environment.) +Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document +classes to control numbering. + + part paragraph figure enumi + chapter subparagraph table enumii + section page footnote enumiii + subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv + subsubsection + +* Menu: + +* \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter. +* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment. +* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression. +* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter. +* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter. +* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters. +* \day \month \year:: Numeric date values. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Next: \usecounter, Up: Counters + +11.1 `\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters +===================================================================== + +All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for +instance, `\alph{enumi}'. + +`\alph' + prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: `a', `b', ... + +`\Alph' + uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', ... + +`\arabic' + uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', ... + +`\roman' + uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', ... + +`\roman' + uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', ... + +`\fnsymbol' + prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols + (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of + COUNTER must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. + + The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the + names: + asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel + double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters + +11.2 `\usecounter{COUNTER}' +=========================== + +Synopsis: + + \usecounter{COUNTER} + + The `\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the +`list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list +items. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \value, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters + +11.3 `\value{COUNTER}' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \value{COUNTER} + + The `\value' command produces the value of COUNTER. It can be used +anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example: + + \setcounter{myctr}{3} + \addtocounter{myctr}{1} + \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \addtocounter, Prev: \value, Up: Counters + +11.4 `\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +================================== + +Synopsis: + + \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE} + + The `\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE +argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters + +11.5 `\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}' +==================================== + +The `\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified +by the VALUE argument, which may be negative. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters + +11.6 `\refstepcounter{COUNTER}' +=============================== + +The `\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as `\stepcounter' +*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value +to be the result of `\thecounter'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \day \month \year, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters + +11.7 `\stepcounter{COUNTER}' +============================ + +The `\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all +subsidiary counters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \day \month \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters + +11.8 `\day \month \year': Predefined counters +============================================= + +LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month (`\day', 1-31), month +of the year (`\month', 1-12), and year (`\year', Common Era). When TeX +starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX +is running. They are not updated as the job progresses. + + The related command `\today' produces a string representing the +current day (*note \today::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Making paragraphs, Prev: Counters, Up: Top + +12 Lengths +********** + +A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length +as an argument. + +* Menu: + +* \setlength:: Set the value of a length. +* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length. +* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something. +* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something. +* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something. +* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Up: Lengths + +12.1 `\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}' +============================== + +The `\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which +can be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches +(`in'), millimeters (`mm'), points (`pt'), big points (`bp', etc. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths + +12.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} +=============================== + +The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the +amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths + +12.3 `\settodepth' +================== + +`\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' + + The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal +to the depth of the `text' argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths + +12.4 `\settoheight' +=================== + +`\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' + + The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command +equal to the height of the `text' argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths + +12.5 `\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}' +============================== + +The `\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the +width of the TEXT argument. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths + +12.6 Predefined lengths +======================= + +`\width' + + `\height' + + `\depth' + + `\totalheight' + + These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the +box-making commands (*note Boxes::). They specify the natural width +etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + +`\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural +size, e.g., say + + `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}' + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Line breaking, Next: Page breaking, Prev: Environments, Up: Top + +13 Line breaking +**************** + +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to +translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To +produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines +(and these lines must be broken into pages). + + LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some +environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, +and you can always manually force breaks. + +* Menu: + +* \\:: Start a new line. +* \obeycr & \restorecr:: Make each input line start a new output line. +* \newline:: Break the line +* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation. +* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking. +* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. +* \linebreak & \nolinebreak:: Forcing & avoiding line breaks. +* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \\, Next: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking + +13.1 `\\'[*][MORESPACE] +======================= + +The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional +argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to +be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + + The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except +that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \obeycr & \restorecr, Next: \newline, Prev: \\, Up: Line breaking + +13.2 `\obeycr' & `\restorecr' +============================= + +The `\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file (`^^M', +internally) the same as `\\' (followed by `\relax'). So each new line +in the input will also be a new line in the output. + + `\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \restorecr, Up: Line breaking + +13.3 `\newline' +=============== + +The `\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no +stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph +mode. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \fussy, Prev: \newline, Up: Line breaking + +13.4 `\-' (discretionary hyphen) +================================ + +The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that +point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find +most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +incorrect one. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. + + When you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be +hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points +that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking + +13.5 `\fussy' +============= + +The declaration `\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about +line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between words, at +the cost of an occasional overfull box. + + This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command +(*note \sloppy::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \sloppy, Prev: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Up: Line breaking + +13.6 `\sloppy' +============== + +The declaration `\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. +This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing. + + Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line breaking + +13.7 `\hyphenation' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO} + + The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with +a `-' character in the given words. The words are separated by spaces. +TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are +tried. Multiple `\hyphenation' commands accumulate. Some examples +(the default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these +words): + + \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking + +13.8 `\linebreak' & `\nolinebreak' +================================== + +Synopses: + + \linebreak[PRIORITY] + \nolinebreak[PRIORITY] + + By default, the `\linebreak' (`\nolinebreak') command forces +(prevents) a line break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the +spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right +margin as usual. + + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command +from a demand to a request. The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4. +The higher the number, the more insistent the request. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page breaking, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Line breaking, Up: Top + +14 Page breaking +**************** + +LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has +accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically, but +sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. + +* Menu: + +* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page. +* \clearpage:: Start a new page. +* \newpage:: Start a new page. +* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit. +* \pagebreak & \nopagebreak:: Forcing & avoiding page breaks. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking + +14.1 `\cleardoublepage' +======================= + +The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \newpage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Page breaking + +14.2 `\clearpage' +================= + +The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures +and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Page breaking + +14.3 `\newpage' +=============== + +The `\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats +(see `\clearpage' above). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Page breaking + +14.4 `\enlargethispage' +======================= + +`\enlargethispage{size}' + + `\enlargethispage*{size}' + + Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified +amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one +additional line. + + The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page +as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit +`\pagebreak'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Page breaking + +14.5 `\pagebreak' & `\nopagebreak' +================================== + +Synopses: + + \pagebreak[PRIORITY] + \nopagebreak[PRIORITY] + + By default, the `\pagebreak' (`\nopagebreak') command forces +(prevents) a page break at the current position. For `\linebreak', the +vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it +extends to the normal bottom margin. + + With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the +`\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a +number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the +request is. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengths, Up: Top + +15 Making paragraphs +******************** + +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not +containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. + +* Menu: + +* \indent:: Indent this paragraph. +* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph. +* \parskip:: Space added before paragraphs. +* Marginal notes:: Putting remarks in the margin. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs + +15.1 `\indent' +============== + +`\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of +the `\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation. It is used +to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed. + + The default value for `\parindent' is `1em' in two-column mode, +otherwise `15pt' for `10pt' documents, `17pt' for `11pt', and `1.5em' +for `12pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \parskip, Prev: \indent, Up: Making paragraphs + +15.2 `\noindent' +================ + +When used at the beginning of the paragraph, `\noindent' suppresses any +paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a +paragraph. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \parskip, Next: Marginal notes, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making paragraphs + +15.3 `\parskip' +=============== + +`\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added +before each paragraph. The default is `0pt plus1pt'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Marginal notes, Prev: \parskip, Up: Making paragraphs + +15.4 Marginal notes +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT} + + The `\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin. The first +line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text +where the `\marginpar' occurs. + + When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be +placed + + * in the right margin for one-sided layout; + + * in the outside margin for two-sided layout; + + * in the nearest margin for two-column layout. + + The command `\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in +the opposite (inside) margin. `\normalmarginpar' places them in the +default position. + + When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin, +and RIGHT is used for the right margin. + + The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable +hyphenation there by beginning the node with `\hspace{0pt}'. + + These parameters affect the formatting of the note: + +`\marginparpush' + Minimum vertical space between notes; default `7pt' for `12pt' + documents, `5pt' else. + +`\marginparsep' + Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default + `11pt' for `10pt' documents, `10pt' else. + +`\marginparwidth' + Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided `10pt' document + is `90pt', `83pt' for `11pt', and `68pt' for `12pt'; `17pt' more + in each case for a two-sided document. In two column mode, the + default is `48pt'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making paragraphs, Up: Top + +16 Math formulas +**************** + +There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: + +`math' + For formulas that appear right in the text. + +`displaymath' + For formulas that appear on their own line. + +`equation' + The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an + equation number in the right margin. + + The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, +but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in +paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so +often that they have the following short forms: + + \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} + \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} + + In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even +shorter form: + + $ ... $ instead of \(...\) + + The `\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a +bold font. It is used _outside_ of math mode. Conversely, the +`\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it +too is used _outside_ of math mode. + + The `\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the +formula to be that of `displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below +summations. For example + $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $ + +* Menu: + +* Subscripts & Superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index. +* Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles. +* Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp. +* Math accents:: Accents in math. +* Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. +* Math Miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Subscripts & Superscripts, Next: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas + +16.1 Subscripts & Superscripts +============================== + +To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type +`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type +`^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that +stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something +has both a subscript and a superscript. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math symbols, Next: Math functions, Prev: Subscripts & Superscripts, Up: Math formulas + +16.2 Math symbols +================= + +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. +The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For +example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi +symbol (\pi) in your output. + +`\|' + \| + +`\aleph' + \aleph + +`\alpha' + \alpha + +`\amalg' + \amalg (binary operation) + +`\angle' + \angle + +`\approx' + \approx (relation) + +`\ast' + \ast (binary operation) + +`\asymp' + \asymp (relation) + +`\backslash' + \ (delimiter) + +`\beta' + \beta + +`\bigcap' + \bigcap + +`\bigcirc' + \bigcirc (binary operation) + +`\bigcup' + \bigcup + +`\bigodot' + \bigodot + +`\bigoplus' + \bigoplus + +`\bigotimes' + \bigotimes + +`\bigtriangledown' + \bigtriangledown (binary operation) + +`\bigtriangleup' + \bigtriangleup (binary operation) + +`\bigsqcup' + \bigsqcup + +`\biguplus' + \biguplus + +`\bigcap' + \bigvee + +`\bigwedge' + \bigwedge + +`\bot' + \bot + +`\bowtie' + \bowtie (relation) + +`\Box' + (square open box symbol) + +`\bullet' + \bullet (binary operation) + +`\cap' + \cap (binary operation) + +`\cdot' + \cdot (binary operation) + +`\chi' + \chi + +`\circ' + \circ (binary operation) + +`\clubsuit' + \clubsuit + +`\cong' + \cong (relation) + +`\coprod' + \coprod + +`\cup' + \cup (binary operation) + +`\dagger' + \dagger (binary operation) + +`\dashv' + \dashv (relation) + +`\ddagger' + \dagger (binary operation) + +`\Delta' + \Delta + +`\delta' + \delta + +`\Diamond' + bigger \diamond + +`\diamond' + \diamond (binary operation) + +`\diamondsuit' + \diamondsuit + +`\div' + \div (binary operation) + +`\doteq' + \doteq (relation) + +`\downarrow' + \downarrow (delimiter) + +`\Downarrow' + \Downarrow (delimiter) + +`\ell' + \ell + +`\emptyset' + \emptyset + +`\epsilon' + \epsilon + +`\equiv' + \equiv (relation) + +`\eta' + \eta + +`\exists' + \exists + +`\flat' + \flat + +`\forall' + \forall + +`\frown' + \frown (relation) + +`\Gamma' + \Gamma + +`\gamma' + \gamma + +`\ge' + \ge + +`\geq' + \geq (relation) + +`\gets' + \gets + +`\gg' + \gg (relation) + +`\hbar' + \hbar + +`\heartsuit' + \heartsuit + +`\hookleftarrow' + \hookleftarrow + +`\hookrightarrow' + \hookrightarrow + +`\iff' + \iff + +`\Im' + \Im + +`\in' + \in (relation) + +`\infty' + \infty + +`\int' + \int + +`\iota' + \iota + +`\Join' + condensed bowtie symbol (relation) + +`\kappa' + \kappa + +`\Lambda' + \Lambda + +`\lambda' + \lambda + +`\land' + \land + +`\langle' + \langle (delimiter) + +`\lbrace' + \lbrace (delimiter) + +`\lbrack' + \lbrack (delimiter) + +`\lceil' + \lceil (delimiter) + +`\le' + \le + +`\leadsto' + +`\Leftarrow' + \Leftarrow + +`\leftarrow' + \leftarrow + +`\leftharpoondown' + \leftharpoondown + +`\leftharpoonup' + \leftharpoonup + +`\Leftrightarrow' + \Leftrightarrow + +`\leftrightarrow' + \leftrightarrow + +`\leq' + \leq (relation) + +`\lfloor' + \lfloor (delimiter) + +`\lhd' + (left-pointing arrow head) + +`\ll' + \ll (relation) + +`\lnot' + \lnot + +`\longleftarrow' + \longleftarrow + +`\longleftrightarrow' + \longleftrightarrow + +`\longmapsto' + \longmapsto + +`\longrightarrow' + \longrightarrow + +`\lor' + \lor + +`\mapsto' + \mapsto + +`\mho' + +`\mid' + \mid (relation) + +`\models' + \models (relation) + +`\mp' + \mp (binary operation) + +`\mu' + \mu + +`\nabla' + \nabla + +`\natural' + \natural + +`\ne' + \ne + +`\nearrow' + \nearrow + +`\neg' + \neg + +`\neq' + \neq (relation) + +`\ni' + \ni (relation) + +`\not' + Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=. + +`\notin' + \ni + +`\nu' + \nu + +`\nwarrow' + \nwarrow + +`\odot' + \odot (binary operation) + +`\oint' + \oint + +`\Omega' + \Omega + +`\omega' + \omega + +`\ominus' + \ominus (binary operation) + +`\oplus' + \oplus (binary operation) + +`\oslash' + \oslash (binary operation) + +`\otimes' + \otimes (binary operation) + +`\owns' + \owns + +`\parallel' + \parallel (relation) + +`\partial' + \partial + +`\perp' + \perp (relation) + +`\phi' + \phi + +`\Pi' + \Pi + +`\pi' + \pi + +`\pm' + \pm (binary operation) + +`\prec' + \prec (relation) + +`\preceq' + \preceq (relation) + +`\prime' + \prime + +`\prod' + \prod + +`\propto' + \propto (relation) + +`\Psi' + \Psi + +`\psi' + \psi + +`\rangle' + \rangle (delimiter) + +`\rbrace' + \rbrace (delimiter) + +`\rbrack' + \rbrack (delimiter) + +`\rceil' + \rceil (delimiter) + +`\Re' + \Re + +`\rfloor' + \rfloor + +`\rhd' + (binary operation) + +`\rho' + \rho + +`\Rightarrow' + \Rightarrow + +`\rightarrow' + \rightarrow + +`\rightharpoondown' + \rightharpoondown + +`\rightharpoonup' + \rightharpoonup + +`\rightleftharpoons' + \rightleftharpoons + +`\searrow' + \searrow + +`\setminus' + \setminus (binary operation) + +`\sharp' + \sharp + +`\Sigma' + \Sigma + +`\sigma' + \sigma + +`\sim' + \sim (relation) + +`\simeq' + \simeq (relation) + +`\smallint' + \smallint + +`\smile' + \smile (relation) + +`\spadesuit' + \spadesuit + +`\sqcap' + \sqcap (binary operation) + +`\sqcup' + \sqcup (binary operation) + +`\sqsubset' + (relation) + +`\sqsubseteq' + \sqsubseteq (relation) + +`\sqsupset' + (relation) + +`\sqsupseteq' + \sqsupseteq (relation) + +`\star' + \star (binary operation) + +`\subset' + \subset (relation) + +`\subseteq' + \subseteq (relation) + +`\succ' + \succ (relation) + +`\succeq' + \succeq (relation) + +`\sum' + \sum + +`\supset' + \supset (relation) + +`\supseteq' + \supseteq (relation) + +`\surd' + \surd + +`\swarrow' + \swarrow + +`\tau' + \tau + +`\theta' + \theta + +`\times' + \times (binary operation) + +`\to' + \to + +`\top' + \top + +`\triangle' + \triangle + +`\triangleleft' + \triangleleft (binary operation) + +`\triangleright' + \triangleright (binary operation) + +`\unlhd' + left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) + +`\unrhd' + right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation) + +`\Uparrow' + \Uparrow (delimiter) + +`\uparrow' + \uparrow (delimiter) + +`\Updownarrow' + \Updownarrow (delimiter) + +`\updownarrow' + \updownarrow (delimiter) + +`\uplus' + \uplus (binary operation) + +`\Upsilon' + \Upsilon + +`\upsilon' + \upsilon + +`\varepsilon' + \varepsilon + +`\varphi' + \varphi + +`\varpi' + \varpi + +`\varrho' + \varrho + +`\varsigma' + \varsigma + +`\vartheta' + \vartheta + +`\vdash' + \vdash (relation) + +`\vee' + \vee (binary operation) + +`\Vert' + \Vert (delimiter) + +`\vert' + \vert (delimiter) + +`\wedge' + \wedge (binary operation) + +`\wp' + \wp + +`\wr' + \wr (binary operation) + +`\Xi' + \Xi + +`\xi' + \xi + +`\zeta' + \zeta + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math functions, Next: Math accents, Prev: Math symbols, Up: Math formulas + +16.3 Math functions +=================== + +These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper +spacing. + +`\arccos' + \arccos + +`\arcsin' + \arcsin + +`\arctan' + \arctan + +`\arg' + \arg + +`\bmod' + Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y) + +`\cos' + \cos + +`\cosh' + \cosh + +`\cot' + \cos + +`\coth' + \cosh + +`\csc' + \csc + +`\deg' + \deg + +`\det' + \deg + +`\dim' + \dim + +`\exp' + \exp + +`\gcd' + \gcd + +`\hom' + \hom + +`\inf' + \inf + +`\ker' + \ker + +`\lg' + \lg + +`\lim' + \lim + +`\liminf' + \liminf + +`\limsup' + \limsup + +`\ln' + \ln + +`\log' + \log + +`\max' + \max + +`\min' + \min + +`\pmod' + parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1) + +`\Pr' + \Pr + +`\sec' + \sec + +`\sin' + \sin + +`\sinh' + \sinh + +`\sup' + \sup + +`\tan' + \tan + +`\tanh' + \tanh + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math accents, Next: Spacing in math mode, Prev: Math functions, Up: Math formulas + +16.4 Math accents +================= + +LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in +math. These are different from accents in normal text (*note +Accents::). + +`\acute' + Math acute accent: \acutex. + +`\breve' + Math breve accent: \brevex. + +`\check' + Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \checkx. + +`\ddot' + Math dieresis accent: \ddotx. + +`\dot' + Math dot accent: \dotx. + +`\grave' + Math grave accent: \gravex. + +`\hat' + Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx. + +`\imath' + Math dotless i. + +`\jmath' + Math dotless j. + +`\tilde' + Math tilde accent: \tildex. + +`\vec' + Math vector symbol: \vecx. + +`\widehat' + Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y. + +`\widehat' + Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math accents, Up: Math formulas + +16.5 Spacing in math mode +========================= + +In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in +the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts. If +you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for +use in math mode: + +`\;' + A thick space (5\over18\,quad). + +`\:' +`\>' + Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad). + +`\,' + A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode. + +`\!' + A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math Miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas + +16.6 Math Miscellany +==================== + +`\*' + A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is + allowed. + +`\cdots' + A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the + line. + +`\ddots' + A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots. + +`\frac{num}{den}' + Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'. + +`\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2' + The two delimiters need not match; `.' acts as a null delimiter, + producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the + math in between. Example: `\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'. + +`\overbrace{TEXT}' + Generates a brace over TEXT. For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k + \rm\;times. + +`\overline{TEXT}' + Generates a horizontal line over TEX. For exampe, \overlinex+y. + +`\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}' + Produces the representation of the square root of ARG. The + optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce. For + example, the cube root of `x+y' would be typed as + `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'. + +`\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}' + Puts TEXT above RELATION. For example, + `\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'. + +`\underbrace{math}' + Generates MATH with a brace underneath. + +`\underline{text}' + Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be + underlined. + +`\vdots' + Produces a vertical ellipsis. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math formulas, Up: Top + +17 Modes +******** + +When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: + + * Paragraph mode + + * Math mode + + * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short + + LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + + "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when +processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into +lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when +it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph +mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of +words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX +keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. +Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep +typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + + LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox' +command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for +example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. +There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of +these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX +is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner +paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is +called "outer paragraph mode". + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Page Styles, Next: Spaces, Prev: Modes, Up: Top + +18 Page Styles +************** + +The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the +page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +* Menu: + +* \maketitle:: Generate a title page. +* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers. +* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style. +* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles + +18.1 `\maketitle' +================= + +The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title +page--except in the `article' class, where the title is placed at the +top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is +obtained from the following declarations: + +`\author{NAME \and NAME2}' + The `\author' command declares the document author(s), where the + argument is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use + `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for + example, to give the author's institution or address. + +`\date{TEXT}' + The `\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date. With + no `\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used. + +`\thanks{TEXT}' + The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title, usually + used for credit acknowledgements. + +`\title{TEXT}' + The `\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the + document. Use `\\' to force a line break, as usual. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles + +18.2 `\pagenumbering' +===================== + +Synopsis: + + \pagenumbering{STYLE} + + Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE: + +`arabic' + arabic numerals + +`roman' + lowercase Roman numerals + +`Roman' + uppercase Roman numerals + +`alph' + lowercase letters + +`Alph' + uppercase letters + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles + +18.3 `\pagestyle' +================= + +Synopsis: + + \pagestyle{STYLE} + + The `\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are +typeset from the current page onwards. Values for STYLE: + +`plain' + Just a plain page number. + +`empty' + Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers. + +`headings' + Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies + what goes in the headers. + +`myheadings' + Custom headers, specified via the `\markboth' or the `\markright' + commands. + + + Here are the descriptions of `\markboth' and `\markright': + +`\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}' + Sets both the left and the right heading. A "left-hand heading" + (LEFT) is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end + of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by + the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if + there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page. + +`\markright{RIGHT}' + Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles + +18.4 `\thispagestyle{STYLE}' +============================ + +The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the +`\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to +STYLE for the current page only. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Top + +19 Spaces +********* + +LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. + + Another space-producing command is `\,' to produce a "thin" space +(usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is more often +useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::). + +* Menu: + +Horizontal space +* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. +* \SPACE:: Normal interword space. +* \AT:: Ending a sentence. +* \thinspace:: One-sixth of an em. +* \/:: Per-character italic correction. +* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. +* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule. +* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots. + +Vertical space +* \addvspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space if needed. +* \bigskip \medskip \smallskip:: Fixed vertical spaces. +* \vfill:: Infinitely stretchable vertical space. +* \vspace:: Add arbitrary vertical space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \SPACE, Up: Spaces + +19.1 `\hspace' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \hspace[*]{LENGTH} + + The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The LENGTH argument +can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, +etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both negative and positive +space with an `\hspace' command; adding negative space is like +backspacing. + + LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning +or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional `*' form. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \/, Up: Spaces + +19.2 `\hfill' +============= + +The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no +natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. + + The `\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the +glue value `0pt plus1fill'); thus, `\hspace\fill' is equivalent to +`\hfill'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \SPACE, Next: \AT, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces + +19.3 `\SPACE' +============= + +The `\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's +useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example +`Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'. It is +also often used after control sequences, as in `\TeX\ is a nice system.' + + In normal circumstances, `\'<tab> and `\'<newline> are equivalent to +`\ '. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \AT, Next: \thinspace, Prev: \SPACE, Up: Spaces + +19.4 `\@' +========= + +The `\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a +sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after a +capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without `\@': + + ... in C\@. Pascal, though ... + ... in C. Pascal, though ... + +produces + + ... in C. Pascal, though ... ... in C. Pascal, though ... + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinspace, Next: \/, Prev: \AT, Up: Spaces + +19.5 `\thinspace' +================= + +`\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is +1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in +'". + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hfill, Prev: \thinspace, Up: Spaces + +19.6 `\/' +========= + +The `\/' command produces an "italic correction". This is a small +space defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the +character colliding with whatever follows. The italic f character +typically has a large italic correction value. + + If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary +to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a +very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as +normal letters, it can help. Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the `f's +are nicely separated) with f: f;. + + Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic +correction. Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space +after the `f') with pdfTeX. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces + +19.7 `\hrulefill' +================= + +The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can +stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal +rule. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces + +19.8 `\dotfill' +=============== + +The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots +instead of just white space. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces + +19.9 `\addvspace' +================= + +`\addvspace{length}' + + The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height +length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same +point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this +command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length +of the total vertical space equal to `length'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces + +19.10 `\bigskip \medskip \smallskip' +==================================== + +These commands produce a given amount of space. + +`\bigskip' + The same as `\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line + space (with stretch and shrink). + +`\medskip' + The same as `\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a + line space (with stretch and shrink). + +`\smallskip' + The same as `\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter + of a line space (with stretch and shrink). + + + The `\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip, Up: Spaces + +19.11 `\vfill' +============== + +The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can +stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to +`\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces + +19.12 `\vspace[*]{LENGTH}' +========================== + +Synopsis: + + \vspace[*]{LENGTH} + + The `\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber +length. LENGTH can be negative or positive. + + Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by `\vspace' at the +top or bottom of a page. With the optional `*' argument, the space is +not removed. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Boxes, Next: Special insertions, Prev: Spaces, Up: Top + +20 Boxes +******** + +All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be +used in the arguments of the box-making commands. + +* Menu: + +* \mbox:: Horizontal boxes. +* \fbox and \framebox:: Put a frame around a box. +* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox. +* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position. +* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode. +* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text. +* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. +* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. +* \usebox:: Print saved text. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes + +20.1 `\mbox{TEXT}' +================== + +The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text +created by its argument. The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can +be used to prevent hyphenation. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \fbox and \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Boxes + +20.2 `\fbox' and `\framebox' +============================ + +Synopses: + + \fbox{TEXT} + \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} + + The `\fbox' and `\framebox' commands are like `\mbox', except that +they put a frame around the outside of the box being created. + + In addition, the `\framebox' command allows for explicit +specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a +dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument. Both +commands produce a rule of thickness `\fboxrule' (default `.4pt'), and +leave a space of `\fboxsep' (default `3pt') between the rule and the +contents of the box. + + *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the `\framebox' command in the +`picture' environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \fbox and \framebox, Up: Boxes + +20.3 `lrbox' +============ + +`\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' + + This is the environment form of `\sbox'. + + The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which +must have been declared with `\newsavebox'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Boxes + +20.4 `\makebox' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} + + The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the +TEXT specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional +WIDTH argument. The position of the text within the box is determined +by the optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values: + +`c' + Centered (default). + +`l' + Flush left. + +`r' + Flush right. + +`s' + Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain + stretchable space for this to work. + + `\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note +\makebox (picture)::. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Boxes + +20.5 `\parbox' +============== + +Synopsis: + + \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT} + + The `\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in +`paragraph' mode. It should be used to make a box small pieces of +text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any +paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger +pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making +environment, you should use a `minipage' environment (*note minipage::). + + `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments: + +WIDTH + the width of the parbox; + +TEXT + the text that goes inside the parbox. + + The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or +bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text +(default is top). + + The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box. + + The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the +box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used. + +`t' + text is placed at the top of the box. + +`c' + text is centered in the box. + +`b' + text is placed at the bottom of the box. + +`s' + stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable + space for this to work. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \savebox, Prev: \parbox, Up: Boxes + +20.6 `\raisebox' +================ + +Synopsis: + + \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text} + + The `\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT. The first mandatory +argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a +negative amount). TEXT itself is processed in LR mode. + + The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions. If they are +specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the +baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and +depth. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Boxes + +20.7 `\savebox' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT} + + This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with `\makebox' (*note +\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it +saves it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with +`\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Boxes + +20.8 `\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}' +=========================== + +Synopsis: + + \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT} + + `\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with `\mbox' (*note \mbox::) +except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal +output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD. \BOXCMD must have been +previously declared with `\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Boxes + +20.9 `\usebox{\BOXCMD' +====================== + +Synopsis: + + \usebox{\BOXCMD} + + `\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by +a `\savebox' command (*note \savebox::). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Special insertions, Next: Splitting the input, Prev: Boxes, Up: Top + +21 Special insertions +********************* + +LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special +meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. + +* Menu: + +* Reserved characters:: Inserting # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } +* Text symbols:: Inserting other non-letter symbols in text. +* Accents:: Inserting accents. +* Non-English characters:: Inserting other non-English characters. +* \rule:: Inserting lines and rectangles. +* \today:: Inserting today's date. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Reserved characters, Next: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions + +21.1 Reserved characters +======================== + +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +"reserved characters" or "special characters". + + # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } + + Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX +will do something special. If you simply want the character to be +printed as itself, include a `\' in front of the character. For +example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output. + + One exception to this rule is `\' itself, because `\\' has its own +special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by typing +`$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter `\' is produced by using +`\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::). + + Also, `\~' and `\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the +following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a +standalone `~' or `^', you can again use a verbatim command. + + Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you +know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the +visible space character used in the `\verb*' command has the code +decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. + + You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers +with `"', so the previous example could also be written as +`\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Text symbols, Next: Accents, Prev: Reserved characters, Up: Special insertions + +21.2 Text symbols +================= + +LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in +running text. + +`\copyright' + The copyright symbol, (C). + +`\dag' + The dagger symbol (in text). + +`\ddag' + The double dagger symbol (in text). + +`\LaTeX' + The LaTeX logo. + +`\ldots' + An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `...'. This command + also works in math mode. + +`\lq' + Left (opening) quote: `. + +`\P' + Paragraph sign (pilcrow). + +`\pounds' + English pounds sterling. + +`\rq' + Right (closing) quote: '. + +`\S' + Section symbol. + +`\TeX' + The TeX logo. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Accents, Next: Non-English characters, Prev: Text symbols, Up: Special insertions + +21.3 Accents +============ + +LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages, +through the `babel' package and related support. This section does not +attempt to cover all that support. It merely the core LaTeX commands +for creating accented characters. + +`\"' + Produces an umlaut, as in o". + +`\'' + Produces an acute accent, as in o'. In the `tabbing' environment, + pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note + tabbing::). + +`\.' + Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o.. + +`\=' + Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=. + +`\^' + Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^. + +`\`' + Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`. In the + `tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin + (*note tabbing::). + +`\~' + Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~. + +`\b' + Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_. + +`\bar' + Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o=. + +`\c' + Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in + +`\d' + Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o. + +`\H' + Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in + o''. + +`\i' + Produces a dotless i, as in `i'. + +`\j' + Produces a dotless j, as in `j'. + +`\t' + Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['. + +`\u' + Produces a breve accent, as in `o('. + +`\v' + Produces a ha'c<ek (check) accent, as in `o<'. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Non-English characters, Next: \rule, Prev: Accents, Up: Special insertions + +21.4 Non-English characters +=========================== + +Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly +used in languages other than English. + +`\aa' +`\AA' + aa and AA. + +`\ae' +`\AE' + ae and AE. + +`\l' +`\L' + /l and /L. + +`\o' +`\O' + /o and /O. + +`\oe' +`\OE' + oe and OE. + +`\ss' + ss. + + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \rule, Next: \today, Prev: Non-English characters, Up: Special insertions + +21.5 `\rule' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS} + + The `\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles. +The arguments are: + +RAISE + How high to raise the rule (optional). + +WIDTH + The length of the rule (mandatory). + +THICKNESS + The thickness of the rule (mandatory). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \today, Prev: \rule, Up: Special insertions + +21.6 `\today' +============= + +The `\today' command produces today's date, in the format `MONTH DD, +YYYY'; for example, `July 4, 1976'. It uses the predefined counters +`\day', `\month', and `\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this. +It is not updated as the program runs. + + The `datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of +other date formats. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Splitting the input, Next: Front/back matter, Prev: Special insertions, Up: Top + +22 Splitting the input +********************** + +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run LaTeX. + +* Menu: + +* \include:: Conditionally include a file. +* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included. +* \input:: Unconditionally include a file. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input + +22.1 `\include' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \include{FILE} + + If no `\includeonly' command is present, the `\include' command +executes `\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then +reads FILE, then does another `\clearpage'. + + Given an `\includeonly' command, the `\include' actions are only run +if FILE is listed as an argument to `\includeonly'. See the next +section. + + The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file +read by another `\include' command. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the input + +22.2 \`includeonly' +=================== + +Synopsis: + + \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...} + + The `\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by +subsequent `\include' commands. The list of filenames is +comma-separated. Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a +`\include' command for the selection to be effective. + + This command can only appear in the preamble. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the input + +22.3 \input +=========== + +Synopsis: + + \input{FILE} + + The `\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and +processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at +that point. + + If FILE does not end in `.tex' (e.g., `foo' or `foo.bar'), it is +first tried with that extension (`foo.tex' or `foo.bar.tex'). If that +is not found, the original FILE is tried (`foo' or `foo.bar'). + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting the input, Up: Top + +23 Front/back matter +******************** + +* Menu: + +* Tables of contents:: +* Glossaries:: +* Indexes:: + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Tables of contents, Next: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter + +23.1 Tables of contents +======================= + +A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command. +You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; +LaTeX does the rest for you. A previous run must have generated a +`.toc' file. + + The `\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not +automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table +of contents, write a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents' +command. + + The analagous commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' produce +a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works +exactly the same as for the table of contents. + + The command `\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any +of these lists from being generated. + +* Menu: + +* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc. +* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Tables of contents + +23.1.1 \addcontentsline +----------------------- + +The `\addcontentsline' command adds an entry to the specified list or +table where: + +EXT + The extension of the file on which information is to be written, + typically one of: `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of + figures), or `lot' (list of tables). + +UNIT + The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the + following, matching the value of the EXT argument: + + `toc' + The name of the sectional unit: `part', `chapter', `section', + `subsection', `subsubsection'. + + `lof' + For the list of figures. + + `lot' + For the list of tables. + +ENTRY + The actual text of the entry. + + What is written to the `.EXT' file is the command +`\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Tables of contents + +23.1.2 \addtocontents +--------------------- + +The `\addtocontents' command adds text (or formatting commands) +directly to the `.'EXT file that generates the table of contents or +lists of figures or tables. + +EXT + The extension of the file on which information is to be written: + `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of figures), or `lot' (list + of tables). + +TEXT + The text to be written. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Glossaries, Next: Indexes, Prev: Tables of contents, Up: Front/back matter + +23.2 Glossaries +=============== + +The command `\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries. + + The command `\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an +auxiliary file with the `.glo' extension. + + Specifically, what gets written is the command +`\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage' +value. + + The `glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier +glossaries. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Prev: Glossaries, Up: Front/back matter + +23.3 Indexes +============ + +The command `\makeindex' enables creating indexes. + + The command `\index{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an +auxiliary file with the `.idx' extension. + + Specifically, what gets written is the command +`\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current `\thepage' +value. + + The rubber length `\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter +in the index; its default value is `10pt plus5pt minus3pt'. + + The `.idx' file can then be sorted with an external command, +typically `makeindex' or `xindy', resulting in a `.ind' file, which can +then be used to typeset the index. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Letters, Next: Terminal Input/Output, Prev: Front/back matter, Up: Top + +24 Letters +********** + +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at +once, although you can make just one if you so desire. + + Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a +minimum: + + \documentclass{letter} + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} + + Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name +and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: + + \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. + \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} + ... + \end{letter} + + The letter itself begins with the `\opening' command. The text of +the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like `\chapter', do not work. The letter +closes with a `\closing' command. + + After the `closing', you can have additional material. The `\cc' +command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar `\encl' +command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use `\\' to +separate the items. + + These commands are used with the `letter' class. + +* Menu: + +* \address:: Your return address. +* \cc:: Cc list. +* \closing:: Saying goodbye. +* \encl:: List of enclosed material. +* \location:: Your organisation's address. +* \makelabels:: Making address labels. +* \name:: Your name, for the return address. +* \opening:: Saying hello. +* \ps:: Adding a postscript. +* \signature:: Your signature. +* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks. +* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks. +* \telephone:: Your phone number. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Up: Letters + +24.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS} +============================= + +The `\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should +appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address +should be separated by `\\' commands. + + If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will +be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. +(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you +give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a +personal letter. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters + +24.2 `\cc' +========== + +Synopsis: + + \cc{NAME1\\NAME2} + + Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to. Each name is +printed on a separate line. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters + +24.3 `\closing' +=============== + +Synopsis: + + \closing{text} + + A letter closes with a `\closing' command, for example, + \closing{Best Regards,} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters + +24.4 `\encl' +============ + +Synopsis: + + \encl{LINE1\\LINE2} + + Declare a list of one more enclosures. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters + +24.5 `\location' +================ + +`\location{address}' + + This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only +appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters + +24.6 `\makelabels' +================== + +`\makelabels{number}' + + If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet +of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters + +24.7 `\name' +============ + +`\name{June Davenport}' + + Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return +address. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters + +24.8 `\opening{TEXT}' +===================== + +Synopsis: + + \opening{TEXT} + + A letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory +argument, TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter. For +instance: + + \opening{Dear Joe,} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters + +24.9 `\ps' +========== + +Use the `\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after +`\closing'. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters + +24.10 `\signature{TEXT}' +======================== + +Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. `\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters + +24.11 `\startbreaks' +==================== + +`\startbreaks' + + Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters + +24.12 `\stopbreaks' +=================== + +`\stopbreaks' + + Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters + +24.13 `\telephone' +================== + +`\telephone{number}' + + This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage' +pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Terminal Input/Output, Next: Command Line, Prev: Letters, Up: Top + +25 Terminal Input/Output +************************ + +* Menu: + +* \typein:: Read text from the terminal. +* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal Input/Output + +25.1 `\typein[CMD]{MSG}' +======================== + +Synopsis: + + \typein[\CMD]{MSG} + + `\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and +wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the +optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if +it had been included in the input file in place of the `\typein' +command. If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name. +This command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal Input/Output + +25.2 `\typeout{MSG}' +==================== + +Synopsis: + + \typeout{MSG} + + Prints `msg' on the terminal and in the `log' file. Commands in +`msg' that are defined with `\newcommand' or `\renewcommand' (among +others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed. + + LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to `msg'. A `\space' +command in `msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of +surrounding spaces. A `^^J' in `msg' prints a newline. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Line, Next: Document templates, Prev: Terminal Input/Output, Up: Top + +26 Command Line +*************** + +The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX +uses `.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file +entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command +options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g. + + latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' + +will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error. + + If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a `*' +prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type `\stop' (and return) and +it will prematurely end the document. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Document templates, Next: Command Index, Prev: Command Line, Up: Top + +Appendix A Document templates +***************************** + +Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will +be useful. + +* Menu: + +* book template:: +* beamer template:: +* tugboat template:: + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: book template, Next: beamer template, Up: Document templates + +A.1 `book' template +=================== + +\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: beamer template, Next: tugboat template, Prev: book template, Up: Document templates + +A.2 `beamer' template +===================== + +The `beamer' class creates slides presentations. + +\documentclass{beamer} + +\title{Beamer Class template} +\author{Alex Author} +\date{July 31, 2007} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors. +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{First Slide} + +\begin{verbatim} + This is \verbatim! +\end{verbatim} + +\end{frame} + +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: tugboat template, Prev: beamer template, Up: Document templates + +A.3 `tugboat' template +====================== + +`TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group, +`http://tug.org/TUGboat'. + +\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings + +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{ifpdf} +\ifpdf + \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black, + urlcolor=black]{hyperref} +\else + \usepackage{url} +\fi + +\begin{document} + +\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article} + +% repeat info for each author. +\author{First Last} +\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country} +\netaddress{user (at) example dot org} +\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/} + +\maketitle + +% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat. +\begin{abstract} +This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Introduction} + +This is an example article for \TUB, from +\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. + +We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref +package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced +using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays. + +The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others: + +{\small +\begin{verbatim} +\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW +\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML +\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe +\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas +\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS +\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG +\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE + +\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag +\careof \thinskip + +\acro{FRED} -> {\sc fred} % please use! +\cs{fred} -> \fred +\env{fred} -> \begin{fred} +\meta{fred} -> <fred> +\nth{n} -> 1st, 2nd, ... +\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4 +\booktitle{Book of Fred} +\end{verbatim} +} + +For more information, see the ltubguid document at: +\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat} + +Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions. + + +\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style +\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty +\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX + + +\makesignature % not in ltugproc +\end{document} + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Command Index, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + + +* Menu: + +* * prompt: Command Line. (line 15) +* *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 38) +* .glo file: Glossaries. (line 8) +* .idx file: Indexes. (line 8) +* .ind file: Indexes. (line 18) +* abstracts: abstract. (line 6) +* accents: Accents. (line 6) +* accents, mathematical: Math accents. (line 6) +* accessing any character of a font: Reserved characters. (line 25) +* acute accent: Accents. (line 15) +* acute accent, math: Math accents. (line 11) +* ae ligature: Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* aligning Equations: eqnarray. (line 6) +* alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) +* appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 44) +* aring: Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* arrays, math: array. (line 6) +* author, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 12) +* bar-over accent: Accents. (line 23) +* bar-under accent: Accents. (line 37) +* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) +* bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* black boxes, omitting: Document class options. + (line 27) +* bold font: Font styles. (line 84) +* bold typewriter, avoiding: description. (line 18) +* boxes: Boxes. (line 6) +* breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6) +* breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 62) +* breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 87) +* bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6) +* calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 87) +* cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6) +* cedilla accent: Accents. (line 43) +* centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) +* centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) +* characters, accented: Accents. (line 6) +* characters, non-English: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* check accent: Accents. (line 65) +* check accent, math: Math accents. (line 17) +* circumflex accent: Accents. (line 26) +* circumflex accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) +* class options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* classes of documents: Document classes. (line 6) +* closing letters: \closing. (line 6) +* closing quote: Text symbols. (line 35) +* code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* command Line: Command Line. (line 6) +* commands, defining new ones: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) +* copyright symbol: Text symbols. (line 10) +* counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6) +* counters, defining new: \newcounter. (line 6) +* counters, getting value of: \value. (line 6) +* counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6) +* creating letters: Letters. (line 6) +* creating pictures: picture. (line 6) +* creating tables: table. (line 6) +* credit footnote: \maketitle. (line 22) +* cross references: Cross references. (line 6) +* cross referencing with page number: \pageref. (line 6) +* cross referencing, symbolic: \ref. (line 6) +* dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 13) +* date, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 18) +* datetime package: \today. (line 11) +* defining a new command: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* defining new environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 6) +* defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* definitions: Definitions. (line 6) +* description lists, creating: description. (line 6) +* discretionary multiplication: Math Miscellany. (line 7) +* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation. + (line 6) +* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote. + (line 6) +* document class options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* document classes: Document classes. (line 6) +* document templates: Document templates. (line 6) +* dot accent: Accents. (line 20) +* dot over accent, math: Math accents. (line 23) +* dot-over accent: Accents. (line 20) +* dot-under accent: Accents. (line 46) +* dotless i: Accents. (line 53) +* dotless i, math: Math accents. (line 32) +* dotless j: Accents. (line 56) +* dotless j, math: Math accents. (line 35) +* double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 16) +* double dot accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) +* ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 22) +* emphasis: Font styles. (line 26) +* enclosure list: \encl. (line 6) +* ending & starting: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* environments: Environments. (line 6) +* environments, defining: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 20) +* equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) +* equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) +* es-zet German letter: Non-English characters. + (line 30) +* exponent: Subscripts & Superscripts. + (line 6) +* figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 22) +* figures, inserting: figure. (line 6) +* fixed-width font: Font styles. (line 108) +* flushing floats and starting a page: \clearpage. (line 6) +* font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands. + (line 6) +* font sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) +* font styles: Font styles. (line 6) +* fonts: Typefaces. (line 6) +* fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6) +* footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* footnote parameters: Footnote parameters. (line 6) +* footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 22) +* footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6) +* formulas, environment for: equation. (line 6) +* formulas, math: Math formulas. (line 6) +* fragile commands: \protect. (line 6) +* functions, math: Math functions. (line 6) +* global options: Document class options. + (line 6) +* glossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) +* grave accent: Accents. (line 29) +* grave accent, math: Math accents. (line 26) +* greek letters: Math symbols. (line 6) +* ha'c<ek accent, math: Math accents. (line 17) +* hacek accent: Accents. (line 65) +* hat accent: Accents. (line 26) +* hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 29) +* header style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* header, parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* hungarian umlaut accent: Accents. (line 49) +* hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6) +* hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6) +* hyphenation, preventing: \mbox. (line 6) +* in-line formulas: math. (line 6) +* indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6) +* indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6) +* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage. (line 18) +* indexes: Indexes. (line 6) +* input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) +* input/Output: Terminal Input/Output. + (line 6) +* inserting figures: figure. (line 6) +* italic font: Font styles. (line 93) +* justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6) +* Knuth, Donald E.: Top. (line 11) +* labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6) +* Lamport, Leslie: Top. (line 11) +* LaTeX logo: Text symbols. (line 19) +* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6) +* LaTeX Project team: Top. (line 11) +* layout commands: Layout. (line 6) +* layout, page parameters for: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* left quote: Text symbols. (line 26) +* left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) +* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) +* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6) +* lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6) +* lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6) +* lengths, defining new: \newlength. (line 6) +* lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* lengths, setting: \setlength. (line 6) +* letters: Letters. (line 6) +* letters, accented: Accents. (line 6) +* letters, ending: \closing. (line 6) +* letters, non-English: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* letters, starting: \opening. (line 6) +* line break, forcing: \\. (line 6) +* line breaking: Line breaking. (line 6) +* line breaks, forcing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* lines in tables: tabular. (line 6) +* lining text up in columns using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6) +* lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6) +* list items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* lists of items: itemize. (line 6) +* lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) +* lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6) +* loading additional packages: Document class options. + (line 74) +* logo, LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 19) +* logo, TeX: Text symbols. (line 41) +* low-level font commands: Low-level font commands. + (line 6) +* lR mode: Modes. (line 6) +* macron accent: Accents. (line 23) +* makeindex program: Indexes. (line 18) +* making a title page: titlepage. (line 6) +* making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) +* marginal notes: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* math accents: Math accents. (line 6) +* math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6) +* math functions: Math functions. (line 6) +* math Miscellany: Math Miscellany. (line 6) +* math mode: Modes. (line 6) +* math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 6) +* math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. + (line 6) +* math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) +* minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) +* modes: Modes. (line 6) +* monospace font: Font styles. (line 108) +* moving arguments: \protect. (line 6) +* multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math Miscellany. + (line 7) +* nested \include, not allowed: \include. (line 18) +* new commands, defining: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* new line, output as input: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* new line, starting: \\. (line 6) +* new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6) +* new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6) +* non-English characters: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* notes in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* null delimiter: Math Miscellany. (line 21) +* numbered items, specifying counter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* oblique font: Font styles. (line 105) +* oe ligature: Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* one-column output: \onecolumn. (line 6) +* opening quote: Text symbols. (line 26) +* options, document class: Document class options. + (line 6) +* options, global: Document class options. + (line 81) +* oslash: Non-English characters. + (line 23) +* overbar accent: Accents. (line 23) +* overdot accent, math: Math accents. (line 23) +* overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6) +* packages, loading: Document class options. + (line 74) +* page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* page breaking: Page breaking. (line 6) +* page layout parameters: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6) +* page numbering style: \pagenumbering. (line 6) +* page styles: Page Styles. (line 6) +* paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 18) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation. (line 6) +* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote. (line 6) +* paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6) +* paragraph sign: Text symbols. (line 29) +* paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) +* parameters, page layout: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) +* pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 29) +* poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6) +* polish l: Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6) +* pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 32) +* preamble, defined: Starting & ending. (line 17) +* predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* prompt, *: Command Line. (line 15) +* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation. + (line 6) +* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote. + (line 6) +* ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) +* ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 6) +* ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) +* redefining environments: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* remarks in the margin: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* reserved characters: Reserved characters. (line 6) +* right quote: Text symbols. (line 35) +* right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6) +* robust commands: \protect. (line 16) +* roman font: Font styles. (line 96) +* running header and footer: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* sans serif font: Font styles. (line 102) +* script letters for math: Font styles. (line 87) +* section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) +* section symbol: Text symbols. (line 38) +* sectioning: Sectioning. (line 6) +* setspace package: Low-level font commands. + (line 63) +* setting counters: \setcounter. (line 6) +* sharp S letters: Non-English characters. + (line 30) +* simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6) +* sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6) +* slanted font: Font styles. (line 105) +* small caps font: Font styles. (line 99) +* space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6) +* spaces: Spaces. (line 6) +* spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. + (line 6) +* special characters: Non-English characters. + (line 6) +* splitting the input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) +* starting & ending: Starting & ending. (line 6) +* starting a new page: \newpage. (line 6) +* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage. (line 6) +* starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6) +* sterling symbol: Text symbols. (line 32) +* stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6) +* styles of text: Font styles. (line 6) +* styles, page: Page Styles. (line 6) +* subscript: Subscripts & Superscripts. + (line 6) +* superscript: Subscripts & Superscripts. + (line 6) +* symbols, math: Math symbols. (line 6) +* tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6) +* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline. (line 6) +* table of contents, creating: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* tables, creating: table. (line 6) +* terminal Input/Output: Terminal Input/Output. + (line 6) +* TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 41) +* text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) +* thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 22) +* theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6) +* tie-after accent: Accents. (line 59) +* tilde accent: Accents. (line 34) +* tilde accent, math: Math accents. (line 38) +* title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6) +* title, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 26) +* titles, making: \maketitle. (line 6) +* two-column output: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6) +* typeface sizes: Font sizes. (line 6) +* typeface styles: Font styles. (line 6) +* typefaces: Typefaces. (line 6) +* typewriter font: Font styles. (line 108) +* typewriter labels in lists: description. (line 18) +* umlaut accent: Accents. (line 12) +* unordered lists: itemize. (line 6) +* using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6) +* vector symbol, math: Math accents. (line 41) +* verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6) +* verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6) +* vertical space: \addvspace. (line 6) +* vertical space before paragraphs: \parskip. (line 6) +* visible space: \verb. (line 17) +* wide hat accent, math: Math accents. (line 44) +* wide tile accent, math: Math accents. (line 47) +* xindy program: Indexes. (line 18) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Command Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Document templates, Up: Top + +Command Index +************* + + +* Menu: + +* $: Math formulas. (line 26) +* 10pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* 11pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* 12pt option: Document class options. + (line 14) +* @{...}: array. (line 31) +* \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 12) +* \#: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \$: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \%: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \&: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 15) +* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 45) +* \(: Math formulas. (line 18) +* \): Math formulas. (line 18) +* \*: Math Miscellany. (line 6) +* \+: tabbing. (line 37) +* \,: Spacing in math mode. + (line 19) +* \-: tabbing. (line 41) +* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) +* \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 20) +* \/: \/. (line 6) +* \:: Spacing in math mode. + (line 16) +* \;: Spacing in math mode. + (line 12) +* \<: tabbing. (line 33) +* \= (macron accent): Accents. (line 23) +* \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 27) +* \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. + (line 16) +* \>: tabbing. (line 31) +* \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 30) +* \@: \AT. (line 6) +* \[: Math formulas. (line 18) +* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 22) +* \\ (for array): array. (line 28) +* \\ (for center): center. (line 13) +* \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 12) +* \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12) +* \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 12) +* \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 26) +* \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 12) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 32) +* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 23) +* \\ for verse: verse. (line 17) +* \\ force line break: \\. (line 6) +* \\ tabbing: tabbing. (line 24) +* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 17) +* \]: Math formulas. (line 18) +* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 26) +* \_: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 29) +* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 51) +* \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 60) +* \a' (acute accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a= (macron accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \a` (grave accent in tabbing): tabbing. (line 61) +* \AA (AA): Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* \aa (aa): Non-English characters. + (line 11) +* \acute: Math accents. (line 10) +* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}: \addcontentsline. (line 6) +* \address: \address. (line 6) +* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}: \addtocontents. (line 6) +* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 6) +* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 6) +* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6) +* \AE (AE): Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* \ae (ae): Non-English characters. + (line 15) +* \aleph: Math symbols. (line 14) +* \Alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 12) +* \alph: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 9) +* \Alph example: enumerate. (line 42) +* \alpha: Math symbols. (line 17) +* \amalg: Math symbols. (line 20) +* \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 12) +* \angle: Math symbols. (line 23) +* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 44) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 26) +* \arabic: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 15) +* \arccos: Math functions. (line 9) +* \arcsin: Math functions. (line 12) +* \arctan: Math functions. (line 15) +* \arg: Math functions. (line 18) +* \arraycolsep: array. (line 43) +* \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 90) +* \arraystretch: tabular. (line 94) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 29) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 32) +* \author{NAME \and NAME2}: \maketitle. (line 11) +* \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 37) +* \backslash <1>: Reserved characters. (line 16) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 35) +* \bar (macron, bar-over accent): Accents. (line 40) +* \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. + (line 57) +* \baselinestretch: Low-level font commands. + (line 63) +* \begin: Environments. (line 6) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 38) +* \bf: Font styles. (line 83) +* \bfseries: Font styles. (line 32) +* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) +* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 41) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 44) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 47) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 50) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 53) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 56) +* \bigskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 9) +* \bigskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 9) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 65) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 59) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 62) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 68) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 74) +* \bmod: Math functions. (line 21) +* \boldmath: Math formulas. (line 31) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 77) +* \bottomfraction: figure. (line 40) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 80) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 83) +* \breve: Math accents. (line 13) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 86) +* \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 43) +* \cal: Font styles. (line 86) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 89) +* \caption: figure. (line 36) +* \cc: \cc. (line 6) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 92) +* \cdots: Math Miscellany. (line 10) +* \centering: \centering. (line 6) +* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 10) +* \check: Math accents. (line 16) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 95) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 98) +* \circle: \circle. (line 6) +* \cite: \cite. (line 6) +* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 6) +* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 6) +* \cline: \cline. (line 6) +* \closing: \closing. (line 6) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 101) +* \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 16) +* \columnseprule: \twocolumn. (line 19) +* \columnwidth: \twocolumn. (line 23) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 104) +* \contentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 31) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 107) +* \copyright: Text symbols. (line 9) +* \cos: Math functions. (line 24) +* \cosh: Math functions. (line 27) +* \cot: Math functions. (line 30) +* \coth: Math functions. (line 33) +* \csc: Math functions. (line 36) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 110) +* \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 46) +* \dag: Text symbols. (line 12) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 113) +* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 116) +* \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 17) +* \day: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \dblfloatpagefraction: \twocolumn. (line 35) +* \dblfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 39) +* \dbltextfloatsep: \twocolumn. (line 44) +* \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 30) +* \ddag: Text symbols. (line 15) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 119) +* \ddot: Math accents. (line 19) +* \ddots: Math Miscellany. (line 14) +* \deg: Math functions. (line 39) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 125) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 122) +* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10) +* \det: Math functions. (line 42) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 131) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 128) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 134) +* \dim: Math functions. (line 45) +* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 36) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 137) +* \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6) +* \dot: Math accents. (line 22) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 140) +* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 6) +* \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 98) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 146) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 143) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 149) +* \em: Font styles. (line 89) +* \emph: Font styles. (line 26) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 152) +* \encl: \encl. (line 6) +* \end: Environments. (line 6) +* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6) +* \enumi: enumerate. (line 32) +* \enumii: enumerate. (line 32) +* \enumiii: enumerate. (line 32) +* \enumiv: enumerate. (line 32) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 155) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 158) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 161) +* \evensidemargin: Document class options. + (line 55) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 164) +* \exp: Math functions. (line 48) +* \fbox: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 16) +* \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 14) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 16) +* \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 14) +* \fill: \hfill. (line 9) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 167) +* \floatpagefraction: figure. (line 43) +* \floatsep: figure. (line 47) +* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6) +* \fnsymbol: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 24) +* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands. + (line 11) +* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands. + (line 14) +* \fontseries: Low-level font commands. + (line 25) +* \fontshape: Low-level font commands. + (line 40) +* \fontsize: Low-level font commands. + (line 57) +* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6) +* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6) +* \footnoterule: Footnote parameters. (line 6) +* \footnotesep: Footnote parameters. (line 12) +* \footnotesize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 6) +* \footskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 16) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 170) +* \frac: Math Miscellany. (line 18) +* \frac{num}{den}: Math Miscellany. (line 17) +* \frame: \frame. (line 6) +* \framebox <1>: \fbox and \framebox. (line 6) +* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 173) +* \fussy: \fussy. (line 6) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 179) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 176) +* \gcd: Math functions. (line 51) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 182) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 185) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 188) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 191) +* \glossary: Glossaries. (line 8) +* \glossaryentry: Glossaries. (line 11) +* \grave: Math accents. (line 25) +* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 49) +* \hat: Math accents. (line 28) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 194) +* \headheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 6) +* \headsep: Page layout parameters. + (line 11) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 197) +* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8) +* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6) +* \hline: \hline. (line 6) +* \hom: Math functions. (line 54) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 200) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 203) +* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 6) +* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6) +* \Huge: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \huge: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6) +* \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 53) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 206) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 209) +* \imath: Math accents. (line 31) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 212) +* \include: \include. (line 6) +* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6) +* \indent: \indent. (line 6) +* \index: Indexes. (line 8) +* \indexentry: Indexes. (line 11) +* \inf: Math functions. (line 57) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 215) +* \input: \input. (line 6) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 218) +* \intextsep: figure. (line 51) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 221) +* \it: Font styles. (line 92) +* \item <1>: itemize. (line 6) +* \item <2>: enumerate. (line 19) +* \item: description. (line 14) +* \itemindent: itemize. (line 52) +* \itemsep: itemize. (line 75) +* \itshape: Font styles. (line 23) +* \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 56) +* \jmath: Math accents. (line 34) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 224) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 227) +* \ker: Math functions. (line 60) +* \kill: tabbing. (line 65) +* \L (/L): Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* \l (/l): Non-English characters. + (line 19) +* \label: \label. (line 6) +* \labelenumi: enumerate. (line 36) +* \labelenumii: enumerate. (line 36) +* \labelenumiii: enumerate. (line 36) +* \labelenumiv: enumerate. (line 36) +* \labelitemi: itemize. (line 32) +* \labelitemii: itemize. (line 32) +* \labelitemiii: itemize. (line 32) +* \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 32) +* \labelsep: itemize. (line 55) +* \labelwidth: itemize. (line 58) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 233) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 230) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 236) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 239) +* \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \Large: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \large: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 18) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 242) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 245) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 248) +* \ldots: Text symbols. (line 21) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 251) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 254) +* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2: Math Miscellany. (line 20) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 259) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 256) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 25) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 262) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 265) +* \leftmargin: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmargini: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmarginii: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmarginiii: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 39) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 271) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 268) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 274) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 277) +* \lg: Math functions. (line 63) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 280) +* \lim: Math functions. (line 66) +* \liminf: Math functions. (line 69) +* \limsup: Math functions. (line 72) +* \line: \line. (line 6) +* \linebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6) +* \linewidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 21) +* \listoffigures: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* \listoftables: Tables of contents. (line 16) +* \listparindent: itemize. (line 61) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 283) +* \ln: Math functions. (line 75) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 286) +* \location: \location. (line 6) +* \log: Math functions. (line 78) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 289) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 292) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 295) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 298) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 301) +* \lq: Text symbols. (line 25) +* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6) +* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6) +* \makeglossary: Glossaries. (line 6) +* \makeindex: Indexes. (line 6) +* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) +* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 304) +* \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6) +* \marginparpush: Marginal notes. (line 35) +* \marginparsep: Marginal notes. (line 39) +* \marginparwidth: Marginal notes. (line 43) +* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 30) +* \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 37) +* \mathbf: Font styles. (line 56) +* \mathcal: Font styles. (line 72) +* \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 69) +* \mathrm: Font styles. (line 53) +* \mathsf: Font styles. (line 59) +* \mathtt: Font styles. (line 62) +* \mathversion: Font styles. (line 74) +* \max: Math functions. (line 81) +* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6) +* \mdseries: Font styles. (line 29) +* \medskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 13) +* \medskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 13) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 307) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 309) +* \min: Math functions. (line 84) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 312) +* \month: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 315) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 318) +* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6) +* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 321) +* \name: \name. (line 6) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 324) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 327) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 330) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 333) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 336) +* \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. + (line 6) +* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6) +* \newenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* \newfont: \newfont. (line 6) +* \newlength: \newlength. (line 6) +* \NEWLINE: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \newline: \newline. (line 6) +* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6) +* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6) +* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 339) +* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6) +* \nofiles: Tables of contents. (line 20) +* \noindent: \noindent. (line 6) +* \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. + (line 6) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 20) +* \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* \normalfont: Font styles. (line 50) +* \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23) +* \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 342) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 345) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 348) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 351) +* \O (/O): Non-English characters. + (line 23) +* \o (/o): Non-English characters. + (line 23) +* \obeycr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* \oddsidemargin: Document class options. + (line 55) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 354) +* \OE (OE): Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* \oe (oe): Non-English characters. + (line 27) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 357) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 363) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 360) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 366) +* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6) +* \opening: \opening. (line 6) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 369) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 372) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 375) +* \oval: \oval. (line 6) +* \overbrace{TEXT}: Math Miscellany. (line 25) +* \overline{TEXT}: Math Miscellany. (line 29) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 378) +* \P: Text symbols. (line 28) +* \pagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 6) +* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6) +* \pageref: \pageref. (line 6) +* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 19) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 381) +* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) +* \parindent <1>: \indent. (line 6) +* \parindent: minipage. (line 18) +* \parsep: itemize. (line 80) +* \parskip: \parskip. (line 6) +* \parskip example: itemize. (line 103) +* \part: Sectioning. (line 8) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 384) +* \partopsep: itemize. (line 90) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 387) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 390) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 396) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 393) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 399) +* \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) +* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 71) +* \pounds: Text symbols. (line 31) +* \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 402) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 405) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 408) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 411) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 414) +* \protect: \protect. (line 6) +* \ps: \ps. (line 6) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 420) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 417) +* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 74) +* \put: \put. (line 6) +* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6) +* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6) +* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6) +* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 423) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 426) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 429) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 432) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 435) +* \ref: \ref. (line 6) +* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6) +* \renewenvironment: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. + (line 6) +* \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. + (line 6) +* \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 23) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 438) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 441) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 444) +* \right: Math Miscellany. (line 21) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 450) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 447) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 453) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 456) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 459) +* \rightmargin: itemize. (line 65) +* \rm: Font styles. (line 95) +* \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 20) +* \roman: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. + (line 18) +* \rq: Text symbols. (line 34) +* \rule: \rule. (line 6) +* \S: Text symbols. (line 37) +* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6) +* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6) +* \sc: Font styles. (line 98) +* \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \scshape: Font styles. (line 44) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 462) +* \sec: Math functions. (line 93) +* \section: Sectioning. (line 13) +* \selectfont: Low-level font commands. + (line 71) +* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6) +* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 465) +* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6) +* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6) +* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6) +* \sf: Font styles. (line 101) +* \sffamily: Font styles. (line 41) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 468) +* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 474) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 471) +* \signature: \signature. (line 6) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 477) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 480) +* \sin: Math functions. (line 96) +* \sinh: Math functions. (line 99) +* \sl: Font styles. (line 104) +* \slshape: Font styles. (line 38) +* \small: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 483) +* \smallskip: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 17) +* \smallskipamount: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip. + (line 17) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 486) +* \SPACE: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 489) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 492) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 495) +* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}: Math Miscellany. (line 32) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 498) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 501) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 504) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 507) +* \ss (ss): Non-English characters. + (line 30) +* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}: Math Miscellany. (line 38) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 510) +* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 6) +* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6) +* \stop: Command Line. (line 15) +* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 6) +* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 21) +* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 15) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 513) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 516) +* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 17) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 519) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 522) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 525) +* \sup: Math functions. (line 102) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 528) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 531) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 534) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 537) +* \symbol: Reserved characters. (line 25) +* \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 59) +* \TAB: \SPACE. (line 6) +* \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 79) +* \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 102) +* \tableofcontents: Tables of contents. (line 6) +* \tan: Math functions. (line 105) +* \tanh: Math functions. (line 108) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 540) +* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6) +* \TeX: Text symbols. (line 40) +* \textbf: Font styles. (line 32) +* \textfloatsep: figure. (line 56) +* \textfraction: figure. (line 60) +* \textheight: Page layout parameters. + (line 27) +* \textit: Font styles. (line 23) +* \textmd: Font styles. (line 29) +* \textnormal: Font styles. (line 50) +* \textrm: Font styles. (line 20) +* \textsc: Font styles. (line 44) +* \textsf: Font styles. (line 41) +* \textsl: Font styles. (line 38) +* \texttt: Font styles. (line 47) +* \textup: Font styles. (line 35) +* \textwidth: Page layout parameters. + (line 34) +* \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 21) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 543) +* \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6) +* \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6) +* \thinspace: \thinspace. (line 6) +* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6) +* \tilde: Math accents. (line 37) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 546) +* \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 25) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 549) +* \today: \today. (line 6) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 552) +* \topfraction: figure. (line 65) +* \topmargin: Page layout parameters. + (line 40) +* \topsep: itemize. (line 84) +* \topskip: Page layout parameters. + (line 47) +* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 555) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 558) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 561) +* \tt: Font styles. (line 107) +* \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 47) +* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6) +* \typein: \typein. (line 6) +* \typeout: \typeout. (line 6) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 62) +* \unboldmath: Math formulas. (line 31) +* \underbrace{math}: Math Miscellany. (line 42) +* \underline{text}: Math Miscellany. (line 45) +* \unitlength: picture. (line 10) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 564) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 567) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 573) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 570) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 579) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 576) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 582) +* \upshape: Font styles. (line 35) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 588) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 585) +* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) +* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6) +* \usefont: Low-level font commands. + (line 75) +* \usepackage: Document class options. + (line 74) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 65) +* \value: \value. (line 6) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 591) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 594) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 597) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 600) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 603) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 606) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 609) +* \vdots: Math Miscellany. (line 49) +* \vec: Math accents. (line 40) +* \vector: \vector. (line 6) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 612) +* \verb: \verb. (line 6) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 618) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 615) +* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6) +* \vline: \vline. (line 6) +* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 621) +* \widehat: Math accents. (line 43) +* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 624) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 627) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 633) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 630) +* \year: \day \month \year. (line 6) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 636) +* \{: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \|: Math symbols. (line 11) +* \}: Reserved characters. (line 11) +* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 34) +* ^: Subscripts & Superscripts. + (line 6) +* _: Subscripts & Superscripts. + (line 6) +* a4paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* a5paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* abstract environment: abstract. (line 6) +* array environment: array. (line 6) +* article class: Document classes. (line 13) +* b5paper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* book class: Document classes. (line 13) +* center environment: center. (line 6) +* description environment: description. (line 6) +* displaymath environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* displaymath environment: displaymath. (line 6) +* document environment: document. (line 6) +* draft option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6) +* eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6) +* equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* equation environment: equation. (line 6) +* executivepaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* figure: figure. (line 6) +* final option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* fleqn option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* flushleft environment: flushleft. (line 6) +* flushright environment: flushright. (line 6) +* itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) +* landscape option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* legalpaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* leqno option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* letter: letter. (line 6) +* letter class: Document classes. (line 13) +* letterpaper option: Document class options. + (line 19) +* list: list. (line 6) +* lR box: picture. (line 62) +* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6) +* math environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) +* math environment: math. (line 6) +* minipage environment: minipage. (line 6) +* notitlepage option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* onecolumn option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* oneside option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* openany option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* openbib option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* openright option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* picture: picture. (line 6) +* quotation: quotation. (line 6) +* quote: quote. (line 6) +* report class: Document classes. (line 13) +* slides class: Document classes. (line 13) +* tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6) +* table: table. (line 6) +* tabular environment: tabular. (line 6) +* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6) +* theorem environment: theorem. (line 6) +* titlepage environment: titlepage. (line 6) +* titlepage option: Document class options. + (line 24) +* twocolumn option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* twoside option: Document class options. + (line 49) +* verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) +* verse environment: verse. (line 6) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1693 +Node: Overview3875 +Node: Starting & ending5743 +Node: Document classes6305 +Node: Document class options6881 +Node: Typefaces9473 +Node: Font styles9915 +Node: Font sizes12241 +Node: Low-level font commands13476 +Node: Layout15704 +Node: \onecolumn16173 +Node: \twocolumn16386 +Node: \flushbottom17891 +Node: \raggedbottom18253 +Node: Page layout parameters18539 +Node: Sectioning20630 +Node: Cross references21954 +Node: \label22385 +Node: \pageref23250 +Node: \ref23549 +Node: Environments23939 +Node: abstract25394 +Node: array25635 +Node: center26966 +Node: \centering27443 +Node: description28283 +Node: displaymath29097 +Node: document29664 +Node: enumerate29921 +Node: eqnarray31213 +Node: equation32223 +Node: figure32596 +Node: flushleft34802 +Node: \raggedright35287 +Node: flushright35846 +Node: \raggedleft36334 +Node: itemize36891 +Node: letter40693 +Node: list40931 +Node: math41755 +Node: minipage42057 +Node: picture43275 +Node: \circle47268 +Node: \makebox (picture)47601 +Node: \framebox (picture)48300 +Node: \dashbox48790 +Node: \frame49317 +Node: \line49643 +Node: \linethickness50112 +Node: \thicklines50533 +Node: \thinlines50843 +Node: \multiput51145 +Node: \oval51511 +Node: \put52128 +Node: \shortstack52376 +Node: \vector52852 +Node: quotation53158 +Node: quote53614 +Node: tabbing54046 +Node: table57209 +Node: tabular58287 +Node: \multicolumn62221 +Node: \cline63019 +Node: \hline63339 +Node: \vline63653 +Node: thebibliography63966 +Node: \bibitem65106 +Node: \cite65837 +Node: \nocite66337 +Node: Using BibTeX66621 +Node: theorem68113 +Node: titlepage68499 +Node: verbatim69100 +Node: \verb69727 +Node: verse70277 +Node: Footnotes70771 +Node: \footnote71315 +Node: \footnotemark71831 +Node: \footnotetext72398 +Node: Footnote parameters72882 +Node: Definitions73611 +Node: \newcommand & \renewcommand74326 +Node: \newcounter75541 +Node: \newlength76009 +Node: \newsavebox76521 +Node: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment76828 +Node: \newtheorem78095 +Node: \newfont79061 +Node: \protect79541 +Node: Counters80405 +Node: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol81646 +Node: \usecounter82691 +Node: \value83053 +Node: \setcounter83438 +Node: \addtocounter83729 +Node: \refstepcounter84025 +Node: \stepcounter84370 +Node: \day \month \year84621 +Node: Lengths85166 +Node: \setlength85735 +Node: \addtolength86077 +Node: \settodepth86372 +Node: \settoheight86647 +Node: \settowidth86926 +Node: Predefined lengths87190 +Node: Line breaking87704 +Node: \\88762 +Node: \obeycr & \restorecr89232 +Node: \newline89636 +Node: \- (hyphenation)89926 +Node: \fussy90536 +Node: \sloppy90934 +Node: \hyphenation91261 +Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak91887 +Node: Page breaking92556 +Node: \cleardoublepage93164 +Node: \clearpage93571 +Node: \newpage93847 +Node: \enlargethispage94082 +Node: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak94607 +Node: Making paragraphs95300 +Node: \indent95872 +Node: \noindent96344 +Node: \parskip96630 +Node: Marginal notes96888 +Node: Math formulas98407 +Node: Subscripts & Superscripts100191 +Node: Math symbols100658 +Node: Math functions107472 +Node: Math accents108416 +Node: Spacing in math mode109281 +Node: Math Miscellany109913 +Node: Modes111335 +Node: Page Styles113168 +Node: \maketitle113662 +Node: \pagenumbering114734 +Node: \pagestyle115151 +Node: \thispagestyle116293 +Node: Spaces116599 +Node: \hspace117659 +Node: \hfill118219 +Node: \SPACE118615 +Node: \AT119082 +Node: \thinspace119543 +Node: \/119802 +Node: \hrulefill120634 +Node: \dotfill120900 +Node: \addvspace121124 +Node: \bigskip \medskip \smallskip121616 +Node: \vfill122295 +Node: \vspace122600 +Node: Boxes123030 +Node: \mbox123749 +Node: \fbox and \framebox124036 +Node: lrbox124836 +Node: \makebox125153 +Node: \parbox125869 +Node: \raisebox127202 +Node: \savebox127799 +Node: \sbox128214 +Node: \usebox128663 +Node: Special insertions128921 +Node: Reserved characters129565 +Node: Text symbols130967 +Node: Accents131686 +Node: Non-English characters133321 +Node: \rule133751 +Node: \today134178 +Node: Splitting the input134623 +Node: \include135264 +Node: \includeonly135851 +Node: \input136342 +Node: Front/back matter136833 +Node: Tables of contents137038 +Node: \addcontentsline138066 +Node: \addtocontents138948 +Node: Glossaries139448 +Node: Indexes139967 +Node: Letters140668 +Node: \address142608 +Node: \cc143213 +Node: \closing143449 +Node: \encl143682 +Node: \location143874 +Node: \makelabels144136 +Node: \name144424 +Node: \opening144646 +Node: \ps144971 +Node: \signature145154 +Node: \startbreaks145437 +Node: \stopbreaks145659 +Node: \telephone145874 +Node: Terminal Input/Output146106 +Node: \typein146371 +Node: \typeout146952 +Node: Command Line147575 +Node: Document templates148270 +Node: book template148585 +Node: beamer template148928 +Node: tugboat template149466 +Node: Concept Index151691 +Node: Command Index179292 + +End Tag Table |