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+% DIAGRAM MACROS (version 3.1)
+% MICRO-DIAGRAM FILE
+% JUST PLAIN ARROWS
+% ARROWHEADS DESIGNED AS \vector
+
+\catcode`\@=11
+
+%%%%% FIXING SOME PARAMETERS
+
+%%% Fixing the default scaling factor for diagrams
+\newcount\defaultscale
+\def\setdefaultscale#1{\global\defaultscale=#1}
+\setdefaultscale{100}
+
+\newcount\actualtextarrowspace
+\newcount\actualtextarrowlength
+
+% \computetextparameters computes the parameters
+% required to design a text arrow
+\newcommand{\computetextparameters}%
+{\global\actualtextarrowspace=\textarrowlength%
+\global\advance\actualtextarrowspace by 3%
+\global\actualtextarrowlength=\textarrowlength%
+\global\multiply\actualtextarrowlength by 100}
+
+%%% Fixing the default length of text arrows
+\newcount\textarrowlength
+\def\settextarrowlength#1{\global\textarrowlength=#1%
+\computetextparameters}
+\settextarrowlength{20}
+
+\newcount\actualdisplayarrowspace
+\newcount\actualdisplayarrowlength
+
+% \computedisplayparameters computes the parameters
+% required to design a displayed arrow
+\newcommand{\computedisplayparameters}%
+{\global\actualdisplayarrowspace=\displayarrowlength%
+\global\advance\actualdisplayarrowspace by 3%
+\global\actualdisplayarrowlength=\displayarrowlength%
+\global\multiply\actualdisplayarrowlength by 100}
+
+%%% Fixing the default length of displayed arrows
+\newcount\displayarrowlength
+\def\setdisplayarrowlength#1{\global\displayarrowlength=#1%
+\computedisplayparameters}
+\setdisplayarrowlength{30}
+
+% ERROR MESSAGES
+
+% Checking the next token without gobbling blanks
+\def\@ifnexttok#1#2#3{\let\@tempe #1\def\@tempa{#2}\def\@tempb{#3}%
+\futurelet\@tempc\@ifntok}
+\def\@ifntok{\ifx \@tempc \@tempe\let\@tempd\@tempa\else\let\@tempd\@tempb\fi%
+\@tempd}
+
+%  \@diagramerror{MSG}{HLP}: Types a Diagram error message MSG and gives an error
+%                            halt with error help message HLP.
+\def\@diagramerror#1#2{%
+\edef\@@tempc{#2}\expandafter\errhelp\expandafter{\@@tempc}%
+\typeout{Diagram error. \space See User's guide for explanation.^^J
+ \space\@spaces\@spaces\@spaces Type \space H <return> \space for 
+ immediate help.}\errmessage{#1}}
+
+\newif\ifdiagram
+
+% error test and message for text arrows 
+\def\testtextmode{%
+\ifdiagram\@diagramerror{Text arrows are not allowed in diagrams}{Here you
+should use east or west diagram arrows, not forward or backward text arrows.
+Try proceeding now, typeset could succeed but with unpredictable output.}
+\else\ifmmode\relax\else%
+\@diagramerror{Missing \string$}{Text arrows should be introduced in math mode.
+Try proceeding now, typeset could succeed but output could not be what you expected.}\fi\fi}
+
+% error test and message for diagram arrows
+\def\testdiagrammode{\ifdiagram\relax\else
+\@diagramerror{Diagram arrows are not allowed in formulas}{Here you
+should use forward or backward text arrows, not diagram arrows. Proceeding
+could work with unpredictable output, but overflow arithmetic
+could also occur.}\fi}
+
+% error test and message for diagrams in math mode
+\def\checkmode{\ifmmode\@diagramerror{Wrong mode: no diagrams 
+allowed in math mode.}{You should leave math mode before
+introducing your diagram. All items in the diagram will automatically be
+processed in math mode.}\else\relax\fi\global\diagramtrue}
+
+\global\diagramfalse
+
+% INITIALIZATION
+
+\newcount\SCALE%
+
+\newcount\NUMBER%
+
+\newcount\LINE%
+
+\newcount\COLUMN%
+
+\newcount\WIDTH%
+
+\newcount\SOURCE%
+
+\newcount\ARROW%
+
+\newcount\TARGET%
+
+\newcount\ARROWLENGTH%
+
+\newcounter{x}%
+
+\newcounter{y}%
+
+\newcounter{z}%
+
+\newcounter{horizontal}%
+
+\newcounter{vertical}%
+
+\newskip\itemlength%
+
+\newskip\firstitem%
+
+\newskip\seconditem%
+
+\newcommand{\printarrow}{}%
+
+\newcount\Y%
+
+\newcount\Z%
+
+
+% MACROS FOR DESIGNING DIAGRAMS
+
+
+% \truex{n} divides n x 100 by the scaling factor and puts the result 
+% in counter x 
+\newcommand{\truex}[1]{%
+\NUMBER=#1%
+\multiply\NUMBER by 100%
+\divide\NUMBER by \SCALE%
+\setcounter{x}{\NUMBER}}%
+
+% \truey{n} divides n x 100 by the scaling factor and puts the result 
+% in counter y 
+\newcommand{\truey}[1]{%
+\NUMBER=#1%
+\multiply\NUMBER by 100%
+\divide\NUMBER by \SCALE%
+\setcounter{y}{\NUMBER}}%
+
+% \truez{n} divides n x 100 by the scaling factor and puts the result 
+% in counter z 
+\newcommand{\truez}[1]{%
+\NUMBER=#1%
+\multiply\NUMBER by 100%
+\divide\NUMBER by \SCALE%
+\setcounter{z}{\NUMBER}}%
+
+
+% \changecounters computes the values of the various parameters required
+% to design an arrow with adjusted length.
+\newcommand{\changecounters}[1]{%
+\SOURCE=\ARROW%
+\ARROW=\TARGET%
+\settowidth{\itemlength}{#1}%
+\ifdim \itemlength > 2800\unitlength%
+\addtolength{\itemlength}{-2800\unitlength}%
+\TARGET=\itemlength%
+\divide\TARGET by 1310%
+\multiply\TARGET by 100%
+\divide\TARGET by \SCALE%
+\else%
+\TARGET=0%
+\fi%
+\ARROWLENGTH=5000%
+\advance\ARROWLENGTH by -\SOURCE%
+\advance\ARROWLENGTH by -\TARGET%
+\divide\ARROWLENGTH by 100%
+\advance\SOURCE by -\TARGET}%
+
+% \initialize initializes the counters required to produce the diagram
+% and defines the formal dimensions of the diagram to be (0,0).
+\newcommand{\initialize}[1]{%
+\LINE=0%
+\COLUMN=0%
+\WIDTH=0%
+\ARROW=0%
+\TARGET=0%
+\changecounters{#1}%
+\renewcommand{\printarrow}{#1}%
+\begin{center}%
+\vspace{2pt}%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)}%
+
+% \DIAGV{n} starts the construction of a diagram scaled by a factor 
+% n percent, computes the scaled unit length and the unscaling factor.
+\newcommand{\DIAGV}[2]{%
+\checkmode%
+\SCALE=#1%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{655sp}%
+\multiply\unitlength by \SCALE%
+\divide\unitlength by 100%
+\initialize{\mbox{$#2$}}}%
+
+% \n introduces the next item of the diagram, computes its parameters
+% and prints the previous item.
+\newcommand{\n}[1]{%
+\changecounters{\mbox{$#1$}}%
+\put(\COLUMN,\LINE){\makebox(0,0){\printarrow}}%
+\thinlines%
+\renewcommand{\printarrow}{\mbox{$#1$}}%
+\advance\COLUMN by 4000}%
+
+% \nn prints the  last item of a line and starts a new line.
+\newcommand{\nn}[1]{%
+\put(\COLUMN,\LINE){\makebox(0,0){\printarrow}}%
+\thinlines%
+\ifnum \WIDTH < \COLUMN%
+\WIDTH=\COLUMN%
+\else%
+\fi%
+\advance\LINE by -4000%
+\COLUMN=0%
+\ARROW=0%
+\TARGET=0%
+\changecounters{\mbox{$#1$}}%
+\renewcommand{\printarrow}{\mbox{$#1$}}}%
+
+% \conclude prints the last item of the diagram and sets the
+% dimensions of the diagram;
+\newcommand{\conclude}{%
+\put(\COLUMN,\LINE){\makebox(0,0){\printarrow}}%
+\thinlines%
+\ifnum \WIDTH < \COLUMN%
+\WIDTH=\COLUMN%
+\else%
+\fi%
+\setcounter{horizontal}{\WIDTH}%
+\setcounter{vertical}{-\LINE}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% \diag prints the last item of the diagram and takes care of the spacing
+\newcommand{\diag}{%
+\conclude%
+\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][\value{vertical}\unitlength]{}%
+\hspace*{\value{horizontal}\unitlength}%
+\vspace{12pt}%
+\end{center}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}%
+\global\diagramfalse}%
+
+% \diagv{t}{l}{b} prints the last item of the diagram and
+% adds a t points extra space at the top of the diagram
+% adds a l points extra space at the left of the diagram
+% adds a b points extra space at the bottom of the diagram
+\newcommand{\diagv}[3]{%
+\conclude%
+\NUMBER=#1%
+\rule{0pt}{\NUMBER pt}%
+\hspace*{-#2pt}%
+\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][\value{vertical}\unitlength]{}%
+\hspace*{\value{horizontal}\unitlength}%6
+\NUMBER=#3%
+\advance\NUMBER by 12%
+\vspace*{\NUMBER pt}%
+\end{center}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}%
+\global\diagramfalse}%
+
+% \movename(n,m){f} moves the name f of the arrow n points right
+% and m points up.
+\def\movename(#1,#2)#3{%
+\hspace{#1pt}%
+\raisebox{#2pt}[5pt][2pt]{\raisebox{#2pt}{$#3$}}%
+\hspace{-#1pt}}%
+
+% \movearrow(n,m){\...} moves arrow \... n points right
+% and m points up.
+\def\movearrow(#1,#2)#3{%
+\makebox[0pt]{%
+\hspace{#1pt}\hspace{#1pt}%
+\raisebox{#2pt}[0pt][0pt]{\raisebox{#2pt}{$#3$}}}}%
+
+% \movevertex(n,m){A} moves vertex A n points right and m points up
+\def\movevertex(#1,#2)#3{%
+\mbox{\hspace{#1pt}%
+\raisebox{#2pt}{\raisebox{#2pt}{$#3$}}%
+\hspace{-#1pt}}}% 
+
+% \movevertexleft{XXX} moves vertex XXX left 
+\newcommand{\movevertexleft}[1]{\makebox[2800\unitlength][r]{$#1$}}
+
+% \movevertexright{XXX} moves vertex XXX right 
+\newcommand{\movevertexright}[1]{\makebox[2800\unitlength][l]{$#1$}}
+
+% \crosslength{P}{Q} computes the formal dimensions of the
+% superposition of pictures P and Q
+\newcommand{\crosslength}[2]{%
+\settowidth{\firstitem}{#1}%
+\settowidth{\seconditem}{#2}%
+\ifdim\firstitem < \seconditem%
+\itemlength=\seconditem%
+\else%
+\itemlength=\firstitem%
+\fi%
+\divide\itemlength by 2%
+\hspace{\itemlength}}%
+
+% \cross{P}{Q} superposes pictures P and Q
+\newcommand{\cross}[2]{%
+\crosslength{\mbox{$#1$}}{\mbox{$#2$}}%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){$#1$}}%
+\thinlines%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,0){$#2$}}%
+\thinlines%
+\end{picture}%
+\crosslength{\mbox{$#1$}}{\mbox{$#2$}}}%
+
+% \bold prints the next arrow in bold-face type
+\newcommand{\bold}{\ifdiagram\thicklines\else\typeout{Sorry: command
+\string\bold does not apply to text arrows; I am ignoring it.}\fi}
+
+% \unbold switches back to normal arrows
+\newcommand{\unbold}{\thinlines}
+
+% SHORTENING THE TYPING OF DIAGRAMS
+
+\def\basicDIAG#1¤{\DIAGV{\defaultscale}{#1}\@ifnexttok¤{\finishline}{\basicn}}
+\def\basicDIAGV[#1]#2¤{\DIAGV{#1}{#2}\@ifnexttok¤{\finishline}{\basicn}}
+\def\basicn#1¤{\n{#1}\@ifnexttok¤{\finishline}{\basicn}}
+\def\basicnn#1¤{\nn{#1}\@ifnexttok¤{\finishline}{\basicn}}
+\def\finishline#1{\@ifnextchar\end{\diag}%
+{\@ifnextchar\spacing{\relax}{\basicnn}}}
+\def\spacing(#1,#2,#3){\diagv{#1}{#2}{#3}}
+
+\newif\ifcaption%
+
+\newenvironment{diagram}{%
+\iffloatdiag\relax\else
+\global\def\diagramcaption##1{%
+\global\captiontrue%
+\global\def\@diagcaption{##1}}%
+\global\def\@diagcaption{}\fi%
+\@ifnextchar[{\basicDIAGV}{\basicDIAG}}%
+{\iffloatdiag\relax\else%
+\ifcaption
+\begin{center}\mbox{}\@diagcaption\end{center}%
+\else\relax\fi\fi\global\captionfalse}
+
+\global\captionfalse
+
+
+% MACROS FOR FLOATING DIAGRAMS
+
+\gdef\@diaglabel{Diagram}
+\gdef\diagramlabel#1{\gdef\@diaglabel{#1}}
+
+\newcounter{Diagram}
+\setcounter{Diagram}{0}
+\def\theDiagram{\@arabic\c@Diagram}
+\def\fps@Diagram{tbp}
+\def\ftype@Diagram{1}
+\def\ext@Diagram{lof}
+\def\fnum@Diagram{\@diaglabel\ \theDiagram}
+\def\Diagram{\@float{Diagram}}
+\let\endDiagram\end@float
+\@namedef{Diagram*}{\@dblfloat{Diagram}}
+\@namedef{endDiagram*}{\end@dblfloat}
+
+\def\setdiagramcounter#1{\@addtoreset{Diagram}{#1}%
+\def\theDiagram{\arabic{#1}.\@arabic\c@Diagram}}
+
+\newif\iffloatdiag
+
+\newenvironment{floatingdiagram}{%
+\global\floatdiagtrue%
+\long\def\@makecaption##1##2{
+ \vskip 0pt
+ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{##1##2}
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize \unhbox\@tempboxa\par \else \hbox
+to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}
+ \fi}%
+\global\def\diagramcaption##1{\global\def\@diagcaption{: ##1}}%
+\global\def\@diagcaption{}%
+\begin{Diagram}[tbp]\begin{diagram}}%
+{\end{diagram}\caption{\@diagcaption}\end{Diagram}%
+\global\floatdiagfalse}
+
+\global\floatdiagfalse
+
+% MACROS FOR DRAWING TEXT PICTURES
+
+% \tlowername{P}{f} puts the name f under the picture P
+\newcommand{\tlowername}[2]%
+{$\stackrel{\makebox[1pt]{#1}}%
+{\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,6)[t]{\makebox[1pt]{$\scriptstyle#2$}}}%
+\end{picture}}$}%
+
+% \tcase{P} draws the picture P with length \textarrowlength pt.
+\newcommand{\tcase}[1]{%
+\testtextmode%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{0.01pt}%
+\makebox[\actualtextarrowspace pt]%
+{\raisebox{2.5pt}{#1{\actualtextarrowlength}}}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}}%
+
+% \Tcase{P}{f} draws the picture P with upper name f
+% and length \textarrowlength pt. 
+\newcommand{\Tcase}[2]{%
+\testtextmode%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{0.01pt}%
+\makebox[\actualtextarrowspace pt]%
+{\raisebox{2.5pt}{$\stackrel{\scriptstyle #2}{#1{\actualtextarrowlength}}$}}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}}%
+
+% MACROS FOR DRAWING DISPLAYED PICTURES
+
+% \dlowername{P}{f} puts the name f under the picture P
+\newcommand{\dlowername}[2]%
+{$\stackrel{\makebox[1pt]{#1}}%
+{\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,6)[t]{\makebox[1pt]{$\textstyle#2$}}}%
+\end{picture}}$}%
+
+% \dcase{P} draws the picture P with length \displayarrowlength pt.
+\newcommand{\dcase}[1]{%
+\testtextmode%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{0.01pt}%
+\makebox[\actualdisplayarrowspace pt]%
+{\raisebox{2.5pt}{#1{\actualdisplayarrowlength}}}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}}%
+
+% \Dcase{P}{f} draws the picture P with upper name f
+% and length \displayarrowlength pt. 
+\newcommand{\Dcase}[2]{%
+\testtextmode%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{0.01pt}%
+\makebox[\actualdisplayarrowspace pt]%
+{\raisebox{2.5pt}{$\stackrel{\textstyle #2}{#1{\actualdisplayarrowlength}}$}}%
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}}%
+
+% IN-TEXT ARROWS
+
+% \AR{n} draws an arrow of length n units
+\newcommand{\AR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(#1,0)%
+\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce arrows with length 20pt
+% and scriptstyle names in math mode but arrows with length
+% \displayarrowlength pt and textstyle names in display math mode.
+
+% arrow 
+\newcommand{\ar}{\ifinner\tcase{\AR}\else\dcase{\AR}\fi}%
+
+% arrow with upper name [1] 
+\newcommand{\Ar}[1]{\ifinner\Tcase{\AR}{#1}\else\Dcase{\AR}{#1}\fi}%
+
+% IN-TEXT BACK ARROWS
+
+% \BKAR{n} draws a pointing back arrow of length n units
+\newcommand{\BKAR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(#1,0)%
+\put(#1,0){\vector(-1,0){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce back arrows with length 20pt
+% and scriptstyle names in math mode but arrows with length
+% \displayarrowlength and textstyle names in display math mode.
+
+% back arrow 
+\newcommand{\bkar}{\ifinner\tcase{\BKAR}\else\dcase{\BKAR}\fi}%
+
+% back arrow with upper name [1] 
+\newcommand{\Bkar}[1]{\ifinner\Tcase{\BKAR}{#1}\else\Dcase{\BKAR}{#1}\fi}%
+
+
+% MACROS FOR DRAWING HORIZONTAL PICTURES
+
+
+% \lowername{P}{f} puts the name f under the picture P
+\newcommand{\lowername}[2]%
+{$\stackrel{\makebox[1pt]{#1}}%
+{\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{600}%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,\value{x})[t]{\makebox[1pt]{$#2$}}}%
+\end{picture}}$}%
+
+% \hcase{P}{n} draws the picture P with length n units
+\newcommand{\hcase}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\makebox[0pt]%
+{\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{#1{#2}}}}%
+
+% \Hcase{P}{f}{n} draws the picture P with upper name f
+% and length n units. 
+\newcommand{\Hcase}[3]%
+{\testdiagrammode\makebox[0pt]
+{\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]%
+{$\stackrel{\makebox[0pt]{$\textstyle{#2}$}}{#1{#3}}$}}}%
+
+% \hcasE{P}{f}{n} draws the picture P with lower name f
+% and length n units. 
+\newcommand{\hcasE}[3]%
+{\testdiagrammode\makebox[0pt]%
+{\raisebox{-8pt}[0pt][0pt]%
+{\lowername{#1{#3}}{#2}}}}%
+
+% EAST ARROWS
+
+% \EAR{n} draws an east arrow of length n units
+\newcommand{\EAR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(#1,0)%
+\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce east arrows 
+
+% basic east arrow
+\def\basicear[#1]{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\hcase{\EAR}{\Z}}%
+
+% east arrow 
+\newcommand{\ear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicear}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basicear[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% basic east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicEar[#1]#2{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\Hcase{\EAR}{#2}{\Z}}%
+ 
+% east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Ear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEar}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basicEar[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% basic east arrow with lower name
+\def\basiceaR[#1]#2{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\hcasE{\EAR}{#2}{\Z}}%
+ 
+% east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\eaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceaR}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basiceaR[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% WEST ARROWS
+
+% \WAR{n} draws a pointing back arrow of length n units
+\newcommand{\WAR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(#1,0)%
+\put(#1,0){\vector(-1,0){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce west arrows 
+
+% basic west arrow
+\def\basicwar[#1]{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\hcase{\WAR}{\Z}}%
+
+% west arrow 
+\newcommand{\war}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwar}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basicwar[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% basic west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWar[#1]#2{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\Hcase{\WAR}{#2}{\Z}}%
+ 
+% west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\War}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWar}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basicWar[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% basic west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicwaR[#1]#2{%
+\Z=#1%
+\multiply \Z by 100%
+\hcasE{\WAR}{#2}{\Z}}%
+ 
+% west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\waR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwaR}%
+{\hspace{\SOURCE\unitlength}\basicwaR[\ARROWLENGTH]}}%
+
+% MACROS FOR DRAWING VERTICAL PICTURES
+
+% \vcase{P}{n} draws the vertical picture P with length n units.
+\newcommand{\vcase}[2]{\testdiagrammode#1{#2}}%
+
+% \Vcase{P}{f}{n} draws the vertical picture P
+% with left name f and length n units.
+\newcommand{\Vcase}[3]{\testdiagrammode\makebox[0pt]%
+{\makebox[0pt][r]{\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{${#2}\hspace{2pt}$}}}#1{#3}}%
+
+% \vcasE{P}{f}{n} draws the vertical picture P
+% with right name f and length n units.
+\newcommand{\vcasE}[3]{\testdiagrammode\makebox[0pt]%
+{#1{#3}\makebox[0pt][l]{\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\hspace{2pt}$#2$}}}}%
+
+% SOUTH ARROWS
+
+% \SAR{n} draws a south arrow of length n units
+% and centers it in a box of width  0pt and height 0pt
+\newcommand{\SAR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,0)%
+{\begin{picture}(0,#1)%
+\put(0,#1){\vector(0,-1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}}\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce south arrows
+
+% basic south arrow
+\def\basicsar[#1]{\vcase{\SAR}{#100}}%
+
+% south arrow 
+\newcommand{\sar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsar}{\basicsar[50]}}%
+
+% basic south arrow with left name
+\def\basicSar[#1]#2{\Vcase{\SAR}{#2}{#100}}%
+ 
+% south arrow with left name
+\newcommand{\Sar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSar}{\basicSar[50]}}%
+
+% basic south arrow with right name
+\def\basicsaR[#1]#2{\vcasE{\SAR}{#2}{#100}}%
+ 
+% south arrow with right name
+\newcommand{\saR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsaR}{\basicsaR[50]}}%
+
+% NORTH ARROWS
+
+% \NAR{n} draws a north arrow of length n pt
+% and centers it in a box of width 0pt and height 0pt
+\newcommand{\NAR}[1]%
+{\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){\makebox(0,0)%
+{\begin{picture}(0,#1)%
+\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}}\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands produce north arrows
+
+% basic north arrow
+\def\basicnar[#1]{\vcase{\NAR}{#100}}%
+
+% north arrow 
+\newcommand{\nar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnar}{\basicnar[50]}}%
+
+% basic north arrow with left name
+\def\basicNar[#1]#2{\Vcase{\NAR}{#2}{#100}}%
+ 
+% north arrow with left name
+\newcommand{\Nar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNar}{\basicNar[50]}}%
+
+% basic north arrow with right name
+\def\basicnaR[#1]#2{\vcasE{\NAR}{#2}{#100}}%
+ 
+% north arrow with right name
+\newcommand{\naR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnaR}{\basicnaR[50]}}%
+
+% MACROS FOR  FIRST DIAGONAL PICTURES
+
+% \fdcase{P}{f}{g}{n} draws the picture P with names f, g
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\fdcase}[4]{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){#1{#4}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{600}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#3}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% \NEAR{n} draws a north-east arrow of length nx100 units
+\newcommand{\NEAR}[1]{%
+\Y=#1%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Y){\vector(1,1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands draw north-east arrows 
+
+% north-east arrow of length nx100 units
+\def\basicnear[#1]{\fdcase{\NEAR}{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\near}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnear}{\basicnear[59]}}%
+
+% north-east arrow with upper name [1] and length nx100 units
+\def\basicNear[#1]#2{\fdcase{\NEAR}{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Near}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNear}{\basicNear[59]}}%
+
+% north-east arrow with lower name [1]  and length nx100 units
+\def\basicneaR[#1]#2{\fdcase{\NEAR}{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east arrow with lower name [1]
+\newcommand{\neaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicneaR}{\basicneaR[59]}}%
+
+% SOUT-WEST ARROWS
+
+% \SWAR{n} draws a south-west arrow of length nx100 units
+\newcommand{\SWAR}[1]{%
+\Y=#1%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Y){\vector(-1,-1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands draw south-west arrows 
+
+% south-west arrow of length nx100 units
+\def\basicswar[#1]{\fdcase{\SWAR}{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\swar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswar}{\basicswar[59]}}%
+
+% south-west arrow with upper name [1] and length nx100 units
+\def\basicSwar[#1]#2{\fdcase{\SWAR}{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Swar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSwar}{\basicSwar[59]}}%
+
+% south-west arrow with lower name [1]  and length nx100 units
+\def\basicswaR[#1]#2{\fdcase{\SWAR}{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west arrow with lower name [1]
+\newcommand{\swaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswaR}{\basicswaR[59]}}%
+
+% MACROS FOR  SECOND DIAGONAL PICTURES
+
+% \sdcase{P}{f}{g}{n} draws the picture P with names f, g
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\sdcase}[4]{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(0,0){#1{#4}}%
+\truex{100}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\truex{300}\truey{800}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#3}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% \SEAR{n} draws a south-east arrow of length nx100 units
+\newcommand{\SEAR}[1]{%
+\Y=#1%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Y){\vector(1,-1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands draw south-east arrows 
+
+% south-east arrow of length nx100 units
+\def\basicsear[#1]{\sdcase{\SEAR}{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\sear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsear}{\basicsear[59]}}%
+
+% south-east arrow with upper name [1] and length nx100 units
+\def\basicSear[#1]#2{\sdcase{\SEAR}{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Sear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSear}{\basicSear[59]}}%
+
+% south-east arrow with lower name [1]  and length nx100 units
+\def\basicseaR[#1]#2{\sdcase{\SEAR}{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east arrow with lower name [1]
+\newcommand{\seaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicseaR}{\basicseaR[59]}}%
+
+% NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+
+% \NWAR{n} draws a north-west arrow of length nx100 units
+\newcommand{\NWAR}[1]{%
+\Y=#1%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Y){\vector(-1,1){#1}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% All the following commands draw north-west arrows 
+
+% north-west arrow of length nx100 units
+\def\basicnwar[#1]{\sdcase{\NWAR}{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\nwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwar}{\basicnwar[59]}}%
+
+% north-west arrow with upper name [1] and length nx100 units
+\def\basicNwar[#1]#2{\sdcase{\NWAR}{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNwar}{\basicNwar[59]}}%
+
+% north-west arrow with lower name [1]  and length nx100 units
+\def\basicnwaR[#1]#2{\sdcase{\NWAR}{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west arrow with lower name [1]
+\newcommand{\nwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwaR}{\basicnwaR[59]}}%
+
+% EAST-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce east-north-east arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \ENEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a east-north-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\ENEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Z){\vector(2,1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce east-north-east arrows;
+% the default length is 13300 units
+
+% basic east-north-east arrow
+\def\basicenear[#1]{\ENEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\enear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicenear}{\basicenear[133]}}%
+
+% basic east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWnear[#1]#2{\ENEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Enear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEnear}{\basicEnear[133]}}%
+
+% basic east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basiceneaR[#1]#2{\ENEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\eneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceneaR}{\basiceneaR[133]}}%
+
+
+% EAST-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce east-south-east arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \ESEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a east-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\ESEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Z){\vector(2,-1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce east-south-east arrows;
+% the default length is 13300 units
+
+% basic east-south-east arrow
+\def\basicesear[#1]{\ESEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\esear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicesear}{\basicesear[133]}}%
+
+% basic east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicEsear[#1]#2{\ESEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Esear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEsear}{\basicEsear[133]}}%
+
+% basic east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basiceseaR[#1]#2{\ESEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\eseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceseaR}{\basiceseaR[133]}}%
+
+% WEST-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce west-south-west arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \WSWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a west-south-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\WSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Z){\vector(-2,-1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce west-south-west arrows;
+% the default length is 13300 units
+
+% basic west-south-west arrow
+\def\basicwswar[#1]{\WSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\wswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwswar}{\basicwswar[133]}}%
+
+% basic west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWswar[#1]#2{\WSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Wswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWswar}{\basicWswar[133]}}%
+
+% basic west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicwswaR[#1]#2{\WSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\wswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwswaR}{\basicwswaR[133]}}%
+
+% WEST-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce west-north-west arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \WNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a west-north-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\WNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide\Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Z){\vector(-2,1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce west-north-west arrows;
+% the default length is 13300 units
+
+% basic west-north-west arrow
+\def\basicwnwar[#1]{\WNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\wnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwnwar}{\basicwnwar[133]}}%
+
+% basic west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWnwar[#1]#2{\WNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Wnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWnwar}{\basicWnwar[133]}}%
+
+% basic west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicwnwaR[#1]#2{\WNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\wnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwnwaR}{\basicwnwaR[133]}}%
+
+% NORTH-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce north-north-east arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \NNEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-north-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NNEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Z,-#3){\vector(1,2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce north-north-east arrows;
+% the default length is 6700 units
+
+% basic north-north-east arrow
+\def\basicnnear[#1]{\NNEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\nnear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnear}{\basicnnear[67]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNnear[#1]#2{\NNEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nnear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNnear}{\basicNnear[67]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnneaR[#1]#2{\NNEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnneaR}{\basicnneaR[67]}}%
+
+
+% SOUTH-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce south-south-east arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \SSEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SSEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Z,#3){\vector(1,-2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce south-south-east arrows;
+% the default length is 6700 units
+
+% basic south-south-east arrow
+\def\basicssear[#1]{\SSEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\ssear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicssear}{\basicssear[67]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSsear[#1]#2{\SSEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Ssear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSsear}{\basicSsear[67]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicsseaR[#1]#2{\SSEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\sseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsseaR}{\basicsseaR[67]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce south-south-west arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \SSWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-south-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Z,#3){\vector(-1,-2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce south-south-west arrows;
+% the default length is 6700 units
+
+% basic south-south-west arrow
+\def\basicsswar[#1]{\SSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\sswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsswar}{\basicsswar[67]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSswar[#1]#2{\SSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Sswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSswar}{\basicSswar[67]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicsswaR[#1]#2{\SSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\sswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsswaR}{\basicsswaR[67]}}%
+
+% NORTH-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce north-north-west arrows 
+% of horizontal extent n units
+
+% \NNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-north-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide\Z by 2%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Z,-#3){\vector(-1,2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% The following commands produce north-north-west arrows;
+% the default length is 6700 units
+
+% basic north-north-west arrow
+\def\basicnnwar[#1]{\NNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\nnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnwar}{\basicnnwar[67]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNnwar[#1]#2{\NNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNnwar}{\basicNnwar[67]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnnwaR[#1]#2{\NNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnwaR}{\basicnnwaR[67]}}%
+
+% EAST-EAST-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 21100 units
+
+% \EENEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a east-east-north-east arrow with names f, g
+% and length n units 
+\newcommand{\EENEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Z){\vector(3,1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic east-east-north-east arrow
+\def\basiceenear[#1]{\EENEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\eenear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceenear}{\basiceenear[211]}}%
+
+% basic east-east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicEenear[#1]#2{\EENEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Eenear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEenear}{\basicEenear[211]}}%
+
+% basic east-east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basiceeneaR[#1]#2{\EENEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\eeneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceeneaR}{\basiceeneaR[211]}}%
+
+% EAST-EAST-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 21100 units
+
+% \EESEAR{f}{g}{n} draws an east-east-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\EESEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Z){\vector(3,-1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic east-east-south-east arrow
+\def\basiceesear[#1]{\EESEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\eesear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceesear}{\basiceesear[211]}}%
+
+% basic east-east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicEesear[#1]#2{\EESEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Eesear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEesear}{\basicEesear[211]}}%
+
+% basic east-east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basiceeseaR[#1]#2{\EESEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% east-east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\eeseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basiceeseaR}{\basiceeseaR[211]}}%
+
+% WEST-WEST-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 21100 units
+
+% \WWNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a west-west-north-west arrow with names f, g 
+% 	and length n units
+\newcommand{\WWNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Z){\vector(-3,1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic west-west-north-west arrow
+\def\basicwwnwar[#1]{\WWNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\wwnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwwnwar}{\basicwwnwar[211]}}%
+
+% basic west-west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWwnwar[#1]#2{\WWNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Wwnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWwnwar}{\basicWwnwar[211]}}%
+
+% basic west-west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicwwnwaR[#1]#2{\WWNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\wwnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwwnwaR}{\basicwwnwaR[211]}}%
+
+% WEST-WEST-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 21100 units
+
+% \WWSWAR{f}{g} draws a west-west-south-west arrow with names f, g 
+\newcommand{\WWSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Z){\vector(-3,-1){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic west-west-south-west arrow
+\def\basicwwswar[#1]{\WWSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\wwswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwwswar}{\basicwwswar[211]}}%
+
+% basic west-west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicWwswar[#1]#2{\WWSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Wwswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWwswar}{\basicWwswar[211]}}%
+
+% basic west-west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicwwswaR[#1]#2{\WWSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% west-west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\wwswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwwswaR}{\basicwwswaR[211]}}%
+
+
+% NORTH-NORTH-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 7100 units
+
+% \NNNEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-north-north-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NNNEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Z){\vector(1,3){#3}}%
+\truex{100}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-east arrow
+\def\basicnnnear[#1]{\NNNEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\nnnear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnnear}{\basicnnnear[71]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNnnear[#1]#2{\NNNEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nnnear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNnnear}{\basicNnnear[71]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnnneaR[#1]#2{\NNNEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nnneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnneaR}{\basicnnneaR[71]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-SOUTH-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 7100 units
+
+% \SSSWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-south-south-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SSSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Z){\vector(-1,-3){#3}}%
+\truex{100}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-west arrow
+\def\basicssswar[#1]{\SSSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\ssswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicssswar}{\basicssswar[71]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSsswar[#1]#2{\SSSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Ssswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSsswar}{\basicSsswar[71]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicssswaR[#1]#2{\SSSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\ssswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicssswaR}{\basicssswaR[71]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-SOUTH-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 7100 units
+
+% \SSSEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-south-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SSSEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Z){\vector(1,-3){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-east arrow
+\def\basicsssear[#1]{\SSSEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\sssear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsssear}{\basicsssear[71]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSssear[#1]#2{\SSSEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Sssear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSssear}{\basicSssear[71]}}%
+
+% basic south-south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicssseaR[#1]#2{\SSSEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\ssseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicssseaR}{\basicssseaR[71]}}%
+
+% NORTH-NORTH-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 7100 units
+
+% \NNNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-north-north-west arrow with names f, g
+% and length n units 
+\newcommand{\NNNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=\Y%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Z){\vector(-1,3){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-west arrow
+\def\basicnnnwar[#1]{\NNNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\nnnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnnwar}{\basicnnnwar[71]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNnnwar[#1]#2{\NNNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nnnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNnnwar}{\basicNnnwar[71]}}%
+
+% basic north-north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnnnwaR[#1]#2{\NNNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nnnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnnnwaR}{\basicnnnwaR[71]}}%
+
+% NORTH-EAST-EAST-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 21500 units
+
+% \NEENEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-east-east-north-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NEENEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Z){\vector(3,2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-east-east-north-east arrow
+\def\basicneenear[#1]{\NEENEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-east-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\neenear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicneenear}{\basicneenear[215]}}%
+
+% basic north-east-east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNeenear[#1]#2{\NEENEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-east-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Neenear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNeenear}{\basicNeenear[215]}}%
+
+% basic north-east-east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicneeneaR[#1]#2{\NEENEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-east-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\neeneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicneeneaR}{\basicneeneaR[215]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-EAST-EAST-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+% DEFAULT LENGTH: 21500 UNITS
+
+% \SEESEAR{f}{g} draws an sout-east-east-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SEESEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Z){\vector(3,-2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-east-east-south-east arrow
+\def\basicseesear[#1]{\SEESEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-east-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\seesear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicseesear}{\basicseesear[215]}}%
+
+% basic south-east-east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSeesear[#1]#2{\SEESEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-east-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Seesear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSeesear}{\basicSeesear[215]}}%
+
+% basic south-east-east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicseeseaR[#1]#2{\SEESEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-east-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\seeseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicseeseaR}{\basicseeseaR[215]}}%
+
+% NORTH-WEST-NORTH-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 21500 units
+
+% \NWWNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-west-west-north-west arrow with names f, g
+% and length n units 
+\newcommand{\NWWNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Z){\vector(-3,2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-west-west-north-west arrow
+\def\basicnwwnwar[#1]{\NWWNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-west-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\nwwnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwwnwar}{\basicnwwnwar[215]}}%
+
+% basic north-west-west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNwwnwar[#1]#2{\NWWNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-west-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nwwnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNwwnwar}{\basicNwwnwar[215]}}%
+
+% basic north-west-west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnwwnwaR[#1]#2{\NWWNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-west-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nwwnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwwnwaR}{\basicnwwnwaR[215]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-WEST-WEST-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 21500 units
+
+% \SWWSWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-west-west-south-west arrow with names f, g
+% and length n units 
+\newcommand{\SWWSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\divide \Z by 3%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Z){\vector(-3,-2){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truey{800}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{y}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-west-west-south-west arrow
+\def\basicswwswar[#1]{\SWWSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-west-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\swwswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswwswar}{\basicswwswar[215]}}%
+
+% basic south-west-west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSwwswar[#1]#2{\SWWSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-west-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Swwswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSwwswar}{\basicSwwswar[215]}}%
+
+% basic south-west-west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicswwswaR[#1]#2{\SWWSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-west-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\swwswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswwswaR}{\basicswwswaR[215]}}%
+
+
+% NORTH-EAST-NORTH-NORTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length 14300 units
+
+% \NENNEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-east-north-north-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NENNEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\divide \Z by 4%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,-\Z){\vector(2,3){#3}}%
+\truex{100}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-east-north-north-east arrow
+\def\basicnennear[#1]{\NENNEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-north-north-east arrow
+\newcommand{\nennear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnennear}{\basicnennear[143]}}%
+
+% basic north-east-north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNennear[#1]#2{\NENNEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-north-north-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nennear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNennear}{\basicNennear[143]}}%
+
+% basic north-east-north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnenneaR[#1]#2{\NENNEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-east-north-north-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nenneaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnenneaR}{\basicnenneaR[143]}}%
+
+% SOUTH-WEST-SOUTH-SOUTH-WEST ARROWS 
+% default length: 14300 units
+
+% \SWSSWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-west-south-south-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SWSSWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\divide \Z by 4%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,\Z){\vector(-2,-3){#3}}%
+\truex{100}\truez{600}%
+\put(-\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-west-south-south-west arrow
+\def\basicswsswar[#1]{\SWSSWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-south-south-west arrow
+\newcommand{\swsswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswsswar}{\basicswsswar[143]}}%
+
+% basic south-west-south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSwsswar[#1]#2{\SWSSWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-south-south-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Swsswar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSwsswar}{\basicSwsswar[143]}}%
+
+% basic south-west-south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicswsswaR[#1]#2{\SWSSWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-west-south-south-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\swsswaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswsswaR}{\basicswsswaR[143]}}%
+
+% SOUT-EAST-SOUTH-SOUTH-EAST ARROWS
+% default length: 14300 units
+
+% \SESSEAR{f}{g}{n} draws a south-east-south-south-east arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\SESSEAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\divide \Z by 4%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(-\Y,\Z){\vector(2,-3){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south-east-south-south-east arrow
+\def\basicsessear[#1]{\SESSEAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-south-south-east arrow
+\newcommand{\sessear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsessear}{\basicsessear[143]}}%
+
+% basic south-east-south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\def\basicSessear[#1]#2{\SESSEAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-south-south-east arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Sessear}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSessear}{\basicSessear[143]}}%
+
+% basic south-east-south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\def\basicsesseaR[#1]#2{\SESSEAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% south-east-south-south-east arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\sesseaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsesseaR}{\basicsesseaR[143]}}%
+
+% NORTH-WEST-NORTH-NORTH-WEST ARROWS
+% default length: 14300 units
+
+% \NWNNWAR{f}{g}{n} draws a north-west-north-north-west arrow with names f, g 
+% and length n units
+\newcommand{\NWNNWAR}[3]{\testdiagrammode%
+\Y=#3%
+\divide \Y by 2%
+\Z=#3%
+\multiply \Z by 3%
+\divide \Z by 4%
+\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\put(\Y,-\Z){\vector(-2,3){#3}}%
+\truex{200}\truez{600}%
+\put(\value{x},\value{x}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\put(-\value{x},-\value{z}){\makebox(0,\value{z})[r]{${#2}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north-west-north-north-west arrow
+\def\basicnwnnwar[#1]{\NWNNWAR{}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-north-north-west arrow
+\newcommand{\nwnnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwnnwar}{\basicnwnnwar[143]}}%
+
+% basic north-west-north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\def\basicNwnnwar[#1]#2{\NWNNWAR{#2}{}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-north-north-west arrow with upper name
+\newcommand{\Nwnnwar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNwnnwar}{\basicNwnnwar[143]}}%
+
+% basic north-west-north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\def\basicnwnnwaR[#1]#2{\NWNNWAR{}{#2}{#100}}%
+
+% north-west-north-north-west arrow with lower name
+\newcommand{\nwnnwaR}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwnnwaR}{\basicnwnnwaR[143]}}%
+
+% HORIZONTAL CURVED ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce horizontal curved arrows
+% default length: 160 units
+
+% North\East curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Necurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\oval(#200,\value{y})[t]}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(#200,0)%
+\put(#200,0){\line(0,-1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(#200,-\value{z}){\shead}%
+\put(0,0){\line(0,-1){\value{z}}}\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north\east curved arrow
+\def\basicnecurvar[#1]{\Necurve{}{#1}}
+
+% north\east curved arrow
+\newcommand{\necurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnecurvar}{\basicnecurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic north\east curved arrow with name
+\def\basicNecurvar[#1]#2{\Necurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% north\east curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Necurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNecurvar}{\basicNecurvar[160]}}%
+\let\necurvaR=\Necurvar
+
+% North\West curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Nwcurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\oval(#200,\value{y})[t]}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(#200,0)%
+\put(#200,0){\line(0,-1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,0){\line(0,-1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,-\value{z}){\shead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(0,\value{x}){\makebox(0,0)[b]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic north\west curved arrow
+\def\basicnwcurvar[#1]{\Nwcurve{}{#1}}
+
+% north\west curved arrow
+\newcommand{\nwcurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicnwcurvar}{\basicnwcurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic north\west curved arrow with name
+\def\basicNwcurvar[#1]#2{\Nwcurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% north\west curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Nwcurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicNwcurvar}{\basicNwcurvar[160]}}%
+\let\nwcurvaR=\Nwcurvar
+
+% South\East curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Securve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\oval(#200,\value{y})[b]}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(#200,0)%
+\put(#200,0){\line(0,1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,0){\line(0,1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(#200,\value{z}){\nhead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\makebox(0,0)[t]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south\east curved arrow
+\def\basicsecurvar[#1]{\Securve{}{#1}}
+
+% south\east curved arrow
+\newcommand{\securvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicsecurvar}{\basicsecurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic south\east curved arrow with name
+\def\basicSecurvar[#1]#2{\Securve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% south\east curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Securvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSecurvar}{\basicSecurvar[160]}}%
+\let\securvaR=\Securvar
+
+% South\West curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Swcurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\oval(#200,\value{y})[b]}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(#200,0)%
+\put(#200,0){\line(0,1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,0){\line(0,1){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,\value{z}){\nhead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(0,-\value{x}){\makebox(0,0)[t]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic south\west curved arrow
+\def\basicswcurvar[#1]{\Swcurve{}{#1}}
+
+% south\west curved arrow
+\newcommand{\swcurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicswcurvar}{\basicswcurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic south\west curved arrow with name
+\def\basicSwcurvar[#1]#2{\Swcurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% south\west curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Swcurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicSwcurvar}{\basicSwcurvar[160]}}%
+\let\swcurvaR=\Swcurvar
+
+% VERTICAL CURVED ARROWS
+
+% The following commands produce vertical curved arrows
+% default length: 160pt
+
+% East\South curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Escurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1400}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\oval(\value{y},#200)[r]}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(0,#200)%
+\put(0,0){\line(-1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,#200){\line(-1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(-\value{z},0){\whead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0)[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic east\south curved arrow
+\def\basicescurvar[#1]{\Escurve{}{#1}}
+
+% east\south curved arrow
+\newcommand{\escurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicescurvar}{\basicescurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic east\south curved arrow with name
+\def\basicEscurvar[#1]#2{\Escurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% east\south curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Escurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEscurvar}{\basicEscurvar[160]}}%
+\let\escurvaR=\Escurvar
+
+% East\North curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Encurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1400}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\oval(\value{y},#200)[r]}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(0,#200)%
+\put(0,0){\line(-1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,#200){\line(-1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(-\value{z},#200){\whead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2500}%
+\put(\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0)[l]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic east\north curved arrow
+\def\basicencurvar[#1]{\Encurve{}{#1}}
+
+% east\north curved arrow
+\newcommand{\encurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicencurvar}{\basicencurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic east\north curved arrow with name
+\def\basicEncurvar[#1]#2{\Encurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% east\north curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Encurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicEncurvar}{\basicEncurvar[160]}}%
+\let\encurvaR=\Encurvar
+
+% West\South curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Wscurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\oval(\value{y},#200)[l]}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(0,#200)%
+\put(0,0){\line(1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(0,#200){\line(1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(\value{z},0){\ehead}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2400}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0)[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic west\south curved arrow
+\def\basicwscurvar[#1]{\Wscurve{}{#1}}
+
+% west\south curved arrow
+\newcommand{\wscurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwscurvar}{\basicwscurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic west\south curved arrow with name
+\def\basicWscurvar[#1]#2{\Wscurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% west\south curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Wscurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWscurvar}{\basicWscurvar[160]}}%
+\let\wscurvaR=\Wscurvar
+
+% West\North curved arrow with name [1] and length [2]x100 units
+\newcommand{\Wncurve}[2]%
+{\testdiagrammode\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+\truex{1300}\truey{2000}\truez{200}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\oval(\value{y},#200)[l]}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0){\begin{picture}(0,#200)%
+\put(0,0){\line(1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\put(\value{z},#200){\ehead}%
+\put(0,#200){\line(1,0){\value{z}}}%
+\end{picture}}}%
+\truex{2400}%
+\put(-\value{x},0){\makebox(0,0)[r]{${#1}$}}%
+\end{picture}}%
+
+% basic west\north curved arrow
+\def\basicwncurvar[#1]{\Wncurve{}{#1}}
+
+% west\north curved arrow
+\newcommand{\wncurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicwncurvar}{\basicwncurvar[160]}}%
+
+% basic west\north curved arrow with name
+\def\basicWncurvar[#1]#2{\Wncurve{#2}{#1}}%
+
+% west\north curved arrow with name
+\newcommand{\Wncurvar}{\@ifnextchar[{\basicWncurvar}{\basicWncurvar[160]}}%
+\let\wncurvaR=\Wncurvar
+
+\catcode`\@=12