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authorManuel Pégourié-Gonnard <mpg@elzevir.fr>2008-07-07 09:54:46 +0000
committerManuel Pégourié-Gonnard <mpg@elzevir.fr>2008-07-07 09:54:46 +0000
commit06c4daa53d286161db92cf8d0f9c7055748ee92e (patch)
tree670af1851b2bb6c3affd2ef490c89f2b7d3c878c /Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex
parent50edff76c23a58397d042ed589bbdec6cc2bfa88 (diff)
passivetex update
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@9324 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/ChangeLog24
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/Changes-2003-01150
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/README.passivetex33
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/index.html2771
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei-fo.xml647
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.tex4
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.xml972
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/passivetex.xml388
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/properties.xml592
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/test.xml280
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/xsa.xml14
11 files changed, 0 insertions, 5875 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/ChangeLog b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/ChangeLog
deleted file mode 100644
index c95d5048a58..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/ChangeLog
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-2001-06-19 Sebastian Rahtz <sebastian.rahtz@computing-services.oxford.ac.uk>
-
- * passivetex.xml: releasing current version with broken tables
-
-2000-09-24 Sebastian Rahtz <sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk>
-
- * fotex.xmt: preserve value of "extent" attribute on
- page-master-name basis, and use in \@outputpage
-
-2000-07-27 Sebastian Rahtz <sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk>
-
- * added break-after to FOEndBlock
- * added FOlabel to fo:inline and fo:list-item
-
-2000-03-21 Sebastian Rahtz <sebastian.rahtz@computing-services.oxford.ac.uk>
-
- * unicode.sty: changed mmasym to "if loaded", instead of "if exists"
-
-2000-01-13 Sebastian Rahtz <sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk>
-
- * mlnames.sty (subsection{Languages}): add
- \languageshorthands{none} to all \selectlanguage lines
-
-
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/Changes-2003-01 b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/Changes-2003-01
deleted file mode 100644
index a6491765fbe..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/Changes-2003-01
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-1. Facilitating <fo:block span="all">
-FOTEX.XMT
-in \XMLelement{fo:block}: detect the span="all" attribute and if so, end
-multicol layout before (if present), and resume multicol layout (if there
-was one) after.
-FOTEX.STY
-new user-interface macros for loading nomulticols.sty if present, otherwise
-resorting to multicols, if present, otherwise defining a fake multicols
-environment. If nomulticols could not be loaded, care is taken that fo:block
-span="all" is disabled, otherwise the TeX run will fail.
-In \@outputpage, call refreshmulticols, which will possibly refresh the
-multicol layout.
-NOMULTICOL.STY
-new file, same functionality as MULTICOL.STY, but does not use an
-environment. With some extra macros to interrupt a multicolumnlayout. It is
-now possible to say
-
-begin multicol layout
- start group
- *1*
- start group
- end multicol layout *2*
- start group
- do something interesting
- end group
- begin multicol layout *4*
- end group
- *3*
- end group
-end multicol layout
-
-CAVEAT 1: a lot of assignments of nomulticol have been made global, may be
-too much. For example, if something is set at point *1*, it should be
-restored at point *3*, but if this thing is also set by nomulticol, it will
-undergo a global change at point *2* and/or *4*, and hence will not be
-restored by TeX's grouping mechanism anymore.
-So may be it is needed to carefully discriminate between counts, dimens,
-boxes, and macros that are particular to multicol (the should be treated
-wholly globally), and the (La)TeX-quantities that are dependent on them, and
-they might be set locally.
-
-CAVEAT 2: care must be taken that nomulticol interacts well with an other
-change by me: every time a page is output, a fresh page setup will be
-computed, if necessary. After this page setup, the multicol environment must
-be refreshed (if it was in force). But refreshing should not occur twice in
-a row for the same page. Although it seems that I have succeeded in
-preventing this double refreshment, I still wonder why it can occur at the
-first place.
-2. Facilitating multiple special pages
-XSL-FO facilitates the specification of a sequence of special pages before
-an unbounded, repeating page sequence starts.
-PassiveTeX only allowed one special page, labelled First. I allow for the
-definition of a sequence of such pages, labelled Lead<counter>. In \@output
-page a counter keeps track of which Lead page should be set up. A page setup
-will be done if necessary.
-This change interacts with multicol, see previous item.
-Note also, that blank pages, caused by explicit page-breaks of number
-continuating properties, will be detected as blank pages, and hence react to
-the blank-or-not-blank attribute.
-3. Implementation of xsl-footnote-separator
-A rather crude implementation, by storing the static content of
-xsl-footnote-separator in the macro \footnoterule, and adjusting the
-\skip\footins too match the height+ depth of the new \footnoterule.
-4. Enabling footnotes in tables
-Footnotes in tables work. This is done by saving footnotes insides tables
-into a tokenlist \BoxedFootnotes, doing the corresponding \insert-s at the
-end of the table.
-
-CAVEAT: this is not reallly a nice implementation: if the table breaks
-across pages, the footnotetexts will not appear on the same page as the
-footnotemarks.
-5. Vertical align in tables
-If I work with an explicit line-height, the vertical space allocation for
-the first and last row of a table comes out wrong. Also, when there is a
-line-break inside a cell, the cell-height comes out too small. Something
-gets discarded. I have made some changes to the interlineskip (following the
-TeXBook definition of \offinterlineskip), in order to fix this, but I have
-not succeeded completely.
-6. Inheriting table-cell properties from table-column
-According to XSL-FO table-cells my inherit properties from corresponding
-table-columns by using
-att-x="from-column(att-x)"
-PassiveTeX only implements inheritance of column-width and column-number,
-without the need to use from-column("column-width").
-I have made only an adhoc improvement: text-align will be inherited from the
-column, and it happens automatically, without using from-column(text-align).
-I have done this with the Array implementation, used for column-width and
-column-number. More properties can added easily. It should not be too
-difficult to implement from-column(att-x) for a fixed set of attributes, but
-implementing this for all possible attributes is more difficult.
-7. vskip vs kern
-In the code for typesetting blocks, I have changed some vskips in kern,
-because I trust the kern better than te vskip (kerns will not be discarded,
-vskips might be, and I am not completely sure about the conditions).
-8. Bug in FOBoxedBlock
-There is some weird code at the start of \FOBoxedBlock (see comments in
-fotex.sty at that point).
-I have also added some \relax calls after assignments to be sure that the
-text after \fi etc is not gobbled up by the preceding assignment.
-9. Percenttests
-I have increased the use of percented attribute values. Also, \percenttest
-was not always able to see the % character, because it was still unexpanded
-when fed to it. I have changed that, so that any percent in the
-attributetext is surely expanded to a % with catcode 12 before being fed to
-percenttest.
-(Mostly % appears as an active char, and by means of a limitied-scope
-definition of % to be % with catcode 12, this case will be brought to meet
-the assumption).
-10. Overline
-I have added the overline formatting for inlines, but not nearly as nice as
-the underline of ulem.sty. I just needed it in simple cases, so I took the
-easy option.
-11. Pagenumber filtering
-The algorithm to filter page number sequences generated by indexes (a very
-nice feature of passivetex, by the way), had a few obvious mistakes. I have
-corrected them.
-12. Horizontal alignment
-There were still some problems with alignment, I made some corrections to
-\FOOutputblock in fotex.sty.
-See also mlnames.sty, definition of \Q@end
-13 Page breaks
-In \FONormalBlcok I found that a \penalty -\@M did not generate a page
-break, so I changed it to \newpage (a few times). (see also changes in
-\FOEndBlockTwo
-14 Sub- Superscript
-PassiveTeX adjusted the fontsize of sub/superscripts, but this should be
-governed by the fo-tree.
-So I adjusted \textsub/superscript in fotex.sty
-15 Dimensions of the page
-Page dimensions now work additive, more according to the XSL-FO spec.
-16 attribute="inherit"
-Now the inherit mechanism can also be triggered by the explicit value of
-"inherit". This was achieved by redefining a macro of xmltex: \XML@attrib@x
-(in fotex.xmt)
-17. fo:external-graphic
-scale-to-fit behaviour modified: scaled to the local container instead of
-the page (hsize, vsize instead of linewidth, textheight)
-18. fo:leader implemetation improved
-The code for fo:leader in xmt has been improved
-19. fo-retrieve-marker
-Some trivial improvements in the code of fo:retrieve-marker
-20. More unicode characters
-Added definitions for unicode &#x2000; and &#x2001 (em and n squares) in
-ucharacters.sty
-A. Nested fo:block in fo:table-cell
-Something goes wrong with <fo:table-cell><fo:block><fo:block>.
-The count \FOinTable records whether we are inside a table. But I think that
-it should also record wheter we are immediately below a <fo:table-cell> or
-deeper. But I have not found out what to do in the latter case ...
-
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/README.passivetex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/README.passivetex
deleted file mode 100644
index 23061d7e5c1..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/README.passivetex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-PassiveTeX
-
-Sebastian Rahtz, February 10th 2000
-
-The files in this directory provide an implementation of XSL
-formatting objects. If an XSLT processor is used to write out XSL
-objects in serialized XML format, the result can be formatted using
-xmltex. In addition, an extended xmltex control file for TEI
-documents is provided.
-
-This package consists of the following files:
-
-The core xmltex `style' files for XSL FO XML:
-
- fotex.xmt
- fotex.sty
-
-A test file, containing TEI + MathML markup:
-
- latextei.xml (original)
- latextei-fo.xml (transformed to XSL FO)
-
-Support for direct formatting of TEI XML with xmltex
-
- tei.xmt
- latextei.tex (wrapper for xmltex of sample file)
-
-Some support files, shared with Jadetex:
-
- unicode.sty
- ucharacters.sty
- mlnames.sty
- dummyels.sty
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/index.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/index.html
deleted file mode 100644
index 367a991547d..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/index.html
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2771 +0,0 @@
-
-<!DOCTYPE html
- PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-<html>
- <!--THIS FILE IS GENERATED FROM AN XML MASTER.
- DO NOT EDIT-->
- <head>
- <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
- <title>PassiveTeX</title>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/stylesheets/tei-oucs.css">
- </head>
- <body><a name="TOP"></a><table class="header" width="100%">
- <tr>
- <td rowspan="3"><a target="_top" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/"><img border="0" width="78" height="94" src="http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/icons/ncrest.gif" alt="Oxford University"></a></td>
- <td align="left">
- <h2 class="institution">Oxford University Computing Services</h2>
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td align="left">
- <h1 class="maintitle">PassiveTeX</h1>
- </td>
- </tr>
- </table>
- <hr>
-
-
-
-
-
-
- <h2>Contents</h2>
- <ul class="toc">
- <li class="toc">1. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b1">Summary</a></li>
- <li class="toc">2. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b3">How does it work?</a></li>
- <li class="toc">3. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b5">Installation</a></li>
- <ul class="toc">
- <li class="toc">3.1. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b5c11">LaTeX package dependencies</a></li>
- </ul>
- <li class="toc">4. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b7">Extensions</a></li>
- <li class="toc">5. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b9">Notes on conformance to the XSL draft specification of November 2000</a></li>
- <ul class="toc">
- <li class="toc">5.1. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b9b9">Properties needed for basic conformance</a></li>
- <li class="toc">5.2. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b9c11">Properties needed for full conformance</a></li>
- <li class="toc">5.3. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3b9c13">Properties needed for extended conformance</a></li>
- </ul>
- <li class="toc">6. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3c11">Sample files</a></li>
- <li class="toc">7. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3c13">Concerns and problems</a></li>
- <li class="toc">8. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3c15">Things for LaTeX users to remember</a></li>
- <li class="toc">9. <a class="toc" href="#index-div-c16ab3b3c17">Future directions</a></li>
- </ul>
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b1"></a>1. Summary
- </h2>
-
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b1b3b1"></a>
- PassiveTeX is a library of TeX macros which can be used to process an XML
- document which results from an XSL transformation to formatting objects.
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b1b3b3"></a>
- PassiveTeX provides a rapid development environment for experimenting
- with XSL FO, using a reliable pre-existing formatter
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b1b3b5"></a>
- Running PassiveTeX with the pdfTeX variant of TeX generates high-quality
- PDF files in a single operation.
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b1b3b7"></a>
- PassiveTeX shows how TeX can remain the formatter of choice for XML, while
- hiding the details of its operation from the user.
-
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b1b5"></a>
- Available from <tt><a href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/passivetex/" target="_top">http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/passivetex/</a></tt>.
- The current version is 1.4, 2000/12/11.
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b3"></a>2. How does it work?
- </h2>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b3b2"></a>
- PassiveTeX relies heavily on work by David Carlisle
- (his namespace-aware XML parser written in
- TeX, <tt>xmltex</tt>), and was developed from my
- <a href="http://www.tug.org/applications/jadetex/" target="_top">JadeTeX</a>
- macros for processing DSSSL via Jade.
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b3b4"></a>
- Taking the XML version of the TEI Lite guidelines
- (<a href="test/teiu5.xml" target="_top">teiu5.xml</a>, with DTD
- <a href="test/teixlite.dtd" target="_top">teixlite.dtd</a>), we apply an XSL stylesheet
- (see my page of <a href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/tei" target="_top">TEI style sheets</a>),
- and run it through James Clark's XT XSL processor:
- <pre>
- java com.jclark.xsl.sax.Driver teiu5.xml tei.xsl teiu5.fo
-</pre>
- (assuming you have <tt>xt.jar</tt>, <tt>xp.jar</tt> and <tt>sax.jar</tt>
- on your CLASSPATH ). This creates the new XML file
- <a href="test/teiu5.fo" target="_top">teiu5.fo</a>. We now run XMLTeX on this
- <pre>
- pdfxmltex teiu5.fo
-</pre>
- which creates <a href="test/teiu5.pdf" target="_top">teiu5.pdf</a>. Voila!
- Actually, we need to do
- <pre>
- pdfxmltex teiu5.fo
-</pre>
- again, to resolve page-number references in the table of contents. For a comparison
- with an HTML rendering of the same document (using XSL again),
- see <a href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/tei/teiu5.html" target="_top">teiu5.html</a>
- on my TEI page.
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b5"></a>3. Installation
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5b3"></a>
- The PassiveTeX macros should be downloaded (as a ZIP file,
- <tt><a href="passivetex.zip" target="_top">passivetex.zip</a></tt>), unpacked, and installed in a TeX system (eg in
- <tt>texmf/tex/latex/passivetex</tt>) in the normal place where you put
- macros. Consult your local documentation or local expert if you do not know
- how to install a new package; on a web2c-based system, don't forget to
- run <tt>mktexlsr</tt> when you have the files in place,
- to update the file lookup table.
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5b5"></a>
- What about that <tt>pdfxmltex</tt> command we saw in the last section?
- You don't have it on your system? You need to download
- <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/xmltex/base.zip" target="_top">xmltex</a>
- (that link gives you a ZIP archive of the system) and install it in the your TeX system.
- It too is just a set of TeX macro packages.
- Then you can use it on a file called (eg) <tt>teiu5.fo</tt> in one of two ways:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b5b5b7b1"></a>Build an <tt>xmltex</tt> format file for pdfTeX with
- <pre>
-pdftex -ini "&amp;pdflatex" pdfxmltex.ini
-</pre>
- and process your file with
- <pre>
-pdflatex "&amp;pdfxmltex" teiu5.fo
-</pre>
- Or,
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b5b5b7b3"></a>
- Make a wrapper file called (eg) <tt>teiu5.tex</tt> looking like this:
- <pre>
-\def\xmlfile{teiu5.fo}
-\input xmltex
-</pre>
- and run pdfTeX on it as normal with
- <pre>
-pdflatex teiu5.tex
-</pre>
- </li>
- </ol>
- Do not worry, <tt>xmltex</tt> knows how to find the PassiveTeX macros as
- it needs them. You will likely need to increase TeX memory
- values (in the file <tt>texmf.cnf</tt> if you use a Web2c-based TeX);
- I use:
- <pre>
-main_memory = 2500000
-param_size = 1500
-stack_size = 1500
-hash_extra = 50000
-string_vacancies = 45000
-pool_free = 47500
-nest_size = 500
-save_size = 10000
-pool_size = 500000
-max_strings = 55000
-</pre>
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5b7"></a>
- For reference, the PassiveTeX package consists of the following files:
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b5b7b1b1"></a>The core xmltex `style' files for XSL FO XML:
- <pre>
- fotex.xmt
- fotex.sty
-</pre>
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b5b7b1b3"></a>
- Support for direct formatting of TEI XML with xmltex
- <pre>
- tei.xmt
- teixml.sty
-</pre>
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b5b7b1b5"></a>
- Some support files, shared with JadeTeX:
- <pre>
- unicode.sty
- ucharacters.sty
- mlnames.sty
- dummyels.sty
-</pre>
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5b9"></a>
- NOTE: TeX has a limit
- on the length of line it can read,
- and some .fo files you generate may cause
- TeX to die with an message about increasing buf_size.
- If you get that, edit your
- <tt>texmf.cnf</tt> file, increase the size of <tt>buf_size</tt> (mine is
- 200000), and remake any format files.
-
- </p>
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h3><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b5c11"></a>3.1. LaTeX package dependencies
- </h3>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5c11b2"></a>This setup assumes you have a decent modern TeX setup. The TeX Live 5 CD-ROM
- is what I use, and it is up to date
- (see <tt><a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/" target="_top">http://www.tug.org/texlive/</a></tt>).
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b5c11b4"></a> Here is a
- list of the packages loaded in a typical run of
- PassiveTeX, with their version numbers where known:
-
- <div align="center">
- <table rules="all" border="1">
-
- <tr>
- <td> amsbsy.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/11/29 v1.2d</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>amsfonts.sty </td>
- <td> 1997/09/17 v2.2e</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> amsgen.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/11/30 v2.0</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> amsmath.sty </td>
- <td> 2000/03/29 v2.08 AMS math features</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> amsopn.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/12/14 v2.01 operator names</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> amssymb.sty </td>
- <td> 1996/11/03 v2.2b</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> amstext.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/11/15 v2.0</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> array.sty </td>
- <td> 1998/05/13 v2.3m Tabular extension package (FMi)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> article.cls </td>
- <td> 1999/09/10 v1.4a Standard LaTeX document class</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> bm.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/07/05 v1.0g Bold Symbol Support (DPC/FMi)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> color.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/02/16 v1.0i Standard LaTeX Color (DPC)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> fontenc.sty </td>
- <td> (version not available)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>graphics.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/02/16 v1.0l Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>graphicx.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/02/16 v1.0f Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> hpdftex.def </td>
- <td> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hyperref driver for pdfTeX</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyperref.sty </td>
- <td> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hypertext links for LaTeX</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ifthen.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/09/10 v1.1b Standard LaTeX ifthen package (DPC)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> keyval.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/03/16 v1.13 key=value parser (DPC)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>longtable.sty </td>
- <td> 1998/05/13 v4.09 Multi-page Table package (DPC)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>multicol.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/10/21 v1.5w multicolumn formatting (FMi)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> nameref.sty </td>
- <td> 2000/05/08 v2.18 Cross-referencing by name of section</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ot1phv.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 scalable font definitions for OT1/phv.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> pd1enc.def </td>
- <td> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hyperref: PDFDocEncoding definition (HO)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> pifont.sty </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 Pi font support (SPQR) </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>rotating.sty </td>
- <td> 1997/09/26, v2.13 Rotation package</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> size10.clo </td>
- <td> 1999/09/10 v1.4a Standard LaTeX file (size option)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>stmaryrd.sty </td>
- <td> 1994/03/03 St Mary's Road symbol package</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t1enc.def </td>
- <td> 1999/12/08 v1.9x Standard LaTeX file</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t1phv.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 scalable font definitions for T1/phv.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t1ptm.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for T1/ptm.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t2acmr.fd </td>
- <td> 1999/01/07 v1.0 Computer Modern Cyrillic font definitions</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t2aenc.def </td>
- <td> 1999/11/29 v1.0c Cyrillic encoding definition file</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> t3enc.def </td>
- <td> (version not available)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td>textcomp.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/12/08 v1.9x Standard LaTeX package</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> times.sty </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 Times font as default roman (SPQR) </td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> tipa.sty </td>
- <td> 1996/06/10 TIPA version 1.0</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> trig.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/03/16 v1.09 sin cos tan (DPC)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ts1cmr.fd </td>
- <td> 1999/05/25 v2.5h Standard LaTeX font definitions</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ts1enc.def </td>
- <td> 1998/06/12 v3.0d (jk/car/fm) Standard LaTeX file</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ts1ptm.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for TS1/ptm.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> ulem.sty </td>
- <td> 1997/04/21</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> umsa.fd </td>
- <td> 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> umsb.fd </td>
- <td> 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> upsy.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for U/psy.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> upzd.fd </td>
- <td> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for U/pzd.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> url.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/03/28 ver 1.5x Verb mode for urls, etc.</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> Ustmry.fd </td>
- <td> (version not available)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> uwasy.fd </td>
- <td> 1999/05/13 v1.0iWasy-2 symbol font definitions</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td> wasysym.sty </td>
- <td> 1999/05/13 v1.0i Wasy-2 symbol support package</td>
- </tr>
-
- </table>
- </div>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
- </div>
-
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b7"></a>4. Extensions
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b7b3"></a>
- PassiveTeX interprets MathML natively (elements must use the MathML namespace).
- I also support a <tt>bookmark</tt> element in the
- <tt>fotex</tt> namespace, used to make PDF bookmarks. Usage is like this:
- <pre>
-&lt;xsl:template match="div2"&gt;
- &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="head"/&gt;
- &lt;fotex:bookmark
- xmlns:fotex="http://www.tug.org/fotex"
- fotex-bookmark-level="2"
- fotex-bookmark-label="{@id}"&gt;
- &lt;xsl:value-of select="head"/&gt;
- &lt;/fotex:bookmark&gt;
- &lt;/fo:block&gt;
-&lt;/xsl:template&gt;
-</pre>
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b9"></a>5. Notes on conformance to the XSL draft specification of November 2000
- </h2>
-
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b9b5"></a>
- The following general limitations apply to most of the PassiveTeX
- implementation of XSL FO:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b5b1b1"></a>The `px' unit is not recognised
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b5b1b3"></a>Absolute dimensions always work, but proportional ones
- are often not recognized
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b5b1b5"></a>The functions allowed in attribute values are usually not
- recognized
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b5b1b7"></a>There is no error checking at all, and all properies are
- recognized; do not assume that they do anything...
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7"></a>
- Most of the formatting objects are implemented more or less; the
- following are not implemented at all:
-
- <ol>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1b1"></a><tt>fo:bidi-override</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1b3"></a><tt>fo:color-profile</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1b5"></a><tt>fo:declarations</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1b7"></a><tt>fo:initial-property-set</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1b9"></a><tt>fo:instream-foreign-object</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c11"></a><tt>fo:multi-case</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c13"></a><tt>fo:multi-properties</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c15"></a><tt>fo:multi-property-set</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c17"></a><tt>fo:multi-switch</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c19"></a><tt>fo:multi-toggle</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c21"></a><tt>fo:region-end</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c23"></a><tt>fo:region-start</tt></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3b9b7b1c25"></a><tt>fo:table-footer</tt></li>
- </ol>
-
- </p>
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h3><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b9b9"></a>5.1. Properties needed for basic conformance
- </h3>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b9b9b2"></a>
-
- <div align="center">
- <table rules="all" border="1">
-
- <tr>
- <td>alignment-adjust</td>
- <td>auto | percentage | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>2. should be possible </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>azimuth</td>
- <td>angle | [[ left-side | far-left | left | center-left | center | center-right | right | far-right | right-side
- ] || behind ] | leftwards | rightwards | inherit
- </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-color</td>
- <td>color | transparent | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. does not really map in TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>baseline-identifier</td>
- <td>baseline | before-edge | text-before-edge | middle | after-edge
- | text-after-edge | ideographic | alphabetic | hanging | mathematical
- | inherit
- </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>3. not at all sure where to start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>baseline-shift</td>
- <td>baseline | sub | super | percentage | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. basically works </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>block-progression-dimension</td>
- <td>auto | length | percentage | length-range | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>3. do not really understand it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-after-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-after-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-after-width</td>
- <td>border-width | length-conditional | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-before-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-before-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-before-width</td>
- <td>border-width | length-conditional | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-bottom-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-bottom-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. used in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-bottom-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-end-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-end-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-end-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-left-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-left-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-left-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-right-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-right-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-right-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-start-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-start-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-start-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-top-color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-top-style</td>
- <td>border-style | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. used in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-top-width</td>
- <td>border-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>break-after</td>
- <td>auto | column | page | even-page | odd-page | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. should be working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>break-before</td>
- <td>auto | column | page | even-page | odd-page | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. should be working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>character</td>
- <td>character</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. should be working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>clip</td>
- <td>shape | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. theoretically possible </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>color</td>
- <td>color | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. more or less complete </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>column-number</td>
- <td>number</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. OK </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>column-width</td>
- <td>length</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. OK </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>content-type</td>
- <td>string | auto</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>cue-after</td>
- <td>uri | none | inherit </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>cue-before</td>
- <td>uri | none | inherit </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>direction</td>
- <td>ltr | rtl | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. waiting for extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>display-align</td>
- <td>auto | before | center | after | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>0. working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>dominant-baseline</td>
- <td>auto | autosense-script | no-change | reset-size | ideographic | alphabetic | hanging | mathematical
- | inherit
- </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>3. dont know where to begin </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>elevation</td>
- <td>angle | below | level | above | higher | lower | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>end-indent</td>
- <td>length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>flow-name</td>
- <td>name</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-family</td>
- <td>[[ family-name | generic-family ],]* [family-name | generic-family] | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. more or less OK </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-size</td>
- <td>absolute-size | relative-size | length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. more or less all implemented </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-style</td>
- <td>normal | italic | oblique | backslant | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. no oblique or backslant </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-variant</td>
- <td>normal | small-caps | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-weight</td>
- <td>normal | bold | bolder | lighter | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. normal and bold only at present, others to follow</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>format</td>
- <td>string</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. dont want to think about it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>grouping-separator</td>
- <td>character</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. dont want to think about it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>grouping-size</td>
- <td>number</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. dont want to think about it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>height</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be OK, waiting for a need </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>id</td>
- <td> id</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. used </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>initial-page-number</td>
- <td>auto | auto-odd | auto-even | number | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>inline-progression-dimension</td>
- <td>auto | length | percentage | length-range | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>3. have not considered at all </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>keep-with-next</td>
- <td>keep | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in theory, not working 100%</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>keep-with-previous</td>
- <td>keep | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in theory, not working 100% </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>leader-length</td>
- <td>length-range | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. waiting to do soon </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>leader-pattern</td>
- <td>space | rule | dots | use-content | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. waiting to do soon </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>letter-value</td>
- <td>auto | alphabetic | traditional</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. dont want to think about it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>line-height</td>
- <td>normal | length | number | percentage | space | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. largely done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>line-stacking-strategy</td>
- <td>line-height | font-height | max-height | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. untouched </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>margin-bottom</td>
- <td>margin-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>margin-left</td>
- <td>margin-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>margin-right</td>
- <td>margin-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>margin-top</td>
- <td>margin-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. done in places </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>master-name</td>
- <td>name</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. ok </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>max-height</td>
- <td>length | percentage | none | inherit </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>max-width</td>
- <td>length | percentage | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>min-height</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>min-width</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>number-columns-repeated</td>
- <td>number</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>2. doable in theory </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>number-columns-spanned</td>
- <td>number</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. doable in theory </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>number-rows-spanned</td>
- <td>number</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. doable in theory </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>orphans</td>
- <td>integer | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>overflow</td>
- <td>visible | hidden | scroll | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. theoretically </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-after</td>
- <td>padding-width | length-conditional | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-before</td>
- <td>padding-width | length-conditional | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-bottom</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-end</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-left</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-right</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-start</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding-top</td>
- <td>padding-width | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. implemented crudely </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-break-after</td>
- <td>auto | always | avoid | left | right | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. Mostly implemented </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-break-before</td>
- <td>auto | always | avoid | left | right | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. Mostly implemented </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-height</td>
- <td>auto | indefinite | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. not all possibilities</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-width</td>
- <td>auto | indefinite | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. not all possibilities</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>pause-after</td>
- <td>time | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>pause-before</td>
- <td>time | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>pitch</td>
- <td>frequency | x-low | low | medium | high | x-high | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>pitch-range</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>play-during</td>
- <td>uri mix? repeat? | auto | none | inherit </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>precedence</td>
- <td>true | false | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. do not know where to start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>provisional-distance-between-starts</td>
- <td>length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. does something, probably wrong </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>provisional-label-separation</td>
- <td>length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. does something, probably wrong </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>ref-id</td>
- <td>idref | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. used in pagenumber </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>reference-orientation</td>
- <td> 0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | -90 | -180 | -270 | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. doable for most objects </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>region-name</td>
- <td>xsl-region-body | xsl-region-start | xsl-region-end | xsl-region-before | xsl-region-after | xsl-before-float-separator
- | xsl-footnote-separator | name
- </td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>relative-align</td>
- <td>before | baseline | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>3. have not got to grips with this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>richness</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>role</td>
- <td>string | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A what should I do with it?</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>rule-style</td>
- <td>none | dotted | dashed | solid | double | groove | ridge | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>1. done as far as possible </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>rule-thickness</td>
- <td>length</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>source-document</td>
- <td>uri+ | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A not sure what to do with it</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>space-after</td>
- <td>space | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. working more or less </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>space-before</td>
- <td>space | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. working more or less </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>space-end</td>
- <td>space | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. working more or less </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>space-start</td>
- <td>space | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>1. working more or less </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>speak</td>
- <td>normal | none | spell-out | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>speak-header</td>
- <td>once | always | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>speak-numeral</td>
- <td>digits | continuous | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>speak-punctuation</td>
- <td>code | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>speech-rate</td>
- <td>number | x-slow | slow | medium | fast | x-fast | faster | slower | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>src</td>
- <td> uri | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. implemented </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>start-indent</td>
- <td>length | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>stress</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-align</td>
- <td>start | center | end | justify | inside | outside | left | right | string | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-indent</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>visibility</td>
- <td>visible | hidden | collapse | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. I think can do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>voice-family</td>
- <td>[[specific-voice | generic-voice ],]* [specific-voice | generic-voice ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>volume</td>
- <td>number | percentage | silent | x-soft | soft | medium | loud | x-loud | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
-
- <td>4. N/A </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>widows</td>
- <td>integer | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>width</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>2. should be OK, waiting for a need </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>wrap-option</td>
- <td>no-wrap | wrap | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>0. should be working </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>writing-mode</td>
- <td>lr-tb | rl-tb | tb-rl | lr | rl | tb | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. will need an extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>z-index</td>
- <td>auto | integer | inherit</td>
- <td>Basic</td>
- <td>3. dont know where to start </td>
- </tr>
-
- </table>
- </div>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h3><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b9c11"></a>5.2. Properties needed for full conformance
- </h3>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b9c11b2"></a>
-
- <div align="center">
- <table rules="all" border="1">
-
- <tr>
- <td>absolute-position</td>
- <td>auto | absolute | fixed | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td>2. should be doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background</td>
- <td>[background-color || background-image
- || background-repeat || background-attachment || background-position
- | ]]inherit
- </td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td>1. implemented but very fragile </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-position</td>
- <td>[ [percentage | length ]{1,2} | [ [top | center | bottom] || [left | center | right] ] ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border</td>
- <td>[ border-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-bottom</td>
- <td>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-color</td>
- <td>color{1,4} | transparent | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-left</td>
- <td>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-right</td>
- <td>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-spacing</td>
- <td>length length? | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-style</td>
- <td>border-style{1,4} | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-top</td>
- <td>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-width</td>
- <td>border-width{1,4} | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>caption-side</td>
- <td>before | after | start | end | top | bottom | left | right | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>cue</td>
- <td>cue-before || cue-after | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font</td>
- <td>[ [ font-style || font-variant || font-weight ]? font-size [ / line-height]? font-family
- ] | caption | icon | menu | message-box | small-caption | status-bar
- | inherit
- </td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>margin</td>
- <td>margin-width{1,4} | inherit </td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>padding</td>
- <td>padding-width{1,4} | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-break-inside</td>
- <td>avoid | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>pause</td>
- <td>[time | percentage]{1,2} | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>position</td>
- <td>static | relative | absolute | fixed | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>size</td>
- <td>length{1,2} | auto | landscape | portrait | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>vertical-align</td>
- <td>baseline | middle | sub | super | text-top | text-bottom | percentage | length | top | bottom | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>white-space</td>
- <td>normal | pre | nowrap | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>xml:lang</td>
- <td>country-language | inherit</td>
- <td>Complete</td>
- <td>2. not done yet, but will be </td>
- </tr>
-
- </table>
- </div>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h3><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3b9c13"></a>5.3. Properties needed for extended conformance
- </h3>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3b9c13b2"></a>
-
- <div align="center">
- <table rules="all" border="1">
-
- <tr>
- <td>table-layout</td>
- <td>auto | fixed | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: fixed</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-attachment</td>
- <td>scroll | fixed | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. I can see where I might start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-image</td>
- <td>uri | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. I can see where I might start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-position-horizontal</td>
- <td>percentage | length | left | center | right | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>2. I can see where I might start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-position-vertical</td>
- <td>percentage | length | top | center | bottom | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>2. I can see where I might start </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-collapse</td>
- <td>collapse | separate | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>border-separation</td>
- <td>length-bp-ip-direction | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>column-count</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. implemented </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>content-height</td>
- <td>auto | length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>1. done for graphics </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>content-width</td>
- <td>auto | length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>1. done for graphics </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>country</td>
- <td>none | country | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. waiting to find a use for it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>empty-cells</td>
- <td>show | hide | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>ends-row</td>
- <td>yes | no</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-height-override-after</td>
- <td>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. need extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-height-override-before</td>
- <td>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. need extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-size-adjust</td>
- <td>number | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. doable, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>font-stretch</td>
- <td>normal | wider | narrower | ultra-condensed | extra-condensed | condensed | semi-condensed | semi-expanded |
- expanded | extra-expanded | ultra-expanded |inherit
- </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>0. should be OK </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>glyph-orientation-horizontal</td>
- <td>angle | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. need extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>glyph-orientation-vertical</td>
- <td>auto | angle | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. need extended TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenate</td>
- <td>false | true | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>keep-together</td>
- <td>keep | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>language</td>
- <td>none | language | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. done, if underlying TeX system OK </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>last-line-end-indent</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>leader-alignment</td>
- <td>none | reference-area | page | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>leader-pattern-width</td>
- <td>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>letter-spacing</td>
- <td>normal | length | space | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. doable in limited circumstances </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>line-height-shift-adjustment</td>
- <td>consider-shifts | disregard-shifts | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>linefeed-treatment</td>
- <td>ignore | preserve | treat-as-space | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. doable, if tiresome </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>relative-position</td>
- <td>auto | static | relative | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>scaling</td>
- <td>uniform | non-uniform | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. ok </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>scaling-method</td>
- <td>auto | integer-pixels | resample-any-method | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>4. N/A, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>score-spaces</td>
- <td>true | false | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. dont think I can do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>space-treatment</td>
- <td>ignore | preserve | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. seems to work </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>span</td>
- <td>none | all | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>3. proving hard </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>starts-row</td>
- <td>yes |
- no
- </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>0. works</td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>suppress-at-line-break</td>
- <td>auto | suppress | retain | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>table-omit-footer-at-break</td>
- <td>yes | no</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>table-omit-header-at-break</td>
- <td>yes | no</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-align-last</td>
- <td>relative | start | center | end | justify | inside | outside | left | right | string | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>1. works, usually </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-decoration</td>
- <td>none | [ [ underline | no-underline] || [ overline | no-overline ] || [ line-through | no-line-through ] || [ blink | no-blink
- ] ]
-
- | inherit
- </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td>1. done for some possibilities, not all </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-shadow</td>
- <td>none | [color || length length length? ,]* [color || length length length?] | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>text-transform</td>
- <td>capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>2. doable </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>treat-as-word-space</td>
- <td>auto | yes | no | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>white-space-collapse</td>
- <td>false | true | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td>0. Done </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>word-spacing</td>
- <td>normal | length | space | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>bottom</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</td>
- <td>2. doable, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>left</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</td>
- <td>2. doable, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>right</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</td>
- <td>2. doable, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>top</td>
- <td>length | percentage | auto | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</td>
- <td>2. doable, I think </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>column-gap</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for column-count</td>
- <td>1. implemented (not for all value types) </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenation-character</td>
- <td>character | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</td>
- <td>3. need to think about how to do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenation-keep</td>
- <td>auto | column | page | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</td>
- <td>3. not sure how to do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenation-ladder-count</td>
- <td>no-limit | number | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</td>
- <td>3. I dont see how to do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenation-push-character-count</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</td>
- <td>2. I think this maps in TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>hyphenation-remain-character-count</td>
- <td>number | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</td>
- <td>2. I think this maps in TeX </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>color-profile-name</td>
- <td>name | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:color-profile</td>
- <td>3. would need a lot of thought </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>rendering-intent</td>
- <td>auto | perceptual | relative-colorimetric | saturation | absolute-colorimetric | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:color-profile</td>
- <td>3. not sure how to do this </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>clear</td>
- <td>start | end | left | right | both | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:float</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>float</td>
- <td>before | start | end | left | right | none | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:float</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>marker-class-name</td>
- <td>name</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:marker</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>active-state</td>
- <td>link | visited | active | hover | focus</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-properties</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>auto-restore</td>
- <td>yes | no</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>case-name</td>
- <td>name</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>case-title</td>
- <td>string</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>starting-state</td>
- <td>show | hide</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>switch-to</td>
- <td>xsl-preceding | xsl-following | xsl-any | name[ name]*</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>extent</td>
- <td>length | percentage | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:region-before, fo:region-after, fo:region-start, and fo:region-end</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>blank-or-not-blank</td>
- <td>blank | not-blank | any | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</td>
- <td>3. dont want to think about it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>odd-or-even</td>
- <td>odd | even | any | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>page-position</td>
- <td>first | last | rest | any | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>maximum-repeats</td>
- <td>number | no-limit | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-reference and fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>retrieve-boundary</td>
- <td>page | page-sequence | document</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>retrieve-class-name</td>
- <td>name</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback:
- N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker
- </td>
- <td>1. works usually </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>retrieve-position</td>
- <td>first-starting-within-page | first-including-carryover | last-starting-within-page | last-ending-within-page</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>destination-placement-offset</td>
- <td>length</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>external-destination</td>
- <td>uri-reference</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback:
- N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link
- </td>
- <td>0. works ok </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>indicate-destination</td>
- <td>yes |
- no
- </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for
- fo:simple-link
- </td>
- <td>1. should work </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>internal-destination</td>
- <td>null string |
- idref
- </td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for
- fo:simple-link
- </td>
- <td>0. works </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>show-destination</td>
- <td>replace | new</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>force-page-count</td>
- <td>auto | even | odd | end-on-even | end-on-odd | no-force | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: no-force</td>
-
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>background-repeat</td>
- <td>repeat | repeat-x | repeat-y | no-repeat | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: no-repeat</td>
- <td> </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>script</td>
- <td>none | auto | script | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: none</td>
- <td>4. dont know what to do with it </td>
- </tr>
-
-
- <tr>
- <td>unicode-bidi</td>
- <td>normal | embed | bidi-override | inherit</td>
- <td>Extended.Fallback: See prose</td>
- <td> </td>
-
- </tr>
-
- </table>
- </div>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
- </div>
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3c11"></a>6. Sample files
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3c11b3"></a>
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c11b3b1b1"></a> The TEI Lite description (<a href="test/teiu5.xml" target="_top">teiu5.xml</a>) converted PDF as <a href="test/teiu5.pdf" target="_top">teiu5.pdf</a></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c11b3b1b3"></a> A TEI test file (<a href="test/exercise.xml" target="_top">exercise.xml</a>)
- converted to PDF as <a href="test/exercise.pdf" target="_top">exercise.pdf</a></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c11b3b1b5"></a> A physics paper (<a href="test/latextei.xml" target="_top">latextei.xml</a>) containing a fair
- amount of MathML markup, originally
- translated from LaTeX into XML.
- It is used extensively as an example in the
- <a href="http://cseng.awl.com/bookpage.taf?ISBN=0-201-43311-7&amp;ptype=0&amp;catid=&amp;navmin=&amp;ctype=author&amp;catpage=&amp;seriesid=" target="_top">LaTeX Web Companion</a>.
- Here we see it
- converted to <a href="test/latextei.pdf" target="_top">latextei.pdf</a> using
- <a href="test/latextei.xsl" target="_top">test/latextei.xsl</a></li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c11b3b1b7"></a> James Tauber prepared a simple XSL spec (<a href="test/darkness.xsl" target="_top">darkness.xsl</a>) for Joseph Conrad's
- <a href="test/darkness.xml" target="_top"><em>Heart of
- Darkness</em></a>, which I ran to PDF as <a href="test/darkness.pdf" target="_top">darkness.pdf</a></li>
- </ul>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3c13"></a>7. Concerns and problems
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3"></a>
- Some points to bear in mind
-
- <ol>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1b1"></a> Obviously, the XSL FO spec is still a draft.
- And this system is not conforming
- precisely to the current draft.
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1b3"></a> This is an experiment system to check whether the
- idea works. Expect something more polished eventually.
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1b5"></a> You need a modern TeX setup (like
- <a href="http://www.tug.org/teTeX/" target="_top">teTeX</a> or
- <a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/" target="_top">TeX Live</a>)
- to get to grips with it.
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1b7"></a> Quite a few flow objects and characteristics are not dealt with yet.
- I will add support for more things as needed or requested.
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1b9"></a> I do not have any objective check that what I think XSL FOs are
- supposed to do is actually right :-}
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c13b3b1c11"></a> I have only worked so far with the TEI Lite (XML version) and
- Docbook DTDs, and probably misinterpreted half of what they say.
- </li>
- </ol>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3c15"></a>8. Things for LaTeX users to remember
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3c15b3"></a>
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c15b3b1b1"></a> No use is made of LaTeX high-level constructs. No sections,
- no lists, no cross-refs, no bibliographies; on the other hand,
- some extensions in the <tt>fotex:</tt> namespace are supported
- (eg to get Acrobat bookmarks)
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c15b3b1b3"></a> XSL FO's underlying character set is Unicode; by default,
- entities are mapped to their Unicode position;
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c15b3b1b5"></a> All vertical and horizontal space is explicit in the
- specification
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c15b3b1b7"></a> Page and line breaking is left to TeX: the rest is up to you.
-
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
-
- <div class="teidiv">
- <h2><a name="index-div-c16ab3b3c17"></a>9. Future directions
- </h2>
-
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3"></a>
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b1"></a>Complete the MathML handling
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b3"></a>Handle more variety in property values (eg colors, fonts)
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b5"></a>Deal with more complex tables
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b7"></a>Support SVG. How?
-
- <ul>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b7b1b1"></a>By direct intepretation and mapping to raw PDF
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b7b1b3"></a>By translation to MetaPost, and spawning a MetaPost process
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b7b1b5"></a>By pre-processing to existing TeX graphics languages
- </li>
- </ul>
- In any case, SVG fragments need to be recognized directly to perform in-line
- graphical functions (setting text at an angle?)
-
- </li>
- <li><a name="c16ab3b3c17b3b1b9"></a>Use Unicode-based TeX variant (Omega) to handle non-Latin material
- more naturally
- </li>
- </ul>
-
- </p>
-
- <p><a name="c16ab3b3c17b5"></a>
- I will be very glad to discuss details with anyone. Contact me (Sebastian Rahtz) as
- <a href="mailto:sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk" target="_top">sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk</a>
-
- </p>
-
- </div>
-
- <hr>
- <div class="footer"><a target="_top" class="plain" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/">Oxford University</a>
- | <a target="_top" class="plain" href="http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/">OUCS</a>
- | <a target="_top" class="plain" href="http://wwwsearch.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/oxunit?oucs">Search</a>
- | <a target="_top" class="plain" href="mailto:feedback@oucs.ox.ac.uk">Feedback</a></div>
- <hr>
- <address>Date: November 2000
- (revised 2000/12/11)
- &nbsp;Author: .
- <br><a href="/documentation/copyright.html">&copy;</a> Oxford
- University Computing Services.
- <!--Generated
- using an XSLT version 1 stylesheet
- based on http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/stylesheets/teihtml.xsl
- processed using:
- `SAXON 5.5.1 from Michael Kay of ICL'
-
--->
- </address>
- </body>
-</html> \ No newline at end of file
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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/XSL/Format/1.0" xmlns:fop="http://www.jtauber.com/fop" xmlns:fotex="http://www.tug.org/fotex"><fo:layout-master-set><fo:simple-page-master page-master-name="left" margin-top="75pt" margin-bottom="100pt" margin-left="80pt" margin-right="150pt"><fo:region-body margin-bottom="24pt" margin-top="24pt"/><fo:region-after extent="25pt"/><fo:region-before extent="25pt"/></fo:simple-page-master><fo:simple-page-master page-master-name="right" margin-top="75pt" margin-bottom="100pt" margin-left="80pt" margin-right="150pt"><fo:region-body margin-bottom="24pt" margin-top="24pt"/><fo:region-after extent="25pt"/><fo:region-before extent="25pt"/></fo:simple-page-master><fo:simple-page-master page-master-name="first" margin-top="75pt" margin-bottom="100pt" margin-left="80pt" margin-right="150pt"><fo:region-body margin-bottom="24pt" margin-top="24pt"/><fo:region-after extent="25pt"/><fo:region-before extent="25pt"/></fo:simple-page-master></fo:layout-master-set><fo:page-sequence><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-after"/><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-before"/><fo:sequence-specification><fo:sequence-specifier-single page-master="right"/></fo:sequence-specification><fo:flow>
- <fo:block font-size="18pt" space-after="8pt" text-align-last="centered">
- Simulation of Energy Loss Straggling
- </fo:block>
- <fo:block space-after="6pt" font-size="14pt" text-align-last="centered"><fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">Maria Physicist</fo:inline-sequence></fo:block>
- <fo:block space-after="6pt" font-size="16pt" text-align-last="centered">January 17, 1999</fo:block>
- </fo:flow></fo:page-sequence><fo:page-sequence initial-page-number="1"><fo:sequence-specification><fo:sequence-specifier-alternating page-master-first="first" page-master-odd="right" page-master-even="left"/></fo:sequence-specification><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-after" fop:master="right"><fo:block font-size="10pt"><fo:inline-rule rule-thickness="0pt"/><fo:page-number/></fo:block></fo:static-content><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-after" fop:master="left"><fo:block font-size="10pt"><fo:page-number/><fo:inline-rule rule-thickness="0pt"/></fo:block></fo:static-content><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-before" fop:master="right"><fo:block text-align-last="centered" font-size="10pt"><!--Running Head: title-->Simulation of Energy Loss Straggling</fo:block></fo:static-content><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-before" fop:master="left"><fo:block text-align-last="centered" font-size="10pt"><!--Running Head: author-->Maria Physicist</fo:block></fo:static-content><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-before" fop:master="first"/><fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-after" fop:master="first"><fo:block font-size="10pt"><fo:inline-rule rule-thickness="0pt"/><fo:page-number/><fo:inline-rule rule-thickness="0pt"/></fo:block></fo:static-content><fo:flow font-family="Times Roman" font-size="10pt"> <fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="intro" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">1. Introduction<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="intro">1. Introduction</fotex:bookmark></fo:block> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">Due to
-the statistical nature of ionisation energy loss, large fluctuations
-can occur in the amount of energy deposited by a particle traversing
-an absorber element. Continuous processes such as multiple scattering
-and energy loss play a relevant role in the longitudinal and lateral
-development of electromagnetic and hadronic showers, and in the case
-of sampling calorimeters the measured resolution can be significantly
-affected by such fluctuations in their active layers. The description
-of ionisation fluctuations is characterised by the significance
-parameter <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>, which is
-proportional to the ratio of mean energy loss to the maximum allowed
-energy transfer in a single collision with an atomic electron
- <fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mi>κ</mi><mo>=</mo>
-<mfrac>
- <mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow>
- <mrow>
- <msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub>
- </mrow>
-</mfrac>
-</mrow>
-</fotex:displaymath>
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></fotex:inlinemath> is the
-maximum transferable energy in a single collision with an atomic electron.
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mfenced open="(" close=")"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub> </mfenced><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo>
-</mrow></fotex:displaymath> where
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">γ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is energy and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> the mass of the
-incident particle, <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></fotex:inlinemath>
-and <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> is the
-electron mass. <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-comes from the Rutherford scattering crosss section and is defined as:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><msup><mi>z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mi>Z</mi><mi>ρ</mi><mi>δ</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">5</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">3</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">4</mn> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msup><mi>z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ρ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi><mspace width="12pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">keV </mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">,</mo> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-where
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fo:inline-included-container><fo:table id="N610"><fo:table-body><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">z</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>charge of the incident particle </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>Avogadro's number </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Z</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>atomic number of the material</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">A</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>atomic weight of the material </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ρ</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>density </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>thickness of the material </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row></fo:table-body></fo:table></fo:inline-included-container>
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-measures the contribution of the collisions with energy transfer close to
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></fotex:inlinemath>. For a given absorber,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath> tends towards large
-values if <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is large
-and/or if <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">β</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is small.
-Likewise, <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath> tends
-towards zero if <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is
-small and/or if <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">β</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-approaches 1.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The value of <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-distinguishes two regimes which occur in the description of ionisation fluctuations
-:
-</fo:block><fo:list-block font-size="10pt" margin-right="10pt" space-before.optimum="10pt" space-after.optimum="10pt" margin-left="15pt"><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="centered">•</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal">
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">A
-large
-number
-of
-collisions
-involving
-the
-loss
-of
-all
-or
-most
-of
-the
-incident
-particle
-energy
-during
-the
-traversal
-of
-an
-absorber.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">As
-the
-total
-energy
-transfer
-is
-composed
-of
-a
-multitude
-of
-small
-energy
-losses,
-we
-can
-apply
-the
-central
-limit
-theorem
-and
-describe
-the
-fluctuations
-by
-a
-Gaussian
-distribution.
-This
-case
-is
-applicable
-to
-non-relativistic
-particles
-and
-is
-described
-by
-the
-inequality
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">&gt;</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>
-(i.e.
-when
-the
-mean
-energy
-loss
-in
-the
-absorber
-is
-greater
-than
-the
-maximum
-energy
-transfer
-in
-a
-single
-collision).
-</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="centered">•</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal">
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">Particles
-traversing
-thin
-counters
-and
-incident
-electrons
-under
-any
-conditions.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The
-relevant
-inequalities
-and
-distributions
-are
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">&lt;</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">&lt;</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>,
-Vavilov
-distribution,
-and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">&lt;</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn></fotex:inlinemath>,
-Landau
-distribution.</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item></fo:list-block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">An additional regime is defined by the contribution of the collisions
-with low energy transfer which can be estimated with the relation
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>,
-where <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-is the mean ionisation potential of the atom. Landau theory assumes that
-the number of these collisions is high, and consequently, it has a restriction
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≫</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn></fotex:inlinemath>. In <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GEANT</fo:inline-sequence> (see
-URL <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter" color="green"><fo:simple-link external-destination="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/asdoc/geant/geantall.html">http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/asdoc/geant/geantall.html</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), the limit of Landau theory has
-been set at <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">5</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>.
-Below this limit special models taking into account the atomic structure of the material are
-used. This is important in thin layers and gaseous materials. Figure <fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="fg:phys332-1">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence> shows the behaviour
-of <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> as
-a function of the layer thickness for an electron of 100 keV and 1 GeV of kinetic
-energy in Argon, Silicon and Uranium.
-</fo:block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fo:float id="fg:phys332-1"><fo:block text-align-last="centered"><fo:display-graphic href="phys332-1"/></fo:block><fo:block text-align-last="centered">Figure 1. The variable <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-can be used to measure the validity range of the Landau
-theory. It depends on the type and energy of the particle,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Z</mi></fotex:inlinemath>,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">A</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-and the ionisation potential of the material and the layer thickness. </fo:block></fo:float></fo:block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">In the following sections, the different theories and models for the energy loss
-fluctuation are described. First, the Landau theory and its limitations are discussed,
-and then, the Vavilov and Gaussian straggling functions and the methods in the thin
-layers and gaseous materials are presented.
-</fo:block>
-
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="sec:phys332-1" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">2. Landau theory<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="sec:phys332-1">2. Landau theory</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">For a particle of mass <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> traversing
-a thickness of material <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath>,
-the Landau probability distribution may be written in terms of the universal Landau
-function <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">φ</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath>
-as<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="bib-LAND"> [1]</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">f</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">φ</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-where
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">φ</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></mfrac><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>∞</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">exp</mo><mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>u</mi><mo>ln</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>λ</mi><mi>u</mi></mfenced><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">u</mi><mspace width="2cm" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">λ</mi> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>ε</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover></mrow><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">γ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">′</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">γ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">′</mi> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">4</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">2</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">2</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">7</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">8</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">4</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">γ</mi> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">γ</mi> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">5</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">7</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">7</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">2</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">5</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">(Eulers constant)</mtext> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munderover accent="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">average energy loss</mtext> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ε</mi> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">actual energy loss</mtext> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-</fo:block>
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="N1783" text-align="start" font-size="14pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="3pt" space-before.optimum="9pt">2.1. Restrictions<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="1" fotex-bookmark-label="N1783">2.1. Restrictions</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">The Landau formalism makes two restrictive assumptions :
-</fo:block><fo:list-block font-size="10pt" margin-right="10pt" space-before.optimum="10pt" space-after.optimum="10pt" margin-left="15pt"><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="centered">•</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal">
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">The
-typical
-energy
-loss
-is
-small
-compared
-to
-the
-maximum
-energy
-loss
-in
-a
-single
-collision.
-This
-restriction
-is
-removed
-in
-the
-Vavilov
-theory
-(see
-section
-<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="vavref">3 (Vavilov theory)</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>).
-</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="centered">•</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal">
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">The
-typical
-energy
-loss
-in
-the
-absorber
-should
-be
-large
-compared
-to
-the
-binding
-energy
-of
-the
-most
-tightly
-bound
-electron.
-For
-gaseous
-detectors,
-typical
-energy
-losses
-are
-a
-few
-keV
-which
-is
-comparable
-to
-the
-binding
-energies
-of
-the
-inner
-electrons.
-In
-such
-cases
-a
-more
-sophisticated
-approach
-which
-accounts
-for
-atomic
-energy
-levels<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="bib-TALM"> [4]</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>
-is
-necessary
-to
-accurately
-simulate
-data
-distributions.
-In
-<fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GEANT</fo:inline-sequence>,
-a
-parameterised
-model
-by
-L.
-Urbán
-is
-used
-(see
-section
-<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="urban">5 (Urbán model)</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>).</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item></fo:list-block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">In addition, the average value of the Landau distribution is infinite.
-Summing the Landau fluctuation obtained to the average energy from the
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-tables, we obtain a value which is larger than the one coming from the table. The
-probability to sample a large value is small, so it takes a large number of steps
-(extractions) for the average fluctuation to be significantly larger than zero. This
-introduces a dependence of the energy loss on the step size which can affect
-calculations.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">A solution to this has been to introduce a limit on the value of the
-variable sampled by the Landau distribution in order to keep the average
-fluctuation to 0. The value obtained from the <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GLANDO</fo:inline-sequence> routine is:
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>δ</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover><mo>=</mo><mi>ξ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>′</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mo>ln</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac> <mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</mrow></fotex:displaymath>
-In order for this to have average 0, we must impose that:
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>λ</mi><mrow/></munderover><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>′</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>-</mo><mo>ln</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-</mrow></fotex:displaymath>
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">This is realised introducing a <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>λ</mi><mrow/></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath>
-such that if only values of <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">λ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-are accepted, the average value of the distribution is
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munderover accent="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>̄</mo><mi>λ</mi><mrow/></munderover></fotex:inlinemath>.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">A parametric fit to the universal Landau distribution has been performed, with following result:
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>1</mn><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>9</mn><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>λ</mi><mrow/></munderover><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>9</mn><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn><mn>8</mn><mn>2</mn><munderover accent="true"><mi>λ</mi><mrow/><mo>̄</mo></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>exp</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><munderover accent="true"><mi>λ</mi><mrow/><mo>̄</mo></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</mrow></fotex:displaymath> only values
-smaller than <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-are accepted, otherwise the distribution is resampled.
-</fo:block>
-
-
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="vavref" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">3. Vavilov theory<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="vavref">3. Vavilov theory</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">Vavilov<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="bib-VAVI"> [5]</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence> derived a more accurate straggling distribution by introducing the kinematic
-limit on the maximum transferable energy in a single collision, rather than using
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">∞</mi></fotex:inlinemath>. Now
-we can write<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="bib-SCH1"> [2]</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">f</mi> <mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ε</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>δ</mi><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></mfrac><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>φ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>κ</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-where
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>φ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>κ</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></mfrac><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>∞</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">φ</mi><mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>s</mi></mfenced><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">s</mi><mspace width="2cm" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">φ</mi><mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">exp</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>κ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>γ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">exp</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>ψ</mi> <mfenced open="(" close=")"><mi>s</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">,</mo> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ψ</mi> <mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">s</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>κ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>κ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow>
-<mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>κ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>κ</mi></mrow></msup><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">,</mo> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-and
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></msup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">t</mi><mspace width="1cm" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/><mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">(the exponential integral)</mtext> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><mi>ε</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover></mrow><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>-</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>′</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The Vavilov parameters are simply related to the Landau parameter by
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>. It can be shown that
-as <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">→</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>, the distribution of
-the variable <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> approaches
-that of Landau. For <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">.</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn></fotex:inlinemath>
-the two distributions are already practically identical. Contrary to what many textbooks
-report, the Vavilov distribution <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">does not</fo:inline-sequence> approximate the Landau distribution for small
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>, but rather the
-distribution of <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-defined above tends to the distribution of the true
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">λ</mi></fotex:inlinemath> from
-the Landau density function. Thus the routine <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GVAVIV</fo:inline-sequence> samples the variable
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> rather
-than <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>λ</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>.
-For <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>
-the Vavilov distribution tends to a Gaussian distribution (see next section).
-</fo:block>
-
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="N3325" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">4. Gaussian Theory<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="N3325">4. Gaussian Theory</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">Various conflicting forms have been proposed for Gaussian straggling functions, but most
-of these appear to have little theoretical or experimental basis. However, it has been shown<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="bib-SELT"> [3]</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>
-that for <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">κ</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath>
-the Vavilov distribution can be replaced by a Gaussian of the form:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">f</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>δ</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≈</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>ξ</mi><msqrt><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>κ</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mfenced open="(" close=")"><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mfenced></msqrt></mrow></mfrac><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">exp</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent="true"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac><mrow><mi>κ</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>ξ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mfenced> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-thus implying
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">mean</mi> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <munderover accent="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>̄</mo><mi>ε</mi><mrow/></munderover> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msup><mi>ξ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>κ</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ξ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>
-max</mi></mrow></msub><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-</fo:block>
-
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="urban" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">5. Urbán model<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="urban">5. Urbán model</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">The method for computing restricted energy losses with
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>-ray
-production above given threshold energy in <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GEANT</fo:inline-sequence> is a Monte Carlo method that
-can be used for thin layers. It is fast and it can be used for any thickness of a
-medium. Approaching the limit of the validity of Landau's theory, the loss
-distribution approaches smoothly the Landau form as shown in Figure <fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="fg:phys332-2">2</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>.
-</fo:block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fo:float id="fg:phys332-2"><fo:block text-align-last="centered"><fo:display-graphic href="phys332-2"/></fo:block><fo:block text-align-last="centered">Figure 2. Energy loss distribution for a 3 GeV electron in Argon as given by
-standard GEANT. The width of the layers is given in centimeters.</fo:block></fo:float></fo:block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">It is assumed that the atoms have only two energy levels with binding energy
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>.
-The particle--atom interaction will then be an excitation with energy loss
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> or
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>, or
-an ionisation with an energy loss distributed according to a function
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">∼</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></fotex:inlinemath>:
-<fotex:equation xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-<mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:equation></fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The
-macroscopic cross-section for excitations (<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">i</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">,</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">2</mn></fotex:inlinemath>)
-is <fotex:equation id="eq:sigex" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>γ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>β</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac> <mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> </fotex:equation>and
-the macroscopic cross-section for ionisation is
-<fotex:equation id="eq:sigion" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><mi>I</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">r</mi> </fotex:equation>
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-is the <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GEANT</fo:inline-sequence> cut for <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">δ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>-production,
-or the maximum energy transfer minus mean ionisation energy, if it is smaller than
-this cut-off value. The following notation is used:
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fo:inline-included-container><fo:table id="N4332"><fo:table-body><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">r</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">,</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>parameters of the model</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>atomic energy levels </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">I</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>mean ionisation energy </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>oscillator strengths </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row></fo:table-body></fo:table></fo:inline-included-container>
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The model has the parameters <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>,
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi></fotex:inlinemath> and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">r</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath>. The oscillator
-strengths <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> and the
-atomic level energies <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-should satisfy the constraints
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn id="eq:fisum" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn id="eq:flnsum" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">ln</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">I</mi>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-The parameter <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-can be defined with the help of the mean energy loss
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath> in the following way: The
-numbers of collisions (<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>,
-i = 1,2 for the excitation and 3 for the ionisation) follow the Poisson distribution with a mean
-number <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath>. In a step
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath> the mean number
-of collisions is <fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi>
-</fotex:displaymath>The
-mean energy loss <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-in a step is the sum of the excitation and ionisation contributions
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfenced open="[" close="]" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>Σ</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msubsup><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mfenced><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi>
-</fotex:displaymath>From
-this, using the equations (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:sigex">2</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:sigion">3</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:fisum">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:flnsum">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), one can define the parameter
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">C</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The following values have been chosen in <fo:inline-sequence font-family="Computer-Modern-Typewriter">GEANT</fo:inline-sequence> for the other parameters:
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mtable equalrows="false" equalcolumns="false"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced open="{"><mtable equalrows="false" equalcolumns="false"><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mi>Z</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd>
-</mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>Z</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mi>Z</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd>
-</mtr><mtr><mtd> </mtd></mtr></mtable> </mfenced></mtd><mtd><mo>⇒</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> </mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn><msup><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>eV </mi> </mtd><mtd><mo>⇒</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mfenced open="(" close=")"> <mfrac><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mfrac> </mfenced><mrow> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></msup></mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn> </mtd><mtd> </mtd><mtd> </mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd> </mtd></mtr></mtable>
-</mrow></fotex:displaymath> With these values
-the atomic level <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-corresponds approximately the K-shell energy of the atoms and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Z</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> the number of
-K-shell electrons. <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">r</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-is the only variable which can be tuned freely. It determines the relative contribution
-of ionisation and excitation to the energy loss.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The energy loss is computed with the assumption that the step length (or the relative
-energy loss) is small, and---in consequence---the cross-section can be considered
-constant along the path length. The energy loss due to the excitation is
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub>
-</fotex:displaymath>where
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-are sampled from Poisson distribution as discussed above. The
-loss due to the ionisation can be generated from the distribution
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath> by
-the inverse transformation method:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">u</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">F</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">x</mi> <mtext xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"/>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>F</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>u</mi> <mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-where <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">u</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is a uniform random
-number between <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">F</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath> and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">F</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn></fotex:inlinemath>. The contribution from the
-ionisations will be <fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∑</mo>
- <mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub> <mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>where
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> is the
-number of ionisation (sampled from Poisson distribution). The energy loss in a step will
-then be <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>.
-</fo:block>
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="N5956" text-align="start" font-size="14pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="3pt" space-before.optimum="9pt">5.1. Fast simulation for <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">6</mn></fotex:inlinemath><fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="1" fotex-bookmark-label="N5956">5.1. Fast simulation for n3≥16</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">If the number of ionisation <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>
-is bigger than 16, a faster sampling method can be used. The possible energy loss
-interval is divided in two parts: one in which the number of collisions is large and the
-sampling can be done from a Gaussian distribution and the other in which
-the energy loss is sampled for each collision. Let us call the former interval
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>[</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath> the interval A,
-and the latter <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>[</mo><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>]</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath> the
-interval B. <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">α</mi></fotex:inlinemath> lies
-between 1 and <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">/</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">I</mi></fotex:inlinemath>.
-A collision with a loss in the interval A happens with the probability
-<fotex:displaymath id="eq:phys332-5" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">P</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mi>α</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>The
-mean energy loss and the standard deviation for this type of collision are
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>α</mi><mo>ln</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>and <fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∫</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">g</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">d</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">α</mi><mfenced open="(" close=")" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>α</mi><msup><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></mfenced>
-</fotex:displaymath>If the
-collision number is high, we assume that the number of the type A collisions can be
-calculated from a Gaussian distribution with the following mean value and standard
-deviation:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-1" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">P</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-2" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">P</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-It is further assumed that the energy loss in these collisions has a Gaussian
-distribution with
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-3" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-4" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-The energy loss of these collision can then be sampled from the Gaussian
-distribution.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The collisions where the energy loss is in the interval B are sampled directly from
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∑</mo>
- <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub> <mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>α</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>The
-total energy loss is the sum of these two types of collisions:
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub>
-</fotex:displaymath></fo:block>
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The approximation of equations (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-1">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-2">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-3">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-4">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) can be used under the following
-conditions:
- <fotex:eqnarray><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-6" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo> <mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-7" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">+</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo> <msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub>
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </fotex:subeqn><fotex:subeqn id="eq:phys332-8" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo> <mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn>
-</fotex:subeqn></fotex:eqnarray>
-where <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">4</mn></fotex:inlinemath>. From
-the equations (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-5">6</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-1">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-3">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and from the conditions (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-6">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-7">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) the following limits can be
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>α</mi><mrow><mi>min</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">α</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>α</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>This
-conditions gives a lower limit to number of the ionisations
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> for which the fast
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup> </fotex:displaymath>As
-in the conditions (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-6">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>), (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-7">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) and (<fo:inline-sequence color="green"><fo:simple-link internal-destination="eq:phys332-8">1</fo:simple-link></fo:inline-sequence>) the value of
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi></fotex:inlinemath> is as minimum
-4, one gets <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≥</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">6</mn></fotex:inlinemath>.
-In order to speed the simulation, the maximum value is used for
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">α</mi></fotex:inlinemath>.
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt">The number of collisions with energy loss in the interval B (the number of interactions
-which has to be simulated directly) increases slowly with the total number of collisions
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath>.
-The maximum number of these collisions can be estimated as
-<fotex:equation xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">-</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≈</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</fotex:equation>From the previous
-expressions for <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;;</mo></mrow></fotex:inlinemath> and
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>σ</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath> one can derive the
-<fotex:equation xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:equation>The following
-values are obtained with <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">c</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">4</mn></fotex:inlinemath>:
-</fo:block><fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified" text-indent="1em" space-before="0pt"><fo:inline-included-container><fo:table id="N7981"><fo:table-body><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence/></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>16 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>16 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence/></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 200</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 29.63</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>20 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>17.78 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence/></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 500</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 31.01</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>50 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>24.24 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence/></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 1000</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 31.50</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row><fo:table-row><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>100 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence>27.59 </fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence/></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence><fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">∞</mi></fotex:inlinemath></fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell><fo:table-cell><fo:inline-sequence> 32.00</fo:inline-sequence></fo:table-cell></fo:table-row></fo:table-body></fo:table></fo:inline-included-container>
-</fo:block>
-
-<fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="N8234" text-align="start" font-size="14pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="3pt" space-before.optimum="9pt">5.2. Special sampling for lower part of the spectrum<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="1" fotex-bookmark-label="N8234">5.2. Special sampling for lower part of the spectrum</fotex:bookmark></fo:block>
-
-<fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">If the step length is very small (<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">5</mn></fotex:inlinemath>
-mm in gases, <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">≤</mo></fotex:inlinemath>
-2-3 <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">μ</mi></fotex:inlinemath>m in solids)
-the model gives 0 energy loss for some events. To avoid this, the probability of 0 energy loss is
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">P</mi><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>(</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup>
-</fotex:displaymath>If the
-probability is bigger than 0.01 a special sampling is done, taking into account the fact that in
-these cases the projectile interacts only with the outer electrons of the atom. An energy level
-<fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">1</mn><mn xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">0</mn></fotex:inlinemath> eV is chosen
-to correspond to the outer electrons. The mean number of collisions can be calculated from
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo></mrow><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo> <mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>The number
-of collisions <fotex:inlinemath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">n</mi></fotex:inlinemath>
-is sampled from Poisson distribution. In the case of the thin layers, all the
-collisions are considered as ionisations and the energy loss is computed as
-<fotex:displaymath xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">Δ</mi><mi xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">E</mi><mo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">=</mo><msubsup xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>∑</mo>
- <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msubsup>
-<mfrac xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo>
-<mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub></mrow>
-<mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-<msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-</fotex:displaymath>
-</fo:block> <fo:block keep-with-next="true" id="N8570" text-align="start" font-size="18pt" text-indent="-3em" font-weight="bold" space-after="6pt" space-before.optimum="12pt">6. References<fotex:bookmark fotex-bookmark-level="0" fotex-bookmark-label="N8570">6. References</fotex:bookmark></fo:block> <fo:list-block font-size="10pt" margin-right="10pt" space-before.optimum="10pt" space-after.optimum="10pt" margin-left="15pt"><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label id="bib-LAND"><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="end"> [1]</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal"> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">L.Landau. On the Energy Loss of Fast Particles by
-Ionisation. Originally published in <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">J. Phys.</fo:inline-sequence>, 8:201,
-1944. Reprinted in D.ter Haar, Editor, <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">L.D.Landau, Collected
-papers</fo:inline-sequence>, page 417. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965.
-</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label id="bib-SCH1"><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="end"> [2]</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal"> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">B.Schorr. Programs for
-the Landau and the Vavilov distributions and the corresponding random
-numbers. <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">Comp. Phys. Comm.</fo:inline-sequence>, 7:216, 1974.
-</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label id="bib-SELT"><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="end"> [3]</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal"> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">S.M.Seltzer and
-M.J.Berger. Energy loss straggling of protons and mesons. In
-<fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">Studies in Penetration of Charged Particles in Matter</fo:inline-sequence>,
-Nuclear Science Series 39, Nat. Academy of Sciences, Washington DC,
-1964. </fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label id="bib-TALM"><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="end"> [4]</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal"> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">R.Talman. On the
-statistics of particle identification using ionization. <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">Nucl.
-Inst. Meth.</fo:inline-sequence>, 159:189, 1979. </fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item><fo:list-item><fo:list-item-label id="bib-VAVI"><fo:block margin-right="2.5pt" text-align="end"> [5]</fo:block></fo:list-item-label><fo:list-item-body><fo:block font-weight="normal"> <fo:block font-size="10pt" text-align="justified">P.V.Vavilov. Ionisation losses of high energy
-heavy particles. <fo:inline-sequence font-style="italic">Soviet Physics JETP</fo:inline-sequence>, 5:749,
-1957.</fo:block></fo:block></fo:list-item-body></fo:list-item></fo:list-block>
- </fo:flow></fo:page-sequence></fo:root> \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.tex
deleted file mode 100644
index 40e379d8aa4..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.tex
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-\def\xmlfile{latextei.xml}
-\input xmltex
-
-
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index af9fbb686c4..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/latextei.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,972 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/dtds/tei-oucs.dtd" [
-<!ENTITY aacute "&#x00E1;">
-<!ENTITY ap "&#x2248;">
-<!ENTITY alpha "&#x03B1;">
-<!ENTITY barwed "&#x22BC;">
-<!ENTITY beta "&#x03B2;">
-<!ENTITY commaspace " ">
-<!ENTITY gamma "&#x03B3;">
-<!ENTITY delta "&#x03B4;">
-<!ENTITY Delta "&#x0394;">
-<!ENTITY dots "&#x2026;">
-<!ENTITY epsi "&#x03B5;">
-<!ENTITY gg "&#x22D9;">
-<!ENTITY Gt "&#x226B;">
-<!ENTITY geq "&#x2265;">
-<!ENTITY infin "&#x221E;">
-<!ENTITY infty "&#x221E;">
-<!ENTITY int "&#x222B;">
-<!ENTITY kappa "&#x03BA;">
-<!ENTITY lambda "&#x03BB;">
-<!ENTITY langle "&#x2329;">
-<!ENTITY leq "&#x2264;">
-<!ENTITY mu "&#x03BC;">
-<!ENTITY nbsp "&#x00A0;">
-<!ENTITY phi "&#x03C6;">
-<!ENTITY pi "&#x3C0;">
-<!ENTITY psi "&#x3C8;">
-<!ENTITY rangle "&#x232A;">
-<!ENTITY rho "&#x3C1;">
-<!ENTITY sigma "&#x3C3;">
-<!ENTITY Sigma "&#x03A3;">
-<!ENTITY sim "&#x223C;">
-<!ENTITY thinspace "&#x2009;">
-<!ENTITY thickspace "&#x2005;">
-<!ENTITY xi "&#x03BE;">
-<!ENTITY prime "&#x2032;">
-<!ENTITY isinv "&#x2208;">
-<!ENTITY macr "&#x0304;">
-<!ENTITY Emax "<msub><mi>E</mi><mi>max</mi></msub>">
-<!ENTITY exp "E<mtext>exp</mtext>">
-<!ENTITY ln "E<mtext>ln</mtext>">
-<!ENTITY Rarr "&#x21D2;">
-<!ENTITY rarr "&#x2192;">
-<!ENTITY GEANT "GEANT">
-<!ENTITY sum "&#x2211;">
-]>
-<TEI.2>
- <teiHeader>
- <fileDesc>
- <titleStmt>
- <title>A sample article</title>
- </titleStmt>
- <publicationStmt>
- <availability><p>Converted from LaTeX by Sebastian Rahtz</p> </availability>
- </publicationStmt>
- <sourceDesc>
- <p></p>
- </sourceDesc>
- </fileDesc>
- <revisionDesc>
- <list>
- <item>
- <date>23 Oct 1999</date> SR converted from LaTeX</item>
- </list>
- </revisionDesc>
- </teiHeader>
- <text>
- <front>
- <docTitle>
- <titlePart type="main">Simulation of Energy Loss Straggling</titlePart>
- </docTitle>
- <docAuthor>Maria Physicist</docAuthor>
- <docDate>January 17, 1999</docDate>
- </front>
- <body> <div id="intro"> <head>Introduction</head> <p>Due to
-the statistical nature of ionisation energy loss, large fluctuations
-can occur in the amount of energy deposited by a particle traversing
-an absorber element. Continuous processes such as multiple scattering
-and energy loss play a relevant role in the longitudinal and lateral
-development of electromagnetic and hadronic showers, and in the case
-of sampling calorimeters the measured resolution can be significantly
-affected by such fluctuations in their active layers. The description
-of ionisation fluctuations is characterised by the significance
-parameter <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula>, which is
-proportional to the ratio of mean energy loss to the maximum allowed
-energy transfer in a single collision with an atomic electron
- <formula
-type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow> <mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>=</mo>
-<mfrac>
- <mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow>
- <mrow>
- &Emax;
- </mrow>
-</mfrac>
-</mrow>
-</math></formula>
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
->&Emax;</math></formula> is the
-maximum transferable energy in a single collision with an atomic electron.
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow>
- &Emax;<mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>&gamma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--____________
---><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>&gamma;</mi><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub> </mfenced><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>,</mo>
-</mrow></math></formula> where
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&gamma;</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>E</mi></math></formula> is energy and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> the mass of the
-incident particle, <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>&gamma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></formula>
-and <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> is the
-electron mass. <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi></math></formula>
-comes from the Rutherford scattering crosss section and is defined as:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>&pi;</mi><msup><mi>z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mi>Z</mi><mi>&rho;</mi><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn> <mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--
---><mrow><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><!--
---><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>&rho;</mi><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi><mspace width='12pt'/><mi>keV </mi><mo>,</mo> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-where
-</p><p><table rend="inline"><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>z</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->charge of the incident particle </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>N</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
->Avogadro's number </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>Z</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->atomic number of the material</cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>A</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->atomic weight of the material </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&rho;</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->density </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->thickness of the material </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-> </cell>
-</row></table>
-</p><p><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula>
-measures the contribution of the collisions with energy transfer close to
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
->&Emax;</math></formula>. For a given absorber,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula> tends towards large
-values if <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula> is large
-and/or if <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&beta;</mi></math></formula> is small.
-Likewise, <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula> tends
-towards zero if <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula> is
-small and/or if <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&beta;</mi></math></formula>
-approaches 1.
-</p><p>The value of <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula>
-distinguishes two regimes which occur in the description of ionisation fluctuations
-:
-</p><list type="enumerate">
-<item>
-<p>A
-large
-number
-of
-collisions
-involving
-the
-loss
-of
-all
-or
-most
-of
-the
-incident
-particle
-energy
-during
-the
-traversal
-of
-an
-absorber.
-</p><p>As
-the
-total
-energy
-transfer
-is
-composed
-of
-a
-multitude
-of
-small
-energy
-losses,
-we
-can
-apply
-the
-central
-limit
-theorem
-and
-describe
-the
-fluctuations
-by
-a
-Gaussian
-distribution.
-This
-case
-is
-applicable
-to
-non-relativistic
-particles
-and
-is
-described
-by
-the
-inequality
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula>
-(i.e.
-when
-the
-mean
-energy
-loss
-in
-the
-absorber
-is
-greater
-than
-the
-maximum
-energy
-transfer
-in
-a
-single
-collision).
-</p></item>
-<item>
-<p>Particles
-traversing
-thin
-counters
-and
-incident
-electrons
-under
-any
-conditions.
-</p><p>The
-relevant
-inequalities
-and
-distributions
-are
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula>,
-Vavilov
-distribution,
-and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></math></formula>,
-Landau
-distribution.</p></item></list>
-<p>An additional regime is defined by the contribution of the collisions
-with low energy transfer which can be estimated with the relation
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>,
-where <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-is the mean ionisation potential of the atom. Landau theory assumes that
-the number of these collisions is high, and consequently, it has a restriction
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&Gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></math></formula>. In <code>GEANT</code> (see
-URL <xptr url="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/asdoc/geant/geantall.html"/>), the limit of Landau theory has
-been set at <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula>.
-Below this limit special models taking into account the atomic structure of the material are
-used. This is important in thin layers and gaseous materials. Figure <ptr target="fg:phys332-1"/> shows the behaviour
-of <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> as
-a function of the layer thickness for an electron of 100 keV and 1 GeV of kinetic
-energy in Argon, Silicon and Uranium.
-</p>
-<p><figure file="phys332-1" id="fg:phys332-1">
-<head>The variable <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&xi;</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-can be used to measure the validity range of the Landau
-theory. It depends on the type and energy of the particle,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>Z</mi></math></formula>,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>A</mi></math></formula>
-and the ionisation potential of the material and the layer thickness. </head>
-</figure></p>
-<p>In the following sections, the different theories and models for the energy loss
-fluctuation are described. First, the Landau theory and its limitations are discussed,
-and then, the Vavilov and Gaussian straggling functions and the methods in the thin
-layers and gaseous materials are presented.
-</p>
-</div>
-<div id="sec:phys332-1">
-<head>Landau theory</head>
-<p>For a particle of mass <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> traversing
-a thickness of material <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula>,
-the Landau probability distribution may be written in terms of the universal Landau
-function <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&phi;</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></formula>
-as<ptr target="bib-LAND"/>:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--
---><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>&phi;</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-where
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&phi;</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--_
---><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>&pi;</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></mfrac><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>&infin;</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>&infin;</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>exp</mo><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>u</mi><mo>ln</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mi>u</mi></mfenced><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi><mspace width='2cm'/><mi>c</mi><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>0</mn> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&lambda;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>-</mo><mi>&gamma;</mi><mi>&prime;</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>-</mo><mo>ln</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow><!-- ___
---><mrow>&Emax;</mrow></mfrac> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&gamma;</mi><mi>&prime;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>8</mn><mn>4</mn><mo>.</mo><mo>.</mo><mo>.</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>&gamma;</mi> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&gamma;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>1</mn><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mo>.</mo><mo>.</mo><mtext>(Eulers constant)</mtext> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover> <mo>=</mo> <mtext>average energy loss</mtext> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&epsi;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mtext>actual energy loss</mtext> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-</p>
-<div >
-<head>Restrictions</head>
-<p>The Landau formalism makes two restrictive assumptions :
-</p><list type="enumerate">
-<item>
-<p>The
-typical
-energy
-loss
-is
-small
-compared
-to
-the
-maximum
-energy
-loss
-in
-a
-single
-collision.
-This
-restriction
-is
-removed
-in
-the
-Vavilov
-theory
-(see
-section
-<ptr target="vavref"/>).
-</p></item>
-<item>
-<p>The
-typical
-energy
-loss
-in
-the
-absorber
-should
-be
-large
-compared
-to
-the
-binding
-energy
-of
-the
-most
-tightly
-bound
-electron.
-For
-gaseous
-detectors,
-typical
-energy
-losses
-are
-a
-few
-keV
-which
-is
-comparable
-to
-the
-binding
-energies
-of
-the
-inner
-electrons.
-In
-such
-cases
-a
-more
-sophisticated
-approach
-which
-accounts
-for
-atomic
-energy
-levels<ptr target="bib-TALM"/>
-is
-necessary
-to
-accurately
-simulate
-data
-distributions.
-In
-<code>GEANT</code>,
-a
-parameterised
-model
-by
-L.
-Urb&aacute;n
-is
-used
-(see
-section
-<ptr target="urban"/>).</p></item></list>
-<p>In addition, the average value of the Landau distribution is infinite.
-Summing the Landau fluctuation obtained to the average energy from the
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula>
-tables, we obtain a value which is larger than the one coming from the table. The
-probability to sample a large value is small, so it takes a large number of steps
-(extractions) for the average fluctuation to be significantly larger than zero. This
-introduces a dependence of the energy loss on the step size which can affect
-calculations.
-</p><p>A solution to this has been to introduce a limit on the value of the
-variable sampled by the Landau distribution in order to keep the average
-fluctuation to 0. The value obtained from the <code>GLANDO</code> routine is:
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow>
- <mi>&delta;</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover><mo>=</mo><mi>&xi;</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>&gamma;</mi><mi>&prime;</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mo>ln</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow><!-- ___
---><mrow>&Emax;</mrow></mfrac> <mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</mrow></math></formula>
-In order for this to have average 0, we must impose that:
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow>
- <munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover><mo>=</mo><mo>-</mo><mi>&gamma;</mi><mi>&prime;</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>-</mo><mo>ln</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow><!-- ___
---><mrow>&Emax;</mrow></mfrac>
-</mrow></math></formula>
-</p><p>This is realised introducing a <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></formula>
-such that if only values of <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&lambda;</mi><mo>&leq;</mo><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-are accepted, the average value of the distribution is
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover></math></formula>.
-</p><p>A parametric fit to the universal Landau distribution has been performed, with following result:
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow>
- <msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mn>0</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>1</mn><mn>5</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>9</mn><mn>3</mn><mn>4</mn><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>9</mn><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>2</mn><mn>3</mn><mn>8</mn><mn>2</mn><munderover accent='true'><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow><mo>&macr;</mo></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>exp</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>7</mn><mn>5</mn><mn>3</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>4</mn><mn>2</mn><munderover accent='true'><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow></mrow><mo>&macr;</mo></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</mrow></math></formula> only values
-smaller than <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-are accepted, otherwise the distribution is resampled.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="vavref">
-<head>Vavilov theory</head>
-<p>Vavilov<ptr target="bib-VAVI"/> derived a more accurate straggling distribution by introducing the kinematic
-limit on the maximum transferable energy in a single collision, rather than using
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
->&Emax;<mo>=</mo><mi>&infin;</mi></math></formula>. Now
-we can write<ptr target="bib-SCH1"/>:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--
---><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow></mfrac><msub><mi>&phi;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-where
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>&phi;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>,</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--_
---><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>&pi;</mi><mi>i</mi></mrow></mfrac><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>&infin;</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>&infin;</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>&phi;</mi><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>s</mi></mfenced><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>&lambda;</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>s</mi><mspace width='2cm'/><mi>c</mi><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>0</mn> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&phi;</mi><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mo>exp</mo><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><mi>&kappa;</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>&gamma;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo>exp</mo><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><mi>&psi;</mi> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>s</mi></mfenced></mfenced><mo>,</mo> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&psi;</mi> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mi>s</mi></mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mi>s</mi><mo>ln</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow>
-<mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mfenced><mo>-</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi></mrow></msup><mo>,</mo> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-and
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>z</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo><msubsup> <mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>&infin;</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><msup><mi>t</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi><mspace width='1cm'/><mtext>(the exponential integral)</mtext> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>&kappa;</mi><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><mfrac><mrow><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>-</mo><mi>&gamma;</mi><mi>&prime;</mi><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mfenced> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-</p><p>The Vavilov parameters are simply related to the Landau parameter by
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>-</mo><mo>ln</mo><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula>. It can be shown that
-as <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&rarr;</mo><mn>0</mn></math></formula>, the distribution of
-the variable <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> approaches
-that of Landau. For <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&leq;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></math></formula>
-the two distributions are already practically identical. Contrary to what many textbooks
-report, the Vavilov distribution <emph>does not</emph> approximate the Landau distribution for small
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi></math></formula>, but rather the
-distribution of <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-defined above tends to the distribution of the true
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&lambda;</mi></math></formula> from
-the Landau density function. Thus the routine <code>GVAVIV</code> samples the variable
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> rather
-than <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&lambda;</mi><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>.
-For <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula>
-the Vavilov distribution tends to a Gaussian distribution (see next section).
-</p>
-</div>
-<div >
-<head>Gaussian Theory</head>
-<p>Various conflicting forms have been proposed for Gaussian straggling functions, but most
-of these appear to have little theoretical or experimental basis. However, it has been shown<ptr target="bib-SELT"/>
-that for <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&kappa;</mi><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula>
-the Vavilov distribution can be replaced by a Gaussian of the form:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>f</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&delta;</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&ap;</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--________
---><mrow><mi>&xi;</mi><msqrt><!--<mi>&radical;</mi>
- ______________--><mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>&pi;</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>&kappa;</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mfenced></msqrt></mrow></mfrac><mo>exp</mo><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><mfrac><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mo>-</mo><munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&kappa;</mi></mrow><!-- _______
---><mrow><msup><mi>&xi;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mfenced> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-thus implying
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>mean</mi> <mo>=</mo> <munderover accent='true'><mo>&macr;</mo><mi>&epsi;</mi><mrow></mrow></munderover> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>&xi;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>&kappa;</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>&xi;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>
-max</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mtext></mtext>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-</p>
-</div>
-<div id="urban">
-<head>Urb&aacute;n model</head>
-<p>The method for computing restricted energy losses with
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi></math></formula>-ray
-production above given threshold energy in <code>GEANT</code> is a Monte Carlo method that
-can be used for thin layers. It is fast and it can be used for any thickness of a
-medium. Approaching the limit of the validity of Landau's theory, the loss
-distribution approaches smoothly the Landau form as shown in Figure <ptr target="fg:phys332-2"/>.
-</p>
-<p><figure file="phys332-2" id="fg:phys332-2">
-<head>Energy loss distribution for a 3 GeV electron in Argon as given by
-standard GEANT. The width of the layers is given in centimeters.</head>
-</figure></p>
-<p>It is assumed that the atoms have only two energy levels with binding energy
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>.
-The particle--atom interaction will then be an excitation with energy loss
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> or
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>, or
-an ionisation with an energy loss distributed according to a function
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&sim;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></formula>:
-<formula type="equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow>&Emax;</mrow></mfrac>
-<mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!-- _
---><mrow><msup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula></p><p>The
-macroscopic cross-section for excitations (<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn></math></formula>)
-is <formula id="eq:sigex" type="equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>C</mi> <mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><!--
---><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac> <mfrac><mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>&gamma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>m</mi><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>&gamma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>/</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msup><mi>&beta;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac> <mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> </math></formula>and
-the macroscopic cross-section for ionisation is
-<formula id="eq:sigion" type="equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>C</mi> <mfrac><mrow>&Emax;</mrow><!-- ________________
---><mrow><mi>I</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mfrac><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><mi>r</mi> </math></formula>
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">&Emax;</math></formula>
-is the <code>GEANT</code> cut for <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&delta;</mi></math></formula>-production,
-or the maximum energy transfer minus mean ionisation energy, if it is smaller than
-this cut-off value. The following notation is used:
-</p><p><table rend="inline"><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>r</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>C</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->parameters of the model</cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
->atomic energy levels </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>I</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
->mean ionisation energy </cell>
-</row><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
->oscillator strengths </cell>
-</row></table>
-</p><p>The model has the parameters <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>,
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>C</mi></math></formula> and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>r</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>&leq;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>&leq;</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></formula>. The oscillator
-strengths <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> and the
-atomic level energies <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-should satisfy the constraints
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:fisum"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:flnsum"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>ln</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>ln</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>ln</mo><mi>I</mi>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-The parameter <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>C</mi></math></formula>
-can be defined with the help of the mean energy loss
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula> in the following way: The
-numbers of collisions (<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>,
-i = 1,2 for the excitation and 3 for the ionisation) follow the Poisson distribution with a mean
-number <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow></math></formula>. In a step
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula> the mean number
-of collisions is <formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>x</mi>
-</math></formula>The
-mean energy loss <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></math></formula>
-in a step is the sum of the excitation and ionisation contributions
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><!--
---><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfenced
-open='[' close=']'><msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>&Sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mfenced><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>x</mi>
-</math></formula>From
-this, using the equations (<ptr target="eq:sigex"/>), (<ptr target="eq:sigion"/>), (<ptr target="eq:fisum"/>) and (<ptr target="eq:flnsum"/>), one can define the parameter
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>C</mi></math></formula>
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>C</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi></mrow><!--
---><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>
-</p><p>The following values have been chosen in <code>GEANT</code> for the other parameters:
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow>
- <mtable equalrows='false' equalcolumns='false'><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfenced
-open='{' ><mtable equalrows='false' equalcolumns='false'><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn> </mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mi>Z</mi><mo>&leq;</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd>
-</mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>Z</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>if</mi><mi>Z</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>2</mn></mtd>
-</mtr><mtr><mtd> </mtd></mtr></mtable> </mfenced></mtd><mtd><mo>&Rarr;</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub> </mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn><msup><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>eV </mi> </mtd><mtd><mo>&Rarr;</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'> <mfrac><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--___
---><mrow><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mfrac> </mfenced><mrow> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!-- _
---><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></msup></mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn> </mtd><mtd> </mtd><mtd> </mtd>
- </mtr><mtr><mtd> </mtd></mtr></mtable>
-</mrow></math></formula> With these values
-the atomic level <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-corresponds approximately the K-shell energy of the atoms and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>Z</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> the number of
-K-shell electrons. <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>r</mi></math></formula>
-is the only variable which can be tuned freely. It determines the relative contribution
-of ionisation and excitation to the energy loss.
-</p><p>The energy loss is computed with the assumption that the step length (or the relative
-energy loss) is small, and---in consequence---the cross-section can be considered
-constant along the path length. The energy loss due to the excitation is
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub>
-</math></formula>where
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-are sampled from Poisson distribution as discussed above. The
-loss due to the ionisation can be generated from the distribution
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></formula> by
-the inverse transformation method:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>u</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo><msubsup> <mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi> <mtext></mtext>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>F</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--____
---><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>u</mi> <mfrac><mrow>&Emax;</mrow><!-- ___
---><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-where <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>u</mi></math></formula> is a uniform random
-number between <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>F</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math></formula> and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>F</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math></formula>. The contribution from the
-ionisations will be <formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mo>&sum;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup> <mfrac><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--________
---><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub> <mfrac><mrow>&Emax;</mrow><!-- ___
---><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>where
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> is the
-number of ionisation (sampled from Poisson distribution). The energy loss in a step will
-then be <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula>.
-</p>
-<div >
-<head>Fast simulation for <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>6</mn></math></formula></head>
-<p>If the number of ionisation <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>
-is bigger than 16, a faster sampling method can be used. The possible energy loss
-interval is divided in two parts: one in which the number of collisions is large and the
-sampling can be done from a Gaussian distribution and the other in which
-the energy loss is sampled for each collision. Let us call the former interval
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></formula> the interval A,
-and the latter <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow><mo>[</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi><mo>,</mo>&Emax;<mo>]</mo></mrow></math></formula> the
-interval B. <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&alpha;</mi></math></formula> lies
-between 1 and <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
->&Emax;<mo>/</mo><mi>I</mi></math></formula>.
-A collision with a loss in the interval A happens with the probability
-<formula type="display" id="eq:phys332-5"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><!--
- --><mrow>&Emax;<mi>&alpha;</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>The
-mean energy loss and the standard deviation for this type of collision are
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--___
---><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>ln</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>and <formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><!--___
---><mrow><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac><msubsup><mo>&int;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow></msubsup><msup><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>I</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>&alpha;</mi><mfenced
-open='(' close=')'><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><msup><mo>ln</mo><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>&alpha;</mi></mrow><!--_
---><mrow><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>-</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac></mfenced>
-</math></formula>If the
-collision number is high, we assume that the number of the type A collisions can be
-calculated from a Gaussian distribution with the following mean value and standard
-deviation:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-1"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-2"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-It is further assumed that the energy loss in these collisions has a Gaussian
-distribution with
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-3"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>>;</mo></mrow>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-4"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msubsup><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-The energy loss of these collision can then be sampled from the Gaussian
-distribution.
-</p><p>The collisions where the energy loss is in the interval B are sampled directly from
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mo>&sum;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup> <mfrac><mrow><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--_________
---><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub> <mfrac><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>-</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><!--
- --><mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> </mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>The
-total energy loss is the sum of these two types of collisions:
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- <mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub>
-</math></formula></p>
-<p>The approximation of equations (<ptr target="eq:phys332-1"/>), (<ptr target="eq:phys332-2"/>), (<ptr target="eq:phys332-3"/>) and (<ptr target="eq:phys332-4"/>) can be used under the following
-conditions:
- <table rend="inline"><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-6"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi><msub><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo>&geq;</mo> <mn>0</mn>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-7"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><msub><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo>&leq;</mo> <msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub>
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
- </math></formula></cell></row><row><cell><formula type="subeqn" id="eq:phys332-8"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><mi>c</mi><msub><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub> <mo>&geq;</mo> <mn>0</mn>
-</math></formula></cell></row></table>
-where <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>c</mi><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>4</mn></math></formula>. From
-the equations (<ptr target="eq:phys332-5"/>), (<ptr target="eq:phys332-1"/>) and (<ptr target="eq:phys332-3"/>) and from the conditions (<ptr target="eq:phys332-6"/>) and (<ptr target="eq:phys332-7"/>) the following limits can be
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>&alpha;</mi><mrow><mi>min</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><!--
---><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac> <mo>&leq;</mo><mi>&alpha;</mi><mo>&leq;</mo><msub><mi>&alpha;</mi><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><!--
---><mrow><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mrow><mo>(</mo>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mi>I</mi></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>This
-conditions gives a lower limit to number of the ionisations
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula> for which the fast
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&geq;</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup> </math></formula>As
-in the conditions (<ptr target="eq:phys332-6"/>), (<ptr target="eq:phys332-7"/>) and (<ptr target="eq:phys332-8"/>) the value of
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>c</mi></math></formula> is as minimum
-4, one gets <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>&geq;</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>6</mn></math></formula>.
-In order to speed the simulation, the maximum value is used for
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&alpha;</mi></math></formula>.
-</p><p>The number of collisions with energy loss in the interval B (the number of interactions
-which has to be simulated directly) increases slowly with the total number of collisions
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula>.
-The maximum number of these collisions can be estimated as
-<formula type="equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&ap;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow><mo>-</mo><msub><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow>
-</math></formula>From the previous
-expressions for <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub><mo>>;</mo></mrow></math></formula> and
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>&sigma;</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula> one can derive the
-<formula type="equation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&leq;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><!--_
---><mrow><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>The following
-values are obtained with <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></math></formula>:
-</p><p><table rend="inline"><row><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
-></cell><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></formula></cell>
-</row><row><cell
->16 </cell><cell
->16 </cell><cell
-></cell><cell
-> 200</cell><cell
-> 29.63</cell>
-</row><row><cell
->20 </cell><cell
->17.78 </cell><cell
-></cell><cell
-> 500</cell><cell
-> 31.01</cell>
-</row><row><cell
->50 </cell><cell
->24.24 </cell><cell
-></cell><cell
-> 1000</cell><cell
-> 31.50</cell>
-</row><row><cell
->100 </cell><cell
->27.59 </cell><cell
-></cell><cell
-><formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&infin;</mi></math></formula></cell><cell
-> 32.00</cell>
-</row></table>
-</p>
-</div>
-<div >
-<head>Special sampling for lower part of the spectrum</head>
-<p>If the step length is very small (<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mo>&leq;</mo><mn>5</mn></math></formula>
-mm in gases, <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mo>&leq;</mo></math></formula>
-2-3 <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>&mu;</mi></math></formula>m in solids)
-the model gives 0 energy loss for some events. To avoid this, the probability of 0 energy loss is
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>P</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>></mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>></mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>n</mi><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>></mo></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msup>
-</math></formula>If the
-probability is bigger than 0.01 a special sampling is done, taking into account the fact that in
-these cases the projectile interacts only with the outer electrons of the atom. An energy level
-<formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mn>0</mn></math></formula> eV is chosen
-to correspond to the outer electrons. The mean number of collisions can be calculated from
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>></mo></mrow><mo>=</mo> <mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>The number
-of collisions <formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
-><mi>n</mi></math></formula>
-is sampled from Poisson distribution. In the case of the thin layers, all the
-collisions are considered as ionisations and the energy loss is computed as
-<formula type="display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>&Delta;</mi><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><msubsup><mo>&sum;</mo>
- <mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msubsup>
-<mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>-</mo>
-<mfrac><mrow>&Emax;</mrow>
-<mrow>&Emax;<mo>+</mo><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-<msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></mfrac>
-</math></formula>
-</p> </div> </div> <div
-type="star"> <head>References</head> <list type="bibliography"> <item
-id="bib-LAND"> <p>L.Landau. On the Energy Loss of Fast Particles by
-Ionisation. Originally published in <emph>J. Phys.</emph>, 8:201,
-1944. Reprinted in D.ter Haar, Editor, <emph>L.D.Landau, Collected
-papers</emph>, page 417. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965.
-</p></item> <item id="bib-SCH1"> <p>B.Schorr. Programs for
-the Landau and the Vavilov distributions and the corresponding random
-numbers. <emph>Comp. Phys. Comm.</emph>, 7:216, 1974.
-</p></item> <item id="bib-SELT"> <p>S.M.Seltzer and
-M.J.Berger. Energy loss straggling of protons and mesons. In
-<emph>Studies in Penetration of Charged Particles in Matter</emph>,
-Nuclear Science Series 39, Nat. Academy of Sciences, Washington DC,
-1964. </p></item> <item id="bib-TALM"> <p>R.Talman. On the
-statistics of particle identification using ionization. <emph>Nucl.
-Inst. Meth.</emph>, 159:189, 1979. </p></item> <item
-id="bib-VAVI"> <p>P.V.Vavilov. Ionisation losses of high energy
-heavy particles. <emph>Soviet Physics JETP</emph>, 5:749,
-1957.</p></item></list> </div>
- </body> </text> </TEI.2>
-
-
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/passivetex.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/passivetex.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 87ddc55816f..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/passivetex.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,388 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/dtds/tei-oucs.dtd" [
- <!ENTITY properties SYSTEM "properties.xml">
-]>
-<TEI.2>
- <teiHeader>
- <fileDesc>
- <titleStmt>
- <title>PassiveTeX</title>
- </titleStmt>
- <publicationStmt>
- <p> </p>
- </publicationStmt>
- <sourceDesc>
- <p></p>
- </sourceDesc>
- </fileDesc>
- <revisionDesc>
- <list>
- <item><date>2000/12/11</date>version 1.4 </item>
- <item><date>2000/11/23</date>version 1.3 </item>
- <item><date>2000/10/04</date>version 1.1 </item>
- <item><date>2000/09/13</date>A couple of changes to property list</item>
- <item><date>2000/09/12</date>Notes on memory sizes</item>
- <item><date>2000/06/24</date>Checking links</item>
- <item><date>2000/05/30</date>Added conformance and dependency notes</item>
- <item><date>2000/02/07</date>Second version</item>
- <item><date>1999/08/08</date>First version, authored in TEI XML</item>
- </list>
- </revisionDesc>
- </teiHeader>
- <text>
-<front>
-<titlePage>
-<docTitle>
- <titlePart type="main">PassiveTeX</titlePart>
-</docTitle>
-<docAuthor>Sebastian Rahtz</docAuthor>
-<docDate>November 2000</docDate>
-</titlePage>
-</front>
-<body>
-<div>
-<head>Summary</head>
-<list type="unordered">
-<item>
-PassiveTeX is a library of TeX macros which can be used to process an XML
-document which results from an XSL transformation to formatting objects.
-</item>
-<item>
-PassiveTeX provides a rapid development environment for experimenting
-with XSL FO, using a reliable pre-existing formatter
-</item>
-<item>
-Running PassiveTeX with the pdfTeX variant of TeX generates high-quality
-PDF files in a single operation.
-</item>
-<item>
-PassiveTeX shows how TeX can remain the formatter of choice for XML, while
-hiding the details of its operation from the user.
-</item>
-</list>
-<p>
-Available from <xptr
- url="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/passivetex/"/>.
- The current version is 1.4, 2000/12/11.
-</p>
-</div>
-<div><head>How does it work?</head>
-<p>
-PassiveTeX relies heavily on work by David Carlisle
-(his namespace-aware XML parser written in
-TeX, <code>xmltex</code>), and was developed from my
-<xref url="http://www.tug.org/applications/jadetex/">JadeTeX</xref>
-macros for processing DSSSL via Jade.
-</p>
-<p>
-Taking the XML version of the TEI Lite guidelines
-(<xref url="test/teiu5.xml">teiu5.xml</xref>, with DTD
-<xref url="test/teixlite.dtd">teixlite.dtd</xref>), we apply an XSL stylesheet
-(see my page of <xref url="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/tei">TEI style sheets</xref>),
-and run it through James Clark's XT XSL processor:
-<eg>
- java com.jclark.xsl.sax.Driver teiu5.xml tei.xsl teiu5.fo
-</eg>
-(assuming you have <code>xt.jar</code>, <code>xp.jar</code> and <code>sax.jar</code>
-on your CLASSPATH ). This creates the new XML file
-<xref url="test/teiu5.fo">teiu5.fo</xref>. We now run XMLTeX on this
-<eg>
- pdfxmltex teiu5.fo
-</eg>
-which creates <xref url="test/teiu5.pdf">teiu5.pdf</xref>. Voila!
-Actually, we need to do
-<eg>
- pdfxmltex teiu5.fo
-</eg>
-again, to resolve page-number references in the table of contents. For a comparison
-with an HTML rendering of the same document (using XSL again),
-see <xref url="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/tei/teiu5.html">teiu5.html</xref>
-on my TEI page. </p>
-</div>
-<div>
-<head>Installation</head>
-<p>
-The PassiveTeX macros should be downloaded (as a ZIP file,
-<xptr url="passivetex.zip"/>), unpacked, and installed in a TeX system (eg in
-<code>texmf/tex/latex/passivetex</code>) in the normal place where you put
-macros. Consult your local documentation or local expert if you do not know
-how to install a new package; on a web2c-based system, don't forget to
- run <code>mktexlsr</code> when you have the files in place,
- to update the file lookup table.
-</p>
-<p>
-What about that <code>pdfxmltex</code> command we saw in the last section?
-You don't have it on your system? You need to download
-<xref url="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/macros/xmltex/base.zip">xmltex</xref>
-(that link gives you a ZIP archive of the system) and install it in the your TeX system.
-It too is just a set of TeX macro packages.
-Then you can use it on a file called (eg) <code>teiu5.fo</code> in one of two ways:
-<list type="ordered">
-<item>Build an <code>xmltex</code> format file for pdfTeX with
-<eg>
-pdftex -ini "&amp;pdflatex" pdfxmltex.ini
-</eg>
-and process your file with
-<eg>
-pdflatex "&amp;pdfxmltex" teiu5.fo
-</eg>
-Or,
-</item>
-<item>
-Make a wrapper file called (eg) <code>teiu5.tex</code> looking like this:
-<eg>
-\def\xmlfile{teiu5.fo}
-\input xmltex
-</eg>
-and run pdfTeX on it as normal with
-<eg>
-pdflatex teiu5.tex
-</eg>
-</item>
-</list>
-Do not worry, <code>xmltex</code> knows how to find the PassiveTeX macros as
-it needs them. You will likely need to increase TeX memory
-values (in the file <code>texmf.cnf</code> if you use a Web2c-based TeX);
-I use:
-<eg>
-main_memory = 2500000
-param_size = 1500
-stack_size = 1500
-hash_extra = 50000
-string_vacancies = 45000
-pool_free = 47500
-nest_size = 500
-save_size = 10000
-pool_size = 500000
-max_strings = 55000
-</eg>
-</p>
-<p>
-For reference, the PassiveTeX package consists of the following files:
-<list>
-<item>The core xmltex `style' files for XSL FO XML:
-<eg>
- fotex.xmt
- fotex.sty
-</eg>
-</item>
-<item>
-Support for direct formatting of TEI XML with xmltex
-<eg>
- tei.xmt
- teixml.sty
-</eg>
-</item>
-<item>
-Some support files, shared with JadeTeX:
-<eg>
- unicode.sty
- ucharacters.sty
- mlnames.sty
- dummyels.sty
-</eg>
-</item>
-</list>
-</p>
-<p>
-NOTE: TeX has a limit
-on the length of line it can read,
-and some .fo files you generate may cause
-TeX to die with an message about increasing buf_size.
-If you get that, edit your
-<code>texmf.cnf</code> file, increase the size of <code>buf_size</code> (mine is
-200000), and remake any format files.
-</p>
-<div><head>LaTeX package dependencies</head>
-<p>This setup assumes you have a decent modern TeX setup. The TeX Live 5 CD-ROM
-is what I use, and it is up to date
-(see <xptr url="http://www.tug.org/texlive/"/>).
-</p>
-<p> Here is a
- list of the packages loaded in a typical run of
- PassiveTeX, with their version numbers where known:
-<table rend="rules">
-<row><cell> amsbsy.sty </cell><cell> 1999/11/29 v1.2d</cell></row>
-<row><cell>amsfonts.sty </cell><cell> 1997/09/17 v2.2e</cell></row>
-<row><cell> amsgen.sty </cell><cell> 1999/11/30 v2.0</cell></row>
-<row><cell> amsmath.sty </cell><cell> 2000/03/29 v2.08 AMS math features</cell></row>
-<row><cell> amsopn.sty </cell><cell> 1999/12/14 v2.01 operator names</cell></row>
-<row><cell> amssymb.sty </cell><cell> 1996/11/03 v2.2b</cell></row>
-<row><cell> amstext.sty </cell><cell> 1999/11/15 v2.0</cell></row>
-<row><cell> array.sty </cell><cell> 1998/05/13 v2.3m Tabular extension package (FMi)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> article.cls </cell><cell> 1999/09/10 v1.4a Standard LaTeX document class</cell></row>
-<row><cell> bm.sty </cell><cell> 1999/07/05 v1.0g Bold Symbol Support (DPC/FMi)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> color.sty </cell><cell> 1999/02/16 v1.0i Standard LaTeX Color (DPC)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> fontenc.sty </cell><cell> (version not available)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>graphics.sty </cell><cell> 1999/02/16 v1.0l Standard LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>graphicx.sty </cell><cell> 1999/02/16 v1.0f Enhanced LaTeX Graphics (DPC,SPQR)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> hpdftex.def </cell><cell> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hyperref driver for pdfTeX</cell></row>
-<row><cell>hyperref.sty </cell><cell> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hypertext links for LaTeX</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ifthen.sty </cell><cell> 1999/09/10 v1.1b Standard LaTeX ifthen package (DPC)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> keyval.sty </cell><cell> 1999/03/16 v1.13 key=value parser (DPC)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>longtable.sty </cell><cell> 1998/05/13 v4.09 Multi-page Table package (DPC)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>multicol.sty </cell><cell> 1999/10/21 v1.5w multicolumn formatting (FMi)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> nameref.sty </cell><cell> 2000/05/08 v2.18 Cross-referencing by name of section</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ot1phv.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 scalable font definitions for OT1/phv.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> pd1enc.def </cell><cell> 2000/05/08 v6.70f Hyperref: PDFDocEncoding definition (HO)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> pifont.sty </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 Pi font support (SPQR) </cell></row>
-<row><cell>rotating.sty </cell><cell> 1997/09/26, v2.13 Rotation package</cell></row>
-<row><cell> size10.clo </cell><cell> 1999/09/10 v1.4a Standard LaTeX file (size option)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>stmaryrd.sty </cell><cell> 1994/03/03 St Mary's Road symbol package</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t1enc.def </cell><cell> 1999/12/08 v1.9x Standard LaTeX file</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t1phv.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 scalable font definitions for T1/phv.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t1ptm.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for T1/ptm.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t2acmr.fd </cell><cell> 1999/01/07 v1.0 Computer Modern Cyrillic font definitions</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t2aenc.def </cell><cell> 1999/11/29 v1.0c Cyrillic encoding definition file</cell></row>
-<row><cell> t3enc.def </cell><cell> (version not available)</cell></row>
-<row><cell>textcomp.sty </cell><cell> 1999/12/08 v1.9x Standard LaTeX package</cell></row>
-<row><cell> times.sty </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 Times font as default roman (SPQR) </cell></row>
-<row><cell> tipa.sty </cell><cell> 1996/06/10 TIPA version 1.0</cell></row>
-<row><cell> trig.sty </cell><cell> 1999/03/16 v1.09 sin cos tan (DPC)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ts1cmr.fd </cell><cell> 1999/05/25 v2.5h Standard LaTeX font definitions</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ts1enc.def </cell><cell> 1998/06/12 v3.0d (jk/car/fm) Standard LaTeX file</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ts1ptm.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for TS1/ptm.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> ulem.sty </cell><cell> 1997/04/21</cell></row>
-<row><cell> umsa.fd </cell><cell> 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions</cell></row>
-<row><cell> umsb.fd </cell><cell> 1995/01/05 v2.2e AMS font definitions</cell></row>
-<row><cell> upsy.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for U/psy.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> upzd.fd </cell><cell> 2000/01/12 PSNFSS-v8.1 font definitions for U/pzd.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> url.sty </cell><cell> 1999/03/28 ver 1.5x Verb mode for urls, etc.</cell></row>
-<row><cell> Ustmry.fd </cell><cell> (version not available)</cell></row>
-<row><cell> uwasy.fd </cell><cell> 1999/05/13 v1.0iWasy-2 symbol font definitions</cell></row>
-<row><cell> wasysym.sty </cell><cell> 1999/05/13 v1.0i Wasy-2 symbol support package</cell></row>
-</table>
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div>
-<head>Extensions</head>
-<p>
-PassiveTeX interprets MathML natively (elements must use the MathML namespace).
-I also support a <code>bookmark</code> element in the
-<code>fotex</code> namespace, used to make PDF bookmarks. Usage is like this:
-<eg>
-&lt;xsl:template match="div2">
- &lt;xsl:apply-templates select="head"/>
- &lt;fotex:bookmark
- xmlns:fotex="http://www.tug.org/fotex"
- fotex-bookmark-level="2"
- fotex-bookmark-label="{@id}">
- &lt;xsl:value-of select="head"/>
- &lt;/fotex:bookmark>
- &lt;/fo:block>
-&lt;/xsl:template>
-</eg>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div>
-<head>Notes on conformance to the XSL draft specification of November 2000</head>
-&properties;
-</div>
-
-<div>
-<head>Sample files</head>
-<p>
-<list>
-<item> The TEI Lite description (<xref
-url="test/teiu5.xml">teiu5.xml</xref>) converted PDF as <xref
-url="test/teiu5.pdf">teiu5.pdf</xref></item>
-<item> A TEI test file (<xref
-url="test/exercise.xml">exercise.xml</xref>)
-converted to PDF as <xref
-url="test/exercise.pdf">exercise.pdf</xref></item>
-<item> A physics paper (<xref url="test/latextei.xml">latextei.xml</xref>) containing a fair
- amount of MathML markup, originally
- translated from LaTeX into XML.
- It is used extensively as an example in the
- <xref url="http://cseng.awl.com/bookpage.taf?ISBN=0-201-43311-7&amp;ptype=0&amp;catid=&amp;navmin=&amp;ctype=author&amp;catpage=&amp;seriesid=">LaTeX Web Companion</xref>.
-Here we see it
- converted to <xref url="test/latextei.pdf">latextei.pdf</xref> using
- <xref url="test/latextei.xsl">test/latextei.xsl</xref></item>
-<item> James Tauber prepared a simple XSL spec (<xref
-url="test/darkness.xsl">darkness.xsl</xref>) for Joseph Conrad's
-<xref url="test/darkness.xml"><emph>Heart of
-Darkness</emph></xref>, which I ran to PDF as <xref
-url="test/darkness.pdf">darkness.pdf</xref></item>
-</list>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-<head>Concerns and problems</head>
-<p>
-Some points to bear in mind
-<list type="ordered">
- <item> Obviously, the XSL FO spec is still a draft.
- And this system is not conforming
- precisely to the current draft. </item>
- <item> This is an experiment system to check whether the
- idea works. Expect something more polished eventually.</item>
- <item> You need a modern TeX setup (like
- <xref url="http://www.tug.org/teTeX/">teTeX</xref> or
- <xref url="http://www.tug.org/texlive/">TeX Live</xref>)
-to get to grips with it.</item>
- <item> Quite a few flow objects and characteristics are not dealt with yet.
- I will add support for more things as needed or requested.</item>
- <item> I do not have any objective check that what I think XSL FOs are
- supposed to do is actually right :-}</item>
- <item> I have only worked so far with the TEI Lite (XML version) and
- Docbook DTDs, and probably misinterpreted half of what they say.</item>
-</list>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-<head>Things for LaTeX users to remember</head>
-<p>
-<list type="unordered">
-<item> No use is made of LaTeX high-level constructs. No sections,
- no lists, no cross-refs, no bibliographies; on the other hand,
- some extensions in the <code>fotex:</code> namespace are supported
-(eg to get Acrobat bookmarks)
-</item>
-<item> XSL FO's underlying character set is Unicode; by default,
- entities are mapped to their Unicode position;
-</item>
-<item> All vertical and horizontal space is explicit in the
- specification
-</item>
-<item> Page and line breaking is left to TeX: the rest is up to you.
-</item>
-</list>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div>
-<head>Future directions</head>
-<p>
-<list type="unordered">
-<item>Complete the MathML handling</item>
-<item>Handle more variety in property values (eg colors, fonts) </item>
-<item>Deal with more complex tables</item>
-<item>Support SVG. How?
- <list type="unordered">
- <item>By direct intepretation and mapping to raw PDF</item>
- <item>By translation to MetaPost, and spawning a MetaPost process</item>
- <item>By pre-processing to existing TeX graphics languages</item>
- </list>
-In any case, SVG fragments need to be recognized directly to perform in-line
-graphical functions (setting text at an angle?)
-</item>
-<item>Use Unicode-based TeX variant (Omega) to handle non-Latin material
-more naturally</item>
-</list>
-</p>
-<p>
-I will be very glad to discuss details with anyone. Contact me (Sebastian Rahtz) as
-<xref url="mailto:sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk">sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk</xref>
-</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</text>
-</TEI.2>
-
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/properties.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/properties.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 85cd904b3c0..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/properties.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,592 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-0. done
-1. more or less OK
-2. not done, but pending when for when I need it
-3. not done, cannot see how to do it
-4. N/A
--->
-<p>
-The following general limitations apply to most of the PassiveTeX
- implementation of XSL FO:
-<list type="ordered">
-<item>The `px' unit is not recognised</item>
-<item>Absolute dimensions always work, but proportional ones
-are often not recognized </item>
-<item>The functions allowed in attribute values are usually not
- recognized</item>
-<item>There is no error checking at all, and all properies are
- recognized; do not assume that they do anything...</item>
-</list>
-</p>
-<p>
-Most of the formatting objects are implemented more or less; the
-following are not implemented at all:
-<list type="ordered">
-<item><code>fo:bidi-override</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:color-profile</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:declarations</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:initial-property-set</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:instream-foreign-object</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:multi-case</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:multi-properties</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:multi-property-set</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:multi-switch</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:multi-toggle</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:region-end</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:region-start</code></item>
-<item><code>fo:table-footer</code></item>
-</list>
-</p>
-<div><head>Properties needed for basic conformance</head>
-<p>
-<table rend="rules">
-<row><cell>alignment-adjust</cell><cell>auto | percentage | length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>2. should be possible </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>azimuth</cell><cell>angle | [[ left-side | far-left | left | center-left | center | center-right | right | far-right | right-side
-] || behind ] | leftwards | rightwards | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-color</cell><cell>color | transparent | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. does not really map in TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>baseline-identifier</cell><cell>baseline | before-edge | text-before-edge | middle | after-edge
-| text-after-edge | ideographic | alphabetic | hanging | mathematical
-| inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>3. not at all sure where to start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>baseline-shift</cell><cell>baseline | sub | super | percentage | length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. basically works </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>block-progression-dimension</cell><cell>auto | length | percentage | length-range | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>3. do not really understand it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-after-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-after-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-after-width</cell><cell>border-width | length-conditional | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-before-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-before-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-before-width</cell><cell>border-width | length-conditional | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-bottom-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-bottom-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. used in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-bottom-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-end-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-end-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-end-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-left-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-left-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-left-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-right-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-right-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-right-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-start-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-start-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-start-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-top-color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-top-style</cell><cell>border-style | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. used in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-top-width</cell><cell>border-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. works for blocks (non-breaking) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>break-after</cell><cell>auto | column | page | even-page | odd-page | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. should be working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>break-before</cell><cell>auto | column | page | even-page | odd-page | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. should be working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>character</cell><cell>character</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. should be working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>clip</cell><cell>shape | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. theoretically possible </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>color</cell><cell>color | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. more or less complete </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>column-number</cell><cell>number</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. OK </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>column-width</cell><cell>length</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. OK </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>content-type</cell><cell>string | auto</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>cue-after</cell><cell>uri | none | inherit </cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>cue-before</cell><cell>uri | none | inherit </cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>direction</cell><cell>ltr | rtl | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. waiting for extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>display-align</cell><cell>auto | before | center | after | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>0. working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>dominant-baseline</cell><cell>auto | autosense-script | no-change | reset-size | ideographic | alphabetic | hanging | mathematical
-| inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>3. dont know where to begin </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>elevation</cell><cell>angle | below | level | above | higher | lower | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>end-indent</cell><cell>length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>flow-name</cell><cell>name</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-family</cell><cell>[[ family-name | generic-family ],]* [family-name | generic-family] | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. more or less OK </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-size</cell><cell>absolute-size | relative-size | length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. more or less all implemented </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-style</cell><cell>normal | italic | oblique | backslant | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. no oblique or backslant </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-variant</cell><cell>normal | small-caps | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-weight</cell><cell>normal | bold | bolder | lighter | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. normal and bold only at present, others to follow</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>format</cell><cell>string</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. dont want to think about it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>grouping-separator</cell><cell>character</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. dont want to think about it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>grouping-size</cell><cell>number</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. dont want to think about it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>height</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be OK, waiting for a need </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>id</cell><cell> id</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. used </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>initial-page-number</cell><cell>auto | auto-odd | auto-even | number | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>inline-progression-dimension</cell><cell>auto | length | percentage | length-range | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>3. have not considered at all </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>keep-with-next</cell><cell>keep | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in theory, not working 100%</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>keep-with-previous</cell><cell>keep | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in theory, not working 100% </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>leader-length</cell><cell>length-range | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. waiting to do soon </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>leader-pattern</cell><cell>space | rule | dots | use-content | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. waiting to do soon </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>letter-value</cell><cell>auto | alphabetic | traditional</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. dont want to think about it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>line-height</cell><cell>normal | length | number | percentage | space | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. largely done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>line-stacking-strategy</cell><cell>line-height | font-height | max-height | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. untouched </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>margin-bottom</cell><cell>margin-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>margin-left</cell><cell>margin-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>margin-right</cell><cell>margin-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>margin-top</cell><cell>margin-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. done in places </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>master-name</cell><cell>name</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. ok </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>max-height</cell><cell>length | percentage | none | inherit </cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>max-width</cell><cell>length | percentage | none | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>min-height</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit </cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>min-width</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>number-columns-repeated</cell><cell>number</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
- <cell>2. doable in theory </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>number-columns-spanned</cell><cell>number</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. doable in theory </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>number-rows-spanned</cell><cell>number</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. doable in theory </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>orphans</cell><cell>integer | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>overflow</cell><cell>visible | hidden | scroll | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. theoretically </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-after</cell><cell>padding-width | length-conditional | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-before</cell><cell>padding-width | length-conditional | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-bottom</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-end</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-left</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-right</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-start</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding-top</cell><cell>padding-width | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. implemented crudely </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-break-after</cell><cell>auto | always | avoid | left | right | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. Mostly implemented </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-break-before</cell><cell>auto | always | avoid | left | right | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. Mostly implemented </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-height</cell><cell>auto | indefinite | length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. not all possibilities</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-width</cell><cell>auto | indefinite | length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. not all possibilities</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>pause-after</cell><cell>time | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>pause-before</cell><cell>time | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>pitch</cell><cell>frequency | x-low | low | medium | high | x-high | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>pitch-range</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>play-during</cell><cell>uri mix? repeat? | auto | none | inherit </cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>precedence</cell><cell>true | false | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. do not know where to start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>provisional-distance-between-starts</cell><cell>length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. does something, probably wrong </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>provisional-label-separation</cell><cell>length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. does something, probably wrong </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>ref-id</cell><cell>idref | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. used in pagenumber </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>reference-orientation</cell><cell> 0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | -90 | -180 | -270 | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. doable for most objects </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>region-name</cell><cell>xsl-region-body | xsl-region-start | xsl-region-end | xsl-region-before | xsl-region-after | xsl-before-float-separator
-| xsl-footnote-separator | name</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>relative-align</cell><cell>before | baseline | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>3. have not got to grips with this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>richness</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>role</cell><cell>string | none | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A what should I do with it?</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>rule-style</cell><cell>none | dotted | dashed | solid | double | groove | ridge | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>1. done as far as possible </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>rule-thickness</cell><cell>length</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>source-document</cell><cell>uri+ | none | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A not sure what to do with it</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>space-after</cell><cell>space | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. working more or less </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>space-before</cell><cell>space | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. working more or less </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>space-end</cell><cell>space | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. working more or less </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>space-start</cell><cell>space | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>1. working more or less </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>speak</cell><cell>normal | none | spell-out | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>speak-header</cell><cell>once | always | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>speak-numeral</cell><cell>digits | continuous | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>speak-punctuation</cell><cell>code | none | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>speech-rate</cell><cell>number | x-slow | slow | medium | fast | x-fast | faster | slower | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>src</cell><cell> uri | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. implemented </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>start-indent</cell><cell>length | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>stress</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-align</cell><cell>start | center | end | justify | inside | outside | left | right | string | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-indent</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>visibility</cell><cell>visible | hidden | collapse | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. I think can do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>voice-family</cell><cell>[[specific-voice | generic-voice ],]* [specific-voice | generic-voice ] | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>volume</cell><cell>number | percentage | silent | x-soft | soft | medium | loud | x-loud | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell>
-<cell>4. N/A </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>widows</cell><cell>integer | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>width</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>2. should be OK, waiting for a need </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>wrap-option</cell><cell>no-wrap | wrap | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>0. should be working </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>writing-mode</cell><cell>lr-tb | rl-tb | tb-rl | lr | rl | tb | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. will need an extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>z-index</cell><cell>auto | integer | inherit</cell><cell>Basic</cell> <cell>3. dont know where to start </cell></row>
-</table>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div><head>Properties needed for full conformance</head>
-<p>
-<table rend="rules">
-<row><cell>absolute-position</cell><cell>auto | absolute | fixed | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell>2. should be doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background</cell><cell>[background-color || background-image
-|| background-repeat || background-attachment || background-position
-| ]]inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell>1. implemented but very fragile </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-position</cell><cell>[ [percentage | length ]{1,2} | [ [top | center | bottom] || [left | center | right] ] ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border</cell><cell>[ border-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-bottom</cell><cell>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-color</cell><cell>color{1,4} | transparent | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-left</cell><cell>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-right</cell><cell>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-spacing</cell><cell>length length? | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-style</cell><cell>border-style{1,4} | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-top</cell><cell>[ border-top-width || border-style || color ] | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-width</cell><cell>border-width{1,4} | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>caption-side</cell><cell>before | after | start | end | top | bottom | left | right | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>cue</cell><cell>cue-before || cue-after | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font</cell><cell>[ [ font-style || font-variant || font-weight ]? font-size [ / line-height]? font-family
-] | caption | icon | menu | message-box | small-caption | status-bar
-| inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>margin</cell><cell>margin-width{1,4} | inherit </cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>padding</cell><cell>padding-width{1,4} | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-break-inside</cell><cell>avoid | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>pause</cell><cell>[time | percentage]{1,2} | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>position</cell><cell>static | relative | absolute | fixed | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>size</cell><cell>length{1,2} | auto | landscape | portrait | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>vertical-align</cell><cell>baseline | middle | sub | super | text-top | text-bottom | percentage | length | top | bottom | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>white-space</cell><cell>normal | pre | nowrap | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>xml:lang</cell><cell>country-language | inherit</cell><cell>Complete</cell> <cell>2. not done yet, but will be </cell></row>
-</table>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div><head>Properties needed for extended conformance</head>
-<p>
-<table rend="rules">
-<row><cell>table-layout</cell><cell>auto | fixed | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: fixed</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-attachment</cell><cell>scroll | fixed | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. I can see where I might start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-image</cell><cell>uri | none | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. I can see where I might start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-position-horizontal</cell><cell>percentage | length | left | center | right | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell>2. I can see where I might start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-position-vertical</cell><cell>percentage | length | top | center | bottom | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell>2. I can see where I might start </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-collapse</cell><cell>collapse | separate | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>border-separation</cell><cell>length-bp-ip-direction | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>column-count</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. implemented </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>content-height</cell><cell>auto | length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>1. done for graphics </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>content-width</cell><cell>auto | length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>1. done for graphics </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>country</cell><cell>none | country | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. waiting to find a use for it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>empty-cells</cell><cell>show | hide | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>ends-row</cell><cell>yes | no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-height-override-after</cell><cell>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. need extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-height-override-before</cell><cell>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. need extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-size-adjust</cell><cell>number | none | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. doable, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>font-stretch</cell><cell>normal | wider | narrower | ultra-condensed | extra-condensed | condensed | semi-condensed | semi-expanded |
-expanded | extra-expanded | ultra-expanded |inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell>0. should be OK </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>glyph-orientation-horizontal</cell><cell>angle | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. need extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>glyph-orientation-vertical</cell><cell>auto | angle | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. need extended TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenate</cell><cell>false | true | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>keep-together</cell><cell>keep | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>language</cell><cell>none | language | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. done, if underlying TeX system OK </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>last-line-end-indent</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>leader-alignment</cell><cell>none | reference-area | page | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>leader-pattern-width</cell><cell>use-font-metrics | length | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>letter-spacing</cell><cell>normal | length | space | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. doable in limited circumstances </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>line-height-shift-adjustment</cell><cell>consider-shifts | disregard-shifts | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>linefeed-treatment</cell><cell>ignore | preserve | treat-as-space | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. doable, if tiresome </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>relative-position</cell><cell>auto | static | relative | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>scaling</cell><cell>uniform | non-uniform | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. ok </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>scaling-method</cell><cell>auto | integer-pixels | resample-any-method | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>4. N/A, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>score-spaces</cell><cell>true | false | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. dont think I can do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>space-treatment</cell><cell>ignore | preserve | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. seems to work </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>span</cell><cell>none | all | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>3. proving hard </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>starts-row</cell><cell>yes |
- no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
- <cell>0. works</cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>suppress-at-line-break</cell><cell>auto | suppress | retain | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>table-omit-footer-at-break</cell><cell>yes | no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>table-omit-header-at-break</cell><cell>yes | no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-align-last</cell><cell>relative | start | center | end | justify | inside | outside | left | right | string | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell>1. works, usually </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-decoration</cell><cell>none | [ [ underline | no-underline] || [ overline | no-overline ] || [ line-through | no-line-through ] || [ blink | no-blink ] ]
-
-| inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell>1. done for some possibilities, not all </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-shadow</cell><cell>none | [color || length length length? ,]* [color || length length length?] | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>text-transform</cell><cell>capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | </cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>2. doable </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>treat-as-word-space</cell><cell>auto | yes | no | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>white-space-collapse</cell><cell>false | true | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell>0. Done </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>word-spacing</cell><cell>normal | length | space | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: Initial value</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>bottom</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</cell> <cell>2. doable, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>left</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</cell> <cell>2. doable, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>right</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</cell> <cell>2. doable, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>top</cell><cell>length | percentage | auto | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for absolute-position, relative-position</cell> <cell>2. doable, I think </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>column-gap</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for column-count</cell> <cell>1. implemented (not for all value types) </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenation-character</cell><cell>character | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</cell> <cell>3. need to think about how to do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenation-keep</cell><cell>auto | column | page | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</cell> <cell>3. not sure how to do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenation-ladder-count</cell><cell>no-limit | number | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</cell> <cell>3. I dont see how to do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenation-push-character-count</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</cell> <cell>2. I think this maps in TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>hyphenation-remain-character-count</cell><cell>number | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A due to fallback for hyphenate</cell> <cell>2. I think this maps in TeX </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>color-profile-name</cell><cell>name | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:color-profile</cell> <cell>3. would need a lot of thought </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>rendering-intent</cell><cell>auto | perceptual | relative-colorimetric | saturation | absolute-colorimetric | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:color-profile</cell> <cell>3. not sure how to do this </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>clear</cell><cell>start | end | left | right | both | none | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:float</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>float</cell><cell>before | start | end | left | right | none | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:float</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>marker-class-name</cell><cell>name</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:marker</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>active-state</cell><cell>link | visited | active | hover | focus</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-properties</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>auto-restore</cell><cell>yes | no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>case-name</cell><cell>name</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>case-title</cell><cell>string</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>starting-state</cell><cell>show | hide</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>switch-to</cell><cell>xsl-preceding | xsl-following | xsl-any | name[ name]*</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:multi-switch</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>extent</cell><cell>length | percentage | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:region-before, fo:region-after, fo:region-start, and fo:region-end</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>blank-or-not-blank</cell><cell>blank | not-blank | any | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</cell> <cell>3. dont want to think about it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>odd-or-even</cell><cell>odd | even | any | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>page-position</cell><cell>first | last | rest | any | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>maximum-repeats</cell><cell>number | no-limit | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:repeatable-page-master-reference and fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>retrieve-boundary</cell><cell>page | page-sequence | document</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>retrieve-class-name</cell><cell>name</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback:
- N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker</cell> <cell>1. works usually </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>retrieve-position</cell><cell>first-starting-within-page | first-including-carryover | last-starting-within-page | last-ending-within-page</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:retrieve-marker</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>destination-placement-offset</cell><cell>length</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>external-destination</cell><cell>uri-reference</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback:
- N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link</cell> <cell>0. works ok </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>indicate-destination</cell><cell>yes |
- no</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for
- fo:simple-link</cell> <cell>1. should work </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>internal-destination</cell><cell>null string |
- idref</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for
- fo:simple-link</cell> <cell>0. works </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>show-destination</cell><cell>replace | new</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: N/A use fallback for fo:simple-link</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>force-page-count</cell><cell>auto | even | odd | end-on-even | end-on-odd | no-force | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: no-force</cell>
-<cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>background-repeat</cell><cell>repeat | repeat-x | repeat-y | no-repeat | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: no-repeat</cell> <cell> </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>script</cell><cell>none | auto | script | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: none</cell> <cell>4. dont know what to do with it </cell></row>
-
-<row><cell>unicode-bidi</cell><cell>normal | embed | bidi-override | inherit</cell><cell>Extended.Fallback: See prose</cell> <cell> </cell>
-</row>
-</table>
-</p>
-</div>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/test.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/test.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 321a22835d4..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/test.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,280 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "teixlite.dtd">
-<TEI.2>
- <teiHeader>
- <fileDesc>
- <titleStmt>
- <title>This and that</title>
- </titleStmt>
- <publicationStmt>
- <p> </p>
- </publicationStmt>
- <sourceDesc>
- <p></p>
- </sourceDesc>
- </fileDesc>
- <revisionDesc>
- <list>
- <item><date>October 10th 1999</date>Initial version</item>
- </list>
- </revisionDesc>
- </teiHeader>
- <text>
-<front>
- <docTitle>
- <titlePart type="main">Texts for beginners</titlePart>
- </docTitle>
-<docAuthor>A N Other</docAuthor>
-<docDate>October 10th 1999</docDate>
-</front>
-<body>
-
-<div><head>The table in section 1</head>
-<p>
-Over the whine of the electric mixer, Mara heard her name called, but she
-didn't bother to acknowledge it. Instead she added more sugar to the egg
-whites and continued to beat them until they formed stiff peaks. She was
-spooning the meringue on to the pie filling when she heard the hum of the
-wheelchair approaching the kitchen.
-</p><p>
-`Mara, the mailman just drove by.' The chair rolled to a stop inside the
-room. `I'm expecting some correspondence from Fitzgerald. Will you see if
-it's come?'
-</p><p>
-Mara didn't turn around. I'm busy at the moment, Adam.' She continued to
-spread the meringue thickly over the pie, ignoring the instant of tense
-silence.
-</p>
-<div><head>The table in section 1</head>
-<q rend="display">
-<table cols="3" rend="inline">
-<row><cell cols="3">AT&amp;T Common Stock</cell></row>
-<row><cell>Year </cell><cell> Price</cell><cell>Dividend</cell></row>
-<row><cell>1971</cell><cell>41--54</cell><cell>$2.60</cell></row>
-<row><cell> 2</cell><cell>41--54</cell><cell>2.70</cell></row>
-<row><cell> 3</cell><cell>46--55</cell><cell>2.87</cell></row>
-<row><cell> 4</cell><cell>40--53</cell><cell>3.24</cell></row>
-<row><cell> 5</cell><cell>45--52</cell><cell>3.40</cell></row>
-<row><cell> 6</cell><cell>51--59</cell><cell>.95*</cell></row>
-<row><cell cols="3">(* first quarter only)</cell></row>
-</table>
-</q>
-
-<eg>
-<![CDATA[
-<xsl:template match="eg">
- <fo:block font-family="{$typewriterFont}"
- white-space-collapse="false"
- wrap-option="no-wrap"
- text-indent="0em"
- start-indent="{$exampleMargin}"
- text-align="start"
- font-size="{$exampleSize}"
- background="red"
- color="white"
- space-before.optimum="4pt"
- space-after.optimum="4pt"
- >
- <xsl:value-of select="translate(.,' ','&#160;')"/>
- </fo:block>
-</xsl:template>
-]]>
-</eg>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div><head>LOOMINGS</head>
-
-<p>Call me Ishmael. Some years ago&#8212;never mind how long
-precisely &#8212;having little or no money in my purse, and nothing
-particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a
-little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I have of
-driving off the spleen, and regulating the circulation. Whenever I
-find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp,
-drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily
-pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every
-funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper
-hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me
-from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking
-people's hats off&#8212;then, I account it high time to get to sea as
-soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a
-philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly
-take to the ship. There is nothing surprising in this. If they but
-knew it, almost all men in their degree, some time or other, cherish
-very nearly the same feelings towards the ocean with me. There now is
-your insular city of the Manhattoes, belted round by wharves as Indian
-isles by coral reefs&#8212;commerce surrounds it with her surf. Right
-and left, the streets take you waterward. Its extreme down-town is
-the battery, where that noble mole is washed by waves, and cooled by
-breezes, which a few hours previous were out of sight of land. Look
-at the crowds of water-gazers there. Circumambulate the city of a
-dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip, and
-from thence, by Whitehall northward. What do you see?&#8212;Posted
-like silent sentinels all around the town, stand thousands upon
-thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries. Some leaning against
-the spiles; some seated upon the pier-heads; some looking over the
-bulwarks glasses! of ships from China; some high aloft in the
-rigging, as if striving to get a still better seaward peep. But these
-are all landsmen; of week days pent up in lath and plaster&#8212;tied
-to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks. How then is this?
-Are the green fields gone? What do they here? But look! here come
-more crowds, pacing straight for the water, and seemingly bound for a
-dive. Strange! Nothing will content them but the extremest limit of
-the land; loitering under the shady lee of yonder warehouses will not
-suffice. No. They must get just as nigh the water as they possibly
-can without falling in. And there they stand&#8212;miles of
-them&#8212;leagues. </p>
-
-<p> Inlanders all, they come from lanes and alleys, streets and
-avenues, &#8212;north, east, south, and west. Yet here they all
-unite. Tell me, does the magnetic virtue of the needles of the
-compasses of all those ships attract them thither? Once more. Say,
-you are in the country; in some high land of lakes. Take almost any
-path you please, and ten to one it carries you down in a dale, and
-leaves you there by a pool in the stream. There is magic in it. Let
-the most absent-minded of men be plunged in his deepest
-reveries&#8212;stand that man on his legs, set his feet a-going, and
-he will infallibly lead you to water, if water there be in all that
-region. Should you ever be athirst in the great American desert, try
-this experiment, if your caravan happen to be supplied with a
-metaphysical professor. Yes, as every one knows, meditation and water
-are wedded for ever.
- But here is an artist. He desires to paint you the dreamiest,
-shadiest, quietest, most enchanting bit of romantic landscape in all
-the valley of the Saco. What is the chief element he employs? There
-stand his trees, each with a hollow trunk, as if a hermit and a
-crucifix were within; and here sleeps his meadow, and there sleep his
-cattle; and up from yonder cottage goes a sleepy smoke. Deep into
-distant woodlands winds a mazy way, reaching to overlapping spurs of
-mountains bathed in their hill-side blue. But though the picture lies
-thus tranced, and though this pine-tree shakes down its sighs like
-leaves upon this shepherd's head, yet all were vain, unless the
-shepherd's eye were fixed upon the magic stream before him. Go visit
-the Prairies in June, when for scores on scores of miles you wade
-knee-deep among Tiger-lilies&#8212;what is the one charm wanting?
-&#8212;Water &#8212;there is not a drop of water there! Were Niagara
-but a cataract of sand, would you travel your thousand miles to see
-it? Why did the poor poet of Tennessee, upon suddenly receiving two
-handfuls of silver, deliberate whether to buy him a coat, which he
-sadly needed, or invest his money in a pedestrian trip to Rockaway
-Beach? Why is almost every robust healthy boy with a robust healthy
-soul in him, at some time or other crazy to go to sea? Why upon your
-first voyage as a passenger, did you yourself feel such a mystical
-vibration, when first told that you and your ship were now out of
-sight of land? Why did the old Persians hold the sea holy? Why did
-the Greeks give it a separate deity, and own brother of Jove? Surely
-all this is not without meaning. And still deeper the meaning of that
-story of Narcissus, who because he could not grasp the tormenting,
-mild image he saw in the fountain, plunged into it and was drowned.
-But that same image, we ourselves see in all rivers and oceans. It is
-the image of the ungraspable phantom of life; and this is the key to
-it all. Now, when I say that I am in the habit of going to sea
-whenever I begin to grow hazy about the eyes, and begin to be over
-conscious of my lungs, I do not mean to have it inferred that I ever
-go to sea as a passenger. For to go as a passenger you must needs
-have a purse, and a purse is but a rag unless you have something in
-it. Besides, passengers get sea-sick &#8212;grow quarrelsome
-&#8212;don't sleep of nights &#8212;do not enjoy themselves much, as a
-general thing; &#8212;no, I never go as a passenger; nor, though I am
-something of a salt, do I ever go to sea as a Commodore, or a Captain,
-or a Cook. I abandon the glory and distinction of such offices to
-those who like them. For my part, I abominate all honorable
-respectable toils, trials, and tribulations of every kind whatsoever.
-It is quite as much as I can do to take care of myself, without taking
-care of ships, barques, brigs, schooners, and what not. And as for
-going as cook, &#8212; though I confess there is considerable glory in
-that, a cook being a sort of officer on ship-board &#8212;yet,
-somehow, I never fancied broiling fowls; &#8212;though once broiled,
-judiciously buttered, and judgmatically salted and peppered, there is
-no one who will speak more respectfully, not to say reverentially, of
-a broiled fowl than I will. It is out of the idolatrous dotings of
-the old Egyptians upon broiled ibis and roasted river horse, that you
-see the mummies of those creatures in their huge bake-houses the
-pyramids. No, when I go to sea, I go as a simple sailor, right before
-the mast, plumb down into the forecastle, aloft there to the royal
-mast-head. True, they rather order me about some, and make me jump
-from spar to spar, like a grasshopper in a May meadow. And at first,
-this sort of thing is unpleasant enough. It touches one's sense of
-honor, particularly if you come of an old established family in the
-land, the van Rensselaers, or Randolphs, or Hardicanutes. And more
-than all, if just previous to putting your hand into the tar-pot, you
-have been lording it as a country schoolmaster, making the tallest
-boys stand in awe of you. The transition is a keen one, I assure you,
-from the schoolmaster to a sailor, and requires a strong decoction of
-Seneca and the Stoics to enable you to grin and bear it. But even
-this wears off in time. What of it, if some old hunks of a
-sea-captain orders me to get a broom and sweep down the decks? What
-does that indignity amount to, weighed, I mean, in the scales of the
-New Testament? Do you think the archangel Gabriel thinks anything the
-less of me,
- because I promptly and respectfully obey that old hunks in that
-particular instance? Who aint a slave? Tell me that. Well, then,
-however the old sea-captains may order me about&#8212;however they may
-thump and punch me about, I have the satisfaction of knowing that it
-is all right; that everybody else is one way or other served in much
-the same way &#8212; either in a physical or metaphysical point of
-view, that is; and so the universal thump is passed round, and all
-hands should rub each other's shoulder-blades, and be content. Again,
-I always go to sea as a sailor, because they make a point of paying me
-for my trouble, whereas they never pay passengers a single penny that
-I ever heard of. On the contrary, passengers themselves must pay.
-And there is all the difference in the world between paying and being
-paid. The act of paying is perhaps the most uncomfortable infliction
-that the two orchard thieves entailed upon us. But being paid,
-&#8212;what will compare with it? The urbane activity with which a
-man receives money is really marvellous, considering that we so
-earnestly believe money to be the root of all earthly ills, and that
-on no account can a monied man enter heaven. Ah! how cheerfully we
-consign ourselves to perdition! Finally, I always go to sea as a
-sailor, because of the wholesome exercise and pure air of the
-forecastle deck. For as in this world, head winds are far more
-prevalent than winds from astern (that is, if you never violate the
-Pythagorean maxim), so for the most part the Commodore on the
-quarter-deck gets his atmosphere at second hand from the sailors on
-the forecastle. He thinks he breathes it first; but not so. In much
-the same way do the commonalty lead their leaders in many other
-things, at the same time that the leaders little suspect it. But
-wherefore it was that after having repeatedly smelt the sea as a
-merchant sailor, I should now take it into my head to go on a whaling
-voyage; this the invisible police officer of the Fates, who has the
-constant surveillance of me, and secretly dogs me, and influences me
-in some unaccountable way &#8212;he can better answer than any one
-else. And, doubtless, my going on this whaling
- voyage, formed part of the grand programme of Providence that was drawn up a
-long time ago. It came in as a sort of brief interlude and solo between more
-extensive performances. I take it that this part of the bill must have run
-something like this:
-<list>
-<item>Grand Contested Election for the Presidency of the
-United States. </item>
-<item>Whaling Voyage by one Ishmael. </item>
-<item>Bloody Battle in Affghanistan.</item>
-</list>Though I cannot tell why it was exactly that those stage
-managers, the Fates, put me down for this shabby part of a whaling voyage,
-when others were set down for magnificent parts in high tragedies, and short
-and easy parts in genteel comedies, and jolly parts in farces &#8212;though I
-cannot tell why this was exactly; yet, now that I recall all the
-circumstances, I think I can see a little into the springs and motives which
-being cunningly presented to me under various disguises, induced me to set
-about
-performing the part I did, besides cajoling me into the delusion that it was
-a choice resulting from my own unbiased freewill and discriminating judgment.
-chief among these motives was the overwhelming idea of the great whale
-himself. Such a portentous and mysterious monster roused all my curiosity.
-Then the wild and distant seas where he rolled his island bulk; the
-undeliverable, nameless perils of the whale; these, with all the attending
-marvels of a thousand Patagonian sights and sounds, helped to sway me to my
-wish. With other men, perhaps, such things would not have been inducements;
-but as for me, I am tormented with an everlasting itch for things remote. I
-love to sail forbidden seas, and land on barbarous coasts. Not ignoring what
-is good, I am quick to perceive a horror, and could still be social with
-it&#8212;would they let me &#8212;since it is but well to be on friendly terms with all
-the inmates of the place one lodges in. By reason of these things, then, the
-whaling voyage was welcome; the great flood-gates of the wonder-world swung
-open, and in the wild conceits that swayed me to my purpose, two and two
-there floated into my inmost soul, endless processions of the whale, and, mid
-most of them all, one grand hooded phantom, like a snow hill in the air.
-</p>
-</div>
-</body>
-</text>
-</TEI.2>
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/xsa.xml b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/xsa.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index df46cbc7896..00000000000
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/xmltex/passivetex/xsa.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-<xsa version="1.0">
- <vendor>
- <name>Sebastian Rahtz</name>
- <email>sebastian.rahtz@oucs.ox.ac.uk</email>
- </vendor>
- <product id="fotex">
- <name>Passive TeX</name>
- <version>1.3, 10th December 2000</version>
- <last-release>20001210</last-release>
- <info-url>http://users.ox.ac.uk/~rahtz/passivetex/</info-url>
- </product>
-</xsa>
-
-