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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2014-11-13 23:53:39 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2014-11-13 23:53:39 +0000 |
commit | e0056016e425d97e79d80fdee01acf4cd84c1d8d (patch) | |
tree | c6024370d669e546e6c66fca1784ec0a980e8694 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/impatient-cn/xmptext.tex | |
parent | c3397e2195329b400975b069f1f6e3b2092f84a8 (diff) |
impatient-cn (13nov14)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@35576 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/impatient-cn/xmptext.tex')
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/impatient-cn/xmptext.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/impatient-cn/xmptext.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..0d97ccd653f --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/plain/impatient-cn/xmptext.tex @@ -0,0 +1,706 @@ +~% -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +~% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient. +~% Copyright (C) 2003 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry. +~% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions. +~% TeX ignores anything on a line after a % +~% The next two lines define fonts for the title +% TeX 忽略一行中 % 之后的任何内容 +% 下面两行定义标题所用的字体 +\font\xmplbx = cmbx10 scaled \magstephalf +\font\xmplbxti = cmbxti10 scaled \magstephalf +~% Now here's the title. +% 现在是标题行 +~%\leftline{\xmplbx Example !xmpnum:\quad\xmplbxti Entering simple text} +~\bookmark{2}{例!xmpnum:输入简单文本}% +\leftline{\xmplbx 例!xmpnum:\quad\xmplbxti 输入简单文本} +\vglue .5\baselineskip % skip an extra half line +~\count255 = \pageno +~\xdef\examplepage{\number\count255} +~\markinfo{Example 1: Entering simple text} +~\ifrewritetocfile +~\write\tocfile{\string\tocsectionentry{输入简单文本}{\examplepage}}% +~\fi +~^^{脚注} ^^{注释} ^^{标点} ^^{引号} +~^^{空格符} ^^{横线号} ^^{段落//结束段落} +~\edef\examplepageno{\number\count255}% +~%It's easy to prepare ordinary text for \TeX\ since +~%\TeX\ usually doesn't care about how you break up your input into +~%lines. It treats the end of a line of text like a space.% +~%\footnote \dag{\TeX\ treats a tab like a space too, as we point +~%out in this {\it footnote}.} If you don't want a space there, +~%put a per% +~%cent sign (the comment character) at the end of the line. +~% \TeX\ ignores spaces at the start of a line, and treats more +~%than one space as equivalent to a single space, +~%even after a period. You indicate a new paragraph by +~%skipping a line (or more than one line). + +由于 \TeX\ 并不关心原始的输入文本中的换行,因此,我们无须关心 +应该给其提供何种格式化的文本。在 \TeX\ 看来,输入文本中的换行符 +和空格等价。% +\footnote \dag{\TeX\ 将 Tab 也当作空格处理, 就如你在这个 +{\it 脚注}所见到的一样。} 如果你不想在行尾处看到空格, +可以在行尾处写一个百分号(注释符号)。\TeX\ 忽略行首的空格, +对多于一个的空格当做一个单独的空格看待 --- 哪怕这些空格位于 +句号后面。你可以用一个或者多个空白行表示一个新的段落的开始。 + +~%When \TeX\ sees a period followed by a space (or the end of the +~%line, which is equivalent), it ordinarily assumes you've ended a +~%sentence and inserts a little extra space after the period. It +~%treats question marks and exclamation points the same way. +当 \TeX\ 看见一个句号后面紧接着一个空格(或者是一个行结束符,这 +两者等价)时,它通常会认为此句号代表一句话的结束,并在句号的后面 +加上一点小小的空格。同样的处理还适用于问号和惊叹号。 + +~% But \TeX's rules for handling periods sometimes need fine +~%tuning. \TeX\ assumes that a capital letter before a period +~%doesn't end the sentence, so you have to do something a little +~%different if, say, you're writing about DNA\null. +有时需要微调 \TeX\ 处理句号的方式。当句号前面紧跟着标题字 +母(大写字母)时,\TeX\ 会认为这个句号并不做为句子的结束符, +因此在这种情况下,你需要作一些小改动。例如:我们这样写 DNA\null. +~% The \null prevents TeX from perceiving the capital `A' +~% as being next to the period. +% \null 可以阻止 \TeX\ 感知句号前面的标题字母 `A'。 +~%It's a good idea to tie words together in references such as +~%``see Fig.~8'' and in names such as V.~I\null. Lenin and in +~%$\ldots$ so that \TeX\ will never split them in an awkward place +~%between two lines. (The three dots indicate an ellipsis.) +~% 这个 references 不知道这样翻译对不对 +如果想将多个单词绑定到一起,中间不分行,则可以将它们放入一个引用中, +例如:``见 Fig.~8'';或者名字中,例如:V.~I\null. Lenin; +或者省略号 $\ldots$。在这样的情况下,\TeX\ 不会在它们之间断行 +(三个点表示省略号)。 + +~%You should put quotations in pairs of left and right +~%single ``quotes'' so that you get the correct left and right +~%double quotation marks. ``For adjacent single and double +~%quotation marks, insert a `thinspace'\thinspace''. You can +~%get en-dashes--like so, and em-dashes---like so. +为得到正确的左右双引号,你需要用两个左右单``引号''。 +``在相邻的单引号和双引号之间,要插入一个`小间隔'\thinspace''。 +连接号--可以这样写,而破折号---可以这样写。 + +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Indentation}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{缩进}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{缩进} ^^{边距} ^^{段落//窄段落} +~%\noindent Now let's see how to control indentation. If an +~%ordinary word processor can do it, so surely can \TeX. Note +~%that this paragraph isn't indented. +\noindent 现在让我们来看看如何控制缩进。如果一个普通的文字处理 +程序都能处理缩进的话,那 \TeX\ 一定也能。请注意,本段并未缩进。 + +~%Usually you'll either want to indent paragraphs or to leave +~%extra space between them. Since we haven't changed anything +~%yet, this paragraph is indented. +通常来说,你会想在段落的起始处安排缩进,在段落之间安排一些额外 +的空白。由于我们在此尚未做任何特殊处理,因此本段是缩进的。 + +{\parindent = 0pt \parskip = 6pt +~% The left brace starts a group containing the unindented text. +% 这里的左括弧包裹了一组不缩进的文本 + +~%Let's do these two paragraphs a different way, +~%with no indentation and six printer's points of extra space +~%between paragraphs. +让我们对这两个段落作一些特殊处理,这两段将不缩进,并且两段 +之间有 6pt 宽的空白。 + +~%So here's another paragraph that we're typesetting without +~%indentation. If we didn't put space between these paragraphs, +~%you would have a hard time knowing where one ends +~%and the next begins. +这是第二段不缩进的文字。如果不在这两段之间插入空白的话,将很难 +分辨段与段之间的结束和起始。 + +\par % The paragraph *must* be ended within the group. +}% The right brace ends the group containing unindented text. + +~%It's also possible to indent both sides of entire paragraphs. +~%The next three paragraphs illustrate this: +你也能在段落的两边同时缩进,下面的 3 段文字演示了双边缩进的效果: + +\smallskip % Provide a little extra space here. +% Skips like this and \vskip below end a paragraph. +{\narrower +~% ``We've indented this paragraph on both sides by the paragraph +~% indentation. This is often a good way to set long quotations.'' +``我们对这一段作了双边缩进的处理。在长段引用时,通常都会这么做。'' + +~%``You can do multiple paragraphs this way if you choose. This +~%is the second paragraph that's singly indented.''\par} +``如果你愿意的话,可以同时对多个段落作如此处理. 这是 +第二个轻微缩进的段落.''\par} + +~%{\narrower \narrower You can even make paragraphs doubly narrow +~%if that's what you need. This is an example of a doubly +~%narrowed paragraph.\par} +{\narrower \narrower 如果需要,你也可以让段落缩进双倍长度。 +这就是一个双倍缩进段落的例子.\par} +\vskip 1pc % Skip down one pica for visual separation. +~%In this paragraph we're back to the normal margins, as you can +~%see for yourself. We'll let it run on a little longer so that +~%the margins are clearly visible. +在这一段,如你所见,我们返回到正常的边距状态。我们尽量让这一段 +稍微长一点,这样你可以更清楚地看到边距的效果。 + +~%{\leftskip .5in Now we'll indent the left margin by half +~%an inch and leave the right margin at its usual position.\par} +{\leftskip .5in 现在这一段,我们将其调整为左边距为半英尺,而 +右边距保持原样。\par} + +~%{\rightskip .5in Finally, we'll indent the right margin by half +~%an inch and leave the left margin at its usual position.\par} +{\rightskip .5in 最后,我们将本段调整为右边距半英尺,而左边距保持 +原样。\par} +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Fonts and special characters}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{字体和特殊字符}% !xmpheaddef +\chardef \\ = `\\ % Let \\ denote a backslash. +~^^{字体} ^^{字符//特殊字符} ^^{重音} +~^^{音符} ^^{花色} +~\ifoldeplain +~^^|$| ^^|&| ^^|#| ^^|_| ^^|%| ^^|^| ^^|~| ^^|{| ^^|}| \indexchar \ +~\fi +~%{\it Here are a few words in an italic font}, {\bf a +~%few words in a boldface font}, {\it and a\/ {\bf mixture} +~%of the two, with two\/ {\rm roman words} inserted}. +~%Where an italic font is followed by a nonitalic font, we've +~%inserted an ``italic correction'' ({\tt \\/}) to make the +~%spacing look right. +{\it 这是一些斜体字词}, {\bf 一些粗体字词}, +{\it 以及一些 {\bf 二者混合的效果}, +我们在中间插入一些 {\rm 正常的字词} }. +当斜体字后面紧跟非斜体字时, 我们在其间插入一个``倾斜校正'' +({\tt \\/}),使得中间的空白看起来较舒适。 +~%Here's a {\sevenrm smaller} word---but the standard \TeX\ +~%fonts won't give you anything smaller than {\fiverm this}. +这是一些{\sevenrm 更小的} 字词---可是标准的 \TeX\ +字体并不会给出小于 {\fiverm 如此大小}的字体。 + +~%If you need any of the ten characters: +如果你需要以下十个字符任意之一: +\medskip +\centerline{\$ \quad \& \quad \# \quad \_ \quad \% \quad + \char `\^ \quad \char `\~ \quad $\{$ \quad + $\}$ \quad $\backslash$} +% The \quad inserts an em space between characters. +\medskip +~%\noindent you'll need to write them a special way. Look at +~%the facing page to see how to do it. +\noindent 你需要通过特殊的方式来写他们。参照对开页, +学习正确的记录这些特殊字符的方法. + +~%\TeX\ has the accents and letters that you'll need +~%for French words such as {\it r\^ ole\/} and {\it \' +~%el\` eve\/}, for German words such as {\it Schu\ss\/}, +~%and for words in several other languages as well. +~%You'll find a complete list of \TeX's accents and letters +~%of European languages on !xrefdelim[accents] and !xrefdelim[fornlets]. +\TeX\ 拥有一些语音和字母,可以用于某些法语词, +例如:{\it r\^ ole\/} 以及{\it \'el\` eve\/}, +或者德语词,例如 {\it Schu\ss\/},或者某些别的什么语言。 +你可以在 !xrefdelim[accents] 和 !xrefdelim[fornlets] 处 +找到 \TeX\ 的 欧洲语音和字母表。 + +~%You can also get Greek letters such as ``$\alpha$'' and +~%``$\Omega$'' for use in math, card suits such as +~%``$\spadesuit$'' and ``$\diamondsuit$'', music symbols +~%such as ``$\sharp$'' and ``$\flat$'', and many other special +~%symbols that you'll find listed on !xrefdelim[specsyms]. +~%\TeX\ will only accept these sorts of special symbols in its +~%``math mode'', so you'll need to enclose them +~%within `{\tt \$}' characters. +你也可以写一些希腊字母,例如数学中的 ``$\alpha$'' 以及 +``$\Omega$'' , 扑克牌中的 +``$\spadesuit$'' 以及 ``$\diamondsuit$'', 一些音乐符号,例如: +``$\sharp$'' 和 ``$\flat$'', 以及一些你可以在 !xrefdelim[specsyms] +找到的各种符号。\TeX\ 仅在 ``数学模式'' 下接受这些符号, 因此, +你需要将它们放在两个 `{\tt \$}' 字符中间。 +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Interline spacing}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{行间距}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{间隔//行间距} ^^{基线} +\baselineskip = 2\baselineskip % double spacing +\parskip = \baselineskip % Skip a line between paragraphs. +\parindent = 3em % Increase indentation of paragraphs. + +% The following macro definition gives us nice inline +% fractions. You'll find it in our eplain macros. +\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode + \kern.1em \raise .5ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #1}% + \kern-.1em $/$% + \kern-.15em \lower .25ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #2}% +}% + +~%Once in a while you may want to print a document with extra +~%space between the lines. For instance, bills before Congress +~%are printed this way so that the legislators can mark them up. +~%For the same reason, book publishers usually insist that +~%manuscripts be double-spaced. Double spacing is rarely +~%appropriate for finished documents, however. +有的时候,你会想在文档的文字行之间增加一些空白。例如:议会的 +某些讨论稿需要这样做,使得议院们能够在其上作一些标记。书商们 +也基于同样的理由,要求作者提交的手稿具有双倍的行间距。当然, +对最终的出版物来说,双倍行间距的情形极其少见。 + +~%A baseline is an imaginary line that acts like the lines +~%on a pad of ruled paper. You can control the interline +~%spacing---what printers call ``leading''---% +~%by setting the amount of space between baselines. Take a +~%look at the input to see how to do it. You could use +~%the same method for $1\;1/2$ spacing as well, using {\tt 1.5} +~%instead of {\tt 2}. (You can also write $1\frac 1/2$ +~%a nicer way.) +基线是一条想象出来的线,其作用类似于带横格标记的纸张上 +横格线的作用。你可以通过控制基线间的距离来控制两行文字 +之间的距离 --- 打印机管这个距离叫做 ``起始空白''。具体 +的做法可以参看这段的源文件。你可以用{\tt 1.5}取代{\tt 2} +获得 $1\;1/2$空白的效果。(或者可以写成更好看的 $1\frac 1/2$ +形式。) + +% Here we've used the macro definition given above. + +~%For this example we've also increased the paragraph indentation +~%and skipped an extra line between paragraphs. +做为举例,我们这里增加了段落的缩进,并且在两段之间增加了一个空行。 + +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Spacing, rules, and boxes}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{间隔、标线和盒子}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{描述列表} ^^{盒子//绘制盒子} ^^{修订线} +~%Here's an example of a ``description list''. In practice you'd +~%be better off using a macro to avoid the repetitive constructs +~%and to make sure that the subhead widths are wide enough: +这里展示的是 ``描述列表''的实例。实际使用时,最好将这些重复结构 +定义成宏,并且保证子标题的宽度足够宽。 + +\bigskip +~% Call the indentation for descriptions \descindent +~% and set it to 8 picas. +% 用 \descindent 表示描述列表的缩进量,并设定它的值为 8 派卡。 +\newdimen\descindent \descindent = 8pc +~% Indent paragraphs by \descindent. +~% Skip an additional half line between paragraphs. +% 整个段落缩进 \descindent。段落间增加半个行距的间距。 +{\noindent \leftskip = \descindent \parskip = .5\baselineskip +~% Move the description to the left of the paragraph. +% 将描述放在段落的左边。 +\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Queen of Hearts\hfil}}% +An ill-tempered woman, prone to saying ``Off with his +head!!''\ at the slightest provocation.\par +\noindent\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Cheshire Cat\hfil}}% +A cat with an enormous smile that Alice found +in a tree.\par +\noindent\llap{\hbox to \descindent{\bf Mock Turtle\hfil}}% +A lachrymose creature, quite a storyteller, who was a +companion to the Gryphon. Reputedly the prin\-cipal ingredient +of Mock Turtle Soup. +\par} +\bigskip\hrule\bigskip % A line with vertical space around it. +~%Here's an example of some words in a ruled box, just as +~%Lewis Carroll wrote them: +这个例子在一个标线盒子中放入一些词句,它们是路易斯·卡罗所写的: +\bigskip +~% Put 8pt of space between the text and the surrounding rules. +% 在文本和四周标线之间留有 8pt 宽的间隔。 +\hbox{\vrule\vbox{\hrule + \hbox spread 8pt{\hfil\vbox spread 8pt{\vfil +~% \hbox{Who would not give all else for twop}% +~% \hbox{ennyworth only of Beautiful Soup?}% + \hbox{谁不是最想尝一尝,}% + \hbox{两便士一碗的好汤?}% + \vfil}\hfil} +\hrule}\vrule}% + +\bigskip\line{\hfil\hbox to 3in{\leaders\hbox{ * }\hfil}\hfil} +\bigskip + +\line{\hskip -4pt\vrule\hfil\vbox{ +~%Here we've gotten the effect of a revision bar on the material +~%in this paragraph. The revision bar might indicate a change.}} +我们给此段落内容添加了修订线效果。修订线用于表示内容改动。}} +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Odds and ends}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{杂项}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{连字} ^^{定理} ^^{引理} ^^{有序列表} +~^^{居左对齐} ^^{居右对齐} ^^{居中对齐} +~%\chardef \\ = `\\ % Let \\ denote a backslash. +\chardef \\ = `\\ % 用 \\ 表示反斜杠。 +\footline{\hfil{\tenit - \folio -}\hfil} +~\global\footline{\hfil{\tenit - \folio\ -}\hfil} +~% \footline provides a footer line. +~% Here it's a centered, italicized page number. +% \footline 给出页脚行;此处为居中的意大利体页码。 +~%\TeX\ knows how to hyphenate words, but it isn't infallible. +~%If you are discussing the chemical +~%${\it 5}$-[p-(Flouro\-sul\-fonyl)ben\-zoyl]-l,% +~%$N^6$-ethe\-no\-adeno\-sine +~%and \TeX\ complains to you about an ``overfull hbox'', try +~%inserting some ``discretionary hyphens''. The notation +~%`{\tt \\-}' tells \TeX\ about a dis\-cre\-tion\-ary hyphen, +~%that is, one that it might not have inserted otherwise. +\TeX\ 懂得如何将单词连字化,但它并非绝对可靠的。若你在讨论化学 +${\it 5}$-[p-(Flouro\-sul\-fonyl)ben\-zoyl]-l,% +$N^6$-ethe\-no\-adeno\-sine 时, +\TeX\ 给出关于``水平盒子溢出''的警告, +你可以尝试插入某些``自定连字符''。 +`{\tt \\-}'记号告诉 \TeX\ 一个自定连字符位置; +在此位置 \TeX\ 本来是不会插入连字符的。 +\medskip +~%{\raggedright You can typeset text unjustified, i.e., with +~%an uneven right margin. In the old days, before word +~%processors were common, typewritten documents were +~%unjustified because there was no convenient alternative. +~%Some people prefer text to be unjustified so that the +~%spacing between words can be uniform. Most books are set +~%with justified margins, but not all. \par} +{\raggedright 你可以不对齐地排版文字,即让右页边不对齐。 +在过去,文字处理软件还未普及, +因为没有其他方便的选择,排版的文档都是不对齐的。 +有些人更喜欢不对齐地排版文字,因为此时单词间距是一致的。 +大部分书籍都设置为页边对齐,但并非都是。\par} + +~%\proclaim Assertion 27. There is an easy way to typeset +~%the headings of assertions, lemmas, theorems, etc. +\proclaim 断言 27. 有很简单的方法排版断言、引理、定理等的标题。 + +~%Here's an example of how to typeset an itemized list two +~%levels deep. If you need more levels, you'll have to +~%program it yourself, alas. +~%\smallskip +~%\item {1.} This is the first item. +~%\item {2.} This is the second item. It consists of two +~%paragraphs. We've indented the second paragraph so that +~%you can easily see where it starts. +这个例子显示如何排版两层的有序列表。 +如果需要更多层级,唉,你得自己编程。 +\smallskip +\item {1.} 这是第一个列表项。 +\item {2.} 这是第二个列表项。它由两个段落组成。 +为让你看清楚第二个段落从哪里开始,我们缩进了该段落。 + +~%\item{} \indent The second paragraph has three subitems +~%underneath it. +~%\itemitem {(a)} This is the first subitem. +~%\itemitem {(b)} This is the second subitem. +~%\itemitem {(c)} This is the third subitem. +~%\item {$\bullet$} This is a strange-looking item because it's +~%completely different from the others. +\item{} \indent 第二个段落下边有三个子列表项。 +\itemitem {(a)} 这是第一个子列表项。 +\itemitem {(b)} 这是第二个子列表项。 +\itemitem {(c)} 这是第三个子列表项。 +\item {$\bullet$} 这是一个看起来很奇怪的列表项, +因为它和其他列表项不同。 +\smallskip +~%\leftline{Here's a left-justified line.$\Leftarrow$} +~%\rightline{$\Rightarrow$Here's a right-justified line.} +~%\centerline{$\Rightarrow$Here's a centered line.$\Leftarrow$} +\leftline{这是一个左对齐的行。$\Leftarrow$} +\rightline{$\Rightarrow$这是一个右对齐的行。} +\centerline{$\Rightarrow$这是一个居中的行。$\Leftarrow$} +~% Don't try to use these commands within a paragraph. +% 不要在段落内部使用这些命令。 +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Using fonts from other sources}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{使用其他来源的字体}% !xmpheaddef +~\xrdef{palatino} +~\idxref{Palatino 字体} +~\idxref{Zapf, Hermann} +~\idxref{计算机现代字体} ^^{\Metafont} +\font\tenrm = pplr % Palatino +% Define a macro for invoking Palatino. +\def\pal{\let\rm = \tenrm \baselineskip=12.5pt \rm} +\pal % Use Palatino from now on. + +~%You aren't restricted to using the Computer Modern fonts that +~%come with \TeX. Other fonts are available from many sources, +~%and you may prefer them. For instance, we've set this page +~%in 10-point Palatino Roman. Palatino was designed by +~%Hermann Zapf, considered to be one of the greatest type +~%designers of the twentieth century. This page will +~%give you some idea of what it looks like. +你并不局限于只能使用随 \TeX 发行的 Computer Modern 系列字体。 +从其他很多渠道你都可以得到一些你可能会更喜欢的字体。例如我们 +当前页面就被设置为 10p 大小的 Palatino Roman 字体。Palatino +是一种由 Hermann Zapf 所设计的字体,它被认为是二十世纪最伟大的 +字体设计之一。从本页的输出可以获得关于这个字体的一些直观印 +象(由于译本的缘故,本页的字体并未被设为 Palatino 字体)。 + +~%Fonts can be provided either as outlines or as bitmaps. An +~%outline font describes the shapes of the characters, while a +~%bitmap font specifies each pixel (dot) that makes up each +~%character. A font outline can be used to generate many +~%different sizes of the same font. The Metafont program +~%that's associated with \TeX\ provides a particularly +~%powerful way of generating bitmap fonts, but it's not the +~%only way. +字体既可以是轮廓字体,也可以是位图字体。轮廓字体的意思是它 +描述的是各个字符的形状,而位图字体则是标识了每个字符形状所 +占据的像素点。轮廓字体可用来产生同一种字体的多种不同大小。 +随 \TeX\ 而发行的 metafont 程序是一个产生位图字体的强大工具, +而且它并不是唯一的工具。 + +~%The fact that a single outline can generate a great range of +~%point sizes for a font tempts many vendors of digital +~%typefaces to provide just one set of outlines for a typeface +~%such as Palatino Roman. This may be a sensible economic +~%decision, but it is an aesthetic sacrifice. Fonts cannot be +~%scaled up and down linearly without loss of quality. +~%Larger sizes of letters should not, in general, have the +~%same proportions as smaller sizes; they just don't look +~%right. For example, a font that's linearly scaled down will +~%tend to have too little space between strokes, and its +~%x-height will be too~small. % tie added to avoid widow word +由于单一的轮廓字体文件既可生成多种不同大小的字体,因此很多 +数字字体提供商倾向于仅提供字体的单一文件 ——例如 Palatino +Roman 即是如此。这也许是个经济的决定,可它却同时是个美学上 +的重大牺牲。字体无法做到在不损害其显示质量的前提下,线性地 +放大或者缩小。一个字符的大字体版本,通常来说,与小字体的版 +本应该有不同的比例 —— 而如果我们坚持这么做的话,其结果看 +起来将不会那么好看。例如:如果将一个字体线性缩小的话,其各 +笔画间的间距将会显得过窄,而它的 x-height 值也会显得过小。 + +~%A type designer can compensate for these changes by +~%providing different outlines for different point sizes, but +~%it's necessary to go to the expense of designing these +~%different outlines. One of the great advantages of Metafont +~%is that it's possible to parameterize the descriptions of +~%characters in a font. Metafont can then maintain the +~%typographical quality of characters over a range of point +~%sizes by adjusting the character shapes accordingly. +字体的设计者可以为不同大小的字体设计不同的轮廓形状,从而 +对这个问题进行弥补,可这同时需要付出额外的代价。使用 Metafont +程序的一个巨大的好处就是可以将字符符号形状的描述参数化。 +这样在改变字体大小的时候,Metafont 可以视情况做一些自动处理, +从而得到较好的效果。 +~%\bye % end the document +\bye % 结束此文档 +::: +~\idxref{蘑菇} +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{A ruled table}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{标线表格}% !xmpheaddef +\bigskip +~%\offinterlineskip % So the vertical rules are connected. +\offinterlineskip % 让竖直标线连接起来 +~% \tablerule constructs a thin rule across the table. +% \tablerule 构造横穿表格的细标线 +\def\tablerule{\noalign{\hrule}} +~% \tableskip creates 9pt of space between entries. +% \tableskip 在单元格之间生成 9pt 的空隙 +\def\tableskip{\omit&height 9pt&&&\omit\cr} +~% & separates templates for each column. TeX substitutes +~% the text of the entries for #. We must have a strut +~% present in every row of the table; otherwise, the boxes +~% won't butt together properly, and the rules won't join. +% 用 & 分开模版各列。TeX 将把 # 替换为单元格的文本。 +% 在表格每行都要有一个支架(strut); +% 否则盒子将不能良好接合,标线也不能连接起来。 +~%\halign{\tabskip = .7em plus 1em % glue between columns +~% Use \vtop for short multiline entries in the first column. +~% Typeset the lines ragged right, without hyphenation. +~% \vtop{\hsize=6pc\pretolerance = 10000\hbadness = 10000 +~% \normalbaselines\noindent\it#\strut}% +~% &\vrule #&#\hfil &\vrule #% the rules and middle column +\halign{\tabskip = .7em plus 1em % 各列之间的粘连 +% 用 \vtop 得到表格第一列中的多行单元格。 +% 让多行文本右边不对齐,且不连字化。 + \vtop{\hsize=6pc\pretolerance = 10000\hbadness = 10000 + \normalbaselines\noindent\it#\strut}% + &\vrule #&#\hfil &\vrule #% 标线和中间各列 +~%% Use \vtop to get whole paragraphs in the last column. +~% &\vtop{\hsize=11pc \parindent=0pt \normalbaselineskip=12pt +~% \normalbaselines \rightskip=3pt plus2em #}\cr +% 用 \vtop 得到表格最后一列中的段落。 + &\vtop{\hsize=11pc \parindent=0pt \normalbaselineskip=12pt + \normalbaselines \rightskip=3pt plus2em #}\cr +~% The table rows begin here. +% 表格各行从这里开始。 +~%\noalign{\hrule height2pt depth2pt \vskip3pt} +~% % The header row spans all the columns. +~% \multispan5\bf Some Choice Edible Mushrooms\hfil\strut\cr +\noalign{\hrule height2pt depth2pt \vskip3pt} + % 表头行横跨各列。 + \multispan5\bf 一些上等的食用蘑菇\hfil\strut\cr +~%\noalign{\vskip3pt} \tablerule +~% \omit&height 3pt&\omit&&\omit\cr +~% \bf Botanical&&\bf Common&&\omit \bf Identifying \hfil\cr +~%\noalign{\vskip -2pt}% close up lines of heading +~% \bf Name&&\bf Name &&\omit \bf Characteristics \hfil\cr +\noalign{\vskip3pt} \tablerule + \omit&height 3pt&\omit&&\omit\cr + \bf 学名&&\bf 常用名&&\omit \bf 识别特征 \hfil\cr +~%\tableskip Pleurotus ostreatus&&Oyster mushroom&& +~% Grows in shelf\kern 1pt like clusters on stumps or logs, +~% % without the kern, the `f' and `l' would be too close +~% pink-gray oyster-shaped caps, stem short or absent.\cr +\tableskip Pleurotus ostreatus&&平菇&& + Grows in shelf\kern 1pt like clusters on stumps or logs, + % 若不加上 \kern ,`f' 和 `l' 将挨得太近 + pink-gray oyster-shaped caps, stem short or absent.\cr +~%\tableskip Lactarius hygrophoroides&&Milky hygroph&& +~% Butterscotch-brown cap and stem, copious white latex, +~% often on ground in woods near streams.\cr +\tableskip Lactarius hygrophoroides&&稀褶乳菇&& + Butterscotch-brown cap and stem, copious white latex, + often on ground in woods near streams.\cr +~%\tableskip Morchella esculenta&&White morel&&Conical cap +~% with black pits and white ridges; no gills. Often found +~% near old apple trees and dying elms in the spring.\cr +\tableskip Morchella esculenta&&羊肚菌&&Conical cap + with black pits and white ridges; no gills. Often found + near old apple trees and dying elms in the spring.\cr +~%\tableskip Boletus edulus&&King bolete&&Reddish-brown to +~% tan cap with yellow pores (white when young), +~% bulbous stem, often near conifers, birch, or~aspen.\cr +\tableskip Boletus edulus&&美味牛肝菌&&Reddish-brown to + tan cap with yellow pores (white when young), + bulbous stem, often near conifers, birch, or~aspen.\cr +\tableskip \tablerule \noalign{\vskip 2pt} \tablerule +}\bye +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{Typesetting mathematics}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{排版数学公式}% !xmpheaddef +~^^{数学} +~%For a spherical triangle with sides $a$, $b$, and $c$, and +~%opposite angles $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\gamma$, we have: +设球面三角形的三条边长度分别为$a$,$b$ 和 $c$, +它们的对角分别为 $\alpha$,$\beta$ 和 $\gamma$,我们有: +~%$$\cos \alpha = -\cos \beta \cos \gamma + +~% \sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \alpha \quad +~% \hbox{(Law of Cosines)}$$ +$$\cos \alpha = -\cos \beta \cos \gamma + + \sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \alpha \quad + \hbox{(余弦定理)}$$ +~%and: +且有: +~%$$\tan {\alpha \over 2} = \sqrt{ +~% {- \cos \sigma \cdot \cos(\sigma - \alpha)} \over +~% {\cos (\sigma - \beta) \cdot \cos (\sigma - \gamma)}},\quad +~% \hbox{where $\sigma = {1 \over 2}(a+b+c)$}$$ +$$\tan {\alpha \over 2} = \sqrt{ + {- \cos \sigma \cdot \cos(\sigma - \alpha)} \over + {\cos(\sigma - \beta) \cdot \cos(\sigma - \gamma)}},\quad + \hbox{其中 $\sigma = {1 \over 2}(a+b+c)$}$$ +~%We also have:$$\sin x = {{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}\over 2i}$$ +~%and: +~%$$\int _0 ^\infty {{\sin ax \sin bx}\over{x^2}}\,dx +~%% The \, above produces a thin space +~% = {\pi a\over 2}, \quad \hbox{if $a < b$}$$ +我们还有:$$\sin x = {{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}\over 2i}$$ +且有: +$$\int _0 ^\infty {{\sin ax \sin bx}\over{x^2}}\,dx +% 上面的 \, 生成一个小间隔 + = {\pi a\over 2}, \quad \hbox{如果 $a < b$}$$ + +~%\noindent The number of combinations ${}_nC_r$ of $n$ +~%things taken $r$ at a time is: +\noindent 从 $n$ 个物品中任取 $r$ 个的组合数 ${}_nC_r$ 为: +$$C(n,r) = {}_nC_r = {n \choose r} = + {{n(n-1) \cdots (n-r+1)} \over {r(r-1) \cdots (1)}} = + {{n!!}\over {r!!(n-r)!!}}$$ + +\noindent +~%The value of the determinant $D$ of order $n$: +$n$ 阶行列式 $D$ 的值: +$$D = \left|\matrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr + a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr + \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr + a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}\right| $$ +~%is defined as the sum of $n!!$ terms: +定义为下面$n!!$项的和: +$$\sum\>(\pm)\>a_{1i}a_{2j} \ldots a_{nk}$$ +~% The \> above produces a medium space. +~%where $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ take on all possible values +~%between $1$ and $n$, and the sign of the product is +~%$+$ if the sequence $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ is an +~%even permutation and $-$ otherwise. Moreover: +其中 $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ 取遍 $1$ 到 $n$ 的所有可能值, +且当排列 $i$, $j$, \dots,~$k$\/ 为偶置换时乘积取 $+$ 号, +否则取 $-$ 号。此外: +$$Q(\xi) = \lambda_1 y_1^2 \sum_{i=2}^n \sum_{j=2}^n y_i +b_{ij} y_j,\qquad B = \Vert b_{ij} \Vert = B'$$ +\bye +::: +~%\xmpheader !xmpnum/{More mathematics}% !xmpheaddef +\xmpheader !xmpnum/{更多数学内容}% !xmpheaddef +%^^{math} +^^{数学} +~%The absolute value of $X$, $|x|$, is defined by: +~%$$|x| = \cases{x, &if $x\ge 0$;\cr +~%-x,&otherwise.\cr}$$ +~%Now for some numbered equations. +~%It is the case that for $k \ge 0$: +~%$$x^{k^2}=\overbrace{x\>x\>\cdots\> x}^{2k\ \rm times} +~%\eqno (1)$$ +$X$ 的绝对值 $|x|$ 定义为:: +$$|x| = \cases{x, &if $x\ge 0$;\cr +-x,&otherwise.\cr}$$ +现在写一些标号了的公式。 +在 $k \ge 0$ 时,我们有: +$$x^{k^2}=\overbrace{x\>x\>\cdots\> x}^{2k\ \rm times} +\eqno (1)$$ + +~%Here's an example that shows some spacing controls, with +~%a number on the left: +这是一个展示空格间距调整和公式左编号的例子: +~%$$[u]!negthin[v][w]\,[x]\>[y]\;[z]\leqno(2a)$$ +$$[u]!negthin[v][w]\,[x]\>[y]\;[z]\leqno(2a)$$ +~%The amount of space between the items in brackets +~%gradually increases from left to right. (We've made +~%the space between the first two items be {\it less\/} +~%than the natural space.) +从做到右公式中的项和括号的距离逐步增大。 +(我们把前两项的距离设定得比正常距离 {\it 少\/}。 +~%It is sometimes the case that $$\leqalignno{ +~%u'_1 + tu''_2 &= u'_2 + tu''_1&(2b)\cr +~%\hat\imath &\ne \hat \jmath&(2c)\cr +~%\vec {\vphantom{b}a}&\approx \vec b\cr}$$ +~%% The \vphantom is an invisible rule as tall as a `b'. +有时候, $$\leqalignno{ +u'_1 + tu''_2 &= u'_2 + tu''_1&(2b)\cr +\hat\imath &\ne \hat \jmath&(2c)\cr +\vec {\vphantom{b}a}&\approx \vec b\cr}$$ +% \vphantom 是一个不可见的和“b”一样高的盒子。 +~%The result is of order $O(n \log\log n)$. Thus +~%$$\sum_{i=1}^n x_i = x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n +~%= {\rm Sum}(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n). \eqno(3)$$ +结果为 $O(n \log\log n)$. 因此 +$$\sum_{i=1}^n x_i = x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n += {\rm Sum}(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n). \eqno(3)$$ +~%and +~%$$dx\,dy = r\,dr\,d\theta!negthin.\eqno(4)$$ +~%The set of all $q$ such that $q\le0$ is written as: +~%$$\{\,q\mid q\le0\, \}$$ +且 +$$dx\,dy = r\,dr\,d\theta!negthin.\eqno(4)$$ +满足 $q\le0$ 的所有的 $q$ 可以被写作: +$$\{\,q\mid q\le0\, \}$$ +~%Thus +~%$$\forall x\exists y\;P(x,y)\Rightarrow +~%\exists x\exists y\;P(x,y)$$ +~%where +~%$$P(x,y) \buildrel \rm def \over \equiv +~%\hbox{\rm any predicate in $x$ and $y$} . $$ +因此 +$$\forall x\exists y\;P(x,y)\Rightarrow +\exists x\exists y\;P(x,y)$$ +其中 +$$P(x,y) \buildrel \rm def \over \equiv +\hbox{\rm 任何一个能够得出 $x$ 和 $y$} . $$ +\bye +::: |