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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2009-05-24 00:31:38 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2009-05-24 00:31:38 +0000
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+%% file: TXSfigs.doc - Figures and Tables - TeXsis version 2.18
+%% @(#) $Id: TXSfigs.doc,v 18.2 2000/05/17 00:19:46 myers Exp $
+%======================================================================*
+% (C) Copyright 1989, 1992,1993,1994, 1997 by Eric Myers and Frank E. Paige
+% This file is a part of TeXsis. Distribution and/or modifications
+% are allowed under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL).
+% See the file COPYING or ftp://ftp.texsis.org/texsis/LPPL
+%======================================================================*
+\ifx\undefined\meta \texsis\input TXSdocM.doc\input Manual.aux\draft\fi
+
+% Select the Penguin shown at the end of the section
+% (the one in the middle is always the Feynman diagram).
+
+%\def\penguin{penguin2} % to use Larry Ewing's Linux Penguin
+\def\penguin{penguin} % to use the Feynman diagram.
+
+
+
+\section{Figures and Tables \label{sect.figures}}
+
+Technical papers often include tables and/or figures. Regardless of how
+the contents of the figures or tables are created, these have a lot in
+common in the way they are generally treated. \TeXsis\ makes use of
+\TeX's \idx{floating insertion} capabilities (see Chapter~15 of
+\TeXbook) to insert figures and tables on the current page or on a
+following page. It is also possible to have figures or tables saved and
+printed at the end of the document. Captions are easily added either
+above or below the figure or table. Both kinds of objects are
+automatically assigned numbers, which are associated with internal
+labels so that they may be referred to in the text without having to
+know their order. It is possible to create a list of the figures and
+tables which appear in a document, much like creating a table of
+contents. Figures themselves
+are generally created outside of \TeX, either by hand
+or by computer graphics programs, while tables can be created using
+\TeX\ commands. The most complicated tables have vertical and
+horizontal lines (called ``rules'') to guide the reader's eye and to
+make the table more readable. \TeXsis\ has some very easy to use
+commands for making ruled tables.
+
+Before discussing \TeXsis's figure and table making macros in detail we
+should mention that \TeXsis\ also adds a new insertion class to those of
+Plain \TeX. In Plain \TeX\ saying \cs{topinsert}, \cs{midinsert} or
+\cs{pageinsert} begins a \idx{floating insertion} (ended by
+\cs{endinsert}) which will appear somewhere on the current page or a
+following page. Material entered with a \cs{topinsert} appears at the
+top of the current page, if there is room for it, or at the top of the
+next page where there is room. A \cs{midinsert} attempts to insert the
+text into the current page right where it is invoked, but if the
+insertion won't fit it becomes a \cs{topinsert}. Saying \cs{pageinsert}
+creates an insertion which takes up a whole page by itself.
+%
+In \TeXsis\ you can also say \cs{bottominsert} to make a \idx{floating
+insertion} that will appear at the bottom of the current page, if it
+will fit, or at the bottom of the next page where it will fit.
+There is also \cs{heavyinsert}, which like \cs{midinsert} tries first to
+insert the material into the current page right where it is called, but
+in this case becomes a \cs{bottominsert} if the material wont' fit.
+
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Figures \label{sect.figs}}
+
+\TeX\ is designed for technical typesetting, but does not include a
+graphics standard, so to include a figure or drawing in a document
+it is necessary to
+leave blank space and to either glue the drawing in later or to arrange
+for the figure material to be inserted by some mechanism outside of
+\TeX\ when the page is actually printed (e.g., using the \cs{special}
+command or the \cs{epsfbox} command described later).
+
+ Imagine that you wish to insert into the text a drawing of a
+``\idx{penguin} diagram,'' which is about 6~cm tall. You could create
+the space for this figure at the top of a page, along with a caption,
+with the following commands:\index{figures}%
+\TeXexample
+|smalltt\figure{Penguin}
+\hrule
+\vskip 2cm
+\line{\hss (glue your penguin here) \hfil}
+\vskip 2cm
+\hrule
+\Caption
+Sample figure showing how easy it is to insert
+numbered figures with captions in \TeXsis.
+\endCaption
+\endfigure
+|endTeXexample
+\noindent
+This produces \Fig{Penguin} (we put the \cs{hrule}'s in just to show
+off the empty space). ``Penguin'' is the
+label for the figure, so to refer to the figure in the text we typed
+\CS{Fig}|{Penguin}|, which produced ``\Fig{Penguin}.'' The caption can be
+placed either before or after the figure: if it is to be at the top then
+\CS{Caption} must be the first token after |\figure|. As shown, the
+caption text must be terminated with \CS{endCaption}. When the caption is
+printed it will automatically start with the figure number in bold type,
+followed by the caption text. The caption is indented on both sides if
+it is more than one line long and centered otherwise.
+
+ \CS{caption}\arg{text} is equivalent to \CS{Caption}\meta{text}
+\CS{endCaption} and may be more convenient for short captions.
+It should be avoided for very long captions to keep from overflowing \TeX's
+internal memory.
+
+\figure{Penguin}
+\hrule
+\vskip 2cm
+\line{\hss (glue your \idx{penguin} here) \hfil}
+\vskip 2cm
+\hrule
+\Caption
+Sample figure showing how easy it is to insert
+numbered figures with captions in \TeXsis.
+\endCaption
+\infiglist{Sample figure showing how easy it is
+to insert numbered figures with captions in \TeXsis.}
+\endfigure
+
+ There are commands to create figures for each of the \idx{insertion
+classes} of Plain \TeX (that is, \cs{midinsert}, \cs{topinsert} and
+\cs{pageinsert}) along with the new insertion class
+added by \TeXsis\ (\cs{bottominsert}) .
+In addition, there are special commands for creating wide or full page
+figures while in double column mode (which is described later in
+Section~\use{sect.dcol}):
+\index{figures!placement}%
+\singlelinetrue
+\description{XfullFigureXXXXXX}\clump
+%
+\itm{\CS{figure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a figure at the top of the current page, if there is enough room for
+it, or at the top of the next available page.
+%
+\itm{\CS{midfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a figure at the current position, if there is enough room for it, or at
+the top of the next page if there is not.
+%
+\itm{\CS{fullfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a figure on a separate page. The body of the figure should
+normally contain a \cs{vfill} to allow the figure to stretch to fill the
+whole page.
+%
+\itm{\CS{bottomfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts the figure at the bottom of the current page, if there is room
+for it, or on the bottom of the next page where there is room.
+%
+\itm{\CS{heavyfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a figure at the current position, if there is room for it on the
+page, or at the bottom of the page following if there is not. This is
+therefore like \CS{midfigure}, except that if the figure can't be fit on
+the page it ends up on the bottom of a following page, not the top.
+%
+\itm{\cs{widetopfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a figure at the top of a page across both columns in
+double column format. Equivalent to \CS{figure} in single column
+format. \cs{widefigure} is a synonym.
+%
+\itm{\cs{widefullfigure}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a full page figure across both columns in double column
+format. Equivalent to \CS{fullfigure} in single column format.
+%
+\itm{\CS{endfigure}}
+Ends any of the figure insertions described above.
+%
+\enddescription
+\noindent
+In all cases \meta{label\/} is an internal label which is assigned to
+the figure number. The figure number will include the chapter and
+section numbers in the format ``$cc.ss.nn$'' if \cs{showchaptIDtrue} and
+\cs{showsectIDtrue} have been selected.
+\index{figures!placement}%
+
+ The body of the figure can include any vertical mode
+commands, as in the example above. When you are simply leaving
+space for a figure to be glued in later a convenient way to specify the
+amount of space to leave is to \cs{vskip} by some amount proportional to
+the width of the current column or page. The dimension \cs{colwidth} is
+the width of the page (the \cs{hsize}) in single column mode and the width
+of the current column in double column mode. So for example, if you
+have a figure which was half again as tall as it is wide you could say
+\index{figures!size}%
+\example
+\cs{vskip} |1.5|\cs{colwidth}
+\endexample
+Another way to standardize the space reserved for figures is to define
+your own dimension, such as |\myfigsize|, to use in the \cs{vskip}
+above. For example,
+\TeXexample
+\newdim\myfigsize
+\myfigsize= 1.5\colwidth
+|endTeXexample
+\noindent
+and then |\vskip\myfigsize|. This has the same effect as the previous
+example, but |\myfigsize| can be changed to any valid dimension.
+\index{figures!size}%
+
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Encapsulated PostScript Graphics}
+
+Instead of simply gluing figures into a paper by hand it is possible to
+have computer generated graphs and drawings automatically inserted into
+a document. Unfortunately, the method can vary from
+computer to computer and printer to printer. Recall that \TeX\
+produces as output a \idx{DVI file}, which contains device independent
+instructions for typesetting the document. To actually print the
+document the \idx{DVI file} must be translated into instructions for
+the specific printer being used by a suitable device driver. It is at
+this stage, when the device driver is converting the \idx{DVI file} to
+printer instructions, that graphs and drawings may be inserted.
+However, since different printers may require different kinds of
+instructions, there are many different device drivers, each having its
+own way of including drawings in the document.
+
+In recent years some standardization has become possible, because many
+printer manufacturers have chosen \idx{PostScript} as the ``language''
+for giving instructions to their printers. PostScript contains
+commands both for drawing and for typesetting text. Still, there are
+some problems, because there are many different device drivers for
+converting \idx{DVI file}s to \idx{PostScript}, and they all treat the
+inclusion of figures slightly differently. Also, while all of these filters
+require that the drawings to be included are themselves already in
+PostScript, there are several variations of \idx{PostScript}, leading to
+further problems of incompatibility.
+
+Until there is some standardization for inserting drawings into \TeX\
+documents (and perhaps to encourage it) we recommend using the scheme
+which (a) seems to be the easiest to use and the most well thought
+out, and (b) is potentially available to the widest group of users.
+Our choice is, first, to use a specific variation of PostScript known
+as ``Encapsulated'' \idx{PostScript} (EPS).
+\index{Encapsulated PostScript|see{PostScript}} Most newer computer
+programs which produce graphics output, including Mathematica, |xfig|,
+and |paw|, can produce EPS output files. To include these in the text
+we have chosen to rely on the program |dvips| \index{dvips} by Tomas
+Rokicki,\reference{Rokicki} Tomas Rokicki, \booktitle{{\tt dvips}
+User's Manual}.
+The source code for {\tt dvips} is available from CTAN
+in the directory {\tt dviware/dvips}
+\endreference
+\index{Rokicki, Tomas} along with his \TeX\ macros for including EPS
+graphics, called |epsf.tex|. Be warned that there are other programs
+called ``dvips,'' but as far as we know only Rokicki's version will
+work with |epsf.tex|. We expect that when including drawings in \TeX\
+is standardized, it will be based on Rokicki's scheme or something
+close to it.
+
+\bigskip
+
+To include EPS graphics in a document using the |epsf.tex| macros you
+must first input the macros. Somewhere early in your manuscript file you
+should put:
+\TeXexample
+\input epsf.tex
+|endTeXexample
+You can have the macros report the size of a figure when it is
+included by saying:
+\TeXexample
+\epsfverbosetrue
+|endTeXexample
+At the point where you want a graph or drawing included
+you simply say:
+\example
+\CS{epsfbox}|{foo.ps}|
+\endexample
+This will include the drawing from the file called `|foo.ps|,' which must
+already exist in the current directory. \TeX\ will leave enough room
+for the figure (by creating a box of the correct size) and will use a
+\cs{special} command to insert instructions into the DVI file telling
+the DVI to PS translator to read in the \idx{EPS file} |foo.ps|.
+
+Once the document has been processed by \TeXsis\ and the DVI file has
+been produced you will convert it to a PS file with the ``\idx{dvips}''
+program. If your DVI file is called |myfile.dvi| then the command is
+simply:
+\TeXexample
+dvips myfile
+|endTeXexample
+This will convert |myfile.dvi| to PostScript,
+and depending on how dvips is set up at your installation it will either
+put the output in the file |myfile.ps| or it will send it directly to
+the default printer (see the man pages for dvips on how to change this
+behavior, or try a short example to see how it is set up on your computer).
+Note that the EPS files to be included must be in the same directory as
+|myfile.dvi| when you run dvips, so that they can be merged into the final
+output file (or you can specify the full path filename in the
+\CS{epsfbox} command).
+
+On Unix systems you may not be able to use the |lpr -d|
+command if you have included EPS files in the document. This command
+runs the DVI file through dvips (or some other DVI to PS filter) in a
+different directory, and the EPS files will therefore not be included
+unless you have used a full path name for the file.
+
+
+If you use the latest version of
+the |xdvi| program to preview DVI files on your workstation
+you will find that it automatically includes EPS graphics in the
+display, but some other previewing programs (such as |texsun|, or older
+versions of |xdvi|) will not. Even if the previewer does not know how
+to deal with the \cs{special} commands in the DVI file, you will
+see that \TeX\ has left room for the figure. Once you have converted
+your DVI and \idx{EPS file}s into a PS file you can preview that file
+if you have a PostScript previewer, such as GhostScript. Then your
+graphs and drawings will appear just as they would if you had printed
+the PS file.
+
+\bigskip
+
+Sometimes you will find that more room has been left for the figure than
+is really needed. The way \CS{epsfbox} decides how much room to leave is
+by reading the first part of the \idx{EPS file} to find a line
+which looks like:
+\TeXexample
+%%BoundingBox: 67 176 544 616
+|endTeXexample
+\noindent
+The two pairs of numbers are the coordinates of the lower left and upper
+right corners of the figure, respectively. They are measured in
+printer's points (1/72${}{\hbox{nd}}$ of an inch). If you don't like
+the positioning of the figure given by the original bounding box in the
+PostScript file you can override it by specifying a new bounding box
+like so:
+\TeXexample
+\epsfbox[0 180 540 700]{file.ps}
+|endTeXexample
+\noindent
+You may have to experiment with positioning the BoundingBox for the best
+effect, and it may help to look at the \idx{PostScript} file to see what the
+default BoundingBox is and adjust things using that coordinate system.
+
+\bigskip
+
+You can also control the size of the included graphic using
+\CS{epsfxsize} or \CS{epsfysize} before you call \CS{epsfbox}. The
+figure will be enlarged or reduced to fit the dimension you specify.
+Saying
+\example
+\CS{epsfxsize}|=|\meta{dimen} \CS{epsfbox}|{figure.ps}|
+\endexample
+will scale the drawing in the file |figure.ps| so that its {\sl width\/}
+is \meta{dimen}, with the height scaled accordingly, while saying
+\example
+\CS{epsfysize}|=|\meta{dimen} \CS{epsfbox}|{graph.ps}|
+\endexample
+will scale the drawing in the file |graph.ps| so that its {\sl height\/} is
+\meta{dimen}, with the width scaled accordingly. You can only specify
+the width or height, but not both at the same time. Whatever change of
+size you specify will only be applied to the \CS{epsfbox} command which
+immediately follows. After that, subsequent included graphics will
+revert to their natural sizes unless you also specify a particular size
+for them.
+
+The \CS{epsfbox} command creates a box of the proper size, into which
+the figure is later drawn.
+That is all.
+If you want the figure to be centered across the page then you will
+have to do so yourself, using \cs{centerline} or something similar.
+The advantage of this is that since figures are simply treated as
+boxes, you can stack them or arrange them in a row, or do whatever
+else you would with boxes.
+This gives you much more flexibility to construct complicated figures
+from several EPS files.
+
+\figure{Penguin2}
+\centerline{\epsfysize=4cm\epsfbox{penguin.eps}}
+\Caption
+Example of including EPS graphics in a figure.
+\endCaption
+\endfigure
+
+So now consider the earlier example of including a 4~cm tall
+\idx{penguin} diagram in a figure, but now assuming that the drawing
+exists as an EPS graphic in the file |penguin.eps|.
+Assume also that we need to override the default bounding box in that
+file.
+The commands to do this are:
+\TeXexample
+\figure{Penguin2}
+\centerline{\epsfysize=4cm \epsfbox{penguin.eps}}
+\Caption
+Example of including EPS graphics in a figure.
+\endCaption
+\endfigure
+|endTeXexample
+\relax
+The results are shown in \Fig{Penguin2}.
+The drawing was created with Bill Dimm's {\sl FeynDiagram}
+package,\reference{FeynDiagram}
+Dimm, Bill,
+\booktitle{FeynDiagram Tutorial},
+available at \URL{ftp://ftp.hepth.cornell.edu}
+\endreference
+which is a set of C++ objects which make it fairly easy to create EPS
+\idx{Feynman Diagrams} by writing short C++ programs. It was converted
+from a |.ps| to a |.eps| file using |ps2epsi|.
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Simple Tables \label{sect.tbls}}
+
+ Simple tables\index{tables!simple} (without ruled lines) are constructed
+in \TeX\ with \idx{alignment tabs} or with \cs{halign}. The reader who
+is not familiar with these should look at Chapter~22 in \TeXbook. In
+\TeXsis\ simple tables with table numbers and captions are
+treated much the same as figures. For example, saying
+\TeXexample
+|smalltt\midtable{table example}
+\caption{Charged leptons.}
+\centerline{\vbox{\halign{#\ \hfil & #\ \hfil & #\hfil \cr
+Name & Mass & Lifetime \cr
+$e^-$ & .511 MeV & $>2 \times 10^{22}$ yr. \cr
+$\mu^-$ & 105 MeV & $2.197 \times 10^{-6}$ sec. \cr
+$\tau^-$ & 1784 MeV & $3.3 \times 10^{-13}$ sec. \cr}}}
+\endtable
+|endTeXexample
+\noindent
+produces the following table, in the middle of the page:
+\vskip 0pt
+\midtable{table example}
+\caption{Charged leptons.}
+\centerline{\vbox{\halign{#\ \hfil & #\ \hfil & #\hfil \cr
+Name & Mass & Lifetime \cr
+$e^-$ & .511 MeV & $>2 \times 10^{22}$ yr. \cr
+$\mu^-$ & 105 MeV & $2.197 \times 10^{-6}$ sec. \cr
+$\tau^-$ & 1784 MeV & $3.3 \times 10^{-13}$ sec. \cr}}}
+\intablelist{Charged leptons.}
+\endtable
+\noindent
+Note the use of \cs{centerline} and a \cs{vbox} to center the table. The
+reference to this table in the text was produced by typing ``|\Tbl{table
+example}|.'' Note also that we used \cs{caption} followed by the text in
+brackets as an alternative method of defining the caption;
+However \cs{caption}
+should only be used when the caption is short. Table captions are
+traditionally placed above the table, so \cs{Caption} or \cs{caption} should
+be the first token after \CS{table}\arg{label\/} and its siblings.
+
+There are a number of different kinds of table insertions, and they
+match closely the different kinds of insertions used for figures:
+\description{xwidefullTablexx\qquad}\clump
+%
+\itm{\CS{table}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a table at the top of next available page.
+%
+\itm{\CS{midtable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a table at the current position if there is room or at
+the top of a page if necessary.
+%
+\itm{\CS{fulltable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a table on a separate page. The body of the table
+should normally contain a \cs{vfill}.
+%
+\itm{\CS{bottomtable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts the table at the bottom of the current page, if there is room
+for it, or on the bottom of the next page where there is room.
+%
+\itm{\CS{heavytable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a table at the current position, if there is room for it on the
+page, or at the bottom of the page following if there is not. This is
+therefore like \CS{midtable}, except that if the table can't be fit on
+the page it ends up on the bottom of a following page, not the top.
+%
+\itm{\cs{widetoptable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a table at the top of a page across both columns in
+double column format. Equivalent to \CS{table} in single column
+format.
+%
+\itm{\cs{widefulltable}\arg{label\/}}
+Inserts a full page table in double column format. Equivalent to
+\CS{fulltable} in single column format.
+%
+\itm{\CS{endtable}}
+Ends any of the tables above.
+%
+\enddescription
+Again, in these macros \meta{label\/} is an internal label which is assigned to
+the table number. The table number will include the chapter and section
+numbers in the format ``$cc.ss.nn$'' if |\showchaptIDtrue| and
+|\showsectIDtrue| have been selected. The table can then be referred to
+in the text by saying \cs{Tbl}\arg{label\/}.
+
+%==================================================*
+% RULED TABLES:
+
+\subsection{Ruled Tables \label{sect.ruled}}
+\input TXSruled.doc
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Lists of Figures and Tables}
+
+In large technical documents it is often desirable to have a list of the
+figures and/or tables which appear in the document, along with a brief
+caption and the number of the page on which the figure or table appears.
+This is similar to
+a table of contents, but is separate from it. In \TeXsis\ you can add a
+figure or table to a list of figures or tables by using \CS{infiglist}
+after \cs{figure} or \CS{intablelist} after \cs{table}, similar to the
+way you would use \cs{caption}. The syntax is \CS{infiglist}\arg{text}.
+The text is the text of the (possibly abbreviated) caption which is to
+appear in the list of figures. Remember though, if a table has a
+caption it should
+appear above the table body, so the \cs{caption} must still be the first
+thing after \cs{table}; the \CS{infiglist} can come later.
+\index{lists!of figures}\index{lists!of tables}%
+
+As an example, consider the ``penguin diagram'' already discussed.
+To add an entry for this figure in the list of figures it
+would be entered as follows:
+\TeXexample
+\figure{Penguin}
+\centerline{\epsfbox{/home/fermi/qcd/penguin.eps}}
+\caption{Example of including EPS graphics in a figure.}
+\infiglist{Example of including a figure in the list of figures.}
+\endfigure
+|endTeXexample
+\relax
+The \cs{caption} text is what is put under the figure in the body of the
+paper, while the \CS{infiglist} text is what shows up in the list of
+figures, and these do not have to be the same.
+
+ To produce the list of figures at the end of the document you say
+\CS{ListFigures}, and similarly to produce the list of tables say
+\CS{ListTables}. Even if the list is to appear at the front of the
+document, along with the table of contents, you should print it at the
+end and move the list to the front afterwards. This is because until
+the document is actually processed \TeX\ does not know on which page the
+figure or table appears.
+
+ One word of caution: figures and tables are produced by putting them
+in ``floating inserts'', which \TeX\ saves up and prints when there is
+room. The entry into the list of figures or tables is not made until
+the item actually makes its way into the output DVI file. If you ask
+for the list of figures or tables before one of these items is output it
+will not be in the list, and in fact that entry for the figure or table
+list will later end up spewing out on your terminal. To be sure that
+all floating insertions have been output you should say \cs{supereject}
+before you print the list of figures or tables.
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Listing Figure and Table Captions}
+
+When a manuscript is submitted to some journals, like the Physical
+Review, one is supposed to include a separate list of the captions of all
+figures and tables. This is similar to the lists created by
+\CS{ListFigures} and \CS{ListTables}, but the page numbers are not
+supposed to be included. It is very easy to use the caption information
+stored by \CS{infiglist} and \CS{intablelist} to make just a list of
+captions, without including the page numbers. The command to make a
+list of all the figure captions is \CS{ListFigureCaptions}, and
+similarly all the table captions can be listed with
+\CS{ListTableCaptions}. Just as with \CS{ListFigures} and
+\CS{ListTables} these should appear at the end of the job, so that all
+of the caption information will have already been stored.
+
+It should be said that this method of making a list of captions assumes
+that you have put the same captions under the figures, with \cs{Caption}
+or \cs{caption}, as the caption in the list of figures entered with
+\CS{infiglist}.
+
+ It may help to know a little bit more about how the macros
+\CS{ListFigures} and \CS{ListFigureCaptions} work. The \CS{infiglist}
+command writes the figure caption information you provide to a file
+which has the same name as your manuscript file but with the extension
+|.fgl|, meaning ``figure list'' (for tables the file name extension is
+|.tbl|). The page number on which the figure appears is also recorded
+in this file. When the whole document has been processed all of the
+figure captions will have been saved in this file, and \CS{ListFigures}
+and \CS{ListFigureCaptions} simply read this file back in. One of them
+uses the page numbers to construct a table of contents for the figures,
+while the other just prints out the figure captions by themselves. In
+either case, it is important that all the caption information be in the
+file when the list is to be made, which is why a \cs{supereject} may be
+necessary to flush all floating insertions to the output.
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Printing Figures and Tables at the End of a Document}
+
+When working on a paper to be sent for publication it is sometimes
+necessary to print all of the figures at the end of the document. To cause
+this to be done you simply have to say
+\example
+\cs{FiguresLast}
+\endexample
+at some point before you call \cs{figure} and its relatives, and then put
+\example
+\cs{PrintFigures}
+\endexample
+\index{figures!at end of document}%
+\index{tables!at end of document}%
+\noindent
+at the end of the document. \cs{FiguresLast} causes \cs{figure} to save the
+definition of your figure in an auxiliary file instead of immediately
+creating the figure, and \cs{PrintFigures} reads the material back in from
+that file. If you say \cs{PrintFigures} without first saying
+\cs{FiguresLast} nothing will happen. You can return to having the
+figures printed where they are defined by saying \cs{FiguresNow}.
+In that case \cs{PrintFigures} does nothing; you have to have said
+\cs{FiguresLast} for \cs{PrintFigures} to read any stored figures back in.
+
+Tables can also be saved until the end of the document by saying
+\cs{TablesLast} and then \cs{PrintTables}. \cs{TablesNow} is the
+opposite of \cs{TablesLast}.
+
+\pagecheck{4cm}
+
+One important note: Since the figure or table material is copied to the
+file in which it is held one line at a time it is important to use
+\cs{Caption} and \CS{endCaption} for long captions instead of \cs{caption}.
+If you use \cs{caption} \TeX\ will try to read the whole caption at once,
+which may result in the error message
+``{\tt TeX capacity exceeded, sorry.}''\index{TeX capacity
+exceeded@{\tt TeX capacity exceeded, sorry}}
+
+
+%==================================================*
+\subsection{Nonstandard Figure and Table Placement}
+
+On rare occasions you may need to have a figure or table from one
+section of your document appear in another section of the document. For
+example, if the introductory section is very short but has a figure,
+that figure might end up at the top of the first page when you really
+want it to appear at the top of the second page. You can cause the
+figure to come out later by moving it farther back in the manuscript
+file, but if it is moved into the next section it will then have the
+wrong figure number.
+\index{figures!nonstandard placement}%
+\index{tables!nonstandard placement}%
+
+The solution to this problem is to have a way to override or modify the
+way figure and table numbers are assigned. Since the first part of the
+figure or table number is the chapter or section number you need to change
+this by saying
+\example
+\cs{setSectionID}\arg{something-else}
+\endexample
+This changes the section number part of the figure and table numbers to
+whatever you put as \meta{something-else}. It will also effect equation
+numbers, so it is best to have this inside of a group, so that the
+change goes away at the end of the group. Next you have to change the
+figure or table number. \TeXsis\ keeps count of tables and figures in
+global variables, and increments these counters globally when a new
+figure or table is created. Thus just changing the counter inside a
+group won't work, because the counter outside of the group would still
+be modified. To temporarily change the value of such a counter you use
+\example
+\cs{setcnt}\arg{counter}\arg{value}
+\endexample
+where \meta{value} is the temporary value to assign to the counter
+\meta{counter}. This should be done inside of a group, and when the
+group ends the counter will go back to its previous global value. You
+should only use \cs{setcnt} once within a given group!
+
+An example will make this procedure clear.
+Suppose that Figure~\use{Fg.intro.17} is a part of
+Section~\use{sect.intro}, but we wanted to show it much later in this
+Manual (such as right about now).
+It can be created in this section by saying:
+\TeXexample
+\begingroup % changes are temporary
+\setSectionID{1} % changes the section ID
+\setcnt\fignum{16}% figure counter is 1 less than we want
+\midfigure{intro.17}
+\centerline{\epsfysize=4cm\epsfbox{|penguin.eps}}
+\caption{A bizarrely placed figure for Section~\use{sect.intro}}
+\infiglist{A bizarrely placed figure for Section~\use{sect.intro}}
+\endfigure
+\endgroup % everything goes back the way it was
+|endTeXexample
+
+\begingroup % changes are temporary
+\setSectionID{1} % changes the section ID
+\setcnt\fignum{16} % figure number is 1 less than we want
+\midfigure{intro.17}
+\centerline{\epsfysize=4cm\epsfbox{\penguin.eps}}
+\caption{A bizarrely placed figure for Section~\use{sect.intro}}
+\infiglist{A bizarrely placed figure for Section~\use{sect.intro}}
+\endfigure
+\endgroup % everything goes back the way it was
+
+In this case the figure number in the counter \cs{fignum} is set to one
+less than the value we want, so that it comes out correctly when
+\cs{bottomfigure} increments the count. You can use \cs{setcnt} to
+modify any of \TeXsis's global counters. The complete list is given in
+Section~\use{sect.labels} (where the use of \cs{use} is also described).
+
+% If we are using Larry Ewing's penguin2.eps then we need to
+% acknowlege it:
+
+\def\tmp{penguin2}
+\ifx\penguin\tmp
+ The drawing in \Fig{intro.17}, which is the official \idx{Linux}
+ Penguin, was created by \idx{Larry Ewing} of Texas A\&M University
+ and turned into a scalable vector based postcript file by \idx{Neal
+ Tucker}.
+\fi
+
+
+By the way, you should never move a figure out of a {\sl Chapter},
+unless you move it to the end of the document, and the appropriate way
+to do that is with \cs{FiguresLast}.
+
+%>>> EOF TXSfigs.doc <<<