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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-12-04 17:36:47 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-12-04 17:36:47 +0000
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-This package supersedes, up to our knowledge, macros and manual of
-packages ``IPA'' and ``WSUIPA'' also available through CTAN. However,
-the metafont files for this package are the same as ones for the
-``WSUIPA'' package and, hence, can be found there.
-
-Authors
-July 16, 1994
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-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%% International Phonetic Alphabet %%%%%
-%%%%% -- Manual -- %%%%%
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-%%%%%
-%%%%% adapted to LaTeX by W. Antweiler, UnivCologneCompCen, 05/28/90
-%%%%%
-%%%%% adapted by Andrej Brodnik (Andy) for NFSS, University of
-%%%%% Waterloo, 11.01.93
-%%%%%
-%%%%% adapted by Andrej Brodnik and Denis Roegel for NFSS2, CRIN
-%%%%% (Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy), F-54506
-%%%%% VANDOEUVRE-LES-NANCY, for NFSS2, 16.07.94
-%%%%%
-\documentstyle[ipa,12pt]{article}
-\newcommand{\B}[1]{$\backslash$#1}
-\newcommand{\MF}{{\rm\sc{}metafont}}
-\newcommand{\wsu}{{\small\rm WSUIPA}}
-\newcommand{\ipam}{{\small\rm IPAMACS}}
-\newcommand{\ipas}{{\small\rm IPA}}
-\newcommand{\PL}{{\em Phonetic Symbol Guide}}
-
-\begin{document}
-\title{Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphabet}
-\author{Washington State University}
-\date{
- January 9, 1990 \\
- January 11, 1993\footnote{Adapted for \LaTeX\ and NFSS} \\
- July 16, 1994\footnote{Adapted for \LaTeX\ and NFSS2}
-}
-\maketitle
-
-\section{Preface}
-
-This users guide is intended to serve as a help and supplement to the
-Washington State University International Phonetic Alphabet (\wsu)
-fonts. It is not intended to be a manual on \TeX, \LaTeX, linguistics,
-or the correct usage of the characters, accents and diacritics
-contained within the font. It is assumed that the user is familiar
-with the version of \LaTeX\ he or she is using and with the characters
-contained within the \wsu\ font. Because the uses for a phonetic
-alphabet font are probably as varied as the many disciplines which use
-the characters, this guide is intended to merely show some of the most
-common ways of using the \wsu\ font. Surely each person who implements
-the font will develop his or her own favorite way of working with and
-using the font.
-
-The principal source of information regarding the characters and their
-shapes has come from sources within the linguistic field---most
-notably, Geoffrey K. Pullum and William A. Ladusaw, whose book, {\em
-Phonetic Symbol Guide} was used extensively. The \PL\ not only lists
-the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) characters and diacritics,
-it also gives an enlarged illustration of each character which shows
-its baseline, height, depth and x-height. These character
-illustrations were invaluable in the design of the \wsu\ \MF\
-characters.
-
-Several other people involved in the wonderful world of linguistics
-also aided in the design of the \wsu\ font. Their input concerning
-everything from character shape, to placement within the font, to
-determining which characters should be included, is gratefully
-acknowledged. I would especially like to thank Karen Mullen, Associate
-Professor of English, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
-She tested, used the \wsu\ fonts, and took the time to give several
-suggestions and recommendations that have improved the font. Also,
-Christina A. Thiele, Managing Director, Journal Production Centre,
-Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, who not only provided a wealth
-of phonetic information, but also a wealth of encouragement throughout
-the entire font designing process.
-
-Included with the \wsu\ fonts are:
-%
-\begin{itemize}
- \item The basic \wsu\ font which contains 128 phonetic characters
-and/or diacritics in five different point sizes (8, 9, 10, 11 and 12)
-and in three typefaces (roman, slanted and bold extended).
- \item Each size and typeface includes a TFM (\TeX\ Font Metric) file
-and its related GF, PK or PXL file (after you generate them).
- \item A macro package (\ipam.TEX) for use with the \wsu\ font for
-\TeX\ and \LaTeX\ without NFSS users. Note, that this package is not
-necessary for NFSS \LaTeX users.
- \item A style file (\ipas.STY) for NFSS \LaTeX\ users, and
- \item three {\em WSUIPA Font User's Guides}. The first one is for
-\TeX\ ({\small\rm IPAMAN.TEX} -- the original manual), the second one
-for \LaTeX\ without NFSS ({\small\rm IPAMAN.LTX} -- the manual adapted
-by W.~Antweiler) and the third one is this one.
-\end{itemize}
-
-This guide is divided into three main sections:
-%
-\begin{enumerate}
- \item an introduction to the \wsu\ font,
- \item a description of the font layout and the characters included
-in the font and
- \item how to use \ipas\ more in more sophisticated and in simpler
-way.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-Although the \wsu\ fonts are written in \MF, the user does not need
-experience with or knowledge of \MF\ to use the font.
-
-
-\section{Introduction to the WSUIPA Font}
-
-The \wsu\ fonts are written in \MF\ and use the same font parameter
-values as their Computer Modern (CM) counterparts (cmr and cmbx). In
-fact, while designing the character shapes, the computer modern code
-was left intact or modified only slightly whenever possible.
-Therefore, the \wsu\ fonts are totally compatible with computer modern
-fonts---the design and shape of the characters are computer modern
-wherever possible. For the characters that are drastically different
-from any computer modern characters or symbols, such as the ``Gamma,''
-``Baby Gamma'' and the ``Esh,'' Pullum and Ladusaw's \PL\ was used as
-the character design standard.
-
-The \wsu\ fonts are obviously not an exhaustive collection of phonetic
-or even recognized International Phonetic Alphabet characters. The
-characters included in the \wsu\ font were chosen either because they
-were listed as a ``major'' entry in Pullum and Ladusaw's \PL, or
-because of the recommendations from various people with an interest in
-the font.
-
-\PL\ contains what it classifies as ``major'' and ``minor''
-characters, based upon whether the symbol is an officially recognized
-IPA character or is determined by Pullum and Ladusaw to be a standard
-symbol in current American transcriptual practice. \PL\ lists 78
-``major'' entries which are not easily attainable in the CM fonts. All
-78 of these characters are included in the \wsu\ font, along with 50
-``minor'' entries from \PL. The selection of which ``minor'' entries
-to include was based on information and requests from various
-phoneticians and linguists who contacted WSU during the beginning
-stages of the creation of the font.
-
-
-\section{The Layout of the WSUIPA Font}
-
-The character-grouping pattern followed by Pullum and Ladusaw in their
-\PL\ was adopted as the basis for the \wsu\ font layout. The
-characters are grouped together according to shape rather than usage.
-Therefore, the ``a'' shapes occupy the first positions: '00 through
-'04, ``b'' shapes are in positions '05 through '11 and so forth. The
-accents and diacritics follow the character shapes and are in the last
-positions in the font. This approach was taken because under it was
-assumed that under most circumstances, the user would most likely be
-accessing the characters with the use of macros rather than by typing
-large portions of entirely phonetic text. Aside from keeping like
-shapes together, the positioning of the \wsu\ font was fairly
-arbitrary.
-
-
-\section{Character Description}
-
-Within this section each of the \wsu\ characters are shown in a \MF\
-``smoke mode'' proof. The octal character position is indicated, along
-with the corresponding macro name in \ipam, and the name of the
-character given in \PL. Only the roman characters will be illustrated
-since the shapes of the slanted and bold extended are the same.
-
-There are several Greek characters included in the \wsu\ font, and
-initially it may appear these are merely copies of the corresponding
-CM Greek characters. That is true with one very important distinction:
-the \wsu\ Greek characters included are not italic. All the lowercase
-Greek characters included in the CM fonts are italic which makes them
-unsuitable for some situations in phonetics where a non-italic Greek
-character is essential.
-
-\newcommand{\D}[1]{#1&{\ipa\char#1}}
-\raggedbottom
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|}
-\hline
-\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\
-\hline\hline
-Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\
-Code& & Name & Name\\
-\hline
-\D{'00} &\B{inva} &turned a\\
-\D{'01} &\B{scripta} &script a\\
-\D{'02} &\B{nialpha} &lowercase non-italic alpha\\
-\D{'03} &\B{invscripta} &turned script a\\
-\D{'04} &\B{invv} &inverted v\\
-\D{'05} &\B{crossb} &crossed b\\
-\D{'06} &\B{barb} &barred b\\
-\D{'07} &\B{slashb} &slashed b\\
-\D{'10} &\B{hookb} &hooktop b\\
-\D{'11} &\B{nibeta} &non-italic lowercase beta\\
-\D{'12} &\B{slashc} &slashed c\\
-\D{'13} &\B{curlyc} &curly-tail c\\
-\D{'14} &\B{clickc} &stretched c\\
-\D{'15} &\B{crossd} &crossed d\\
-\D{'16} &\B{bard} &barred d\\
-\D{'17} &\B{slashd} &slashed d\\
-\D{'20} &\B{hookd} &hooktop d\\
-\D{'21} &\B{taild} &right-tail d\\
-\D{'22} &\B{dz} &d-yogh ligature\\
-\D{'23} &\B{eth} &eth\\
-\D{'24} &\B{scd} &small capital D\\
-\D{'25} &\B{schwa} &schwa\\
-\D{'26} &\B{er} &right-hook schwa\\
-\D{'27} &\B{reve} &reversed e\\
-\D{'30} &\B{niepsilon} &non-italic greek epsilon\\
-\D{'31} &\B{revepsilon} &reversed non-italic epsilon\\
-\D{'32} &\B{hookrevepsilon} &right-hook reversed non-italic epsilon\\
-\D{'33} &\B{closedrevepsilon} &closed reversed non-italic epsilon\\
-\D{'34} &\B{scriptg} &lowercase variant g\\
-\D{'35} &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\
-\D{'36} &\B{scg} &small capital G\\
-\D{'37} &\B{nigamma} &non-italic gamma\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\newpage
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|}
-\hline
-\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\
-\hline\hline
-Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\
-Code& & Name & Name\\
-\hline
-\D{'40} &\B{ipagamma} &IPA Gamma\\
-\D{'41} &\B{babygamma} &baby gamma\\
-\D{'42} &\B{hv} &h-v ligature\\
-\D{'43} &\B{crossh} &crossed h\\
-\D{'44} &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\
-\D{'45} &\B{hookheng} &hooktop heng\\
-\D{'46} &\B{invh} &turned h\\
-\D{'47} &\B{bari} &barred i\\
-\D{'50} &\B{dlbari} &barred dotless i\\
-\D{'51} &\B{niiota} &non-italic greek iota\\
-\D{'52} &\B{sci} &small capital I\\
-\D{'53} &\B{barsci} &barred small capital I\\
-\D{'54} &\B{invf} &barred dotless j\\
-\D{'55} &\B{tildel} &l with tilde\\
-\D{'56} &\B{barl} &barred l\\
-\D{'57} &\B{latfric} &belted l\\
-\D{'60} &\B{taill} &l with right tail\\
-\D{'61} &\B{lz} &l-yogh ligature\\
-\D{'62} &\B{nilambda} &non-italic greek lambda\\
-\D{'63} &\B{crossnilambda} &crossed lambda\\
-\D{'64} &\B{labdentalnas} &m with leftward tail at right\\
-\D{'65} &\B{invm} &turned m\\
-\D{'66} &\B{legm} &turned m with long right leg\\
-\D{'67} &\B{nj} &n with leftward hook at left\\
-\D{'70} &\B{eng} &eng\\
-\D{'71} &\B{tailn} &n with right tail\\
-\D{'72} &\B{scn} &small capital N\\
-\D{'73} &\B{clickb} &bull's eye\\
-\D{'74} &\B{baro} &barred o\\
-\D{'75} &\B{openo} &open o\\
-\D{'76} &\B{niomega} &non-italic lowercase greek omega\\
-\D{'77} &\B{closedniomega} &closed omega\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\newpage
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|}
-\hline
-\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\
-\hline\hline
-Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\
-Code& & Name & Name\\
-\hline
-\D{'100} &\B{oo} &double o\\
-\D{'101} &\B{barp} &barred p\\
-\D{'102} &\B{thorn} &thorn\\
-\D{'103} &\B{niphi} &non-italic lowercase greek phi\\
-\D{'104} &\B{flapr} &fish hook r\\
-\D{'105} &\B{legr} &r with long leg\\
-\D{'106} &\B{tailr} &r with right tail\\
-\D{'107} &\B{invr} &turned r\\
-\D{'110} &\B{tailinvr} &turned r with right tail\\
-\D{'111} &\B{invlegr} &turned long-legged r\\
-\D{'112} &\B{scr} &small capital R\\
-\D{'113} &\B{invscr} &inverted small capital R\\
-\D{'114} &\B{tails} &s with right tail\\
-\D{'115} &\B{esh} &esh\\
-\D{'116} &\B{curlyesh} &curly-tail esh\\
-\D{'117} &\B{nisigma} &non-italic lowercase greek sigma\\
-\D{'120} &\B{tailt} &t with right tail\\
-\D{'121} &\B{tesh} &t-esh ligature\\
-\D{'122} &\B{clickt} &turned t\\
-\D{'123} &\B{nitheta} &non-italic lowercase greek theta\\
-\D{'124} &\B{baru} &barred u\\
-\D{'125} &\B{slashu} &slashed u\\
-\D{'126} &\B{niupsilon} &non-italic lowercase greek upsilon\\
-\D{'127} &\B{scu} &small capital U\\
-\D{'130} &\B{barscu} &barred small capital U\\
-\D{'131} &\B{scriptv} &script v\\
-\D{'132} &\B{invw} &inverted w\\
-\D{'133} &\B{nichi} &non-italic lowercase greek chi\\
-\D{'134} &\B{invy} &turned y\\
-\D{'135} &\B{scy} &small capital Y\\
-\D{'136} &\B{curlyz} &curly-tail z\\
-\D{'137} &\B{tailz} &z with right tail\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\newpage
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|}
-\hline
-\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\
-\hline\hline
-Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\
-Code& & Name & Name\\
-\hline
-\D{'140} &\B{yogh} &yogh\\
-\D{'141} &\B{curlyyogh} &curly-tail yogh\\
-\D{'142} &\B{glotstop} &glottal stop\\
-\D{'143} &\B{revglotstop} &reversed glottal stop\\
-\D{'144} &\B{invglotstop} &inverted glottal stop\\
-\D{'145} &\B{ejective} &ejective\\
-\D{'146} &\B{reveject} &reversed ejective\\
-\D{'147} &\B{dental{\char'043}1} &subscript bridge\\
-\D{'150} &\B{stress} &vertical stroke (superior)\\
-\D{'151} &\B{secstress} &vertical stroke (inferior)\\
-\D{'152} &\B{syllabic} &syllabicity mark\\
-\D{'153} &\B{corner} &corner\\
-\D{'154} &\B{upt} &IPA pointer\\
-\D{'155} &\B{downt} &IPA pointer\\
-\D{'156} &\B{leftt} &IPA pointer\\
-\D{'157} &\B{rightt} &IPA pointer\\
-\D{'160} &\B{halflength} &half-length mark\\
-\D{'161} &\B{length} &length mark\\
-\D{'162} &\B{underdots} &subscript umlaut\\
-\D{'163} &\B{ain} &reversed apostrophe\\
-\D{'164} &\B{upp} &pointer\\
-\D{'165} &\B{downp} &pointer\\
-\D{'166} &\B{leftp} &pointer\\
-\D{'167} &\B{rightp} &pointer\\
-\D{'170} &\B{overring} &over-ring\\
-\D{'171} &\B{underring} &under-ring\\
-\D{'172} &\B{open} &subscript left half-ring\\
-\D{'173} &\B{midtilde} &superimposed (mid-) tilde\\
-\D{'174} &\B{undertilde} &subscript tilde\\
-\D{'175} &\B{underwedge} &subscript wedge\\
-\D{'176} &\B{polishhook} &polish hook\\
-\D{'177} &\B{underarch} &subscript arch\\
-\hline
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\newpage
-\flushbottom
-
-
-\section{Using the {\tt{}ipa.sty} Style File}
-
-In addition to the necessary font-related files, the \wsu\ font
-package also includes a file called {\ipas.STY}. This is a macro style
-file which supports \LaTeX\ under NFSS (new font selection scheme). It
-greatly simplifies the usage of new font as it will be seen in this
-section. The file also defines mnemonics for simpler usage of
-characters from a new font. They are the same as ones given in tables
-in the previous section.
-
-If you are using IPA font all what you need to do is to mention \ipas\
-style file in the header of your \LaTeX\ source. For example:
-%
-\begin{verbatim}
-\documentstyle[ipa]{article}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-The \ipas\ style file defines a new font family \B{ipa}, but you
-don't need to know this, because you will use it only through the
-mnemonics.
-
-Because the new font is installed under NFSS, the system will also
-always choose the correct shape, series, and size whenever you wish to
-use it. For example:
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a
-fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound,
-e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved
-laminal fricative with a sign {\large\bf \esh}.).
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-which will print as:
-%
-\begin{quote}
-A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a
-fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound,
-e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved
-laminal fricative with a sign {\large\bf \esh}.).
-\end{quote}
-%
-or even
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-\dots which is the case in the aforementioned
-instances, however, {\large\bf we get the other
-retroflex consonants:
-[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. They
-are printed {\small\sl also as
-[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}.
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-will print as,
-%
-\begin{quote}
-\dots which is the case in the aforementioned
-instances, however, {\bf\large we get the
-other retroflex consonants:
-[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. They
-are printed {\sl\small also as
-[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}.
-\end{quote}
-%
-%
-This means that you can freely change sizes, series, shapes and fonts
-(assuming that there exists a wanted font -- note however, that IPA
-font comes only in bold extended and medium series, and in normal and
-slanted shape.)
-
-A number of \wsu\ diacritics can be used on top or the bottom of other
-characters. To handle this \ipas\ provides two macros: \B{diatop} and
-\B{diaunder}. The first one (\B{diatop}) has the syntax:
-%
-\begin{center}
-\verb+\diatop[diacritics|character]+
-\end{center}
-%
-It takes one argument which is delimited by square brackets ([])
-rather than curly braces, and has two parts.\footnote{From the \LaTeX\
-perspective more correctly would be to use curly braces (\{\}) instead
-of square brackets ([]), but we left the square brackets to remain
-compatible with the previous versions of the \ipam\ file.}
-%
-The first part of the argument is delimited, or separated, from the
-second part by a vertical bar ($\vert$). The macro \B{diatop} puts the
-first part of the argument over the second.
-
-Using \B{diatop} we can put a ring over another character by,
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-The overring may be used over letters with descenders
-as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing,
-e.g. [\diatop[\overring|g]].
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-and the output would be,
-%
-\begin{quote}
-The overring may be used over letters with descenders as an
-alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g.
-[\diatop[\overring|g]].
-\end{quote}
-
-The \B{diatop} macro also allows placement more than one character
-stacked over another character. For example,
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-For a really special \diatop[{\diatop[\'|\overring]}|n]
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-will print as:
-%
-\begin{quote}
-For a really special \diatop[{\diatop[\'|\overring]}|n]
-\end{quote}
-%
-Notice the use of curly braces to group the argument of the first \B{diatop}
-when more than one \B{diatop} command is used.
-
-The second macro (\B{diaunder}) has a similar syntax:
-%
-\begin{center}
-\verb+\diaunder[diacritics|character]+
-\end{center}
-%
-As \B{diatop} it also takes one argument which is delimited by square
-brackets, and has two parts separated by a vertical bar ($\vert$). It
-puts the first part of the argument under the second.
-
-Using \B{diaunder} we can put \underring under r as in:
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-A voiceless trilled r \diaunder[\underring|r]
-in certain Scottish dialects.
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-which will print as:
-%
-\begin{quote}
-A voiceless trilled r \diaunder[\underring|r]
-in certain Scottish dialects.
-\end{quote}
-%
-
-Furthermore, it is also possible to get one or more accents over a
-character and another accent or character under it. For example:
-%
-\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
-This is a really, really special
-\diatop[\overring|{\diaunder[\underring|r]}]
-\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
-%
-will print as:
-%
-\begin{quote}
-This is a really, really special
-\diatop[\overring|{\diaunder[\underring|r]}]
-\end{quote}
-
-\section{Historical remarks}
-
-The first version of this manual was written by W.\ Antweiler of the
-University of Cologne Computing Centre, Robert-Koch-Str.\ 10, D-5000
-K\"{o}ln 41, Germany, e-mail: {\tt a0062@uvax.rrz.uni-koeln.de}. This
-manual did not include information about the original author. All
-fonts along with the \TeX-macros and the original manual can be
-retrieved via anonymous ftp from {\tt ymir.claremont.edu}.
-
-The next version consisted of a changed manual and new \LaTeX\ style
-file {\tt ipa.sty}, which supported NFSS. The style file was based on
-previous \TeX-macros. It with an accompanying WSUIPA manual was
-prepared by Andrej Brodnik (Andy) of the University of Waterloo,
-Department of Computer Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo,
-Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, e-mail: {\tt abrodnik@uwaterloo.ca}.
-
-This version of the manual is almost the same as the previous one,
-only style file was upgraded for \LaTeX\ NFSS2. They were prepared by
-Denis Roegel of CRIN (Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy),
-F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France, e-mail: {\tt roegel@loria.fr}
-and Andrej Brodnik.
-
-\end{document}
-
-