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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:49:07 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:49:07 +0000 |
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tree | 90d17e00e572ecb1e24764b6f29c80e098b08d29 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/montex/montex.tex | |
parent | 950209b26f70aa87ed07c54f82a95b6f03b7c3a0 (diff) |
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/montex/montex.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/montex/montex.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..572141e6e32 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/montex/montex.tex @@ -0,0 +1,5439 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% File: montex.tex +% Author: Oliver Corff +% Date: \VersionDate July 1st, 2002 +% Version: \VersionRelease +% Copyright: Ulaanbaatar, Beijing, Berlin +% +% Description: MonTeX -- Mongolian for LaTeX2e +% Implementation Level \ImplementationLevel +% System Documentation +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% ----------------- identification ends here ------------------- +% +\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{report} +\usepackage{longtable} +%\usepackage{pslatex} % Buggy for Cyrillic and Special Characters +\IfFileExists{ctib}{% + \usepackage{ctib} +}{} +\usepackage[latin1]{mls} +\input{mtdocmac.tex} +\usepackage{hyperref} +% +% If emtex goofs with printer-related memory overflow +% when attempting to print this document then set the +% following number to "1", recompile and increase the +% number step by step until all examples are printed. +% The maximum value is 6. +% +% It is safe to set the FontSamples value to 4 on +% emtex systems. +% +\newcounter{FontSamples} +\setcounter{FontSamples}{6} % <--- Modify this number! +% +% Make sure your installation includes ec sources +% for Dunhill and Funny typefaces otherwise LaTeX +% will complain about font files not found. +% +%\nonstopmode +%% +%% Meaningful text of document montex.tex begins here +%% +\title{% + \ifthenelse{\value{PostScriptAvailable}=1} + {\mabosoo{manju}\mabosoo{bithe,}\quad + \mbosoo{mongGol}\mbosoo{bicig tai}\mbosoo{lateh}\\[0.75cm] + }{% + \textit{manju bithe, mong\g ol bicig-täi lateh}\protect\footnote{% + Instead of the transliterated text, the same text + should appear in vertical Mongolian writing. Since + \MonTeX\ did not find PostScript support on your + system, it decided to print this text horizontally + and in transliteration. It is suggested that you + update your \LaTeX\ system by adding PostScript + support (see section~\ref{PostScriptSupport}).}\\} + \xalx{Kirill "Us"agt"a"i La\TeX}\\\bigskip + \MonTeX\\ + Mongolian and Manju\\ + for\\\LaTeXe\\\bigskip + Implementation Level \ImplementationLevel\\ + v.~\VersionRelease} + +\author{Oliver Corff\protect\thanks{The author received + a DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) + postdoctoral grant (Habilitationsstipendium) while + developing the first version of \MonTeX\ and + expresses his sincere gratitude.} + \and + Dorjpalam Dorj\protect\thanks{Institute for Language and + Literature, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, + Ulaanbaatar.}} + +\date{\VersionDate} + +\begin{document} +%\onecolumn +%\layout +\maketitle +\begin{abstract} + \MonTeX\ is now released in Implementation Level + \ImplementationLevel\ + implying that there is not only Cyrillic Support for + Modern Mongolian + (Xalx dialect), Buryat and Russian; this version also includes + comprehensive support for Mongolian Script (also known as + Uighur Script) and Manju. All writings can be mixed freely + within the same document, and within the same page. + + The present release (\VersionRelease) is still very early; + expect bugs and irregular behaviour. Especially the Mongolian + full page mode still shows occasional quirks, depending on + the document class loaded. +\end{abstract} + +\tableofcontents +\listoftables +\listoffigures + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part{\MonTeX: System Overview} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{How to read and use the \MonTeX\ documentation} + +According to your specific needs, you can read various parts +of this documentation separately. +\begin{description} + \item [First-time] users interested in generating + \emph{Cyrillic-only} documents can confine + themselves to the sections beginning on + part~\ref{GeneralSettingsCyrillicInput}, + page~\pageref{GeneralSettingsCyrillicInput}. + + \item [First-time] users primarily interested in creating + \emph{Mongol Bicig} and \emph{Manju} documents + or text insertions in these languages can + directly jump to section~\ref{part:BicigandBithe}, + page~\pageref{part:BicigandBithe}. + + \item [Advanced] users interested in improved + \emph{Mongolian} and \emph{Manju} display functions + should directly go to + section~\ref{chapter:DisplayCommands}, + page~\pageref{chapter:DisplayCommands}. + + \item [Advanced] users already familiar with the majority + of \MonTeX\ functions can refer to the Alphabetic + Command Reference beginning on + page~\pageref{CommandReference}. +\end{description} + +\textbf{Nota Bene:} Please note that \MonTeX\ includes the complete +functionality of Manju\TeX\ which is hereby declared obsolete. +Manju\TeX\ will not longer be supported. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{System Features} + +\section{Scope of \MonTeX} + +\MonTeX\ is a package which offers support for writing documents in +Mongolian, Manju, Buryat and Russian. Mongolian can be represented +in traditional Uighur script (also known as Classical or Traditional +Script) and Cyrillic. Manju resembles the Traditional Mongolian script +(from which it is derived) but uses a rich choice of diacritics in +order to eliminate numerous ambiguities of the Mongolian script +ancestor. Modern Buryat, like Mongolian in its present form, is written +with a Cyrillic alphabet, but both Mongolian (35 letters) and Buryat +(36 letters) use more letters than Russian (33 letters). + +\subsection{Mongolian} + +The word \emph{Mongolian} is actually an umbrella term for +several languages rather than the precise name of a single language. +Things become more complicated when names of ethnic groups, languages +and writing systems are mixed. +\begin{description} + \item [Xalx] or Khalkha is the name of the Mongolian + nationality residing in Mongolia proper. Their + dialect forms the basis of Mongolian written with + Cyrillic letters. Throughout this text, \emph{Modern + Mongolian} is used as a synonym. + \item [Buryat] + is the name of the Mongolian nationality + residing in Buryatia, north of Mongolia, east of + Lake Baikal, being a part of the Russian Federation. + The Buryat call themselves \emph{Buryaad} while Xalx + Mongolians call them \emph{Buriad}. The English name + follows the Russian orthography. + Linguistically, Xalx and Buryat Mongol are fairly + close languages; Buryat has a slightly different + sound system in which the phoneme /s/ partially + shifted to /h/; the modern Buryat Cyrillic alphabet + (virtually identical with the Cyrillic alphabet used + for writing Modern Mongolian) has one additional + letter (H/h, \xalx{H/h}) for marking the difference to /s/. + \enlargethispage*{1ex} + \item [Bicig] (literally \emph{script} in Mongolian) denotes + text written in the traditional Mongolian script + which is also referred to as Uighur. Throughout this + document, the term \emph{Bicig} will be used on an + equal footing with \emph{Classical} and + \emph{Traditional} Mongolian. The latter term is + used in the name of the Unicode/ISO10646 character + plane U1800 which contains Mongolian, Manju, Sibe + and sets of special characters called Ali Gali or + Galig. In order to identify Mongolian script related + commands distinct for Mongolian and Manju, the + Mongolian commands have the name root \texttt{bicig} + whereas the Manju commands have the name root + \texttt{bithe}. +\end{description} + +Xalx Mongolian, or Modern Colloquial Mongolian, is about as +different from the form written in Classical script as modern +English in phonetical spelling (assume it be written in Shavian +letters) from the highly historical orthography of Standard English. +Beyond these differences, Mongolian written in Classical Script +usually preserves a substantial amount of historical grammatical +features which make it look a bit like Elizabethan English. + + +\subsection{Manju} + +Manju is a Tungusic language closely related to Mongolian. Though +Manju is virtually not spoken anymore, it has been the official +language during 300 years of Manju government in Qing Dynasty China. +Vast amounts of official documents survive, as well as some of the +finest multilingual dictionaries ever compiled, e.\,g. the +Pentaglot, or Mirror in Five Languages, a dictionary with 18671 +entries in five languages (Manju, Tibetan, Mongolian, Uighur and +Chinese). Manju writing is derived from Uighur Mongolian by adding +diacritics in the form of dots and circles. + +\section{\MonTeX\ Implementation Levels} + +During several years of developing \MonTeX, the desired capabilities +of a software package serving the described scope were classified and +implemented along four Implementation Levels which have the following, +well-defined properties: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{rl} +Implementation& Features\\ + Level & \\\hline +I & Modern Mongolian in Cyrillic Script and Buryat\\ +II & I and Mongolian script in LR mode horizontal\\ +IIa & II and Mongolian script portions in LR mode vertical\\ +III & II and Mongolian script text in horizontal RL mode\\ +IV & III and Mongolian script text printed vertically \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +Implementation Level I is good for producing documents in Modern +Mongolian; Implementation Level II adds support for words and lines of +Classical Mongolian embedded in other (Cyrillic and Latin) scripts which +is essentially useful for dictionaries etc.; Implementation Level IIa +allows single words to be placed in vertical capsules; Implementation +Level III allows the composition of purely Classical Mongolian documents +while Implementation Level IV finally allows the combination of both +scripts in freely assignable quantities and locations within the document. + +Mongolian linguistic culture provides a perplexing richness of +writing systems of varying regional, historical and socio-political +importance. Developing a Mongolian system which covers \emph{all} +documented writing systems is tantamount to writing a Mongolian +Babel system and cannot be done in a truly elegant manner with +respect to the current \LaTeXe\ limitations. + +% Full ISO 10646/Unicode character set support is one desideratum, the +% free switching of all sorts of writing directions in the document is +% another cornerstone of success. + +\section{Requirements and Limitations} + +In order to run \MonTeX\ a recent version of \LaTeXe\ is necessary. +\MonTeX\ relies on the NFSS font selection mechanism and the +ligature capacities of Metafont. This package has not been tested +under \LaTeX2.09 and will most certainly not function satisfactorily +under that environment. Depending on the implementation level, +further software support becomes necessary since not all features +can be realized smoothly in \LaTeXe\ alone. + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{r|l} +Implementation Level & Requirements \\\hline +I & A working \LaTeXe\ system\\ +II & A working \LaTeXe\ system\\ +IIa & like II, plus PostScript support\\ +III & like II, plus functional \texttt{TeX--XeT} system\\ +IV & like III, plus PostScript support \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +The e\TeX\ (available for DOS and UNIX based computers alike) system +provides full Right-to-Left writing support; e\TeX\ and e\LaTeXe\ are +part of all modern \TeX\ implementations for the majority of +operating systems\footnote{% + It is also possible to build an e\TeX\ system from scratch + using the \texttt{web2c} (or teTeX) sources, replacing + \texttt{tex.web} with \texttt{tex--xet.web} and \texttt{tex.ch} + with \texttt{tex--xet.ch}.}. + +Post\-Script support is a standard feature of most UNIX installations +and is also supplied with most of the available \TeX\ for Windows +distributions% + \footnote{The authors used Linux (Red Hat 4.2 through 7.1) systems + for the developing work; on the same hardware, PostScript + under Windows\emph{xx} is significantly slower + than under Linux; this holds true for document and + font compilation as well.}. + +A word of warning is necessary here. \MonTeX\ is not a small, +convenient system which can be used without any effort. Much like +its very foundation \LaTeX\ it requires some willingness to study +a few (and indeed simple) rules; occasionally one or the other old +habit has to be overcome. The reward is text typeset in excellent +quality so that scholarly achievement no longer disappears in badly +typeset documents. + + +\section{PostScript Support\label{PostScriptSupport}} + +PostScript is used for creating vertical capsules of text within +horizontal text for \MonTeX\ implementation levels IIa as well as +for complete pages with implementation level IV. This requires the +presence of the \texttt{rotating} package for \LaTeX\ which itself +relies on the \texttt{graphics} package. The \texttt{rotating} and +\texttt{graphics} packages come with teTeX but do not come with +emtex. They can be found at CTAN. + +Besides the above-mentioned packages it is necessary that the +generated \texttt{.dvi} files can be processed further, e.\,g. by +\texttt{dvips} which generates a PostScript file out of a +\texttt{.dvi} file. If there is no PostScript printer at your site, +PostScript emulation is necessary which is usually provided by +GhostScript and GhostView. Implementations of these systems are +available for a large number of operating systems and can also be +found at CTAN. Linux, a free UNIX system, comes which GhostScript, +and the \texttt{winemtex} distribution of \LaTeX\ includes GhostScript +as well. +A sample command sequence to produce and preview a document with these +utilities can be found in illustration~\ref{figure:RunExampleTeTeX}. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +$ elatex montex.tex # Compile document +$ dvips montex.dvi # Create PostScript out of DVI +$ gv montex.ps # Preview document +\end{verbatim} +\caption{PostScript Compilation and Preview Cycle}\label{figure:RunExampleTeTeX} +\end{figure} + +Without PostScript support, only implementation level II can be +realized (instead of IIa and IV): Mongolian script can be printed +horizontally but not vertically. It must be noted here that most DVI +viewers are \emph{not} capable of presenting vertical text +correctly; the conversion step from DVI to PostScript is virtually +always necessary. + + +\section{PDF Support\label{PDFScriptSupport}} + +With the arrival of PDF\TeX\ it is possible to generate a PDF +(Adobe's Portable Document Format, that is) directly from the +\texttt{.tex} sources without going through the \texttt{.dvi} +stage. All systems offering \texttt{pdfelatex} can be used to +compile a \MonTeX\ Implementation Level IV document. provided the +necessary PostScript is installed. PDF is the recommended form of +output on systems without PostScript views and printers (like, +unfortunately, most of the Windows\textit{xx} world). PDF documents +reproduce everything \MonTeX\ generates as is, and with Type1 fonts +for Classical Mongolian, the on-screen display of Classical +Mongolian and Manju material is fast and pleasant. + +A sample command sequence to produce and preview a document with PDF +output can be found in illustration~\ref{figure:RunExamplePDF}. + +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +$ pdfelatex montex.tex # Compile document +$ acroread montex.pdf # View PDF Document with Acrobat Reader +\end{verbatim} +\caption{PDF Compilation and Preview Cycle}\label{figure:RunExamplePDF} +\end{figure} + +It is recommended to users with menu-driven environments (WinEdt, +TeXnicCenter, TeXshell etc.) to set the compilation commands to the +effect that \texttt{pdfelatex} is invoked as the default compilation +engine, and the Acrobat Reader is invoked as the default viewer. +Please consult the software documentation of these products for the +necessary steps and procedures. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Acknowledgements} + +The authors wish to thank the creators of \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ as well +as the designers of the existing fonts for their generosity of +providing the world with such inspiring pieces of software. The packages +from which pieces of code originated by inspiration or blunt copy +are far too numerous; the Russian captions were taken from the file +\texttt{russian.sty} (as were the English captions), most of the +Cyrillic letters were produced with fonts by Nana Glonti and Alexander +Samarin; additional letters were taken from J.~Knappen's font files. +Special thanks go to David Carlisle who offered the solution for a +serious problem with the ligature mechanism in \TeX. During the +development of Implementation Level IV, important suggestions came +from David Kastrup, Robin Fairbairns, Dan Luecking, e.\,a. Intensive +communications about Cyrillic fonts and integrating \MonTeX\ with +the LH fonts took place with Vladimir Volovich, and other problems +were discussed with Werner Lemberg. + +Among the friends and colleagues in Mongolia and Germany who offered +information, support and encouragement the authors wish to name +B.~Nerguy, Urgamal, M.~Balk, Q.~\"Anxzayaa and K.~Maezono (without +implication of any particular order or precedence). They contributed +test data as well as their ideas for encoding, font shapes, user +interfaces, and, last but not least, were patient alpha testers +who helped the authors with numerous problem reports. + +Many of the improvements between version 0.1 and the present version +are not actually improvements; they are simply eliminations of +partially awful bugs as well as ugly hacks (rather than +\emph{code}) and aim to make this package simply usable (if not +useful). + + +\section{Sources of Code and Inspiration} + +Some Cyrillic packages have been available for a few years. All +Cyrillic packages available for \TeX/\LaTeX\ stem from one of +two lines of ancestry: +\begin{itemize} + \item Fonts developed at the University of Washington + \item Fonts by Nana Glonti and Alexander Samarin +\end{itemize} +The two lines differ substantially in scope of characters and +printing quality. The University of Washington series in \textsf{OT2} +encoding has a broad support for East European languages, but the +praise for printing quality is given to the characters designed by +Nana Glonti and Alexander Samarin. The Glonti/Samarin line of +characters has undergone numerous minor modifications, not so much +in glyph shapes but basically in determining encoding slots. +Fortunately, the fonts are set up in a way that allows for +convenient redefining of individual code positions. + +Only in 1999, a comprehensive set of Cyrillic glyphs in various +encodings called LH was finally implemented as standard Cyrillic +support for \LaTeXe, but at that time it was decided that for the +time being \MonTeX\ will continue to offer its own Cyrillic font +set, for which there are mainly three reasons: +\begin{enumerate} + \item The \MonTeX\ set has a seven-bit basis and allows + for the all-Latin, all-ASCII communication of + Mongolian texts, while Mongolian hyphenation + is active---a matching LH encoding is not yet + established; + + \item \MonTeX\ offers a Mongolian currency sign \Togrog\ + which is not yet included in the LH fonts; + + \item Mongolia, on of the prime markets for \MonTeX, + continues to use partially outdated \LaTeXe\ + installations. + +\end{enumerate} + +Neither original line of Cyrillic characters offers the additional +characters necessary for writing non-Slavic languages like +Mongolian; already in the beginning of the 1990s, J\"org Knappen +filled the gap and designed additional letters which were intended +to be used with Bashkir, a Turkic language. In fact, most of the +letter forms employed there can also be used in other non-Slavic +languages used throughout Central Asia since these letters are not +specific to Bashkir. Some of J.~Knappen's letter forms (accidentally +mostly those which are not necessary for writing Modern Mongolian) +do need some refinement, and are then immediately suitable for a +range of languages including Kasakh, Tuvinian etc. In the present +stage of the system, only those letters used in Mongolian and Buryat +are incorporated from J.~Knappen's files. + +\begin{sloppypar} +After discussing the typeface issues with Mongolian specialists, the +Glonti/Samarin letter forms were chosen for their superior appearance in +volume text. The fonts had to be renamed; failing to do so would +have resulted in unpermissible ambiguity. +\end{sloppypar} + +One feature of the traditional Cyrillic font packages for \TeX\ (besides +their lacking support for non-Slavic languages) is the intimate relationship +between input encoding and output encoding. The first step in +building Mongolian support was to separate these two spheres as +numerous Mongolian encodings exist which should all be supported by +the Mongolian package. A new encoding was then defined (\LMC\ --- +Local Mongolian Cyrillic) which is a close approximation of a +transliteration based on Latin1 encoding, notably with front vowels +\"a, \"o, \"u (\xalx{"a, "o, "u}) and \"i\ (\xalx{"i}) in matching +positions. + +The encoding is completely detached from the existing Cyrillic +codepages of which there are too many; in addition it should be +possible to produce Mongolian documents in 7-bit environments so as +to assure maximum document portability. + +An additional ligature table for Metafont was then supplied which +takes care of most of the two-letter combinations necessary for +entering Cyrillic since the Cyrillic alphabet has more letters +(36 in the present version) than the Latin alphabet which prohibited +any 1:1-mapping scheme. + +The used transliteration is very closely modelled after the MLS +system yet provides enough transparency for accepting alternative +spellings in some cases. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Input and Output Encodings} + +\section{The Need for Encodings} + +Any Mongolian text system has to deal with the issues of how to store, +transmit, process and represent the following entities: +\begin{itemize} + \item Normal Latin letters, numbers and punctuation marks: + a, b, c, etc.; + \item Cyrillic letters, including those not present in + basic Cyrillic but needed by Mongolian: \xalx{a, b, + w, \"o, \"u}; + \item Special symbols like the Mongolian Currency sign: \Togrog; + \item Classical Mongolian script; + \item Special symbols used in Latin scripts for purposes + of transliterating Mongolian scripts: \"a, \"o, \"u, + \g\ e.\,a. +\end{itemize} + +All these sets of symbols, alphabets and characters have their own +unique properties, especially when it comes to non-Latin writings +like Mongolian or Tibetan. + +Unfortunately, prior to the arrival of Unicode, all computer systems +based on 8-bit encodings (with a maximum character set of 256 +characters) can only represent subsets of the above-mentioned +entities as basic characters. All computer systems with 8-bit +character encodings must either switch between several character +sets (or code pages) or use non-standard commands to invoke +individual character entities. + +It is important to understand that the issue of how to enter all +these characters is more or less completely detached from the issue +of how to represent these characters on screen or in a document. +Misleadingly, the usage of Latin characters in modern computers +seems to suggest that there is a simple, 1:1 relationship (or +mapping) between input and output, but for a number of languages, +including Mongolian, this is simply not the case. While, due to the +origin and history of computers, simple-minded systems do not make +any difference between the two realms, \TeX\ separates these two +domains clearly, allowing for the amazing flexibility \TeX\ shows +when treating languages and writing systems. + +It must also be understood that even though Unicode allows for the +unambiguous representation of the characters and symbols of the +world's major languages, it does not define any output conventions, +and thus, input and output domains should still be treated as +separate areas. + +\section{Input Encodings} + +\MonTeX\ is flexible enough to deal with several kinds of input +encodings including code pages with Cyrillic letters and Unicode. +Input encodings are declared as an option to the main package in the +document preample. E.\,g., a user working on an IBM compatible DOS +platform is likely to specify the option \cmda{mls}: + +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage[mls]{mls} +\end{verbatim} + +\subsection{7-bit ASCII and Mongolian} + +Basically it is possible to use \MonTeX\ without anything else but +the plain 7-bit ASCII Latin character set since internal and external +mechanisms are available which can render transliterated texts (both +Cyrillic and Traditional Mongolian) into their appropriate script +presentations. + +\subsection{The MLS Codepage} + +The MLS codepage was the ancestor of all comprehensive, +IBM-compatible Mongolian systems which intended to cover both +Cyrillic and Classical Mongolian. Developed in the early 1990s, the +MLS system tried to offer full Mongolian support for existing +hardware and software as it was available then. While modern +technological developments have confined the original approach to +history, it is preserved here for preserving backward compatibility. + +The MLS codepage is compatible with the IBM 437 codepage as far as +the front vowels are concerned but features additional Cyrillic +letters and Classical Mongolian. + +\subsection{8-bit Encodings} + +Most available 8-bit input encodings support either front vowels +or Cyrillic letters or Classical Mongolian but usually not several +of them at the same time. + +If a local environment supports Cyrillic and Script codepages +then texts can be composed using these codepages. Table +\ref{inputenc} shows which codepages are supported. Those codepage +names which are followed by a `(+)' are supplied by \MonTeX\ whereas +the other codepage declarations are recognized and passed through to +the system assuming that the appropriate table exists. The column +``Front Vowels'' indicates whether the vowels \"o and \"u (and their +Mongolian counterparts \xalx{"o, "u}) are available in that particular +codepage. \MonTeX\ recognizes both numbers and numbers preceded by +\texttt{cp}, like \texttt{1250} and \texttt{cp1250} as names of +codepages which are known by their number. + +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c} +Enc. Option&\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Latin Transliteration Symbols}% + &Cyrillic&\multicolumn{2}{|c}{Front Vowels}\\\hline +\rule{0mm}{2.25ex}% + &\"A/\"a&\"O/\"o&\"U/\"u&\"E/\"e&\"I/\"i + &\v C/\v c&\v S/\v s + & &\xalx{"O/"o}&\xalx{"U/"u}\\ + \hline +\texttt{mls} (+) &+ &+ &+ &\"e&\"\i &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{ncc} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{mos} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{mnk} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{dbk} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{ctt} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &+ &+ \\ +\texttt{ibmrus}(+)&- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &- &- \\ +\texttt{koi} (+) &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &+ &- &- \\ +\texttt{437} &+ &+ &+ &\"e&\"\i&-&-&- &- &- \\ +\texttt{437de} &+ &+ &+ &\"e&\"\i&-&-&- &- &- \\ +\texttt{850} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{852} &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{865} &+ &+ &+ &\"e&\"\i&-&-&- &- &- \\ +\texttt{1250} &\"A &+ &\"u &+ &- &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{1252} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{applemac}&+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{mac} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{ansinew}&+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &+ &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{ascii} &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{atari} &+ &+ &+ &+ &\"I&-&- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{decmulti}&+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{isolatin}&+ &+ &+ &+ &\"I&-&- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{latin1} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{latin2} &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &+ &+ &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{latin3} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{latin5} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{next} &+ &+ &+ &+ &+ &- &- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{pc850} &+ &+ &+ &+ &\"I&-&- &- &- &- \\ +\texttt{roman8} &+ &+ &+ &+ &\"I&-&- &- &- &- \\ +\end{tabular} +\caption{\MonTeX\ Input Encodings}\label{inputenc} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +% +\subsection{utf-8 Unicode} + +In summer of 2002, a new input encoding was made available for +existing \LaTeXe\ installations which allows the processing of +utf8-encoded Unicode material. This package can be invoked +with the option \cmda{utf8}: + +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage[utf8]{mls} +\end{verbatim} + +There are some caveats, however. The relevant code is still under +development, and at present, \MonTeX\ only deals with the Mongolian, +Manju and Sibe subsets of the Traditional Mongolian Character Plane +beginning at U1800; a Todo character set remains to be implemented, +and some of the more arcane special characters present in Unicode +are as yet unavailable in \MonTeX. The resulting constraints do not +affect the work with contemporary text material and are only felt +when dealing with frequently bilingual, mostly Tibetan and Sanskrit, +religious texts of earlier centuries. Consult chapter~\ref{Unicode} +on page~\pageref{Unicode} and table~\ref{table:UnicodeMongolian} +for details. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\section{Output Encodings} + +Several output encodings are defined for \MonTeX: + +\begin{description} + \item [\LMC] Local Mongolian Cyrillic: This encoding was + defined in order to avoid collisions with existing + Cyrillic encodings for \TeX\ and \LaTeX. \LMC\ is + a 7-bit encoding which implies that most of its + characters are addressed in the range of ordinary + ASCII characters; when this encoding is active, all + text typed in ASCII Latin characters will + automatically appear in Cyrillic. Unlike some other + available 7-bit encodings (like WN Cyrillic) it + provides characters used in Mongolian. + \item [\LMA] Local Manju: Manju in Ligature Mode. Any text + typed in romanized Manju is automatically converted + into Manju characters. \LMA\ acts thus like a + typical 7-bit encoding. + \item [\LMO] Local Mongolian: Similar to Manju in Ligature + Mode, Mongolian in Ligature Mode is typed in a + special romanized form and is then automatically + converted into Uighur Mongolian characters. \LMO, too, + acts thus like a typical 7-bit encoding. + \item [\LMS] Local Mongolian Script: The system's original + encoding for the Mongolian script. Mongolian is + represented by a Latin transliteration the letters + of which are essentially treated as future Mongolian + canonical code positions. Once Mongolian Unicode will + be available, the Latin transliteration can be + seamlessly replaced by Mongolian canonical characters. + The arrangement of code positions in this encoding + does not reflect Unicode but follows the MLS + system's keyboard support. + \item [\LMT] Local Mongolian-Tibetan: This encoding is reserved + to ensure access to the characters in the future \Zanabazar\ + package: \Soyombo\footnote{% + It is possible to use the Soyombo package + available since 1996 as long as \Zanabazar\ + is not available.} + and \XD. It is designed to comprise + Tibetan as well, and Sirlin's Tibetan fonts can be + directly used with this encoding. + \item [\LMX] Local Mongolian \XD: This encoding is used for + the \XD\ Script (available on CTAN) but is not + frozen yet. Individual code positions are still + subject to change. + \item [\LMU] Local Mongolian Superset (\textsf{U} stands for + `Umbrella'', ``Unknown'', or whatever you like to + pick): This encoding is used to access all glyphs + of the \texttt{bxg} glyph container, but is not + frozen yet. Individual code positions are still + subject to change. +\end{description} + + +\section{\MonTeX\ and Recent \TeX\ Trends} + +As soon as the LH Cyrillic fonts support the Mongolian currency sign, +\MonTeX\ will switch to this font set. At the moment the +private encoding \LMC\ is favoured over LH; future implementations +of \MonTeX\ will provide a smooth transition for the user: documents +developed with older versions of \MonTeX\ will be upward compatible. + +The \texttt{babel} package will, perhaps, also be supported in due +course; at the moment, \texttt{babel} support is lacking mainly due +to font encoding questions and a private RL setup. At present, +\MonTeX\ is \emph{not} built with \texttt{babel} compatibility in mind. +It must be seen as a stand-alone extension similar to +\texttt{german.sty} or the \textsf{CJK} package. + +The future belongs to 16-bit character sets; the first \TeX\ +development supporting larger character sets is $\Omega$mega of +which experimental versions exist. One of the great features of +$\Omega$mega is the capability to process canonical input encodings +in order to generate glyph variants for document presentation. These +so-called translation processes are far more powerful than anything +Metafont can offer via ligatures, and they are the only feasible way +to avoid external preprocessors or internal retransliteration engines +coded in \TeX\ needed to process Mongolian script.\footnote{% + The retransliteration engine provided with the \LMS\ + encoding of \MonTeX\ has + a rather `combined' approach; basic letter forms are selected + in the retransliteration section while typical ligatures + are composed with the ligature tables of Metafont. The authors + express their sincerest gratitude to David Carlisle who + contributed the missing link between characters in the output + list and \TeX/Metafont's ligature mechanism.} +Prof.~Lagally's Arab\TeX\ is the only \LaTeX\ package known to the +authors where an extensive retransliteration engine is realized +as pure \TeX\ code; it is an impressive piece of work defying any +simple-minded imitation. So far, $\Omega$mega translation processes +exist for Tibetan and Arabic (paragons of complex relations between +original script and any attempted romanization). +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Installation} + +Before this latest version of \MonTeX\ is installed please make sure +that old installations of \MonTeX\ \emph{and} Manju\TeX\ are purged +from disk as there are file name conflicts between earlier and +recent versions of this software. In addition, Manju\TeX\ \emph{is +not required} any more as its functionality is now completely +covered by \MonTeX. + +\section{Hyphenation Patterns} + +\MonTeX\ provides hyphenation rules for Modern Mongolian (Xalx). +Hyphenation patterns for English are activated with English as +selected language; hyphenation patterns for Russian exist at CTAN +but they are unfortunately not suited for \MonTeX\ withour prior +work. Hyphenation patterns for Buryat have not been developed yet. + +Due to the very nature of \TeX, hyphenation patterns for a given +language cannot easily be loaded at run-time but must be compiled into +a so-called format file which gets loaded by \TeX\ whenever the +command \texttt{latex} is executed. A format file is usually +created when a new \TeX\ or \LaTeXe\ system is installed, but creating +a new format can be done at any later time again. A special variant +of \TeX\ called \texttt{initex} is used for this purpose. +The procedure sounds more intimidating than it actually is. +Since there are many different types of \TeX\ installations, the +procedure is somewhat system-dependent. There is detailed on-line +documentation available for performing this task, either in form of +a text file for emtex, or in form of a FAQ file which can be +displayed using the command \texttt{texconfig faq} on teTeX systems. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part [General Settings and Cyrillic Input] + {User Commands I\\General Settings\\Cyrillic Input% + \label{GeneralSettingsCyrillicInput}} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Introduction} + +With regard to the substantial differences between Latin-like scripts +(including Cyrillic) and Mongolian scripts, the user documentation +of \MonTeX\ is divided into two parts. This part deals with general +settings, like language choices and input encoding definitions, +whereas the commands specific to Mongolian and Manju are dealt with +in part~III, ``Mongol Bicig and Manju Bithe''. An alphabetic command +reference covering \emph{all} commands is presented in part~IV. + +\section{General Settings} + +In order to access the commands of \MonTeX\ the package must be +loaded in the document preamble by saying + +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage[<language options>,<encoding options>]{mls} +\end{verbatim} + +The options include choices for the basic document language and +input encodings. + +\subsection{Document Language} + +The document language can be set with one of + \verb"bicig", + \verb"bithe", + \verb"buryat", + \verb"english", + \verb"russian" or + \verb"xalx" +like in +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage[xalx]{mls} +\end{verbatim} +which issues all captions and the date in Modern Mongolian. + +The options \refcmda{bicig} and \refcmda{bithe} are discussed extensively +in part~\ref{part:BicigandBithe}, ``Mongol Bicig and Manju Bithe''. + +The options \cmda{buryat} (see table~\ref{Buryatcaptions}), + \cmda{russian} (see table~\ref{Russiancaptions}) + and + \cmda{xalx} (see table~\ref{Xalxcaptions}) produce + captions in Buryat, Russian and Modern Mongolian. + +The option +\cmda{english}, at least as a \verb"\usepackage" option, is +essentially a do-nothing: it sets captions to English (which is +the default of this package anyway). + +\begin{table}[h] + {\captionsburyat + \CaptionsList{Buryat}} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[h] + {\captionsrussian + \CaptionsList{Russian}} +\end{table} + +\begin{table}[h] + {\captionsxalx + \CaptionsList{Xalx}} +\end{table} + +The date form follows \TeX\ conventions and is thus a mixture of +numbers and words. Thus for \cmd{today} (\today) we get% + \footnote{The actual date at compilation time is +used for the examples.} what is shown in +table~\ref{caption:BXRDates}. The Uighur Mongolian and Manju dates +are presented in section~\ref{section:UMMDates}, +page~\pageref{section:UMMDates}. + +\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \textbf{Buryat} &\BuryatToday\\\label{BuryatToday} + \textbf{Xalx} &\XalxToday\\\label{XalxToday} + \textbf{Russian} &\RussianToday\\\label{RussianToday} + \end{tabular} +\caption{Dates in Buryat, Xalx and Russian}\label{caption:BXRDates} +\end{center} +\end{figure} + +The language specifiers +\verb"buryat", +\verb"english", +\verb"russian" and +\verb"xalx" can +also be used anywhere in the document as arguments to the +\verb"\selectlanguage" command. +Instead of stating an argument to \verb"\usepackage[...]{mls}" it is +possible to say in your document +\begin{quote} + \verb"\selectlanguange{xalx}" +\end{quote} +which would set captions to Xalx Mongolian. + + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Cyrillic Text -- \xalx{Kirill "us"ag}} + +\section{Cyrillic Text in Transliteration (\LMC) Mode% + \label{section:CyrillicTransliterationMode}} + +\MonTeX\ provides two basic modes of operation: in +\begin{itemize}\label{SetDocumentEncoding} + \item Transliteration Mode (intimately linked to the \LMC\ + encoding) all incoming text is regarded as + transliterated Cyrillic. This allows users to + compose Cyrillic documents on pure ASCII machines. + In contrast, the + \item Immediate Mode does nothing and waits for explicit + Cyrillic characters in the input in order to generate + Cyrillic output. +\end{itemize} +Two commands are used to switch between these modes: +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\SetDocumentEncodingLMC +\SetDocumentEncodingNeutral +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +The first command switches to Transliteration Mode, the second +command deactivates the transliteration and thus, by definition, +activates Immediate Mode. + +In the \LMC\ encoding, most Cyrillic characters are mapped directly to +a single Latin character but for some characters there is a text +command which became necessary since there are more Cyrillic than +Latin characters. For convenience, a few ligatures were defined, too. +Details are given in table~\ref{cyralpha}. + +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|r|cc|cc|ll|} +\hline +%\multicolumn{7}{|c|}{Cyrillic Alphabet Input Methods} \\\hline + &\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Cyrillic Letter}&\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\LMC\ +Input}&\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Generic Command}\\\hline + 1 &\mnr A &\mnr a &\verb"A" &\verb"a" &\verb"\CYRA" &\verb"\cyra" \\\hline + + 2 &\mnr B &\mnr b &\verb"B" &\verb"b" &\verb"\CYRB" &\verb"\cyrb" \\\hline + + 3 &\mnr W &\mnr w &\verb"W" &\verb"w" &\verb"\CYRV" &\verb"\cyrw" \\\hline + + 4 &\mnr G &\mnr g &\verb"G" &\verb"g" &\verb"\CYRG" &\verb"\cyrg" \\\hline + + 5 &\mnr D &\mnr d &\verb"D" &\verb"d" &\verb"\CYRD" &\verb"\cyrd" \\\hline + + 6 &\mnr E &\mnr e &\verb"E" &\verb"e" &\verb"\CYRE"&\verb"\cyre" \\\hline + + 7 &\CYRYO &\cyryo &\texttt{\"E}/\verb'"E'&\texttt{\"e}/\verb'"e'&% + \verb"\CYRYO"&\verb"\cyryo"\rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\ + & & &\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YO"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yo"& & \\\hline + + 8 &\mnr J &\mnr j &\verb"J" &\verb"j" &\verb"\CYRZH" &\verb"\cyrzh" \\\hline + + 9 &\mnr Z &\mnr z &\verb"Z" &\verb"z" &\verb"\CYRZ" &\verb"\cyrz" \\\hline + +10 &\mnr I &\mnr i &\verb"I" &\verb"i" &\verb"\CYRI" &\verb"\cyri" \\\hline + +11 &\CYRISHRT &\cyrishrt &\texttt{\"I}/\verb'"I'&\texttt{\"i}/\verb'"i'&% + \verb"\CYRISHRT"&\verb"\cyrishrt"\rule{0mm}{2.25ex} \\ + & & &\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YI"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yi"& & \\\hline + +12 &\mnr K &\mnr k &\verb"K" &\verb"k" &\verb"\CYRK" &\verb"\cyrk" \\\hline + +13 &\mnr L &\mnr l &\verb"L" &\verb"l" &\verb"\CYRL" &\verb"\cyrl" \\\hline + +14 &\mnr M &\mnr m &\verb"M" &\verb"m" &\verb"\CYRM" &\verb"\cyrm" \\\hline + +15 &\mnr N &\mnr n &\verb"N" &\verb"n" &\verb"\CYRN" &\verb"\cyrn" \\\hline + +16 &\mnr O &\mnr o &\verb"O" &\verb"o" &\verb"\CYRO" &\verb"\cyro" \\\hline + +17 &\CYROTLD &\cyrotld &\texttt{\"O}/\verb'"O'&\texttt{\"o}/\verb'"o'&% + \verb"\CYROTLD"&\verb"\cyrotld" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline + +18 &\mnr P &\mnr p &\verb"P" &\verb"p" &\verb"\CYRP" &\verb"\cyrp" \\\hline + +19 &\mnr R &\mnr r &\verb"R" &\verb"r" &\verb"\CYRR" &\verb"\cyrr" \\\hline + +20 &\mnr S &\mnr s &\verb"S" &\verb"s" &\verb"\CYRS" &\verb"\cyrs" \\\hline + +21 &\mnr T &\mnr t &\verb"T" &\verb"t" &\verb"\CYRT" &\verb"\cyrt" \\\hline + +22 &\mnr U &\mnr u &\verb"U" &\verb"u" &\verb"\CYRU" &\verb"\cyru" \\\hline + +23 &\mnr "U &\mnr "u &\texttt{\"U}/\verb'"U'&\texttt{\"u}/\verb'"u'&% + \verb"\CYRY"&\verb"\cyry" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline + +24 &\mnr F &\mnr f &\verb"F" &\verb"f" &\verb"\CYRF" &\verb"\cyrf" \\\hline + +25 &\mnr X &\mnr x &\verb"X" &\verb"x" &\verb"\CYRH" &\verb"\cyrh" \\\hline + +26 &\mnr H &\mnr h &\verb"H" &\verb"h" &\verb"\CYRHSHA" &\verb"cyrhsha" \\\hline + +27 &\mnr C &\mnr c &\verb"C" &\verb"c" &\verb"\CYRC" &\verb"\cyrc" \\\hline + +28 &\mnr Q &\mnr q &\verb"Q" &\verb"q" &\verb"\CYRCH" &\verb"\cyrch" \\ + & & &\verb"\Ch"&\verb"\ch"& & \\\hline + +29 &\mnr\Sh&\mnr\sh&\verb"\Sh"&\verb"\sh"&\verb"\CYRSH"&\verb"\cyrsh"\\ + & & & &\verb"sh" & & \\\hline + +30 &\mnr\Sc&\mnr\sc&\verb"\Sc"&\verb"\sc"&\verb"\CYRSHCH"&\verb"\cyrshch"\\ + & & &\verb"\Qh"&\verb"\qh"& & \\\hline + +31 &\mnr \CYRHRDSN &\mnr \cyrsftsn &\verb"\Y" &\verb"\y" &% + \verb"\CYRHRDSN" &\verb"\cyrhrdsn" \\\hline + +32 &\mnr Y &\mnr y &\verb"Y" &\verb"y" &\verb"\CYRERY" &\verb"\cyrery" \\\hline + +33 &\mnr \CYRSFTSN &\mnr \cyrsftsn &\verb"\I" &\verb"\i" &% + \verb"\CYRSFTSN" &\verb"\cyrsftsn" \\\hline + +34 &\CYREREV &\cyrerev &\texttt{\"A}/\verb'"A'&\texttt{\"a}/\verb'"a'&% + \verb"\CYREREV"&\verb"\cyrerev" \rule{0mm}{2.25ex}\\\hline + +35 &\mnr YU&\mnr yu&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YU"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"yu"&% + \verb"\CYRYU"&\verb"\cyryu"\\\hline + +36 &\mnr YA&\mnr ya&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"YA"&\{\verb"\"\}\verb"ya"&% + \verb"\CYRYA"&\verb"\cyrya"\\\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Cyrillic Alphabet Input Methods}\label{cyralpha} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +Front vowels can be entered directly using the encoding slot of a +valid and active input encoding, or they can be expressed via an +abbreviated \verb'"'\emph{v} notation where \emph{v} stands for any +desired vowel. In the \LMC\ encoding used by \MonTeX, \verb'"' is not +an active character; selecting the proper letter is done by ligature +statements in the Metafont sources. + +Some letters can be entered with or without a preceding \verb"\", +like \cyryu\ and \cyrya. Both \verb"\yu" and \verb"yu" will produce +a \cyryu. While \verb"yu" is interpreted as a ligature, \verb"\yu" +allows for the character \cyryu\ to be combined with accents. +Accents are not commonly used in Mongolian since there are precise +rules for word stress. This feature is taken from the \textsf{OT2} encoding +and is included mainly for the sake of completeness, convenience and +compatibility\footnote{The magic triple-C!}. + +Here now a sample of Mongolian text: +\begin{figure}[h] +\exa + {\mnr<<Xalxyn gurwan "ond"or>> + x"am"a"an aldarshsan, Z"u"un xyazgaaryg + toxinuulax sa"id N.~Dugarjaw ardyn + xuw\i sgalyn b"u"ur "ax"an "ue"as + xamgi"in "agz"agt"a"i am\i\ d"u"is"an + alband tomilogdox c"ar"ag da"iny olon + quxal daalgawryg xiq"a"ang"u"il"an + biel"u"ulj yawsan t"u"uxt"a"i x"un.}% +\exb +\begin{verbatim} + {\mnr<<Xalxyn gurwan "ond"or>> + x"am"a"an aldarshsan, Z"u"un xyazgaaryg + toxinuulax sa"id N.~Dugarjaw ardyn + xuw\i sgalyn b"u"ur "ax"an "ue"as + xamgi"in "agz"agt"a"i am\i\ d"u"is"an + alband tomilogdox c"ar"ag da"iny olon + quxal daalgawryg xiq"a"ang"u"il"an + biel"u"ulj yawsan t"u"uxt"a"i x"un.}% +\end{verbatim}% +\exc +\caption{Romanized Cyrillic Input Example}\label{figure:CyrInputExample} +\end{figure} + +In order to make the document you are reading at the moment truly +portable, the somewhat more clumsy \verb'"'\emph{v} notation was +used in this example; if your environments supports an 8-bit +codepage (what it usually does), all front vowels can be entered +as \texttt{\"a}, \texttt{\"o} and \texttt{\"u} etc. using the +slots of those vowels in the particular active codepage.\footnote{% + Looking at the source code of this document the astute + reader will discover that all front vowels are indeed + produced using the \tttt{ "a} (etc.) notation; thus + the document source can be viewn and manipulated on any + 7-bit ASCII platform; it can also safely be transmitted + via e-mail.} + + + +\section{Entering Cyrillic Text in Immediate Mode} + +For freely combining Latin and Cyrillic characters without +using any explicite commands it is necessary that the codepage +in use supports some Cyrillic encoding. It should be noted, +however that these documents are not easily portable between +different platforms anymore since they need recoding; some +of the Cyrillic codepages are defective in one or the other +way thus individual characters can get lost. + +\begin{sloppypar} +The user simply specifies the desired input encoding as a +\verb:\usepackage[:\emph{<encoding>}\verb:]{mls}: option, and +\MonTeX\ takes care of the rest. +It is a feature and not a bug that input encoding and document +language are chosen independently. It is well possible that a +user working on a computer with default Mongolian codepage +wants to create a document in Russian, English or any other +language yet wants to include Mongolian fragments in her text +without explicitely issuing any command. +\end{sloppypar} + +In case a need arises for switching from Transliteration Mode +to Immediate Mode the command \label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingNeutral} +can be issued anywhere in the preamble or the document itself; +like \verb"\SetDocumentEncodingLMC"\label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingLMC} it affects the Cyrillic +transliteration only and leaves the document language +in its chosen state. + + +\section{Entering Cyrillic Characters by Name} + +Outside the Cyrillic environments, individual Cyrillic characters +can be entered by using the commands beginning with +\verb"\cyr"\textit{x} from the two right columns of table +\ref{cyralpha} where \textit{x} stands for the letter name. +This command works in any encoding. + +\section{Entering Special Cyrillic Characters\label{section:SpecialCyrCharacters}} + +A few special characters are available, notably the guillemots +frequently used for quoting text, the currency symbol, the +ordinal number symbol and the currency sign. See +table~\ref{table:SpecialCyrCharacters}. + +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cll} + Symbol & Command & Alternative\\ + \mnr\lgu& \verb|\lgu| & \verb|<<|\\ + \mnr\rgu& \verb|\rgu| & \verb|>>|\\ + \No & \verb|\No| & \\ + \Togrog & \verb|\Togrog| & \\ + \togrog & \verb|\togrog| & \\ +\end{tabular} +\caption{\MonTeX\ Special Cyrillic Characters}\label{table:SpecialCyrCharacters} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +The command producing the guillemots (\verb|\lgu|, \verb|\rgu|) +\emph{only} works in a Cyrillic environment --- it is not a generic +command. + +There are actually two versions of the \cmd{togrog} command. While +\cmd{Togrog} produces a sans serif \Togrog\ (considered standard) +with any font selected it is also possible to print + serif (\MyTogrog), + italic (\textit{\MyTogrog}) +and typewriter (\texttt{\MyTogrog}) versions of this +symbol.\footnote{The currency symbol is not limited to these three + typefaces; all typefaces can be selected.} +For achieving this result the commands \cmd{MyTogrog} and \cmd{mytogrog} +are available. Unlike the standard command they simply pick the +current font style of the surrounding letters for the currency +symbol. + +\section{Running Text with Embedded Words in Different Encodings} + +Independently of the document language it is possible to produce +portions of Cyrillic text within Latin text and vice versa. +The two commands \cmd{mnr} and \cmd{rnm} switch from ordinary +Latin text to transliterated Cyrillic text and back to Latin text. +The command stands for \emph{m}ongolian \emph{n}ew \emph{r}omanization +and its reversal (which can, by accident, also be read as +\emph{r}eturn to \emph{n}or\emph{m}al). They can be used as stream +commands or for initializing groups:\label{mnrnm} + +\exa + \mnr mongol x"al ba \rnm english + text with a {\mnr mongol} word + inserted +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mnr mongol x"al ba \rnm english + text with a {\mnr mongol} word + inserted + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +For enhanced convenience, portions of text can also be encapsulated +into the commands \cmd{xalx}\verb"{...}" for Cyrillic text and +\cmd{lat}\verb"{...}" for neutral (i.~e. Latin) texts.\label{capsules} + +The commands \verb"\mnr", \verb"\rnm", \verb"\xalx{...}" and +\verb"\lat{...}" do \emph{not} switch the default encoding; this +shows up when a construct like \verb:\lat{\verb|article|}: is placed +in Transliteration Mode; the result will be \texttt{\xalx{article}} +rather than \texttt{article}; in order to generate the desired form, +the mode switching commands must be used. + + +\section{Font Selection Commands} + +The Cyrillic fonts are set up in a manner which allows for seamless +switching between Roman and Cyrillic typefaces. The font switching +commands used for modifying typefaces (by \verb"\text..") are +completely transparent to the encoding; no precaution whatsoever has +to be taken. Most of the +typefaces supplied with the traditional \textsf{OT1} encoding are +also available for \MonTeX; Dunhill and Funny Roman are included.\footnote{% + A complete overview of the NFSS classification of the + Computer Modern fonts can be found in The \LaTeX\ Companion, + by Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin, + Addison-Wesley 1994, p.~181.} +\MonTeX\ offers the following font families as shown in +table~\ref{MonTeXFontFamilies}: +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{3cm}|l} +\verb'\fontfamily{...}' Parameter & Family Description \\ +\hline + cmr & Computer Modern Serif\\ + cmss & Computer Modern Sans Serif\\ + cmtt & computer Modern Typewriter\\ + cmvtt& Computer Modern Variable Width Typewriter\\ + cmfr & Computer Modern Funny\\ + cmfib& Computer Modern Fibonacci\\ + cmdh & Computer Modern Dunhill\\ + cmssq& Computer Modern Sans Serif Quotation Style 8pt\\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{Font Families Supported by \MonTeX}\label{MonTeXFontFamilies} +\end{table} + +The word ``Roman'' was avoided since in \MonTeX\ these families +also cover matching typefaces in Cyrillic script. The first three +families have support for combinations of different weights and +shapes (e.\,g. bold and italic) whereas the other series usually +only offer an italic variant. The Sans Serif Quotation Style 8pt +typeface is not by default installed in standard \LaTeX\ +distributions hence it cannot be guaranteed that switching to and +from Cyrillic letters maintains the typeface. The fonts (upright and +slanted) can be accessed via the \verb|\fontfamily{cmssq}| command +but are not shown in table~\ref{table:typeface}. See +table~\ref{table:typeface} for a therefore incomplete list of +available typeface examples. + +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\hline +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Family and Command Example}& + \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Typeface Examples} \\ +\hline +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Serif}&& \\ +cmr & (default) & {\Tw}& {\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textbf\{...\}}& \textbf{\Tw}&\textbf{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textsl\{...\}}& \textsl{\Tw}&\textsl{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textsc\{...\}}& \textsc{\Tw}&\textsc{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textit\{...\}}& \textit{\Tw}&\textit{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ fontseries\{bx\}\char92 textit\{...\}}& + \fs{bx}\textit{\Tw}&\fs{bx}\textit{\WtSh}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} + +\ifthenelse{\value{FontSamples}>1}{% +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Typewriter}&& \\ +cmtt & \tttt{texttt\{...}\}& \texttt{\Tw}&\texttt{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{texttt\{\char92textit\{...\}\}}& + \texttt{\textit{\Tw}}&\texttt{\textit{\WtSh}}\\ + & \tttt{texttt\{\char92textsl\{...\}\}}& + \texttt{\textsl{\Tw}}&\texttt{\textsl{\WtSh}}\\ + & \tttt{texttt\{\char92textsc\{...\}\}}& + \texttt{\textsc{\Tw}}&\texttt{\textsc{\WtSh}}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}}{\rule{0mm}{4ex}Computer Modern Typewriter example suspended\dots} + +\ifthenelse{\value{FontSamples}>2}{% +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Variable Width Typewriter}&& \\ +cmvtt & \tttt{ fontfamily\{cmvtt\}...}& + \ff{cmvtt}\Tw&\ff{cmvtt}\Wt\\ + & \tttt{ fontfamily\{cmvtt\}\char92 textit\{...\}}& + \ff{cmvtt}\textit{\Tw}&\ff{cmvtt}\textit{\Wt}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}}{\rule{0mm}{4ex}Computer Modern Variable Width + Typewriter example suspended\dots} + +\ifthenelse{\value{FontSamples}>3}{% +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Sans}&& \\ +cmss & \tttt{ textsf\{...\}} & + \textsf{\Tw}&\textsf{\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textsf\{\char92 textsl\{...\}\}}& + \textsf{\textsl{\Tw}}&\textsf{\textsl{\WtSh}}\\ + & \tttt{ textsf\{\char92 fontseries\{bx\}...\}}& + \textsf{\fs{bx}\Tw}&\textsf{\fs{bx}\WtSh}\\ + & \tttt{ textsf\{\char92 fontseries\{sbc\}...\}}& + \textsf{\fs{sbc}\Tw}&\textsf{\fs{sbc}\WtSh}\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}}{\rule{0mm}{4ex}Computer Modern Sans example suspended\dots} + +\ifthenelse{\value{FontSamples}>4}{% +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Funny}&& \\ +cmfr & \tttt{ fontfamily\{cmfr\}...}& + \ff{cmfr}\Tw&\ff{cmfr}\Wt\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}}{\rule{0mm}{4ex}Computer Modern Funny example suspended\dots% + For printing the Modern Funny example + the user is required to edit this file + (\texttt{montex.tex}) at line 26 and set the value + of \texttt{fontSamples} to ``5''.} + +\ifthenelse{\value{FontSamples}>5}{% +\begin{tabular}{|p{0.75cm}p{7cm}|p{1.5cm}p{1.5cm}|} +\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Computer Modern Dunhill}&& \\ +cmdh & \tttt{ fontfamily\{cmdh\}...}& + \ff{cmdh}\TW&\ff{cmdh}\WT\\ +\hline +\end{tabular}}{\rule{0mm}{4ex}Computer Modern Dunhill example suspended\dots% + For printing the Modern Dunhill example + the user is required to edit this file + (\texttt{montex.tex}) at line 26 and set the value + of \texttt{fontSamples} to ``6''.} + +\caption{Typeface Consistency for Cyrillic and Latin}\label{table:typeface} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +Besides these transparent commands for scalable fonts \MonTeX\ also +offers two inch-high variants of bold Computer Modern Sans typefaces +for Latin and Cyrillic: \cmd{cminch} and \cmd{kminch}. +These commands bypass the NFSS font setup and should only be used for +book titles etc. The command sequence \verb|{\cminch AB} {\kminch AB}| +produces the output shown in figure~\ref{cminchkminch}. + +\begin{figure} +\vspace{5mm} +\begin{center} +{\cminch AB} {\kminch AB} +\end{center} +\vspace{5mm} +\caption{\texttt{inch} Font Examples}\label{cminchkminch} +\end{figure} + +\section{Shorthands for Embedding Words in a Different + Typeface}\label{typefacecapsules} + +Sometimes it may be necessary to give short portions of text not +only in a different encoding (for which the \refcmd{lat}\verb:{...}: +and \refcmd{mnr}\verb:{...}: commands are +useful) but it may also be necessary to switch the typeface +temporarily. Usually capsules using \verb'\text'\emph{xx} do the +work if only the typeface is concerned, and building nested commands +like \verb'\textsf{\lat{...}}' is cumbersome if these changes have +to be applied very often. \MonTeX\ provides an abbreviated style +following the rule +\begin{quote} + \texttt{[k|l]}\emph{two letter font style code}\verb'{...}' +\end{quote} +where the font style code is one of + \verb'rm', + \verb'bf', + \verb'it', + \verb'sl', + \verb'sf', + \verb'sc' and + \verb'tt', +like \verb'\ksl{...}', \verb'\lsc{...}', etc. + + +\section{Shorthands for Writing Transliterated Texts} + +\MonTeX\ provides shortcuts for writing certain accented symbols +used in conventional transliterating of Mongolian by +haceks, the nasal and the gamma. These shortcuts are essentially +mnemonics replacing the somewhat more tedious accent notation (see +table~\ref{table:shortcuts}). + +\begin{table} +\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ll|ll} +%\hline +Letter & Input & Letter & Input \\ + & & &\\ +\hline + & & &\\ +\ch & \verb"\ch" & \Ch & \verb"\Ch" \\ +\jh & \verb"\jh" & \Jh & \verb"\Jh" \\ +\sh & \verb"\sh" & \Sh & \verb"\Sh" \\ +\zh & \verb"\zh" & \Zh & \verb"\Zh" \\ +\ng & \verb"\ng" & \Ng & \verb"\Ng" \\ +\g & \verb"\g" & \G & \verb"\G" \\ +%\hline +\end{tabular}\end{center} +\caption{Shortcuts for Mongolian Transliteration Symbols}\label{table:shortcuts} +\end{table} + +It must be observed that these commands are by default dependent on +the environment they are used in. \verb"\Sh" yields a \Sh\ when used +in a Latin environment but results in a \mnr\Sh\rnm\ when used in a +Cyrillic context\footnote{The authors wish to thank J.~Knappen for +resolving one instability in the original code for these letters.}: + +\exa + \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} + are transliterations for + {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} + are transliterations for + {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + + +\section{Gamma Typeface} + +If modern Greek is supported by your \LaTeXe\ installation then the +shape of the gamma will match the neighbouring typeface as closely +as possible% +\ifthenelse{\value{GreekGammaAvailable}=1}{ + \space as can be seen from table~\ref{table:typeface}% + }% + {}; +\cmd{g} otherwise, the selection of gamma shapes and styles is limited +to the gamma math typeface supplied by standard \TeX\ installations. + +%% \ifthenelse{\value{GreekGammaAvailable}=1}{ +%% \begin{table} +%% \begin{center} +%% \begin{tabular}{rl} +%% & \ {\Sh a\g dur}\\ +%% \end{tabular} +%% \end{center} +%% \caption{Available Gamma Typefaces\label{greekgamma}} +%% \end{table}}{}% +%% + +\section{Oirat Double Accents} + +All accented characters which are contained in the \textsf{T1} encoding +or can be generated out of these via accents can be produced. This comes +in conveniently for transliterating Oirat texts which need vowels with +double diacritics, like \rule{0mm}{2.5ex}\={\"a} which can be entered as +any combination of two nested accent commands (like \verb:\={\"a}:) +or one accent command and a vowel with diacritics (provided an 8-bit +input codepage is available). + + +\section{Numbering by Cyrillic Letters} + +Analogous to the \verb:\Alpha: command which provides an alphabetical +counter in English, \MonTeX\ features counters for Buryat, Modern +Mongolian, and Russian. +\begin{description} + \item [Buryat]\label{Uzeg} + The counter for Buryat is invoked with + \cmd{Uzeg}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" or + \cmd{uzeg}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" and is valid for $1\le n\le32$. + + \def\NR #1{$^{#1}$\Uzeg{#1}/\uzeg{#1}} + \begin{tabular}{cccccc} + \NR{1} &\NR{2} &\NR{3} &\NR{4} & \NR{5}&\NR{6} \\ + \NR{7} &\NR{8} &\NR{9} &\NR{10}&\NR{11}&\NR{12}\\ + \NR{13}&\NR{14}&\NR{15}&\NR{16}&\NR{17}&\NR{18}\\ + \NR{19}&\NR{20}&\NR{21}&\NR{22}&\NR{23}&\NR{24}\\ + \NR{25}&\NR{26}&\NR{27}&\NR{28}&\NR{29}&\NR{30}\\ + \NR{31}&\NR{32}\\ + \end{tabular} + + \item [Modern, or Xalx Mongolian]\label{Useg} + The counter for Modern Mongolian is invoked with + \cmd{Useg}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" or + \cmd{useg}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" and is valid for $1\le n\le31$. + + \def\NR #1{$^{#1}$\Useg{#1}/\useg{#1}} + \begin{tabular}{cccccc} + \NR{1} &\NR{2} &\NR{3} &\NR{4} & \NR{5}&\NR{6} \\ + \NR{7} &\NR{8} &\NR{9} &\NR{10}&\NR{11}&\NR{12}\\ + \NR{13}&\NR{14}&\NR{15}&\NR{16}&\NR{17}&\NR{18}\\ + \NR{19}&\NR{20}&\NR{21}&\NR{22}&\NR{23}&\NR{24}\\ + \NR{25}&\NR{26}&\NR{27}&\NR{28}&\NR{29}&\NR{30}\\ + \NR{31}\\ + \end{tabular} + + \item [Russian]\label{Asbuk} + The counter for Russian is invoked with + \cmd{Asbuk}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" or + \cmd{asbuk}\verb"{"\emph{n}\verb"}" and is valid for $1\le n\le28$. + + \def\NR #1{$^{#1}$\Asbuk{#1}/\asbuk{#1}} + \begin{tabular}{cccccc} + \NR{1} &\NR{2} &\NR{3} &\NR{4} & \NR{5}&\NR{6} \\ + \NR{7} &\NR{8} &\NR{9} &\NR{10}&\NR{11}&\NR{12}\\ + \NR{13}&\NR{14}&\NR{15}&\NR{16}&\NR{17}&\NR{18}\\ + \NR{19}&\NR{20}&\NR{21}&\NR{22}&\NR{23}&\NR{24}\\ + \NR{25}&\NR{26}&\NR{27}&\NR{28}\\ + \end{tabular} +\end{description} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part [Mongol Bicig and Manju Bithe]% + {Mongol Bicig and Manju Bithe\\ + \mobosoo{munggul}\mbosoo{bicik,}\ \mabosoo{manju}\mabosoo{bithe.}% + \label{part:BicigandBithe}} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Introduction} + +This part describes in detail all aspects of typesetting Mongolian +and Manju with \MonTeX. The following sections cover the various +input methods for these languages, the commands for presenting small +snippets, big portions and whole documents composed in Mongolian and +Manju, as well as the relationship between input notations and +script-related commands. + +\section{Mongolian and Manju Script Fundamentals} + +Mongolian Script, or \emph{bicig}, is a writing with an intriguing +and complex relationship between the canonical letters of +the alphabet and their presentations in context. Virtually any canonical +letter can assume several shapes. As a rule of thumb, there are +three or four basic shapes: the letter in isolated form, the letter +in initial, medial and final position of a word. Only a few letters +stay the same, and in rare cases there are up to ten possibilities +for representing a single letter. + +On the other hand, some letters share the same shape in different +contexts; one so-called \emph{glyph} can represent more than one +letter, sometimes three or four different letters. + +The Manju writing, or \emph{bithe} system is a close relative of the +Mongolian system; the basical letter shapes are the same. Yet for Manju, +a set of diacritics (\emph{dots und circles}) was designed to the effect +that all the ambiguities of Mongolian are eliminated. + +Decomposing the writing system and using glyphs as the atoms of +writing is one of several conceivable methods of writing Mongolian +script. + +In \MonTeX, Mongolian script can be entered in three ways, either +by writing transliterated Mongolian in one of two different +romanization systems, by an approximated symbol for every glyph or +by generic name. There are certain constraints concerning the +possible combinations of Mongolian input methods and Mongolian +writing display commands. Since Manju has only one input method, +these constraints do not apply to Manju. The possible combinations +are listed in table~\ref{table:Combinations}. + +A complete guide to +the principles of glyph analysis can be found in the MLS Report +by one of the authors.\footnote{Oliver Corff: MLS Report. UNU/IIST +Report No.~8, Macau 1993} + +Due to technical constraints of \MonTeX, there is an intimate +relationship between various script-related commands and Mongolian +input methods. + + +\section{General Settings\label{section:UMMDates}} + +As for Modern (Xalx) Mongolian, Buryat and Russian documents, it is +possible to set the document language to Uighur Mongolian or Manju +with a language option: + +\begin{verbatim} +\usepackage[<language options>,<encoding options>]{mls} +\end{verbatim} + +The two language options are \cmda{bicig} for Uighur Mongolian +and \cmda{bithe} for Manju documents. Among other things, they +set the document encoding, the captions and the date in either +Uighur Mongolian or Manju. + +The date form follows \TeX\ conventions and is thus a mixture of +numbers and words. Thus for \cmd{today} (\today) we get% + \footnote{The actual date at compilation time is +used for the examples.} what is shown in +table~\ref{caption:UMMDates}. +\enlargethispage*{1ex} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{cc} + \textbf{Mongolian}% + \mobosoo{\BicigToday} + \label{cmd:BicigToday} &\textbf{Manju} + \mabosoo{\BitheToday} + \label{cmd:BitheToday}\\ + \end{tabular} +\caption{Dates in Uighur Mongolian and Manju}\label{caption:UMMDates} +\end{center} +\end{figure} + +The document language option \verb'bicig' can only be used with the +Mongolian input method named ``Simplified Transliteration'' (see the +following chapter and table~\ref{table:Combinations}). + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Mongolian Input} + +It has been mentioned before that each Mongolian input method +provided by \MonTeX\ has a slightly different application scope. +The next sections cover +\begin{itemize} + \item \emph{Simplified Transliteration Mode} which is + the mode of choice for bulk text due to its availability + as document encoding; the associated font encoding + is labelled \LMO\label{a:LMO} and internally activated + by the command \refcmd{SetDocumentEncodingBicig}. + + \item \emph{MLS Transliteration Mode} which is most + suitable for short portions of text, like dictionary + entries, quotations, etc. + + \item \emph{Immediate Mode} is the mode accepting + Mongolian characters encoded in the MLS codepage. + Together with this mode, the input encoding + \refcmda{mls} should be specified, ideally combined + with the command \refcmd{SetDocumentEncodingNeutral}. + + \item \emph{Glyph Input} which is useful mainly for + rendering individual words in unorthodox or + incorrect spellings, e.\,g. for reproducing + idiosyncrasies found in old books. +\end{itemize} + +A comprehensive table of the Mongolian alphabet and its MLS +transliteration, the input conventions of the MLS transliteration in +\MonTeX\ and the Simplified Transliteration is given in +table~\ref{table:bcgcagan}. + +\newcommand{\bcgcagan}[4]{% + \mbosoo{#1} & \texttt{#2} & \texttt{#3} & \texttt{#4} %\\ + } + +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cccc|cccc} +%\hline +Uighur&\multicolumn{2}{c}{MLS} &Simplified + &Uighur&\multicolumn{2}{c}{MLS}&Simplified\\ +Script&Transl.& Input &Input &Script&Transl.& Input&Input\\ +\hline +\bcgcagan{a}{a}{a}{a} & \bcgcagan{s}{s}{s}{s} \\ +\bcgcagan{E}{\"a}{\"a, E}{e} & \bcgcagan{S}{sh}{S}{sh}\\ +\bcgcagan{e}{e}{e}{v} & \bcgcagan{t}{t}{t}{t} \\ +\bcgcagan{i}{i}{i}{i} & \bcgcagan{d}{d}{d}{d, t}\\ +\bcgcagan{o}{o}{o}{u} & \bcgcagan{l}{l}{l}{l} \\ +\bcgcagan{u}{u}{u}{u} & \bcgcagan{m}{m}{m}{m} \\ +\bcgcagan{O}{\"o}{\"o, O}{ui, u}& \bcgcagan{c}{c}{c}{c} \\ +\bcgcagan{U}{\"u}{\"u, U}{ui, u}& \bcgcagan{z}{z}{z}{z} \\ +\bcgcagan{n}{n}{n}{n} & \bcgcagan{y}{y}{y}{y} \\ +\bcgcagan{|ng}{*ng}{ng}{ng} & \bcgcagan{r}{r}{r}{r} \\ +\bcgcagan{x}{x}{x}{x} & \bcgcagan{v}{v}{v}{v} \\ +\bcgcagan{G}{\g}{G}{g} & \bcgcagan{h}{h}{h}{h} \\ +\bcgcagan{k}{k}{k}{k} & \bcgcagan{j}{j}{j}{j} \\ +\bcgcagan{g}{g}{g}{g, k} & \bcgcagan{K}{K}{K}{K} \\ +\bcgcagan{b}{b}{b}{b} & \bcgcagan{Q}{[--]}{Q}{q}\\ +\bcgcagan{p}{p}{p}{p} & \bcgcagan{C}{C}{C}{C} \\ +\bcgcagan{f}{f}{f}{f} & \bcgcagan{Z}{Z}{Z}{Z} \\ +%\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{Mongolian Script Transliterations}\label{table:bcgcagan} +\end{table} + +The possible combinations of Mongolian writing input methods +and display commands are listed in table~\ref{table:Combinations}. +The columns stand for each possible input encoding, the rows contain +the display command types. Each table cell at the contains the command +that is available for a given combination of input method and +command. + +\newcommand{\ComparisonTable}[4]{% + #1 &% % Command Type + #2 &% % MLS Command + #3 &% % Simplified Command + #4 \\% % Manju Command +} +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{p{2cm}|p{3.25cm}|p{3.25cm}|p{3.25cm}} +Command & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Mongolian}& Manju \\ +Type & MLS & Simplified & \\ +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Document Encoding} + {only available as font encoding \LMS, not as + document encoding} + {\refcmda{LMO}} + {\refcmda{LMA}} +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Horizontal Capsules} + {\refcmd{bcg}} + {\refcmd{bicig}} + {\refcmd{bithe}} +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Horizontal Paragraphs} + {not available} + {\refcmda{bicigtext}} + {\refcmda{bithetext}} +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Vertical Capsules} + {\refcmd{mbosoo}} + {\refcmd{mobosoo}} + {\refcmd{mabosoo}} +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Vertical Paragraph Boxes} + {not available} + {\refcmd{mobox}} + {\refcmd{mabox}} +\hline +\ComparisonTable{Vertical Pages} + {not available} + {\refcmda{bicigpage}} + {\refcmda{bithepage}} +%\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Mongolian Input and Display Commands}\label{table:Combinations} +\end{center} +\end{table} + + +\section{Simplified Transliteration Mode} + +The broad romanization of the Mongolian script as realized in the +MLS system focuses on lexical properties (the \emph{information layer}) +rather than graphical properties (the \emph{presentation layer}). +The obvious advantage of such a method is the possibility to store +and transmit Mongolian language information in and between systems +without devices for displaying Mongolian writing. + +With the ambiguities of the Mongolian script (the consonants \emph{t/d}, +the vowels \emph{a/e}, and many other ambiguous shapes give vivid +evidence hereof) it is however possible to enter misleading or wrong +romanizations which lead to a desired yet semantically misleading +\emph{display} of Mongolian in which case the underlying information +is not suitable for further processing. + +Another aspect is the retrieval of information from e.\,g. library +catalogues when only the display of potentially unknown words like +in book titles is available. It must be possible to enter Mongolian +script into an information processing system without knowing at +every moment which underlying letter generates a given shape. This +implies that glyph analysis does not decompose complex glyph shapes +into atoms if the shape transformation is purely dictated by +graphical rather than linguistical context. + +Notwithstanding this fact, an obvious \emph{n} appearing as \suul\ +following a vowel should be entered as \texttt{n} while an \emph{a} +following a consonant which also appears as \suul\ should certainly +entered as vowel, not as consonant. Anything going deeper in glyph +analysis can only be considered as atomic coding which may be highly +useful in special cases but renders the input process more than +cumbersome in general cases. + +The Mongolian Simplified Transliteration proposed here is +based on principles laid out by Dr.\,Michael Balk of the Deutsche +Staatsbibliothek, Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. +During its development, various proposals were discussed at +DIN, MNISM and ISO standardization meetings during 1994 to 1997. + +The most important principle of this simplified input method is the +consequent elimination of ambiguities in the relation between +romanized input (as performed on an ordinary computer keyboard) and +its Mongolian script target. If the Mongolian language provides +several readings for certain vowels, then only one vowel is +available in the simplified method; if alternating consonants (like +\emph{k/g} can swap shapes, then each input letter is associated with +one and only one output shape. Furthermore, the \emph{input +alphabet} (speaking in terms of computer theory) is limited to the +basic Latin alphabet. It uses only +\texttt{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n p q r s t u v x y z C K Z} +and the following characters with special meanings: +\texttt{- = ' "}. The first symbol is used to separate grammatical +endings from preceding words, the second separates floating vowels +from word stems, and the third and fourth character act as Variant +Selectors. At present, the second Variant Selector is not yet +assigned. + +%\enlargethispage*{4ex} +Unlike a purely atomic rendering, the resulting romanization as +shown in table~\ref{table:bcgcagan} is +easy to learn, much easier to read than atomic code, and yet +acceptably close to conventional Mongolian transliterations, as can +be seen from table~\ref{table:SimplifiedExamples}. Each row contains +one or more instances of every letter listed in the first column. +From left to right, these are the beginning of a word, the middle of +a word and the end of a word. Every single cell features three +elements: the \emph{example} in MLS romanization appears in italics; +the correct Simplified Transliteration \texttt{input} appears in +typewriter style, and the word in Uighur Mongolian letters appears +in the right half of the cell. + +\newcommand{\mytextit}{\bgroup\mdoublehyphenon\moretextit}% +\newcommand{\moretextit}[1]{\textit{#1}\egroup}% +% +\newcommand{\rr}{\phantom{;}} +% +\newcommand{\T}[7]{% + %\hline + #1 &% % Zeichen / useg + \mytextit{#2}\newline\texttt{#3}&\mobosoo{#3\rr}&%% Anfang/exen + \mytextit{#4}\newline\texttt{#5}&\mobosoo{#5\rr}&%% Mitte /dund + \mytextit{#6}\newline\texttt{#7}&\mobosoo{#7\rr} %% Ende /adag + \\% + } + +{%\mdoublehyphenon +\begin{longtable}{c|p{2.0cm}l|p{2.0cm}l|p{2.0cm}l} +%\hline +Letter &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{Beginning} + &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{Middle} + &\multicolumn{2}{c}{End}\\ +\hline +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{a} % Zeichen : useg + {arad} {arad} % Anfang / exen + {ba\g atur} {bagadur} % Mitte / dund + {la} {la} % Ende / adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang / exen + {} {} % Mitte / dund + {sana\g =a} {sanag=a} % Ende / adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{ä} % Zeichen : useg + {ärkä} {erke} % Anfang : exen + {cäcäg} {cecek} % Mitte : dund + {sükä} {suike} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{e} % Zeichen : useg + {eKs} {evKs} % Anfang : exen + {geologi} {kvuluki} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{i} % Zeichen : useg + {iza\g ur} {izagur} % Anfang : exen + {minu} {minu} % Mitte : dund + {bandi} {bandi} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{o} % Zeichen : useg + {olan} {ulan} % Anfang : exen + {a\g ul=a} {agul=a} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{u} % Zeichen : useg + {ulus} {ulus} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {\g arxu} {garxu} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{ö} % Zeichen : useg + {öndür} {uindur} % Anfang : exen + {cöm=ä} {cuim=e} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{ü} % Zeichen : useg + {üsüg} {uisuk} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{n + \{V\}} % Zeichen : useg + {nam} {nam} % Anfang : exen + {onol} {unul} % Mitte : dund + {bayin=a} {baiin=a} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{n + \{C\}} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang : exen + {bandi} {bandi} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\T{n' + \{V\}} % Zeichen : useg + {n'am} {n'am} % Anfang : exen + {on'ol} {un'ul} % Mitte : dund + {bayin'=a} {baiin'=a} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{n' + \{C\}} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang : exen + {KoNTor} {Kun'tur} % Mitte : dund + {ban'di} {ban'di} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{ng} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang : exen + {mong\g ol} {munggul} % Mitte : dund + {vang} {vang} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{x} % Zeichen : useg + {xota} {xuda} % Anfang : exen + {abxu} {abxu} % Mitte : dund + {mix=a} {mix=a} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{\g} % Zeichen : useg + {\g azar} {gazar} % Anfang : exen + {ba\g atur} {bagadur} % Mitte : dund + {tu\g} {tug} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{\g'} % Zeichen : useg + {\g'azar} {g'azar} % Anfang : exen + {ba\g'atur} {bag'adur} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{k} % Zeichen : useg + {käräg} {kerek} % Anfang : exen + {ärkiläkü} {erkileku} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{g} % Zeichen : useg + {gär} {ger} % Anfang : exen + {ügäi} {uigei} % Mitte : dund + {bicig} {bicik} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{b} % Zeichen : useg + {ba\g =a} {bag=a} % Anfang : exen + {däbtär} {tebder} % Mitte : dund + {äb} {eb} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{p} % Zeichen : useg + {pangsa} {pangsa} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{f} % Zeichen : useg + {feodal} {fvudal} % Anfang : exen + {Cifr} {Cifr} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{s} % Zeichen : useg + {saxal} {saxal} % Anfang : exen + {basa} {basa} % Mitte : dund + {nas} {nas} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{sh} % Zeichen : useg + {sha\g dur} {shagdur} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\hline +\T{t} % Zeichen : useg + {tomu} {tumu} % Anfang : exen + {ba\g atur} {bagadur} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{d} % Zeichen : useg + {dumdadu} {dumdadu} % Anfang : exen + {odu} {udu} % Mitte : dund + {arad} {arad} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang : exen + {sädgil} {sedkil} % Mitte : dund + {äD} {ed'} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{l} % Zeichen : useg + {la} {la} % Anfang : exen + {aldar} {aldar} % Mitte : dund + {onul} {unul} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +\T{} % Zeichen : useg + {} {} % Anfang : exen + {blam=a} {blam=a} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{m} % Zeichen : useg + {mong\g ol} {munggul} % Anfang : exen + {nomin} {numin} % Mitte : dund + {nom} {num} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{c} % Zeichen : useg + {ca\g an} {cagan} % Anfang : exen + {äcän} {ecen} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{z} % Zeichen : useg + {zam} {zam} % Anfang : exen + {\g azar} {gazar} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{y} % Zeichen : useg + {yondan} {yundan} % Anfang : exen + {bayar} {bayar} % Mitte : dund + {xoriy=a} {xuriy=a} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{r} % Zeichen : useg + {rashan} {rashan} % Anfang : exen + {oros} {urus} % Mitte : dund + {bolor} {bulur} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{v} % Zeichen : useg + {vang} {vang} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{h} % Zeichen : useg + {heze} {hvzv} % Anfang : exen + {lhas} {lhas} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{j} % Zeichen : useg + {j} {j} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{K} % Zeichen : useg + {KoNTor} {Kun'tur} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{gh} % Zeichen : useg + {ghombo} {qumbu} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{C} % Zeichen : useg + {Cifr} {Cifr} % Anfang : exen + {} {} % Mitte : dund + {sTan'C} {stan'C} % Ende : adag +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hline +\T{Z} % Zeichen : useg + {Zambu} {Zambu} % Anfang : exen + {aZi} {aZi} % Mitte : dund + {} {} % Ende : adag +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +%\hline +\caption{Mongolian Simplified Transliteration by Example% + }\label{table:SimplifiedExamples}\\ +\end{longtable}} + +While the input method for the majority of characters matches the +transliteration conventions, some letters require a slightly +different treatment: +\begin{enumerate} + \item Although the diphtong \mobosoo{*aii*} is usually + rendered as \textit{ayi}, it must be entered + as \texttt{aii} in order to produce the desired + effect. + + \item The back vowels \emph{o} and \emph{u} are both rendered + as \texttt{u}. + + \item The front vowels \emph{\"o} and \emph{\"u} are both + rendered as \texttt{ui} in first syllables and as + \texttt{u} in later syllables. + + \item Since \mobosoo{t} means both \emph{t} and \emph{d}, + it is necessary to spell this letter as \texttt{t} + in the beginning of words, and \texttt{d} in the + middle of words, regardless of the actual meaning. + + \item The four consonants \emph{\g}, \emph{g}, \emph{x} + and \emph{k} are constrained with regard to the + following vowels. The Simplified Transliteration + renders these as \texttt{g} (before \emph{a} + and \emph{u} only), \texttt{g} (before \emph{a} + and \emph{u} only), \texttt{x} and \texttt{k}. +\end{enumerate} + + +As it was demonstrated in section~\ref{section:CyrillicTransliterationMode}, +it is technically possible to choose between an automatic document encoding +and the neutral mode. In the case of Uighur Mongolian, the mode of choice +activates the Simplified Transliteration Mode and is called with +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\SetDocumentEncodingBicig +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + + +With +\verb"\SetDocumentEncodingBicig"\label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBicig} set, +it is possible to switch to the Simplified Transliteration Mode anywhere +in the document, not only in the preamble. + +\textit{Caveat:} Since switching to Uighur Mongolian text +requires a lot of settings to be effected at the same time, there +are high-level commands available (see below, +chapter~\ref{chapter:DisplayCommands}: Mongolian and Manju Display +Commands) which do all the work, including the definition of the +document encoding. Thus, while \verb|\SetDocumentEncodingBicig| +is indeed classified as a user-level command, it is certainly not +necessary for everyday work. + + +\subsection{Character Variants} + +With the assistance of special, non-printing characters like the +Form Variant Selectors, the appearance of certain characters can be +modified in order to display typographical and orthographical +variants. Notably, the \emph{n} will loose its dot before vowels, +as will \emph{\g}. Let's assume the word ``place'' is written in an +old book as \bicig{g'azar}. It should be understood that this is a +variant of \bicig{gazar} and should be spelled \emph{\g'azar}, not +\emph{xazar}. With vowels, the Form Variant Selectors can change the +shape that is usually required by graphical context. At present, +only the first of two Form Variant Selectors actually does +something, the exact behaviour of the second Form Variant Selector +waits to be implemented. + +The following short example shows a concrete application of this +method. It renders the six syllable mantra \emph{om ma ni padme hum} +\ifx\tib\undefined\relax + \else(tib. {\tib \om, ma nxi pa\V{de}{ma} \hung.}) +\fi also featuring the +special syllable \cmd{om} as it is displayed on a huge bronze +incense burner in front of the Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar: + +\begin{figure}[h] +\exa + \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily + \om uva\\ + \ ma'=a\\ + \ n'i\\ + \ badmi'\\ + \om huu} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily + \om uva\\ + \ ma'=a\\ + \ n'i\\ + \ badmi'\\ + \om huu} + \end{verbatim} +\exc +\caption{Mongolian Character Variants Example}\label{figure:MongCharVarExample} +\end{figure} + +\section{MLS Transliteration Mode} + +\begin{sloppypar} +In Transliteration Mode (activated with the commands \cmd{bcg}\verb|{...}| +or \cmd{mbosoo}\verb|{...}|) Mongolian text portions can be entered using +a transliteration which is a rough approximation to the MLS system. +The major difference is that only pure Latin alphabetical symbols +can be used for virtually all letters. Front vowels are either +entered via the traditional vowels with diacritics (\emph{\"a, \"o, \"u}) +or can be entered with capitalized versions of the normal vowels. +Capitalized letters have to be used for entering +{\g} and {\sh} which are entered as \textit{G} and \textit{S}. +Special variants for certain letters can be selected with +Form Variant Selectors. +%Examples are given in section~\ref{bicig-examples}.% +\footnote{% + The suggested solution has the advantage that it + can be used on computers featuring codepages without umlaut + symbols as most of the Cyrillic code pages are `defective' + in this point.} +\end{sloppypar} + +The available Mongolian characters (\emph{ca\g an tolu\g ai}) are shown +in table~\ref{table:bcgcagan}.\footnote{The alphabetical arrangement follows +large that given on p.~17 of N.~Poppe's \textit{Grammar of Written +Mongolian}, Wiesbaden 1954, 1964, 1974 (third printing). Letters not +given there are appended to Poppe's list.} + + +\section{Immediate Mode} + +For freely combining Mongolian Script with other characters without +using any explicite commands it is necessary that the codepage in use +supports Mongolian Script glyphs; currently this is the MLS codepage. +The MLS input encoding is specified like \verb:\usepackage[mls]{mls}:. +As with Cyrillic codepages it should be noted that these documents are +not easily portable between different platforms anymore since they cannot +be recoded at ease. See table~\ref{table:glyphnames} for a list +of available symbols. + + +\section{Glyphs by Symbol} + +Without MLS codepage support, Mongolian words can also be entered +using the \cmd{glyphbcg}\verb"{...}" command in running text. Within +these groups, Mongolian Script glyphs are entered in the form of +approximated symbols; sometimes these symbols reflect the underlying +canonical letter, sometimes functional equivalents (for punctuation +marks etc.) are chosen; sometimes there is no evident relation between +glyph and input symbol simply because a free slot within the ASCII range +$c\ge32\le127$ was chosen. Please consult table~\ref{table:glyphchars} +of available glyphs and their input equivalents. + + +\section{Glyphs by Name} + +Without any preparations on the side of the text environment it is +possible to enter individual Mongolian glyphs by name in a way +similar for that of entering Cyrillic characters; the Mongolian +glyph names can be found in table~\ref{table:glyphnames}. Thus, +\verb|\shilbe| produces a \shilbe. A number in the +MLS column indicates the encoding position of the MLS codepage; a +missing number in this column indicates that the glyph is part of +extended \MonTeX\ glyph set without being part of the original MLS. +%\newpage + +\newcommand{\glyphtabledata}{% + \bge{"C2}{\titem} {@}&\bge{"EB}{\matgarshilbe} {v}\\ + \bge{"C3}{\shud} {a}&\bge{"EC}{\bituushilbe} {h}\\ + \bge{"C5}{\secondaryshud} {A}&\bge{"ED}{\secondaryqagt} {K}\\ + \bge{"C6}{\shilbe} {i}&\bge{"EE}{\qagt} {k}\\ + \bge{"C7}{\gedes} {o}&\bge{"EF}{\secnumtdelbenqix}{P}\\ + \bge{"CF}{\secondarygedes} {O}&\bge{"F0}{\numtdelbenqix} {p}\\ + \bge{"D0}{\cegteishud} {n}&\bge{"F1}{\secsertenqixtnum}{F}\\ + \bge{"D1}{\lewer} {l}&\bge{"F2}{\sertenqixtnum} {f}\\ + \bge{"D2}{\suuliinlewer} {L}&\bge{"F3}{\zadgaizardigt} {Z}\\ + \bge{"D3}{\tertiarylewer} {Q}&\bge{"F4}{\bituuzardigt} {C}\\ + \bge{"D4}{\mewer} {m}&\bge{"F5}{\malgaitaititem} {j}\\ + \bge{"D5}{\suuliinmewer} {M}&\bge{"F6}{\suul} {e}\\ + \bge{"D6}{\xewteeqix} {x}&\bge{"F7}{\orxic} {E}\\ + \bge{"D7}{\dawxarcegtxewteeqix}{X}&\bge{"F8}{\biodoisuul} {Y}\\ + \bge{"D8}{\halfnum} {g}&\bge{"F9}{\bagodoisuul} {G}\\ + \bge{"DB}{\num} {I}&\bge{"FA}{\nceg} {-}\\ + \bge{"DC}{\halfnumtgedes} {B}&\bge{"FB}{\gceg} {=}\\ + \bge{"DD}{\numtaigedes} {b}&\bge{"FC}{\ceg} {,}\\ + \bge{"DE}{\buruuxarsangedes}{t}&\bge{"FD}{\dorwoljin} {;}\\ + \bge{"DF}{\gedesteishilbe} {d}&\bge{ }{ - } {V}\\ + \bge{"E0}{\erweeljinshilbe} {r}&\bge{ }{ - } {u}\\ + \bge{"E3}{\secerweeljin} {R}&\bge{ }{ - } {T}\\ + \bge{"E4}{\bosooshilbe} {z}&\bge{ }{ - } {U}\\ + \bge{"E5}{\etgershilbe} {y}&\bge{ }{ - } {W}\\ + \bge{"E6}{\zawj} {s}&\bge{ }{ - } {w}\\ + \bge{"E8}{\suuliinzawj} {S}&\bge{ }{ - } {ml}\\ + \bge{"E9}{\dawxarcegtzawj} {q}&\bge{ }{ - } {ll}\\ + \bge{"EA}{\sereeewer} {c}& \\} + +\newcommand{\bge}[3]{% + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{#3}} % Glyph + &\texttt{\string#2} % Generic Name + &\texttt{#3} % Input Letter or Symbol +% & \texttt{#1} % MLS Code Position + } + +\begin{center} +\begin{longtable}{clc|clc} +%\hline +Glyph&Generic &Input &Glyph&Generic &Input \\ + &Name &Char. & &Name &Char. \\ +\hline + \glyphtabledata +%\hline +\caption{MLS Named Basic Glyphs}\label{table:glyphnames} +\end{longtable} +\end{center} + +\clearpage + +\renewcommand{\bge}[3]{% + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{#3}} % Glyph + &\texttt{\string#2} % Generic Name +% &\texttt{#3} % Input Letter or Symbol + & \texttt{#1} % MLS Code Position + } + +\begin{center} +\begin{longtable}{clc|clc} +%\hline +Glyph&Generic &MLS &Glyph&Generic &MLS\\ + &Name &Code & &Name &Code\\ +\hline + \glyphtabledata +%\hline +\caption{MLS Basic Glyph Positions}\label{table:glyphchars} +\end{longtable} +\end{center} + +\section{Special Characters\label{section:SpecialMLSCharacters}} + +For the correct operation of retransliterating systems processing +Mongolian script additional symbols are needed. These include +Form Variant Selectors (\textsf{FVS}), the Vowel Separator, and +other symbols like the Mongolian Positional Indicator. As can be +seen from its usage in table~\ref{table:bcgcagan}, entering \verb|*ng| +tells the system to consider this \emph{ng} to be in non-initial +position.\footnote{Unfortunately, though it is now commonly +agreed in the scientific community that these symbols are needed, +their definition is still in a state of flux, and thus the symbols +given here are presented on a preliminary basis.} + +Besides these symbols, table~\ref{table:SpecialMLSCharacters} includes +also some useful punctuation marks etc.\ as they are used in +Mongolian Script. + +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{c|l|l} +%\hline + Symbol & Name & Input \\ + \hline + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{!}} & Exclamation Mark & \verb|!| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{?}} & Question Mark & \verb|?| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{!?}} & Exclamation Question Mark& \verb|!?| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{?!}} & Question Exclamation Mark& \verb|?!| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{*}} & Mong. Positional Indicator& \verb|*| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\char32}} & Mongolian Space & \verb*|-| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{(}} & Opening Bracket & \verb|(| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{)}} & Closing Bracket & \verb|)| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{<}} & Opening Angle Bracket & \verb|<| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{>}} & Closing Angle Bracket & \verb|>| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{<<}} & Opening Guillemot & \verb|<<| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{>>}} & Closing Guillemot & \verb|>>| \\ +% \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\{}} & Opening Parenthesis & \verb|{| \\ +% \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\}}} & Closing Parenthesis & \verb|}| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{'}} & Form Variant Selector 1& \verb|'| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{"}} & Form Variant Selector 2& \verb|"| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{\char43}}& Mong. Vowel Separator & \verb|=| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{|}} & Mongolian Nuruu & \verb'|' \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{.}} & Period & \verb|.| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{,}} & Comma & \verb|,| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{:}} & Colon & \verb|:| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{;}} & D\"orw\"oljin & \verb|;| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{..}} & Ellipsis & \verb|..| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{0}} & Digit zero & \verb|0| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{1}} & Digit one & \verb|1| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{2}} & Digit two & \verb|2| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{3}} & Digit three & \verb|3| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{4}} & Digit four & \verb|4| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{5}} & Digit five & \verb|5| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{6}} & Digit six & \verb|6| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{7}} & Digit seven & \verb|7| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{8}} & Digit eight & \verb|8| \\ + \bosoo{\glyphbcg{9}} & Digit nine & \verb|9| \\ +% \hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{Mongolian Script Special Symbols and Punctuation + Marks}\label{table:SpecialMLSCharacters} +\end{table} + +\section{Displaying Transliterations} + +For huge word lists and similar material it is convenient to enter +the transliteration only once and use it as input both for the +Mongolian retransliteration engine and the presentation of the +transliteration. A construct like + +\exa + \vspace{8mm} + \newcommand{\Keyword}[1]{#1 \bcg{#1}} + + \Keyword{anda} / \emph{Looks nice.} + + \Keyword{SaGdur} / \emph{Not as nice.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \newcommand{\Keyword}[1]{#1 \bcg{#1}} + + \Keyword{anda} / \emph{Looks nice.} + + \Keyword{SaGdur} / \emph{Not as nice.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +is helpful as long as no capitalized single-letter entity is used. +Capitalized entities look less pleasing in conventional texts; for +these purposes, the command \verb|\PrettyMLS| is provided which +takes input with single-letters entities and converts it to a +more traditional representation.\label{cmd:PrettyMLS} + + +\exa + \vspace{5mm} + \newcommand{\Keyword}[1]{% + \PrettyMLS{#1} \bcg{#1}} + \Keyword{anda} / \emph{Good.}\par + \Keyword{SaGdur} / \emph{Good again.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \newcommand{\Keyword}[1]{% + \PrettyMLS{#1} \bcg{#1}} + \Keyword{anda} / \emph{Good.}\par + \Keyword{SaGdur} / \emph{Good again.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +Two additional flags, \verb|\ShowSpecialMLStrue| and +\verb|\ShowSpecialMLSfalse|, can be used to activate canonical +identifiers instead of the conventional notation for the special +characters of table~\ref{table:SpecialMLSCharacters}.\label{ShowSpecialMLS} + +\exa + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} + + \vspace{8mm} + \ShowSpecialMLStrue + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} + + \vspace{8mm} + \ShowSpecialMLSfalse + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} + + \ShowSpecialMLStrue + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} + + \ShowSpecialMLSfalse + \PrettyMLS{SaGdur blam=a} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +The complete set of characters covered by \verb|\PrettyMLS| is shown +in table~\ref{table:PrettyMLS}. + +\newcommand{\PrettyCodes}[1]{% + {#1} & \ShowSpecialMLStrue\PrettyMLS{#1} + & \ShowSpecialMLSfalse\PrettyMLS{#1}\\ + } + +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} +\hline +\MonTeX &\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\texttt{\char92ShowSpecialMLS}}\\ +Input &true & false\\ +\hline +\PrettyCodes{E} +\PrettyCodes{O} +\PrettyCodes{U} +\PrettyCodes{G} +\PrettyCodes{S} +\PrettyCodes{-} +\PrettyCodes{=} +\PrettyCodes{'} +\PrettyCodes{"} +\PrettyCodes{*} +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{MLS transliteration restauration}\label{table:PrettyMLS} +\end{table} + +%% \section{Mongolian Script Input Examples}\label{bicig-examples} +%% +%% \textbf{Nota bene}: The following examples are all given in horizontal +%% mode. It is visible that grammatical endings are always separated by +%% \verb|-| whereas final vowels are separated from the stem by \verb|=|. +%% Form Variant Selectors are used for differentiating between various +%% forms of the same letter in similar environments; \verb|Ed'| \bcg{Ed'} +%% and \verb|sayid| \bcg{sayid} will show you the difference. Without +%% the Form Variant Selector, *\verb|Ed| and \verb|on| will be the same: +%% \bcg{on}. +%% +%% \exa +%% \raggedright +%% \bcg{mongGol bicig. ulaGanbaGatur +%% xota bol mongGol ulus-un nEyislEl. +%% Ed'-Un zasaG, sayid. EngkEbayar. +%% +%% 1999 on. +%% +%% 40 tOgOrOg 20 mOnggU. bUri. +%% +%% blam=a badm=a. +%% +%% utasu: 00976,11,321654} +%% \exb +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \raggedright +%% \bcg{mongGol bicig. ulaGanbaGatur +%% xota bol mongGol ulus-un nEyislEl. +%% Ed'-Un zasaG, sayid. EngkEbayar. +%% +%% 1999 on. +%% +%% 40 tOgOrOg 20 mOnggU. bUri. +%% +%% blam=a badm=a. +%% +%% utasu: 00976,1,321654} +%% \end{verbatim} +%% \exc +%% +%% \exa +%% \mobox{8cm}{% +%% \noindent munggul bicik. ulaganbagadur +%% xuda bul munggul ulus-un neyislel. +%% ed'-un zasag, sayid. engkebayar. +%% +%% 1999 un. +%% +%% 40 tuikurug 20 muingku. buiri. +%% +%% blam=a badm=a. +%% +%% udasu: 00976,1,321654 +%% } +%% \exb +%% %\vskip-8cm +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \mobox{8cm}{% +%% \noindent munggul bicik. ulaganbagadur +%% xuda bul munggul ulus-un neyislel. +%% ed'-un zasag, sayid. engkebayar. +%% +%% 1999 on. +%% +%% 40 tuigurug 20 muingku. buiri. +%% +%% blam=a badm=a. +%% +%% udasu: 00976,1,321654 +%% } +%% \end{verbatim} +%% \exc +%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Manju Input} + +Manju documents can be compiled with the \refcmda{bithe} option +to the \verb|\usepackage| command, which will create complete +documents in Manju. Anywhere in the document, it is possible to +switch to Manju input (transliteration mode) +with +\verb"\SetDocumentEncodingBithe"\label{cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBithe} which +internally activates the \LMA\label{a:LMA} encoding. + +\textit{Caveat:} Since switching to Manju text +requires a lot of settings to be effected at the same time, there +are high-level commands available (see below, +chapter~\ref{chapter:DisplayCommands}) which do all the work, including +the definition of the document encoding. Thus, while +\verb|\SetDocumentEncodingBithe| is indeed classified as a +user-level command, it is certainly not necessary for everyday work. + + +\section{Basic Character Set and Romanization} + +Given by dictionary order, the system provides a basic +character set as shown in table~\ref{table:ManjuBasicChars}. + +\newcommand{\MaEntry}[3]{\mabosoo{#1}& #2 & #3 } +\begin{table} +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{ccc|ccc|ccc} +Manju&Input&Latin&Manju&Input&Latin&Manju&Input&Latin\\ +\hline +\MaEntry{a}{a}{a} & \MaEntry{h}{h}{h} & \MaEntry{c}{c}{c} \\ +\MaEntry{e}{e}{e} & \MaEntry{b}{b}{b} & \MaEntry{j}{j}{j} \\ +\MaEntry{i}{i}{i} & \MaEntry{p}{p}{p} & \MaEntry{y}{y}{y} \\ +\MaEntry{o*}{o}{o} & \MaEntry{s}{s}{s} & \MaEntry{k'}{k'}{k'} \\ +\MaEntry{u*}{u}{u} & \MaEntry{s'}{s'}{\v s} & \MaEntry{g'}{g'}{g'} \\ +\MaEntry{v}{v}{\={u}} & \MaEntry{t}{t}{t} & \MaEntry{h'}{h'}{h'} \\ +\MaEntry{n}{n}{n} & \MaEntry{d}{d}{d} & \MaEntry{r}{r}{r} \\ +\MaEntry{k}{k}{k} & \MaEntry{l}{l}{l} & \MaEntry{f}{f}{f} \\ +\MaEntry{g}{g}{g} & \MaEntry{m}{m}{m} & \MaEntry{w}{w}{w} \\ +\end{tabular} +\caption{Manju Basic Character Set}\label{table:ManjuBasicChars} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +While the input method for the majority of characters matches the +transliteration conventions, some letters require a slightly +different treatment: +\begin{enumerate} + \item Although the diphtong \mabosoo{*aii*} is + usually rendered as \textit{ai}, it must be entered + as \texttt{aii} in order to produce the desired + effect. + \item The vowel which is conventionally rendered as \textit{\^u} + or \textit{\=u} \mabosoo{v} can be entered as \texttt{v} + or as \verb|\={u}| due to the fact that a character + \textit{\^u} is not readily available on most systems. + \item The consonant \textit{\v s} \mabosoo{s'} can be entered as + \texttt{s'} or as \verb|\v{s}|, but not as *\texttt{sh} + as to avoid undesired mergers of \textit{s} and \textit{h} + like in \textit{ishun} \mabosoo{ishun} which should not be + *\textit{i\v{s}un} \mabosoo{is'un}! +\end{enumerate} + +\section{Extended Character Set} +The following special characters listed in major dictionaries are +provided: +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{ccc} +Manju & Input &Latin\\ +\MaEntry{sy}{sy}{sy} \\ +\MaEntry{cy}{cy}{cy} \\ +\MaEntry{j'}{j'}{jy} \\ +\MaEntry{dz}{dz}{dz} \\ +\MaEntry{tsh}{tsh}{tsh} \\ +\MaEntry{tshy}{tshy}{tshy} \\ +\MaEntry{zr}{zr}{zr} \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + +Please note that due to internal limitations of the retransliteration +engine, \textit{jy} \mabosoo{j'} has to be entered as \texttt{j'}. + +\section{Tibetan Transliteration Character Set} +Besides these characters, an additional small set of special characters +is provided for rendering Tibetan and Uighur transliterations: + +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{ccc} +Manju & Input &Latin \\ +\MaEntry{z}{z}{z} \\ +\MaEntry{zh}{zh}{zh} \\ +\MaEntry{ts}{ts}{ts} \\ +\MaEntry{ng'}{ng'}{ng'} \\ +\MaEntry{l'}{l'}{l'} \\ +\MaEntry{p'}{p'}{p'} \\ +\MaEntry{t'}{t'}{t'} \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{center} + + +\newcommand{\MT}[2]{{\tib #1} \textit{#1} \mabosoo{#2}} + +\ifx\tib\undefined + \def\tib{\ttfamily} +\fi + +\newcommand{\MTibetan}[8]{% + \tib #1 & \mabosoo{#2}& + \tib #3 & \mabosoo{#4}& + \tib #5 & \mabosoo{#6}& + \tib #7 & \mabosoo{#8}\\ + \tt #1 & \tt #2 & + \tt #3 & \tt #4 & + \tt #5 & \tt #6 & + \tt #7 & \tt #8\\ + } + +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc|cc} +\MTibetan{ka}{g'a} {kha}{k'a} {ga}{ga} {nga}{ng'a} +\hline +\MTibetan{ca}{jiya} {cha}{cia} {ja}{ja} {nya}{niya} +\hline +\MTibetan{ta}{t'a} {tha}{ta} {da}{da} {na}{na} +\hline +\MTibetan{pa}{ba} {pha}{pa} {ba}{wa} {ma}{ma} +\hline +\MTibetan{tsa}{tsa} {tsha}{tsha} {dza}{dza} {wa}{wa} +\hline +\MTibetan{zha}{zha} {za}{za} {'}{ea} {ya}{ya} +\hline +\MTibetan{ra}{ra} {la}{la} {sha}{s'a} {sa}{sa} +\hline +\MTibetan{ha}{h|a} {a}{a} {}{} {}{} +\end{tabular} +\caption{Tibetan Transliteration Character Set}\label{table:ManTibTrans} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +This allows to spell out the Tibetan alphabet in Manju writing, as +used in the Pentaglot dictionary for Tibetan +(see table~\ref{table:ManTibTrans}) and Uighur transliterations. The +following rules apply: +\begin{enumerate} + \item \MT{nga}{ng'a} (ma. \textit{ng'a}) is used for Tibetan + initials and subscripts while + finals are expressed as \mabosoo{*ng} (ma. \textit{*ng}); + \item While \MT{ha}{h|a} is used for Tibetan initial + {\tib ha}, + a different form is taken for subscripted + \textit{ha}, as in \MT{lha}{l'|a} (ma. \textit{l'a}). +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Special Characters} + +\enlargethispage*{4ex} +Manju shares with Mongolian the complete set of numbers and +punctuation marks as well as a few special characters used for +influencing the presentation of the writing. See also +section~\ref{section:SpecialMLSCharacters}. + +Provided a word should end with a non-final glyph shape then the +Environment Marker \mabosoo{**} is used which is entered as an +asterisque \verb-*-. This is helpful for writing abbreviated words +or marking non-final vowels, like \mabosoo{o*} which is entered as +\verb-o*-. + +Whenever the plethora of diacritics used in Manju writing causes +ugly clashes between adjacent letters, then the `backbone' (mong. +\textit{nirugu}), entered as \verb'|', can be used to stretch the +distance between clashing letter elements, like in \mabosoo{h|a} +which should be entered \verb-h|a- rather than \verb-ha- resulting +in \mabosoo{ha}. + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\chapter{Display Commands\label{chapter:DisplayCommands}} + +Depending on the size of the Mongolian or Manju material to be +displayed, the user can choose between various commands and +environments which have a similar structure for both Mongolian and +Manju. + +\section{Small Portions of Mongolian and Manju in Running Text} + +For displaying short Mongolian snippets in running text +use \cmd{bicig}\verb|{...}|. + +For displaying short Manju snippets in running text +use \cmd{bithe}\verb|{...}|. + +\exa + This is \bicig{munggul bicik}. + + That is \bithe{manju bithe}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is \bicig{munggul bicik}. + + That is \bithe{manju bithe}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +\section{Horizontal Paragraphs of Mongolian or Manju Text} + +If one needs more than a few words of Mongolian or Manju but does +not want to change the line orientation, then the environments +\cmda{bicigtext} for Mongolian (which should be entered in +Mongolian Simplified Transliteration) and \cmda{bithetext} for Manju are +useful. + +\exa + \begin{bicigtext} + uindur gegen zanabazar. + + 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un + neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, + ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui + ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen + zanabazar, cinggis xagan-u aldan + urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai + saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan + gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du + tuiruksen.% + \end{bicigtext} +\exb + {\mdoublehyphenon + \begin{verbatim} + \begin{bicigtext} + uindur gegen zanabazar. + + 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un + neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u + uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un + kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge + kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen + zanabazar, cinggis xagan-u + aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan + abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu + tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin + ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. + \end{bicigtext} + \end{verbatim}} +\exc + + +\exa + \begin{bithetext} + han-i araha sunja + hacin-i hergen kamciha + manju gisun-i buleku + bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. + emu hacin. nadan meyen.% + \end{bithetext} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \begin{bithetext} + han-i araha sunja + hacin-i hergen kamciha + manju gisun-i buleku + bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. + emu hacin. nadan meyen.% + \end{bithetext} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +\section{Vertical Capsules} + +%% \section{Text in Vertical Capsules\label{VerticalCapsules}}\label{bosoo} +%% +%% With PostScript support, it is possible to create vertical capsules +%% containing short portions of text (typically one or two words); +%% the commands \verb"\bosoo{...}" does not change the current encoding +%% and can be used for non-Mongolian words whereas \verb"\mbosoo{...}" +%% sets the encoding temporarily to \LMS. Accepting the same input as +%% \verb"\bcg{...}", writing \verb"\mbosoo" is simply a shortcut for writing +%% \verb"\bosoo{\bcg{...}}" and facilitates the printing of individual +%% Mongolian words in vertical appearance. +%% +%% +%% capsules containing one word or a short series of words, +%% See chapter \ref{VerticalCapsules} +%% for the necessary commands. Vertical capsules like these \mbosoo{mongGol} +%% \mbosoo{bicig} (\textit{mong\g ol bicig}) can appear anywhere in your +%% text; line spacing etc. will adapt automatically. It is also +%% possible to create margin notes with Mongolian Script. +%% +%% +Individual Mongolian and Manju words can be placed vertically +anywhere in otherwise horizontal text like in +the keyword entry of dictionaries.\footnote{Famous dictionaries with + a mixture of vertical and horizontal printing are I.~J.~Schmidt's + Mongolian-Russian-German dictionary (1835) and F.~Lessing's + Mongolian-English dictionary (1960).}. +The capsule containing the +Mongolian or Manju word will automatically request sufficient space +so that ugly overlaps with neighbouring lines will not happen. + +For presenting text given in broad (or MLS) transliteration, use the command +\cmd{mbosoo}\verb|{...}|; when writing in Mongolian Simplified +Transliteration, use \cmd{mobosoo}\verb|{...}|; likewise for Manju, use +\cmd{mabosoo}\verb|{...}|. All these commands are derived from a +command \cmd{bosoo}\verb|{...}| + which places text in vertical +capsules but leaves the contents untouched as far as the encoding is +concerned.\marginpar{% +\mbosoo{mongGol}\mbosoo{bicig} + + \vspace{2.54mm} + + \raggedright\small + without PostScript support Mongolian text enclosed in + vertical capsules will be printed \emph{horizontally}!} + +\begin{figure} +\exa + This is \bosoo{vertical} + \bosoo{text}. + This is \mbosoo{mongGol} + \mbosoo{bicig}, + this is \mobosoo{munggul} + \mobosoo{bicik}, + that is \mabosoo{manju} + \mabosoo{bithe}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is \bosoo{vertical} + \bosoo{text}. + This is \mbosoo{mongGol} + \mbosoo{bicig}, + this is \mobosoo{munggul} + \mobosoo{bicik}, + that is \mabosoo{manju} + \mabosoo{bithe}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +\caption{Vertical Text Capsules}\label{figure:VerticalTextCapsules} +\end{figure} + + +\section{Vertical Text Boxes} + +For presenting individual paragraphs of Mongolian or Manju text in +vertical manner in an otherwise horizontal text, there are the box +commands \cmd{mobox}\verb|{...}{...}| for Mongolian% +\footnote{Mongolian input \emph{must} be coded in Mongolian Simplified + Transliteration; MLS input won't work.} +and +\cmd{mabox}\verb|{...}{...}| +for Manju. These boxes take two arguments. The first argument +indicates the \textit{vertical depth} of the box, or its line +length. The second argument contains the desired text. An example +is shown in figure~\ref{figure:VerticalTextBox} for Mongolian, and +below for Manju. + +\begin{figure}[h] +\exa + \mobox{7.5cm}{% +% uindur gegen zanabazar. +% + 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un + neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u uiiles-tu, + ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncukui + ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen + zanabazar, cinggis xagan-u aldan + urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai + saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan + gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du + tuiruksen.% + } +\exb + %\vskip-9cm + {\mdoublehyphenon + \begin{verbatim} + \mobox{7.5cm}{% + 17..18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un + neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u + uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un + kuikzil-du uncukui ekurge + kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen + zanabazar, cinggis xagan-u + aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan + abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu + tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin + ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen.% + } + \end{verbatim}} +\exc +\caption{A Vertical Text Box}\label{figure:VerticalTextBox} +\end{figure} + + +%\begin{figure}[h] +\exa + \mabox{3.75cm}{% + \noindent\raggedleft + han-i araha sunja + hacin-i hergen kamciha + manju gisun-i buleku + bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. + emu hacin. nadan meyen.% + } +\exb + %\vskip-5.25cm + \begin{verbatim} + \mabox{3.75cm}{% + \noindent\raggedleft + han-i araha sunja + hacin-i hergen kamciha + manju gisun-i buleku + bithe. abkai so\v{s}ohon. + emu hacin. nadan meyen.% + } + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%\caption{A Manju Vertical Text Box\label{example:VerticalTextBox}} +%\end{figure} + + +\section{Full Vertical Text Pages} + +If you need several pages of Mongolian output, enclose your text +in an environment \cmda{bicigpage}, and use \cmda{bithepage} +likewise for Manju texts. Note that Mongolian must be entered in +Simplified Transliteration. + +Finally, if you want the whole document and its basic language to be +Classical, or Uighur Mongolian, say \verb|\usepackage[bicig,...]{mls}|. +Likewise, complete Manju documents are produced with +\verb|\usepackage[bithe,...]{mls}|. + +If you start a document with a \verb|\usepackage[bicig]{mls}| +declaration you can still switch back to Latin by issuing an +\verb|\end{bicigpage}| command. + +Likewise, if you start a document with a \verb|\usepackage[bithe]{mls}| +declaration you can still switch back to Latin by issuing an +\verb|\end{bithepage}| command. + +The following snippet of Mongolian text is presented in full +page mode on the next pages, first in Simplified Transliteration form, then +in Uighur form; in order to achieve this result the text had to be +included in the environment \texttt{bicigpage}. + +\noindent +\begin{figure} +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{bicigpage} +uindur gegen zanabazar. + +17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, shasin-u +uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du uncugui ekurge +kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, cinggis xagan-u aldan +urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu +tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. +badumÖngke daiyan xagan-u 6-d'aki uiy=e-yin kuimun. gurban +nasudai-d'agan num ungsizu enedkek gazar tuibed kele-yi xar=a +ayandagan surcu, keuked axui cag-aca erdem num-un duiri-tei +bulugsan zanabazar 15 nasu-tai-dagan baragun zuu (lhasa) +uruzu tabudugar dalai lam=a-d'u shabilan saguzu, ulamar +zebCundamba-yin xubilgan tudurazei. uran barimalci, zirugaci, +kele sinzigeci, uran barilgaci, kuin uxagandan zanabazar ulan +zagun zil-un daiin tululdugan-d'u nerbekden suliduzu, zugsunggi +baiidal-d'u urugsan dumdadu zagun-u munggul-un suyul uralig-i +serkun manduxu-d'u yeke xubi nemekuri urugulugsan yum. tekun-u +abiyas bilig nuiri yeke kuidelmuri-ber munggul-un uralig nigen +uiy=e tanigdasi uigei uindurlik-tu kuiruksen azei. xarin 1654 +un-d'u neiislel kuiriyen-u tulg=a-yin cilagu-yi tabilcagsan +zanabazar-un uran barilg=a-yin buidugel-ece uinudur-i uizeksen +zuiil barug uigei ni xaramsaldai. zanabazar uindesun-u bicig +uisuk-i kuikzikulku-d'u beyecilen urulcazu, suyungbu uisuk-i +zukiyazu ene uiy=e suyungbu ni man-u tusagar tugdanil-un belge +temdek bulugsagar baiin=a. tere-ber <<cag-i tukinagulugci>> +gedek silukleksen zukiyal-d'agan arad tuimen-u-ben engke +amugulang, saiin saiixan-i imagda kuisen muirugedezu yabudag +sedkil-un-iien uige-i ilerkeiileksen baiidag. uindur gegen +duirsuleku uralig-un xubi-d'u uirun=e-yin sunggudag-ud-tai +eng zergeceku buidugel-tei kuimun abacu basa xari ulus-un +buzar bacir arg=a-d'u abdagdan yabugsan nigen. +... +... more text ... + ... +\end{bicigpage} +\end{verbatim} +\caption{Input Example of a Mongolian Text}\label{figure:InputMongolianExample} +\end{figure} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\begin{bicigpage} + uindur gegen zanabazar. + + 17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, + shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du + uncugui ekurge kuiicedgeksen uindur gegen zanabazar, + cinggis xagan-u aldan urug-un izagur surbulzidan abadai + saiin nuyan xan-u kuiu tuisiyedu xan gumbudurzi-yin + ger-tu 1635 un-du tuiruksen. badumÖngke daiyan xagan-u + 6-d'aki uiy=e-yin kuimun. gurban nasudai-d'agan num + ungsizu enedkek gazar tuibed kele-yi xar=a ayandagan + surcu, keuked axui cag-aca erdem num-un duiri-tei + bulugsan zanabazar 15 nasu-tai-dagan baragun zuu + (lhasa) uruzu tabudugar dalai lam=a-d'u shabilan + saguzu, ulamar zebCundamba-yin xubilgan tudurazei. uran + barimalci, zirugaci, kele sinzigeci, uran barilgaci, + kuin uxagandan zanabazar ulan zagun zil-un daiin + tululdugan-d'u nerbekden suliduzu, zugsunggi + baiidal-d'u urugsan dumdadu zagun-u munggul-un suyul + uralig-i serkun manduxu-d'u yeke xubi nemekuri + urugulugsan yum. tekun-u abiyas bilig nuiri yeke + kuidelmuri-ber munggul-un uralig nigen uiy=e tanigdasi + uigei uindurlik-tu kuiruksen azei. xarin 1654 un-d'u + neiislel kuiriyen-u tulg=a-yin cilagu-yi tabilcagsan + zanabazar-un uran barilg=a-yin buidugel-ece uinudur-i + uizeksen zuiil barug uigei ni xaramsaldai. zanabazar + uindesun-u bicig uisuk-i kuikzikulku-d'u beyecilen + urulcazu, suyungbu uisuk-i zukiyazu ene uiy=e suyungbu + ni man-u tusagar tugdanil-un belge temdek bulugsagar + baiin=a. tere-ber <<cag-i tukinagulugci>> gedek + silukleksen zukiyal-d'agan arad tuimen-u-ben engke + amugulang, saiin saiixan-i imagda kuisen muirugedezu + yabudag sedkil-un-iien uige-i ilerkeiileksen + baiidag. uindur gegen duirsuleku uralig-un xubi-d'u + uirun=e-yin sunggudag-ud-tai eng zergeceku buidugel-tei + kuimun abacu basa xari ulus-un buzar bacir arg=a-d'u + abdagdan yabugsan nigen. + + munggul-d'u urcigulxu uxagan yeke delgerezu baiigsan ni + man-u erden ba dumdadu uiy=e-yin suyul-un nigen uncalig + azei. erden-u enedkek-un kuin uxagan-u iragu naiirag, + kele bicik-un sudulul, anagaxu uxagan, uralaxu uxagan + zerge tabun uxagan-u zukiyal-i bagdagagsan buikude 334 + budi <<ganzuur>>, <<danzuur>>-i num-un mergen bagsi + kuinggaudsar terikudei 64 erdemden lama urcigulun + neiideleksen baiin=a. 400 zil-un terdege urcigulg=a-yin + iimu eke kuiriyeleng munggul-d'u azillazu baiigsan-i + tuisugelen buduxu-d'u baxadai. munggulcud erden-ece + inagsi daguu xugur-tai buizik nagadum-tai xurdun + kuiluk murid-tai. er=e-yin gurban nagadum-i erkimelen + kuikzilduzu, ide xabu-ban bulgazu ireksen baiin=a. + munggul-un zirgalang ni buizik, xurim bile. xudala-i + xagan-d'u erkumzileged xurxunag-un sagalagar mudun-u + duur=a xabirg=a gazar-i xalcaradal=a, ebuduk gazar-i + uilduredel=e debkecen buiziklezu xurimlaba gesen uige + <<niguca tubciyan>>-d'u bui. munggul arad-un medelge + uxagan erde-ece inagsi mal azu axui, udun urun, + gazar zuii, anagaxu uxagan, baiigali, neiigem-un + ulan salburi-bar kuikzizu irebe. <<aldan tubci>>, + <<erdeni-yin tubci>>, <<bulur tuli>>, <<subud erike>> + medu teuke-yin ulan arban zukiyal gargazei. + + manzu nar <<munggul uyun>>-i muikugeku-yi kedui-ber + uruldubacu uyun bilikdu, cecen celmek, erdem uxagandan + tuduran garugsagar baiiba. 19-d'uger zagun bul + iragu naiiragci dangzirabzai. yeke zukiyalci inzinasi + dangzigvangzil nar-un amidurazu, buidugezu baiigsan + uiy=e bile. +\end{bicigpage} + +\section{Pure Uighur Mongolian and Manju Documents} + +Writing a complete document in Mongolian or Manju is as simple and +straightforward as writing a document in English or Xalx Mongolian. + +The example file, \texttt{zanabazr.tex} +(shipped together with this documentation and located in the +directory \texttt{../examples/}) demonstrates how a pure +Mongolian Bicig document can be created. + +\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{verbatim} +\documentclass{article} +\usepackage[bicig]{mls} +\begin{document} +uindur gegen zanabazar. + +17||18 d'ugar zagun-u munggul-un neiigem, ulus tuiru, +shasin-u uiiles-tu, ilangguy=a uralig-un kuikzil-du +... +... more text ... + ... +\end{document} +\end{verbatim} +\end{figure} + +The concept is the same for Manju documents: instead of \verb|bicig| +one would use the \verb|\usepackage[...]{mls}| option \verb|bithe| +and enter Manju text. + +\section{Font Selection Commands} + +There are two distinct styles of Mongolian script: one style +is typically used for modern print, whereas the other style +appears in old block prints and stone inscriptions. + +Since there is no proper correspondance between Latin and Mongolian +typographical features, a somewhat arbitrary assignment was made +to the effect that the block print style can be activated by +setting the font family sans serif with \cmd{sffamily}. In +contrast, setting the roman default family with \cmd{rmfamily} +switches back to the modern style. + +\begin{figure} +\exa + \mobox{2cm}{\noindent + munggul\\ + \sffamily munggul\\ + \rmfamily munggul + } +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mobox{2cm}{\noindent + munggul\\ + \sffamily munggul\\ + \rmfamily munggul} + \end{verbatim} +\exc +\caption{Mongolian Font Styles}\label{figure:MongolianFontStyles} +\end{figure} + +The same two commands can be applied to Manju, too. In this context +it makes sense to assign, e.\,g., \verb|\sffamily| to Mongolian and +\verb|\rmfamily| (which is the default anyway) to Manju. At one +glance one can tell which writing represents which language. + +\textbf{Nota Bene}: The MLS-related Mongolian display commands +are internally limited to the sans serif, or block print style, +so that there is always a clear visual distinction possible which +input mode was chosen. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\chapter{\MonTeX\ Software Internals} + +\section{\MonTeX\ System Layout} + +\MonTeX\ consists of many files each performing dedicated functions. +These files are listed here in systematical order. + + +\subsection{Main Package} + +The main package is \texttt{mls.sty}. The RL capabilities are +provided by \texttt{rlbicig.sty}. + +\subsection{Hyphenation Patterns} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/mnhyphen.tex # Modern Mongolian +texinput/mnhyphex.tex # Modern Mongolian Exceptions +\end{verbatim}} + +\subsection{Transliteration Engines} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/mlstrans.tex # Main Transliteration Engine +texinput/mlsgalig.tex # Latin Presentation Engine +\end{verbatim}} + + +\subsection{Input Encodings} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/cpctt.def +texinput/cpdbk.def +texinput/cpibmrus.def +texinput/cpkoi.def +texinput/cpmls.def +texinput/cpmnk.def +texinput/cpmos.def +texinput/cpncc.def +\end{verbatim}} + + +\subsection{Output or Font Encodings} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/lmaenc.def # Manju +texinput/lmcenc.def # Cyrillic +texinput/lmoenc.def # Mongolian (Simplified Input) +texinput/lmsenc.def # Mongolian Script (deprecated) +texinput/lmuenc.def # Traditional Mongolian Glyph Container +\end{verbatim}} + +\subsection{Caption Translations} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/bicig.def # Mongolian +texinput/bithe.def # Manju +texinput/buryat.def # Buryat +texinput/english.def # English +texinput/kazakh.def # Kazakh, implementation pending +texinput/russian.def # Russian +texinput/xalx.def # Modern Mongolian +\end{verbatim}} + +\subsection{Font Definitions} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/lmabthhs.fd # Manju horizontal 'steel' +texinput/lmabthhw.fd # Manju horizontal 'wood' +texinput/lmabthvs.fd # Manju vertical 'steel' +texinput/lmabthvw.fd # Manju vertical 'wood' +texinput/lmccmdh.fd # Cyrillic Dunhill +texinput/lmccmfib.fd # Cyrillic Fibonacci +texinput/lmccmfr.fd # +texinput/lmccmiss.fd # +texinput/lmccmr.fd # Cyrillic CM Roman +texinput/lmccmss.fd # Cyrillic CM Sans Serif +texinput/lmccmssq.fd # Cyrillic CM Sans Serif Quotes +texinput/lmccmtt.fd # Cyrillic CM TeleType +texinput/lmccmvtt.fd # Cyrillic CM Variable TeleType +texinput/lmclcmss.fd # +texinput/lmobcghs.fd # Mongolian horizontal 'steel' +texinput/lmobcghw.fd # Mongolian horizontal 'wood' +texinput/lmobcgvs.fd # Mongolian vertical 'steel' +texinput/lmobcgvw.fd # Mongolian vertical 'wood' +texinput/lmsbcgh.fd # +texinput/lmsbcgv.fd # +texinput/lmubxghs.fd # Glyph container horizontal 'steel' +texinput/lmubxghw.fd # Glyph container horizontal 'wood' +texinput/lmubxgvs.fd # Glyph container vertical 'steel' +texinput/lmubxgvw.fd # Glyph container vertical 'wood' +\end{verbatim}} + + +\subsection{Miscellae} +{\parindent=0pt +\begin{verbatim} +texinput/mtdocmac.tex # Macro collection for this document +texinput/TODO # The Author's To Do List +\end{verbatim}} + +\section{\MonTeX\ Mongolian Font Layout} + +\begin{sloppypar} +Mongolian and Manju fonts are generated from common sources in +\texttt{mfinput/bcgbase}. Mongolian-specific material is kept in +\texttt{mfinput/bicig}, Manju-specific material is kept in +\texttt{mfinput/bithe}. All Mongolian fonts can be used for RL +\emph{and} for LR typesetting. Individual font names are best +described by the following regular expression: + + $$ (bcg|bth|bxg)[hv][sw][mb] $$ + +Here, \emph{bcg} stands for Mongolian, \emph{bth} for Manju and +\emph{bxg} for the generic Mongolian glyph container. The next +letter indicates whether the material is to be typeset +\emph{h}orizontally or \emph{v}ertically. The next letter indicates +the typeface: \emph{s}teel or \emph{w}. The last letter indicates a +\emph{m}edium or \emph{b}old font. +\end{sloppypar} + +\section{\texttt{bxg}: A Generic Mongolian Glyph Container} + +Besides dedicated fonts for Mongolian and Manju, the \MonTeX\ +font system offers a generic glyph container which is accessible +through the \LMU\ encoding. The name of this glyph container is +\texttt{bxg}, and all glyphs (the superset of Mongolian and Manju) +are available in both font families (block print and modern print +styles) of the \LMO\ and \LMA\ encodings. Please note that at +present there is no working ligature mechanism associated with +\texttt{bxg}; hence it cannot be used for general-purpose text at +the moment. + +In the future, the \texttt{bxg} generic glyph container will +manage the Unicode interface. + +\section{Unicode Mongolian and \MonTeX\label{Unicode}} + +In the present version, a first attempt was made to provide Unicode +compatibility. Please note that at this stage the Unicode of +\MonTeX\ is purely experimental! + +Unicode-encoded Traditional Mongolian is located at +plane \texttt{U+1800} and contains canonical characters for +Mongolian, Sibe, Manju and Todo. There is also a rich collection of +Ali Gali (or Galig) characters used for transliterating Sanskrit, +Tibetan and other languages into Mongolian, Manju etc. + +\MonTeX\ covers a subset of Unicode Traditional Mongolian which is +sufficient to typeset modern Mongolian and Manju texts as well as a +choice of Tibetan words transliterated in Manju (as in the Pentaglot +dictionary, e.\,g.). + +At the moment, language-specific groups of Unicode characters are +mirrored into the related encodings. It is therefore necessary to +tag the desired language with the \texttt{SetDocumentEncoding<...>} +command in order to achieve the appropriate ligature behaviour. + +The availability of individual Unicode Mongolian characters and +their canonical names are shown in table~\ref{table:UnicodeMongolian}. + +The astute observer will note several discrepancies between the +official Unicode standard documentation and this particular, +\emph{experimental} implementation: + +\begin{enumerate} + \item Canonical letter shapes differ from those shown in + the standard documentation. In context, however, the + characters behave as they should. + + \item There is not yet a third MVS in \MonTeX. + + \item The Mongolian front vowels are not yet treated + properly. + + \item The complete Todo range of characters is missing. + + \item Most of the Mongolian Ali Gali (Galig) characters + are missing; there are, however some Manju Galig + characters. + + \item Unicode decided to choose a special space to + separate morpheme boundaries; this character is + \emph{not} part of the Traditional Mongolian plane + (sic!). Also, this character is defined as a + non-breaking space, which contrasts with the + understanding of the \MonTeX\ authors. +\end{enumerate} + +This list of differences between Unicode Traditional Mongolian and +\MonTeX\ Mongolian and Manju is incomplete. + +% +% Key: 0 no language +% 1 available in LMO +% 2 available in LMA +% 3 = 1 + 2 -> available in LMO and LMA +% 4 available in Todo +% 8 available in Symbols +% +\newcommand{\UM}[5]{% + % 1. Unicode Code Position + \texttt{U+#1}& + % 2. Availability in MonTeX; key see above + \ifcase#2 % 0 + \or\mobosoo{\csname #4\endcsname\noboundary}% 1 + \or\mabosoo{\csname #4\endcsname\noboundary}% 2 + \or\mobosoo{\csname #4\endcsname\noboundary}% 3 + \else \fi & + % 3. Unicode Name + \texttt{\small\ifnum#2=0(\fi#3\ifnum#2=0)\fi}\newline + % 4. MonTeX Name + \texttt{\small\char92 #4}& + % 5. MonTeX Encoding + \ifnum#2=0 (n.\,a.)\else #5\fi\\ +} +\noindent +\begin{longtable}{rcp{8cm}l} + Code &Character&Unicode Name\newline\MonTeX\ Name& \MonTeX\ Encoding\\ +\hline +\UM{1800}{0}{MONGOLIAN BIRGA} + {textmongolianbirga}{} +\UM{1801}{3}{MONGOLIAN ELLIPSIS} + {textmongolianellipsis}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1802}{1}{MONGOLIAN COMMA} + {textmongoliancomma}{LMO} +\UM{1803}{1}{MONGOLIAN FULL STOP} + {textmongolianfullstop}{LMO} +\UM{1804}{3}{MONGOLIAN COLON} + {textmongoliancolon}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1805}{3}{MONGOLIAN FOUR DOTS} + {textmongolianfourdots}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1806}{0}{MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN} + {textmongoliantodosofthyphen}{} +\UM{1807}{0}{MONGOLIAN SIBE SYLLABLE BOUNDARY MARKER} + {textmongoliansibesyllableboundarymarker}{} +\UM{1808}{2}{MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA} + {textmongolianmanchucomma}{LMA} +\UM{1809}{2}{MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP} + {textmongolianmanchufullstop}{LMA} +\UM{180A}{3}{MONGOLIAN NIRUGU} + {textmongoliannirugu}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{180B}{3}{MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE} + {textmongolianfreevariationselectorone}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{180C}{3}{MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO} + {textmongolianfreevariationselectortwo}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{180D}{0}{MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE} + {textmongolianfreevariationselectorthree}{} +\UM{180E}{3}{MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR} + {textmongolianvowelseparator}{LMO, LMA} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\UM{1810}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT ZERO} + {textmongolianzero}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1811}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT ONE} + {textmongolianone}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1812}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT TWO} + {textmongoliantwo}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1813}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT THREE} + {textmongolianthree}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1814}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT FOUR} + {textmongolianfour}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1815}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT FIVE} + {textmongolianfive}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1816}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT SIX} + {textmongoliansix}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1817}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT SEVEN} + {textmongolianseven}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1818}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT EIGHT} + {textmongolianeight}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1819}{3}{MONGOLIAN DIGIT NINE} + {textmongoliannine}{LMO, LMA} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\UM{1820}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER A} + {textmongoliana}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1821}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER E} + {textmongoliane}{LMO} +\UM{1822}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER I} + {textmongoliani}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1823}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER O} + {textmongoliano}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1824}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER U} + {textmongolianu}{LMO} +\UM{1825}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER OE} + {textmongolianoe}{LMO} +\UM{1826}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER UE} + {textmongolianue}{LMO} +\UM{1827}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER EE} + {textmongolianee}{LMO} +\UM{1828}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER NA} + {textmongolianna}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1829}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ANG} + {textmongolianang}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{182A}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER BA} + {textmongolianba}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{182B}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER PA} + {textmongolianpa}{LMO} +\UM{182C}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER QA} + {textmongolianqa}{LMO} +\UM{182D}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER GA} + {textmongolianga}{LMO} +\UM{182E}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MA} + {textmongolianma}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{182F}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER LA} + {textmongolianla}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1830}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SA} + {textmongoliansa}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1831}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SHA} + {textmongoliansha}{LMO} +\UM{1832}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TA} + {textmongolianta}{LMO} +\UM{1833}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER DA} + {textmongolianda}{LMO} +\UM{1834}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA} + {textmongoliancha}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1835}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER JA} + {textmongolianja}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1836}{3}{MONGOLIAN LETTER YA} + {textmongolianya}{LMO, LMA} +\UM{1837}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER RA} + {textmongolianra}{LMO} +\UM{1838}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER WA} + {textmongolianwa}{LMO} +\UM{1839}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER FA} + {textmongolianfa}{LMO} +\UM{183A}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER KA} + {textmongolianka}{LMO} +\UM{183B}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER KHA} + {textmongoliankha}{LMO} +\UM{183C}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TSA} + {textmongoliantsa}{LMO} +\UM{183D}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ZA} + {textmongolianza}{LMO} +\UM{183E}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER HAA} + {textmongolianhaa}{LMO} +\UM{183F}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ZRA} + {textmongolianzra}{LMO} +\UM{1840}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER LHA} + {textmongolianlha}{LMO} +\UM{1841}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ZHI} + {textmongolianzhi}{LMO} +\UM{1842}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER CHI} + {textmongolianchi}{LMO} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\UM{1843}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO LONG VOWEL SIGN} + {textmongoliantodolongvowelsign}{} +\UM{1844}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO E} + {textmongoliantodoe}{} +\UM{1845}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO I} + {textmongoliantodoi}{} +\UM{1846}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO O} + {textmongoliantodoo}{} +\UM{1847}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO U} + {textmongoliantodou}{} +\UM{1848}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO OE} + {textmongoliantodooe}{} +\UM{1849}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO UE} + {textmongoliantodoue}{} +\UM{184A}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ANG} + {textmongoliantodoang}{} +\UM{184B}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO BA} + {textmongoliantodoba}{} +\UM{184C}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO PA} + {textmongoliantodopa}{} +\UM{184D}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO QA} + {textmongoliantodoqa}{} +\UM{184E}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GA} + {textmongoliantodoga}{} +\UM{184F}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO MA} + {textmongoliantodoma}{} +\UM{1850}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TA} + {textmongoliantodota}{} +\UM{1851}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DA} + {textmongoliantododa}{} +\UM{1852}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO CHA} + {textmongoliantodocha}{} +\UM{1853}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JA} + {textmongoliantodoja}{} +\UM{1854}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TSA} + {textmongoliantodotsa}{} +\UM{1855}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO YA} + {textmongoliantodoya}{} +\UM{1856}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO WA} + {textmongoliantodowa}{} +\UM{1857}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO KA} + {textmongoliantodoka}{} +\UM{1858}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GAA} + {textmongoliantodogaa}{} +\UM{1859}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO HAA} + {textmongoliantodohaa}{} +\UM{185A}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JIA} + {textmongoliantodojia}{} +\UM{185B}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO NIA} + {textmongoliantodonia}{} +\UM{185C}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DZA} + {textmongoliantododza}{} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\UM{185D}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE E} + {textmongoliansibee}{LMA} +\UM{185E}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE I} + {textmongoliansibei}{} +\UM{185F}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE IY} + {textmongoliansibeiy}{} +\UM{1860}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE UE} + {textmongoliansibeue}{LMA} +\UM{1861}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE U} + {textmongoliansibeu}{LMA} +\UM{1862}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ANG} + {textmongoliansibeang}{LMA} +\UM{1863}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE KA} + {textmongoliansibeka}{} +\UM{1864}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GA} + {textmongoliansibega}{LMA} +\UM{1865}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HA} + {textmongoliansibeha}{LMA} +\UM{1866}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE PA} + {textmongoliansibepa}{LMA} +\UM{1867}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE SHA} + {textmongoliansibesha}{LMA} +\UM{1868}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TA} + {textmongoliansibeta}{LMA} +\UM{1869}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE DA} + {textmongoliansibeda}{LMA} +\UM{186A}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE JA} + {textmongoliansibeja}{} +\UM{186B}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE FA} + {textmongoliansibefa}{LMA} +\UM{186C}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GAA} + {textmongoliansibegaa}{LMA} +\UM{186D}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HAA} + {textmongoliansibehaa}{LMA} +\UM{186E}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TSA} + {textmongoliansibetsa}{LMA} +\UM{186F}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZA} + {textmongoliansibeza}{LMA} +\UM{1870}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE RAA} + {textmongoliansiberaa}{LMA} +\UM{1871}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE CHA} + {textmongoliansibecha}{LMA} +\UM{1872}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZHA} + {textmongoliansibezha}{} +\UM{1873}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU I} + {textmongolianmanchui}{} +\UM{1874}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU KA} + {textmongolianmanchuka}{LMA} +\UM{1875}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU RA} + {textmongolianmanchura}{LMA} +\UM{1876}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU FA} + {textmongolianmanchufa}{LMA} +\UM{1877}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ZHA} + {textmongolianmanchuzha}{LMA} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\UM{1880}{1}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ANUSVARA ONE} + {textmongolianaligalianusvaraone}{LMO} +\UM{1881}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI VISARGA ONE} + {textmongolianaligalivisargaone}{} +\UM{1882}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAMARU} + {textmongolianaligalidamaru}{} +\UM{1883}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI UBADAMA} + {textmongolianaligaliubadama}{} +\UM{1884}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI INVERTED UBADAMA} + {textmongolianaligaliinvertedubadama}{} +\UM{1885}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI BALUDA} + {textmongolianaligalibaluda}{} +\UM{1886}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI THREE BALUDA} + {textmongolianaligalithreebaluda}{} +\UM{1887}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI A} + {textmongolianaligalia}{} +\UM{1888}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI I} + {textmongolianaligalii}{} +\UM{1889}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI KA} + {textmongolianaligalika}{} +\UM{188A}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NGA} + {textmongolianaligalinga}{} +\UM{188B}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI CA} + {textmongolianaligalica}{} +\UM{188C}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTA} + {textmongolianaligalitta}{} +\UM{188D}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTHA} + {textmongolianaligalittha}{} +\UM{188E}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DDA} + {textmongolianaligalidda}{} +\UM{188F}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NNA} + {textmongolianaligalinna}{} +\UM{1890}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TA} + {textmongolianaligalita}{} +\UM{1891}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DA} + {textmongolianaligalida}{} +\UM{1892}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PA} + {textmongolianaligalipa}{} +\UM{1893}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PHA} + {textmongolianaligalipha}{} +\UM{1894}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI SSA} + {textmongolianaligalissa}{} +\UM{1895}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZHA} + {textmongolianaligalizha}{} +\UM{1896}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZA} + {textmongolianaligaliza}{} +\UM{1897}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI AH} + {textmongolianaligaliah}{} +\UM{1898}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI TA} + {textmongoliantodoaligalita}{} +\UM{1899}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI ZHA} + {textmongoliantodoaligalizha}{} +\UM{189A}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI GHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigaligha}{} +\UM{189B}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI NGA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalinga}{LMA} +\UM{189C}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalica}{LMA} +\UM{189D}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI JHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalijha}{} +\UM{189E}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TTA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalitta}{} +\UM{189F}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DDHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigaliddha}{} +\UM{18A0}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalita}{} +\UM{18A1}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalidha}{} +\UM{18A2}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI SSA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalissa}{} +\UM{18A3}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CYA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalicya}{} +\UM{18A4}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalizha}{LMA} +\UM{18A5}{2}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZA} + {textmongolianmanchualigaliza}{LMA} +\UM{18A6}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF U} + {textmongolianaligalihalfu}{} +\UM{18A7}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF YA} + {textmongolianaligalihalfya}{} +\UM{18A8}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI BHA} + {textmongolianmanchualigalibha}{} +\UM{18A9}{0}{MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAGALGA} + {textmongolianaligalidagalga}{} +% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % +%\hline +\caption{Unicode Mongolian Code Positions and Associated Commands% + }\label{table:UnicodeMongolian}\\ +\end{longtable} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\chapter{External Support Software} + +\section{MLS Software} + +With \MonTeX, it is still possible to process documents generated +with the MLS software package. The MLS converter produces Cyrillic +and Mongolian Script texts out of transliterations using +the MLS codepage. Documents encoded in MLS can be directly +processed, no further conversion is necessary. + +\section{Simplified Transliteration Converter} + +The directory \texttt{../source/} contains a small MLS to Simplified +Transliteration converter written in Perl. This file can be used +directly if Perl exists on your system. Perl is available under a +Public Licence for a huge variety of platforms. Consult CPAN +(\texttt{www.cpan.org}) for information and downloads. + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +\chapter{Shortcomings, Bugs and Desiderata} + +\section{Hyphenation Patterns} + +The Mongolian hyphenation patterns delivered with \MonTeX\ are still +under development, so please expect occasional hyphenation errors. +It must be also noted that for proper hyphenation of critical words +\sh\ should be entered as \verb|\sh|, not as \verb|sh| since the +first is a character command processed by \LaTeXe\ while the latter +is a ligature processed by Metafont. If a wrong hyphenation is +spotted please check first whether the word in question contains +ligature statements (\verb|sh|, \verb|ya|, \verb|yu| etc.) which +should then replaced by the proper character commands. It is usually +sufficient to add a leading back slash and include the entity in +braces: \verb|{\ya}| is as good as \verb*|\ya |. + +Hyphenation patterns for Russian exist but are still to be +re-encoded in \LMC\ encoding; Buryat hyphenation rules are still to be +defined. + +\section{Retransliteration Problems} + +Apart from being incomplete as far as some arcane writing variants +are concerned, the MLS (Broad Romanization) retransliteration engine +provided with \MonTeX\ has two serious shortcomings. Firstly, the +input can only consist of letters, punctuation marks and numbers. +Any \TeX\ or \LaTeX\ command (including \verb|\"a| for \emph{\"a} +and friends) makes the retransliteration engine fail. Secondly, +for large quantities of text, the retransliteration system is +agonizingly slow. + +The Simplified Transliteration is incorporated into a fontencoding, +\LMO, which can be selected as default encoding. This allows for +complete freedom of all \LaTeX\ commands but requires an initial +amount of practise. + +\section{Missing Caption Definitions} + +The translated captions provided with \MonTeX\ are not completely +translated at the moment. Notably \tttt{ccname} and +\tttt{headtoname} are missing in Mongolian and Buryat, +mainly due to grammatical reasons. This will be fixed in later versions. + + +\section{Page Headers and Text Encodings} + +In rare cases it is possible that a \verb|\section| text appearing in +a header or footer which is supposed to be typeset in Cyrillic letters +is output in Latin letters. This happens if the text on that very page +contains encoding selection commands which happen to fall near the +page boundary. The only remedy is to enclose the argument text in an +additional \verb|{\mnr ...}| command (or vice versa for Latin). + + +\section{The \texttt{kminch} Font} + +The Cyrillic typefaces of \MonTeX\ are completed by inch-high sans +serif capital letters good for book titles etc. Unfortunately, they +cannot be used orthogonally with the other fonts in \Tone\ (Latin +characters) and \LMC\ (Cyrillic characters) +encoding since their definition is based on \TeX\ primitives rather +than \LaTeXe's NFSS font selection scheme. + +%% \section{The \emph{gamma} and its Shape} +%% +%% The original \TeX\ environment only provides an italic gamma +%% which is intended for the math mode. This gamma is used for +%% transliterating Mongolian; it does not perfectly blend into roman +%% text. The \texttt{LGR} Greek font provides a gamma which blends better +%% with roman text. If \texttt{LGR} Greek is installed on your system then +%% \MonTeX\ will automatically pick the appropriate fonts. +%% +%% \begin{quote} +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article} +%% %\usepackage[T3,LMS,LMC,T1]{fontenc} % <- Uncomment these lines +%% \usepackage[latin1]{mls} % if you use the TIPA +%% %\usepackage[noenc]{tipa} % <- package. Check line 42 +%% [...] +%% % +%% % You obtain a nicer `gamma' by uncommenting the following line +%% % but if you do so make sure the TIPA package gets included. +%% % You should then uncomment line no. 18 of this file. +%% % +%% %\renewcommand{\g}{\textipa{\textgamma}} +%% +%% \end{verbatim} +%% \end{quote} +%% +%% +%% \section{Error Message \texttt{option clash}} +%% +%% The interaction of \MonTeX\ with other language support packages for +%% \LaTeXe\ has not been thoroughly tested and problems may well arise +%% from using conflicting commands, character presentations etc. One known +%% constellation causing concern is the \texttt{tipa} package. This +%% package calls \texttt{fontenc} with its own options with the +%% potential of producing an option clash. In this case follow the +%% instructions given in the \texttt{tipa} manual and start the +%% \texttt{tipa} package with the +%% \texttt{noenc} option. The following excerpt from a document +%% preamble is known to work: +%% \begin{quote} +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \usepackage[T3,LMS,LMC,T1]{fontenc} +%% \usepackage[latin1]{mls} +%% \usepackage[noenc]{tipa} +%% \end{verbatim} +%% \end{quote} +%% +%% +\section{Problems with PostScript Fonts} + +\begin{sloppypar} +Any attempt to compile this document with \texttt{pslatex} or +declare \tttt{usepackage\{pslatex\}} in the preamble works for the +bulk of the document but reduces the Cyrillic typefaces to Roman +only (see tables~\ref{table:SpecialCyrCharacters} and +~\ref{table:typeface}) and eliminates some of the +transliteration symbols (see table~\ref{table:shortcuts}). A solution +has not yet been defined. +\end{sloppypar} + +\section{Error Message regarding \tttt{selectlanguage}} + +There seem to be differences in the nature of installed \LaTeXe\ +platforms; emtex shows a behaviour different from teTeX with regard +to pre-loaded language options. On teTeX systems, no error message +concerning the redefinition of the \texttt{selectlanguage} command +occurs, on emtex systems such a message may occur if no other +language support packages are loaded. This error message can be +safely ignored but the author hopes to find a solution later. + + +\section{Printer Memory Overflow} + +Depending on the printing system it may happen that a Printer Memory +Overflow message is generated when attempting to print this text. So +far, this happened only on emtex systems running on plain +\textsf{DOS}. This is an exceptional situation caused by the very +high number of fonts used for this document. The error message never +occurred on systems with PostScript postprocessing of the DVI file. + +It is very simple and straightforward to reduce the number of +typeface examples of this document. Near the beginning of the source +file of this very text, the lines + +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +% If emtex goofs with (printer) memory overflow +% when attempting to print this document then +% set the following number to "1", recompile and +% increase the number step by step until all +% examples are printed. The maximum value is 6. + +\newcounter{FontSamples} +\setcounter{FontSamples}{6} % <--- Modify this number! +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +can be found. It is now possible to increase the number of printed +typeface samples step by step until either memory saturation is +reached or the system manages to print all fonts. In addition, it +should be noted that printing this documentation for the first time +may take some time until all fonts are computed. + +\section{Error Reports} + +Time is a most precious resource and one of the main reasons why the +authors decided \emph{not} to support other environments than +\LaTeXe. If \MonTeX\ does not work for you because you use a \LaTeX% +2.09 installation, or expect to find a working system for plain \TeX\ +support, then the author cannot assist you beyond the advice to +install the most recent version of \LaTeXe. + +If you find a bug or think a feature is missing which you'd like to +see included then your comments are most welcome. One of the authors +can be reached by e-mail (\texttt{corff@zedat.fu-berlin.de}), and +available updates will appear in Infosystem Mongolei +(\texttt{http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/\~{}corff}). Please check the MLS +directory for available releases and patches. + + +\section{Outlook and Desiderata} + +Unfortunately, some code positions in the Metafont sources of +\MonTeX\ haven't been frozen yet. In addition, the authors are +not happy yet with some of the interaction performed by certain +glyph combinations. This will have to be refined definitely! +Last but not least, some of the font metrics will undergo further +tuning which all implies that documents containing Mongolian or +Manju text should be recompiled once a new version of this software +is issued. + + +With $\Omega$mega lurking around, \MonTeX\ should actually be obsolete +work. A unified encoding comprising all Mongolian writings has been +integrated into Unicode 3.0 and ISO 10646. The author needed a quick +solution for ongoing lexicographical work (the Pentaglot database, +that is) and will merge Unicode support with the existing Mon\TeX\ +system later. At a future point, there will also be full-featured +$\Omega$mega support. + +Anyway, whatever the mistakes and the shortcomings are that have +crept into this system, I can only kindly ask you to blame me. + +\vspace{1cm} +\hfill\parbox{6cm}{\kit{Migj"ad Janra"isig Burxny m"almi"i + n"a"as"an o"in "olzi"it"a"i "od"or + biqiw.}} + +\vspace{1cm} +\hfill\parbox{6cm}{\it Now go forth and create beautiful Manju text!\\ + Oliver Corff, Shenyang, April 1st, 2001} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\part{Commands in Alphabetical Order\label{CommandReference}} + +\chapter{Alphabetical Command Reference} + +All user level commands available in \MonTeX\ are given here in +alphabetical order. Every entry in the following list has up to +seven sections which are only present if necessary: +\begin{description} + \item [Synopsis] shows the usage of the command; + \item [Function] states its purpose and function; + \item [Limitations] in functional range, allowed + input etc. are stated here; + \item [Comments] and additional information about + purpose and nature of the command; + \item [Related commands] in the command reference; + \item [See page] of the main text; + \item [Example] shows a typical application. If several + related commands have the same usage and + command syntax, then only one example is + given which is typically found at the first + place a command is mentioned. One example + is the command for numbering by letters: + The commands \verb|\Asbuk|, \verb|\Useg| and + \verb|\Uzeg| are similar, and an example is only + given under \verb|\Asbuk|. +\end{description} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{Asbuk} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by upper case + Cyrillic letters, Russian style.} % Function + {+} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 28.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92asbuk \char92Useg \char92useg + \char92Uzeg \char92uzeg} % See also + {cmd:Asbuk} % See page + +\exa + Position 25 is + \Uzeg{25}) in Buryat, + \Useg{25}) in Xalx Mongolian and + \Asbuk{25}) in Russian. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + Position 25 is + \Uzeg{25}) in Buryat, + \Useg{25}) in Xalx Mongolian and + \Asbuk{25}) in Russian. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{asbuk} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by lower case + Cyrillic letters, Russian style.} % Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 28.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92Asbuk \char92Useg \char92useg % + \char92Uzeg \char92uzeg} % See also + {cmd:asbuk} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{bcg} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Generates Classical Mongolian out of + \MonTeX-ified MLS transliteration.} % Function + {+} % Example + {\emph{<text>} can only consist of unexpandable + characters; any \TeX\ or \LaTeXe\ command sequence + (even those for dotted vowels like \tttt{{}"{}a}) + make the system derail.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92glyphbcg \char92PrettyMLS} % See also + {cmd:bcg} % See page + +\exa + \emph{mong\g ol bicig} + is \bcg{mongGol bicig}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{mong\g ol bicig} + is \bcg{mongGol bicig}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + + +%% \MyCommand{blr} % Command Name +%% {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments +%% {-} % Function +%% {-} % Example +%% {-} % Limitations +%% {Implemented, but not yet functional} % Comments +%% {-} % See also +%% {-} % See page +%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{bicig} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Generates Classical Mongolian out of + Simplified Transliteration.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bcg \char92bithe}% See also + {cmd:bicig} % See page + +\exa + \emph{munggul bicik} + is \bicig{munggul bicik}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{munggul bicik} + is \bicig{munggul bicik}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bicig} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets document language to Uighur, or Bicig Mongolian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {Cooperates well only with Simplified Transliteration as + its underlying encoding is \LMO.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bithe buryat english russian xalx} % See also + {a:bicig} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bicigpage} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \texttt{bithepage}, it + provides full pages of vertical + Mongolian text.} % Function + {-} % Example + {Like all commands of the vertical output family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + display. In addition, a functional e-\LaTeX\ environment + is mandatory. + + Mongolian must be entered in Simplified Transliteration.% + } % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bithepage bicigtext bithetext} % See also + {a:bicigpage} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bicigtext} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \texttt{bicigpage}, it provides full paragraphs + of Uighur Mongolian text, but in horizontal line orientation.% + } % Function + {-} % Example + {Mongolian must be entered in Simplified Transliteration, + and a functional e-\LaTeX\ environment is mandatory.% + } % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicigpage bithepage bithetext} % See also + {a:bicigtext} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{BicigToday} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the date in Uighur Mongolian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Internal command. Authors should + use \tttt{today} + which is redefined automatically + by the \texttt{bicig} option + when calling the \texttt{mls} package.} % Comments + {\char92BitheToday \char92BuryatToday + \char92RussianToday \char92XalxToday}% See also + {cmd:today} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{bithe} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Generates Manju out of + transliterated material.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bicig}% See also + {cmd:bithe} % See page + +\exa + \emph{manju bithe} + is \bithe{manju bithe}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{manju bithe} + is \bithe{manju bithe}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bithe} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets document language to Manju.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicig buryat english russian xalx} % See also + {a:bithe} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bithepage} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \texttt{bicigpage}, it + provides full pages of vertical + Manju text.} % Function + {-} % Example + {Like all commands of the vertical output family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + display. In addition, a functional e-\LaTeX\ environment + is mandatory.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicigpage bicigtext bithetext} % See also + {a:bithepage} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{bithetext} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \texttt{bithepage}, it + provides full pages of Manju text, but in horizontal + line orientation.} % Function + {-} % Example + {A functional e-\LaTeX\ environment is mandatory.% + } % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicigpage bithepage bicigtext} % See also + {a:bithetext} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{BitheToday} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the date in Manju.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Internal command. Authors should + use \tttt{today} + which is redefined automatically + by the \texttt{bithe} option + when calling the \texttt{mls} package.} % Comments + {\char92BicigToday \char92RussianToday \char92XalxToday}% See also + {cmd:today} % See page + + \marginpar{\mabosoo{\BitheToday}} +\exa +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \marginpar{\mabosoo{\BitheToday}} + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{bosoo} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Prints text in vertical capsules.} % Function + {+} % Example + {PostScript support is required for presenting + the output. The \texttt{rotating} package must + be installed. If \MonTeX\ cannot find \texttt{rotating} + encapsulated material will be printed horizontally.}% Limitations + {Line spacing etc. adjust automatically. + Useful for dictionaries etc.} % Comments + {\char92mabosoo \char92mbosoo \char92mobosoo} % See also + {cmd:bosoo} % See page + +\exa + A \bosoo{vertical} word. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + A \bosoo{vertical} word. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{buryat} % Command Name + {} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets document language to Buryat.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicig bithe english russian xalx} % See also + {a:buryat} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{BuryatToday} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the date in Buryat.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Internal command. Authors should + use \tttt{today} + which is redefined automatically + by the \texttt{buryat} option + when calling the \texttt{mls} package.} % Comments + {\char92BicigToday \char92BitheToday + \char92RussianToday \char92XalxToday}% See also + {cmd:today} % See page + +\exa + \BuryatToday\par + \RussianToday\par + \XalxToday\par +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \BuryatToday\par + \RussianToday\par + \XalxToday\par + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ch} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Creates a \emph{ch} which is used + for Mongolian transliterations.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92g \char92sh} % See also + {table:shortcuts} % See page + +\exa + \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} + are transliterations for + {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{\Sh agdar} and \emph{\Ch adraa} + are transliterations for + {\mnr\Sh agdar} and {\mnr\Ch adraa}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{cminch} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Produces inch-high bold sans serif + latin letters for book titles etc.} % Function + {-} % Example + {Only capital letters and numbers available.} % Limitations + {This command bypasses the NFSS font setup, + hence deprecated since the font provided + by this command does not orthogonally follow + with the font changes of the main document.} % Comments + {\char92kminch} % See also + {cmd:cminch} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{CYR}% % Command Name + {\{\emph{<letter name>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Allows writing of Cyrillic letters in non-Cyrillic + environments without changing the document language.}% Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{letter name} must be one of + A, B, V, G, D, E, % Limitations + YO, ZH, Z, I, ISHRT, K, L, + M, N, O, OTLD, P, R, S, + T, U, Y, F, H, HSHA, + C, CH, SH, SHCH, HRDSN, + ERY, SFTSN, EREV, YU or YA.} + {This set of letter names provides compatibility + with the forthcoming T2 Cyrillic encoding designed + to be the future \LaTeXe{} standard encoding for + the extended Cyrillic alphabets.} % Comments + {\char92cyr} % See also + {cyralpha} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{cyr}% % Command Name + {\{\emph{<letter name>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Allows writing of Cyrillic letters in non-Cyrillic + environments without changing the document language.}% Function + {+} % Example + {\emph{letter name} must be one of + a, b, v, G, D, e, % Limitations + yo, zh, z, i, ishrt, k, l, + m, n, o, otld, p, r, s, + t, u, y, f, h, hsha, + c, ch, sh, shch, hrdsn, + erevy, hrdsn, erev, yu or ya.} + {-} % Comments + {\char92CYR} % See also + {cyralpha} % See page + +\exa + \CYRM\cyro\cyrn\cyrg\cyro\cyrl +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \CYRM\cyro\cyrn\cyrg\cyro\cyrl + \end{verbatim} +\exc + + +%% \MyCommand{CyrLHStyle}% % Command Name +%% {\texttt{(true|false)}} % Synopsis, number of arguments +%% {Allows writing of Cyrillic letters in non-Cyrillic +%% environments without changing the document language.}% Function +%% {-} % Example +%% {Only the letter names +%% \texttt{w e j ij oe ue h x q qh xat y zln e} +%% are affected.} % Limitations +%% {The default is \texttt{false}.} % Comments +%% {\char92CYR \char92cyr \char92CyrLHStyle} % See also +%% {cyrlhstyle} % See page +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{g} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Creates a \emph{gamma} which is used for + Mongolian transliterations.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Only a limited number of typefaces + is available in standard \MonTeX.} % Limitations + {More \emph{gamma} shapes are provided by + the Modern Greek package which is loaded + automatically by \MonTeX\ if available.}% Comments + {\char92ch \char92sh} % See also + {table:shortcuts} % See page + +\exa + mong\g ol-un \g azar nutu\g +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + mong\g ol-un \g azar nutu\g + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{glyphbcg} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Accepts MLS glyph transliteration as input + for Mongolian.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Comments + {Inconvenient for anything longer than five glyphs.}% Limitations + {\char92bcg} % See also + {cmd:glyphbcg} % See page + +\exa + \glyphbcg{@moaNnnoL @aoloS} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \glyphbcg{@moaNnnoL @aoloS} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ImplementationLevel} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Shows the Implentation + Level of \MonTeX.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Only for administrative purposes.} % Comments + {\char92Version(Date|Kirill|Mongol|Release)}% See also + {-} % See page +\exa + This is \MonTeX\ + \ImplementationLevel +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is \MonTeX\ + \ImplementationLevel + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{kbf} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic boldface capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \kbf{kirill b\"ud\"u\"un} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \kbf{kirill b\"ud\"u\"un} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{kit} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic italic capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \kit{kirill biqm\"al} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \kit{kirill biqm\"al} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{kminch} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Produces inch-high bold sans serif + cyrillic letters for book titles etc.} % Function + {-} % Example + {Only capital letters and numbers available.} % Limitations + {This command bypasses the NFSS font setup, + hence deprecated since the font provided + by this command does not orthogonally follow + with the font changes of the main document.} % Comments + {\char92 cminch} % See also + {cmd:kminch} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{krm} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic <<roman>> capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \krm{kirill shuluun} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \krm{kirill shuluun} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ksc} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic small caps capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \ksc{kirill jijig tom \"usgi\"in} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \ksc{kirill jijig tom \"usgi\"in} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ksf} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic sans serif capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \ksf{kirill ogtolson} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \ksf{kirill ogtolson} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ksl} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic slanted capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + This is + \ksl{kirill naluu} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \ksl{kirill naluu} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ktt} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Cyrillic typewriter capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + + +\exa + This is + \ktt{kirill biqgi\"in mashiny} + writing. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is + \ktt{kirill biqgi\"in mashiny} + writing. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lat} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin capsule.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92xalx} % See also + {capsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr Mongol ba \lat{English}} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr Mongol ba \lat{English}} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lbf} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin boldface capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lbf{latin boldface} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lbf{latin boldface} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lit} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin italic capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lit{latin italic} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lit{latin italic} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lrm} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin roman capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|sc|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lrm{latin roman} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lrm{latin roman} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lsc} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin small caps capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sf|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsc{latin small caps} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsc{latin small caps} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lsf} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin sans serif capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sl|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsf{latin sans serif} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsf{latin sans serif} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{lsl} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin slanted capsule.}% Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|tt)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsl{latin slanted} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \lsl{latin slanted} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ltt} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Latin typewriter capsule.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92k(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl|tt) + \char92l(bf|it|rm|sc|sf|sl)}% See also + {typefacecapsules} % See page + +\exa + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \ltt{latin typewriter} + shrift.} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + {\mnr \"An\"a bol + \ltt{latin typewriter} + shrift.} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + + +%%%% \MyCommand{mbc} % Command Name +%%%% {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments +%%%% {-} % Function +%%%% {-} % Example +%%%% {-} % Limitations +%%%% {-} % Comments +%%%% {bcg} % See also +%%%% {-} % See page +%%%% +%%%% \exa +%%%% \ImplementationLevel +%%%% \exb +%%%% \begin{verbatim} +%%%% \ImplementationLevel +%%%% \end{verbatim} +%%%% \exc +%%%% +%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mabosoo} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \char92mobosoo, it + provides vertical capsules of + text, but \emph{<text>} is + treated as Manju.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Like all commands of the \tttt{bosoo} family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + display.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bosoo \char92mbosoo \char92mobosoo} % See also + {cmd:mabosoo} % See page + +\exa + \emph{manju} \mabosoo{manju} + writing \mabosoo{bithe} + looks beautiful indeed. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{manju} \mabosoo{manju} + writing \mabosoo{bithe} + looks beautiful indeed. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mabox} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<vertical length>}\}\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \char92mobox, it + provides boxes of vertical + text, but \emph{<text>} is + treated as Manju.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Like all commands of the \tttt{box} family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + display.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92mobox} % See also + {cmd:mabox} % See page + +\exa + \mabox{1.5cm}{% + \noindent manju\\bithe. + } +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mabox{1.5cm}{% + \noindent manju\\bithe. + } + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mbosoo} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \char92bosoo, it + provides vertical capsules of + text, but \emph{<text>} is + converted to Mongolian.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Like \tttt{bosoo}, this + command requires PostScript support. + Like \tttt{bcg}, the input + text may only contain letters, transliteration + symbols and numbers but no \TeX\ commands. + The command is internally defined as + \tttt{bosoo{\char92bcg\{...\}}}.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bosoo \char92mabosoo \char92mobosoo} % See also + {cmd:mbosoo} % See page + +\exa + \emph{mong\g ol} + \mbosoo{mongGol} + writing \mbosoo{bicig} + looks beautiful indeed. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{mong\g ol} + \mbosoo{mongGol} + writing \mbosoo{bicig} + looks beautiful indeed. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mobosoo} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \char92mbosoo, it + provides vertical capsules of + text, but \emph{<text>} is + converted to Mongolian using + the Simplified Transliteration.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Like all commands of the \tttt{bosoo} family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + output.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bosoo\char92mabosoo \char92mbosoo } % See also + {cmd:mobosoo} % See page + +\exa + \emph{mong\g ol} + \mobosoo{munggul} + writing \mobosoo{bicik} + looks beautiful indeed. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{mong\g ol} + \mobosoo{munggul} + writing \mobosoo{bicik} + looks beautiful indeed. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mobox} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<vertical length>}\}\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Similar to \char92mabox, it + provides boxes of vertical + text, but \emph{<text>} is + treated as Mongolian.} % Function + {+} % Example + {Mongolian must be entered in Simplified Transliteration. + Currently, LMS input is not accepted. + + Like all commands of the \tttt{box} family, this + command requires PostScript support for proper vertical + display.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92mobox} % See also + {cmd:mobox} % See page + +\exa + \mobox{2cm}{munggul\\bicik} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mabox{2cm}{munggul\\bicik} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mnr} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Switches the current stream to Xalx + transliteration of Latin characters.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {\tttt{mnr} can be understood as + Mongolian New Romanization.} % Comments + {\char92rnm} % See also + {mnrnm} % See page + +\exa + First \mnr kirill, + \rnm then latin. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + First \mnr kirill, + \rnm then latin. + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{MonTeX} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Produces the \MonTeX{-} logo.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {-} % See also + {-} % See page + +\exa + You are using \MonTeX, + a \LaTeXe\ package + providing Mongolian. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + You are using \MonTeX, + a \LaTeXe\ package + providing Mongolian. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{MyTogrog} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the Mongolian currency denominator.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Matches the typeface of the environment.} % Comments + {\char92mytogrog \char92Togrog \char92togrog} % See also + {cmd:MyTogrog} % See page + +\exa + \kit{\"Un\"a 200 \MyTogrog}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \kit{\"Un\"a 200 \MyTogrog}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{mytogrog} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the Mongolian currency denominator, + lower case variant (not considered standard).} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Matches the typeface of the environment.} % Comments + {\char92MyTogrog \char92Togrog \char92togrog} % See also + {cmd:mytogrog} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{PrettyMLS} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Replaces some of the Mongolian + transliteration shorthands with + nicer output.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92glyphbcg \char92ShowSpecialMLS} % See also + {table:PrettyMLS} % See page + +\exa + \emph{SaGdur} \bcg{SaGdur} is + \emph{\PrettyMLS{SaGdur}}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \emph{SaGdur} \cbg{SaGdur} + \emph{\PrettyMLS{SaGdur}}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{om} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Used for Tibetan transliterations.}% Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {-} % See also + {mnrnm} % See page + + +\exa + \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily + \om uva\\ + \ ma'=a\\ + \ n'i\\ + \ badmi'\\ + \om huu} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mobox{3cm}{\noindent\sffamily + \om uva\\ + \ ma'=a\\ + \ n'i\\ + \ badmi'\\ + \om huu} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{rmfamily} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets normal Mongolian or Manju font family.}% Function + {+} % Example + {Works only for \LMA\ and \LMO\ encodings.} % Limitations + {There is no good equivalent between \emph{Roman} and + Mongolian typographical styles.} % Comments + {-} % See also + {cmd:rmfamily} % See page + + +\exa + \mobox{2cm}{\noindent + munggul\\ + \sffamily munggul\\ + \rmfamily munggul + } +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mobox{2cm}{\noindent + munggul\\ + \sffamily munggul\\ + \rmfamily munggul} + \end{verbatim} +\exc + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{rnm} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Disables transliteration of Latin + characters to Xalx in the current stream.}% Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {\tttt{rnm} can be understood as + Return to NorMal.} % Comments + {\char92mnr} % See also + {mnrnm} % See page + +\exa + \mnr Odoo kirill + daraa \rnm latin +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \mnr Odoo kirill + daraa \rnm latin + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{russian} % Command Name + {} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets document language to Russian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicig bithe buryat english xalx} % See also + {a:russian} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{RussianToday} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the date in Russian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Internal command. Authors should + use \tttt{today} + which is redefined automatically + by the \texttt{russian} option + when calling the \texttt{mls} package.} % Comments + {\char92BuryatToday \char92XalxToday}% See also + {cmd:today} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{SetDocumentEncodingBicig} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets the document encoding to Classical + Mongolian, also known as Uighur.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {The romanization used for this encoding is a simplified + system with an emphasis on graphical, not phonetical + properties of the Uighur writing system.} % Comments + {\char92 SetDocumentEncodingBithe} % See also + {cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBicig} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{SetDocumentEncodingBithe} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets the document encoding + to Classical Manju.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {The romanization used for this encoding is, with a + few simple exceptions, a close match of Hauer's + system which is the \emph{de facto} standard.} % Comments + {\char92SetDocumentEncodingBicig} % See also + {cmd:SetDocumentEncodingBithe} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{SetDocumentEncodingLMC} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets the document encoding + to Modern Mongolian (Xalx in Cyrillic writing).}% Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Used for writing Mongolian texts on + Latin-only platforms.} % Comments + {\char92SetDocumentEncodingNeutral} % See also + {cmd:SetDocumentEncodingLMC} % See page + +\exa + \SetDocumentEncodingLMC + Kirill \"us\"ag, mongol x\"al\\ + \SetDocumentEncodingNeutral + Latin \"us\"ag, mongol x\"al +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \SetDocumentEncodingLMC + Kirill \"us\"ag, mongol x\"al\\ + \SetDocumentEncodingNeutral + Latin \"us\"ag, mongol x\"al + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{SetDocumentEncodingNeutral} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Resets the document encoding so + that Latin appears as Latin again + and is not anymore converted to + Cyrillic automatically.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92SetDocumentEncodingLMC}% See also + {cmd:SetDocumentEncodingNeutral}% See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{sffamily} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets Block Print Style Mongolian or Manju font family.}% Function + {-} % Example + {Works only for \LMA\ and \LMO\ encodings.} % Limitations + {There is no good equivalent between \emph{Roman} and + Mongolian typographical styles.} % Comments + {-} % See also + {cmd:sffamily} % See page + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{sh} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Creates a \emph{\sh} which is used + for Mongolian transliterations.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92ch \char92g} % See also + {table:shortcuts} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{ShowSpecialMLS} % Command Name + {\texttt{(true|false)}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Controls the behaviour of \tttt{PrettyMLS} + and either reveals or hides FVS and other + codes for input of \texttt{-'*} etc.} % Function + {-} % Example + {This function accepts only character tokens as input, + no \TeX\ commands.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92bcg \char92glyphbcg \char92PrettyMLS} % See also + {cmd:PrettyMLS} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{Togrog} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the Mongolian currency denominator.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Never changes the typeface. If you want to + match \tttt{Togrog} with the environment + use \tttt{MyTogrog} instead.} % Comments + {\char92togrog \char92MyTogrog \char92mytogrog} % See also + {cmd:Togrog} % See page + +\exa + \xalx{\"Un\"a 200 \Togrog}. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + \xalx{\"Un\"a 200 \Togrog}. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{togrog} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the Mongolian currency denominator, + lower case variant (not considered standard).} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Never changes the typeface. If you want to + match \char92Togrog with the environment + use \char92MyTogrog instead.} % Comments + {\char92Togrog \char92MyTogrog \char92mytogrog} % See also + {cmd:togrog} % See page + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{Useg} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by upper case + Cyrillic letters, Xalx Mongolian style.} % Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 31.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92Asbuk \char92asbuk \char92useg + \char92Uzeg \char92uzeg}% See also + {cmd:Useg} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{useg} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by lower case + Cyrillic letters, Xalx Mongolian style.} % Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 31.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92Asbuk \char92asbuk \char92Useg + \char92useg \char92Uzeg} % See also + {cmd:useg} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{Uzeg} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by upper case + Cyrillic letters, Buryat style.} % Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 32.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92Asbuk \char92asbuk \char92Useg + \char92useg \char92Uzeg} % See also + {cmd:Uzeg} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{uzeg} % Command Name + {\{\textit{<number>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides counting by lower case + Cyrillic letters, Buryat style.} % Function + {-} % Example + {\emph{<number>} must be between 1 and 32.} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92Asbuk \char92asbuk \char92Useg + \char92useg \char92Uzeg}% See also + {cmd:uzeg} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{VersionDate} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the release date of + of the current version} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Only for administrative purposes.} % Comments + {\char92Version(Kirill|Mongol|Release) + \char92ImplementationLevel} % See also + {-} % See page + +\exa + This version was officially + released \VersionDate. +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This version was officially + released \VersionDate. + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{VersionKirill} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the version number of the + \MonTeX\ code related to Cyrillic.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Only for administrative purposes.} % Comments + {\char92Version(Date|Mongol|Release) + \char92ImplementationLevel} % See also + {-} % See page + +\exa + Cyrillic version: \VersionKirill +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + Cyrillic version: \VersionKirill + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{VersionMongol} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the version number of the + \MonTeX\ code related to Mongolian.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Only for administrative purposes.} % Comments + {\char92Version(Date|Kirill|Release) + \char92ImplementationLevel} % See also + {-} % See page + +\exa + Mongolian version: \VersionMongol +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + Mongolian version: \VersionMongol + \end{verbatim} +\exc + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{VersionRelease} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Comprehensive version information.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Only for administrative purposes.} % Comments + {\char92Version(Date|Kirill|Mongol) + \char92ImplementationLevel} % See also + {-} % See page + +\exa + This is \MonTeX\ \VersionRelease +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + This is \MonTeX\ \VersionRelease + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyEnvironment{xalx} % Command Name + {} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Sets document language to Xalx, or Modern Mongolian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {bicig bithe buryat english russian} % See also + {a:xalx} % See page +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{xalx} % Command Name + {\{\emph{<text>}\}} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Creates capsules with Modern Mongolian transliteration + for including Xalx words in other languages.} % Function + {+} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {-} % Comments + {\char92lat} % See also + {cmd:xalx} % See page + +\exa + English and \xalx{mongol} +\exb + \begin{verbatim} + English and \xalx{mongol} + \end{verbatim} +\exc +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\MyCommand{XalxToday} % Command Name + {-} % Synopsis, number of arguments + {Provides the date in Xalx Mongolian.} % Function + {-} % Example + {-} % Limitations + {Internal command. Authors should + use \tttt{today} which is redefined + automatically by the \texttt{xalx} option + when calling the \texttt{mls} package.} % Comments + {\char92BuryatToday \char92RussianToday}% See also + {cmd:today} % See page + +\end{document} |