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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2018-10-16 21:12:08 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2018-10-16 21:12:08 +0000
commit69faecf74530309bcc1e5fc287ba3d4726003a75 (patch)
treefe8ceca49fb8ce5af26b52f1da6ff67d16bc34c7 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
parentb0acd0d7fcc352d9bc432e42ccc43792a9c28888 (diff)
latex2e-help-texinfo (16oct18)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@48918 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html')
-rw-r--r--Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html1069
1 files changed, 648 insertions, 421 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
index 9b0efda6d50..a1cd59daf2f 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.html
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of July 2018.
+document preparation system, version of October 2018.
-This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in
-the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
+This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
+VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
using Hypertext Help with LaTeX, by Sheldon Green, and
LaTeX Command Summary (for LaTeX 2.09) by
L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the TeX Users
-Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material (no
-text was directly copied).
+Group as TeXniques number 10), as reference material. We also
+gratefully acknowledge additional material appearing in
+latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
+text was directly copied.)
Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.
@@ -37,10 +39,10 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)">
+<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)">
<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
<meta name="distribution" content="global">
<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo">
@@ -50,6 +52,15 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
<link href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" rel="up" title="(dir)">
<style type="text/css">
<!--
+/* $Id: latex2e.css 690 2018-09-15 15:20:19Z jimhefferon $
+ Minor css for latexrefman. Public domain.
+ Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */
+
+/* So you can style for yourself */
+@import url("/css/latexreflocal.css");
+
+
+
a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
@@ -73,7 +84,23 @@ span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal}
span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
-code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
+BODY {
+ margin-top: 1em;
+ margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */
+ margin-right: 1em;
+ margin-bottom: 1em;
+ /* the idea is to use the whole window, unless it is ridiculously
+ wide, probably with too-small fonts, too. */
+ max-width: 64em;
+}
+
+/* Because we want @math{... @code ...} to be upright, not slanted,
+ and Texinfo won't fix it. */
+code {font-style:normal; font-family:monospace; }
+
+/* We put a link to our own home page at the bottom. */
+div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;}
+
-->
</style>
@@ -81,7 +108,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
</head>
<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2018)</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)</h1>
@@ -103,7 +130,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Environments-2" href="#toc-Environments-2">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
@@ -141,16 +168,9 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environment">2.4.1 Environments</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-declarations" href="#Declaration">2.4.2 Command declarations</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a>
- <ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
- </ul></li>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-CTAN_003a-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.5 CTAN: Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -194,7 +214,7 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environments-2" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
+ <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
@@ -309,14 +329,16 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
<li><a name="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.4 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.8 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.9 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
@@ -358,7 +380,11 @@ code {font-style: normal; font-family: monospace}
<li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
<li><a name="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a name="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
+ <li><a name="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
<li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a name="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
@@ -529,7 +555,7 @@ Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this documen
<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-July 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+October 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -607,10 +633,17 @@ Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a hr
<a name="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
-typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This document&rsquo;s home page is
-<a href="puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman">puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</a>. That page has links to the
-current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and
-subscriptions, and other infrastructure.
+typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This document&rsquo;s home page is <a href="https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman">https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</a>. There
+you can get the sources, subscribe to the mailing list or read its
+archives, see other infrastructure, and get the current output in
+various formats. In particular, the output comes in two web formats.
+Probably the most convenient one, shown at <a href="http://latexref.xyz/">http://latexref.xyz/</a>,
+has pages for each topic and so is good for a quick lookup; see also the
+note there about easy-to-remember links. The other, shown at
+<a href="http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co">http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co</a>,
+has all the information on single page.
</p>
<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use &lsquo;LaTeX&rsquo; rather than
@@ -714,7 +747,9 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="5">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -942,7 +977,7 @@ additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
@@ -974,6 +1009,11 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</p>
+<p>Some of LaTeX&rsquo;s commands are a <em>declaration</em>. Such a command
+changes the value the meaning of some other command or parameter. For
+instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> declaration changes the typesetting of
+page numbers from roman numerals to arabic (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>).
+</p>
<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
@@ -982,24 +1022,15 @@ to command.
<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</p>
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="1">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source with distinct behavior.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="2">Declaration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the value or meaning of a command.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
<hr>
<a name="Environment"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environments-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">2.4.1 Environments</h4>
+<a name="Environment-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -1020,7 +1051,9 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments.
+<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
+that every LaTeX document must have a <code>document</code> environment,
+a <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair.
</p>
<p>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
@@ -1040,177 +1073,13 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
<hr>
-<a name="Declaration"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Command-declarations"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">2.4.2 Command declarations</h4>
-
-<p>A command that changes the value, or changes the meaning, of some other
-command or parameter. For instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> command
-changes the setting of page numbers from roman numerals to arabic.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Declaration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Declaration</a>, Up: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">LaTeX command syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h4>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
- ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
-\makeatother
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Used to redefine internal LaTeX commands. <code>\makeatletter</code> makes
-the at-sign character&nbsp;<code>@</code> have the category code of a letter,
-11. <code>\makeatother</code> sets the category code of&nbsp;<code>@</code> to 12,
-its original value.
-</p>
-<p>As each character is read by TeX for LaTeX, it is assigned a
-character category code, or
-<a name="index-catcode"></a>
-<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
-<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
-<em>catcode</em> for short. For instance, the backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> is
-assigned the catcode 0, for characters that start a command. These two
-commands alter the catcode assigned to <code>@</code>.
-</p>
-<p>The alteration is needed because many of LaTeX&rsquo;s commands use
-<code>@</code> in their name, to prevent users from accidentally defining a
-command that replaces one of LaTeX&rsquo;s own. Command names consist of a
-category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed by letters,
-category&nbsp;11 characters (except that a command name can also consist
-of a category&nbsp;0 character followed by a single non-letter symbol).
-So under the default category codes, user-defined commands cannot
-contain an <code>@</code>. But <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code>
-allow users to define or redefine commands named with <code>@</code>.
-</p>
-<p>Use these two commands inside a <samp>.tex</samp> file, in the preamble, when
-defining or redefining a command with <code>@</code> in its name. Don&rsquo;t use
-them inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
-<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands set the at sign to
-have the character code of a letter.
-</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
-<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
-
-<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign
-in their names see <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>. These macros are
-mainly intended to package or class authors.
-</p>
-<p>In this example the class file has a command
-<code>\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
-three lines should go in the preamble, before the
-<code>\begin{document}</code>.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
-\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
-\makeatother
-</pre></div>
-
-<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="1">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
-</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Up: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="u" rel="up">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsubsection">2.4.3.1 <code>\@ifstar</code></h4>
-
-<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
-<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
-\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>nostar-num-args</var>]{<var>nostar-body</var>}
-\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>star-num-args</var>]{<var>star-body</var>}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
-same name but ending with a star character&nbsp;<code>*</code>, an asterisk.
-Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
-<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
-</p>
-<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
-because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
-environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
-complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
-given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
-by a star. For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
-<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
-ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
-one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
-are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the
-same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
-As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
-must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
-</p>
-<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
-variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
-<code>\ciel{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
-<code>\ciel*{blue}</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
-\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
-\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
-arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&rsquo;s
-<code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
-\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to entering the commands
-<code>``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
-\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
-\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
- \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\@ifstar</code>. The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the construct
-<code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred version</var>}</code> followed by
-<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred version</var>}</code>. And
-LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
- {<var>starred version</var>}%
- {<var>unstarred version</var>}%
- }
-</pre></div>
-
-
-<hr>
<a name="CTAN"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="CTAN_003a-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.5 CTAN: Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<a name="CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></a>
+<h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
<a name="index-CTAN"></a>
@@ -1585,9 +1454,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and p
<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
</p><ol>
-<li>In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
+<li> In the <em>identification part</em>, the file says that it is a LaTeX
package or class and describes itself, using the <code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code>
and <code>\ProvidesClass</code> or <code>\ProvidesPackage</code> commands.
+
</li><li> The <em>preliminary declarations part</em> declares some commands and
can also load other files. Usually these commands will be those needed
for the code used in the next part. For example, an <code>smcmemo</code>
@@ -1596,12 +1466,14 @@ people for the to-head, as <code>\documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}</code>, and
therefore needs to define a command
<code>\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\@tolist{#1}}</code> used in that
file.
+
</li><li> In the <em>handle options part</em> the class or package declares
and processes its options. Class options allow a user to start their
document as <code>\documentclass[<var>option list</var>]{<var>class
name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
document font size.
+
</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package usually does
most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
loading other files.
@@ -4529,7 +4401,7 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environments-2"></a>
+<a name="Environments-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
<a name="index-environments"></a>
@@ -6237,7 +6109,7 @@ depends on the list type.
</p>
<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
&lsquo;<samp>[...]</samp>&rsquo;, if you have an item whose text starts with &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, you
-have to to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
+have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
</p>
@@ -6464,7 +6336,7 @@ stretchable space.
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> options
+<p>The <var>inner-pos</var> argument makes sense when the <var>height</var> option
is set to a value larger than the <code>minipage</code>&rsquo;s natural height. To
see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
in place of <code>b</code>.
@@ -7809,8 +7681,8 @@ ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
-This <code>\\</code> is optional after the last row unless an <code>\hline</code>
-command follows, to put a rule below the table.
+After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
+command follows to put a rule below the table.
</p>
<p>The required and optional arguments to <code>tabular</code> consist of:
</p>
@@ -7868,9 +7740,9 @@ there.
not insert <code>\tabcolsep</code> so you must insert any desired space
yourself, as in <code>@{\hspace{1em}}</code>.
</p>
-<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
-particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the the space before the
-first column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
+<p>An empty expression <code>@{}</code> will eliminate the space. In
+particular, sometimes you want to eliminate the space before the first
+column or after the last one, as in the example below where the
tabular lines need to lie on the left margin.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -8099,10 +7971,10 @@ range en-dash.
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>Note that although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a
-vertical rule between the first and second columns, because there is no
-vertical bar in the <var>cols</var> of either of the first row&rsquo;s
-<code>\multicolumn</code> commands, no rule appears in the first row.
+<p>Although the <code>tabular</code> specification by default puts a vertical
+rule between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears
+in the first row here. That&rsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
+<var>cols</var> part of the first row&rsquo;s first <code>\multicolumn</code> command.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -8409,12 +8281,21 @@ comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces the output &lsquo;<samp>... source is [1]</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>produces output like &lsquo;<samp>... source is [1]</samp>&rsquo;. (You can change the
+appearance of the citation with bibliography styles. More is in
+<a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>.)
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce
&lsquo;<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
+<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
+information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For
+instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes &lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo;
+to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your
+reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see
+<a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
+</p>
<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>&rsquo;, and in the output
the citation shows as a boldface question mark between square brackets.
@@ -8422,14 +8303,7 @@ There are two possible causes. If you have mistyped something, as in
<code>\cite{texbok}</code> then you need to correct the spelling. On the
other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic
information and so changed the <samp>.aux</samp> file (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>) then
-the fix may be to just run LaTeX again.
-</p>
-<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
-information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For
-instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes &lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo;
-to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your
-reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see
-<a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
+the fix may be to run LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -10006,19 +9880,23 @@ Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a hr
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="3">\newcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="4">\newlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="5">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="6">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="7">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="8">\newfont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="9">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
</td></tr>
@@ -10194,7 +10072,7 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
@@ -10235,13 +10113,158 @@ the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error.
</p>
<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@ifstar</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+ ... definition of commands with @ in their name ..
+\makeatother
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Use this pair when you redefine LaTeX commands that are named with an
+at-sign character&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp><code>@</code></samp>&rsquo;. The <code>\makeatletter</code>
+declaration makes the at-sign character have the category code of a
+letter, code&nbsp;11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
+category code of the at-sign to code&nbsp;12, its default value.
+</p>
+<p>As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
+<a name="index-catcode"></a>
+<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
+<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
+<em>catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
+character&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp><code>\</code></samp>&rsquo; the catcode&nbsp;0. Command names
+consist of a category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
+by letters, category&nbsp;11 characters (except that a command name can
+also consist of a category&nbsp;0 character followed by a single
+non-letter symbol).
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s source code has the convention that some commands use
+<code>@</code> in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package
+or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a
+package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
+their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode&nbsp;12.
+</p>
+<p>The pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> changes the
+default code and then changes it back. Use them inside a <samp>.tex</samp>
+file, in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
+named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your definition. Don&rsquo;t
+use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
+<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already arrange
+that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode&nbsp;11.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
+<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
+
+<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
+<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the class file has a command
+<code>\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
+three lines should go in the preamble, before the
+<code>\begin{document}</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+\renewcommand{\thesis@universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
+\makeatother
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
+<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
+
+<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
+<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
+<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\mycmd}{\@ifstar{\mycmd@star}{\mycmd@nostar}}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@nostar}[<var>nostar-num-args</var>]{<var>nostar-body</var>}
+\newcommand{\mycmd@star}[<var>star-num-args</var>]{<var>star-body</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Many standard LaTeX environments or commands have a variant with the
+same name but ending with a star character&nbsp;<code>*</code>, an asterisk.
+Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
+<code>\section</code> and <code>\section*</code> commands.
+</p>
+<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
+because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
+environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
+complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
+given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
+by a star. For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
+<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
+ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
+one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
+are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the
+same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
+As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
+must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
+variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
+<code>\ciel{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
+<code>\ciel*{blue}</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
+\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
+\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
+arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&rsquo;s
+<code>``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
+\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.''</code> is equivalent to entering the commands
+<code>``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\agentsecret@unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
+\newcommand*{\agentsecret@starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
+\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
+ \@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
+<code>\@ifstar</code>. The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the construct
+<code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred version</var>}</code> followed by
+<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred version</var>}</code>. And
+LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
+ {<var>starred version</var>}%
+ {<var>unstarred version</var>}%
+ }
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@ifstar</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
@@ -10299,7 +10322,7 @@ defined.</samp>&rsquo;
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
<a name="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
@@ -10339,7 +10362,7 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
<a name="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
@@ -10347,16 +10370,17 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{<var>cmd</var>}
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\<var>cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> to refer to a new &ldquo;bin&rdquo; for storing boxes.
-Such a box is for holding typeset material, to use multiple times or to
-measure or manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The required bin name
-<code><var>cmd</var></code> must start with a backslash, <code>\</code>, and must not
-already be defined. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Define \<var>cmd</var>, the string consisting of a backslash followed by
+<var>cmd</var>, to refer to a new bin for storing material. These bins hold
+material that has been typeset, to use multiple times or to measure or
+manipulate (see <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>). The bin name \<var>cmd</var> is required, must
+start with a backslash, \, and must not already be a defined command.
+This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>The first line here sets you up to save the material for later use.
+<p>This allocates a bin and then puts typeset material into it.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\logobox}
@@ -10380,7 +10404,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
@@ -10552,7 +10576,7 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
@@ -10696,7 +10720,7 @@ by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
@@ -10714,8 +10738,8 @@ boldface with a roman (see <a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>).
</pre></div>
<p>Define a command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> that will change the current font.
-The control sequence must must not already be defined. It must begin
-with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
+backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
<a name="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
@@ -10745,7 +10769,7 @@ relative to the font&rsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\protect</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>
<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
@@ -10816,7 +10840,7 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+<h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
<a name="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
<a name="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
@@ -11311,29 +11335,36 @@ Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
-<p>This shows a box of the given length.
+<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> such as <code>10pt</code>
+does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain TeX
+calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX
+calls a <em>skip</em>) such as as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>
+can contain either or both of those components. In that rubber length,
+the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
+<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow TeX to stretch or
+shrink the length to optimize placement.
+</p>
+<p>The illustrations below use these two commands.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}} % make a bar
-\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}} % box it
-XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+<pre class="example">% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide
+\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}
+
+% Make a box around #2 that is #1 wide (excluding the border)
+\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
+ \fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
</pre></div>
-<p>It produces a black bar 100&nbsp;points long between &lsquo;<samp>XXX</samp>&rsquo; and
-&lsquo;<samp>YYY</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> (what Plain TeX
-calls a <em>dimen</em>) such as <code>10pt</code> does not contain a <code>plus</code>
-or <code>minus</code> component. The above example shows a rigid length. A
-<em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX calls a <em>skip</em>) can contain
-those components, as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>. Here the
-<code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
-<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow the length to stretch or
-shrink.
+<p>This example uses those commands to show a black bar 100&nbsp;points
+long between &lsquo;<samp>XXX</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>YYY</samp>&rsquo;. This length is rigid.
</p>
-<p>Shrinking is simpler: with <code>1cm minus 0.05cm</code>, the natural length
-is 1cm but if smaller is needed then TeX can shrink it down as
-far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>As for rubber lengths, shrinking is simpler one: with <code>1cm minus
+0.05cm</code>, the natural length is 1cm but TeX can shrink it down
+as far as 0.95cm. Beyond that, TeX refuses to shrink any more.
Thus, below the first one works fine, producing a space of
98&nbsp;points between the two bars.
</p>
@@ -11352,7 +11383,7 @@ wider than the 300pt allocated, as TeX has refused to shrink
the total to less than 309&nbsp;points.
</p>
<p>Stretching is like shrinking except that if TeX is asked to stretch
-beyond the given amount, it won&rsquo;t refuse. Here the first line is fine,
+beyond the given amount, it will do it. Here the first line is fine,
producing a space of 110&nbsp;points between the bars.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -11364,11 +11395,9 @@ XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
</pre></div>
<p>In the second line TeX needs a stretch of 10&nbsp;points and only
-1&nbsp;point was specified. In this situation, TeX stretches the
-space to the required length, but it complains with a warning like
-&lsquo;<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) detected at line 22</samp>&rsquo;. (We won&rsquo;t
-discuss badness; the point is that the system was not given as much
-stretch as needed.)
+1&nbsp;point was specified. TeX stretches the space to the required
+length but it gives you a warning like &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \hbox (badness
+10000) detected at line 22</samp>&rsquo;. (We won&rsquo;t discuss badness.)
</p>
<p>You can put both stretch and shrink in the same length, as in
<code>1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex</code>.
@@ -11377,16 +11406,17 @@ stretch as needed.)
stretch or shrink in proportion.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{\blackbar{100pt}% left
+<pre class="example">XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
+ \blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
</pre></div>
-<p>The outside bars take up 100&nbsp;points, so the middle needs another
-100. In the middle the bar takes up 80&nbsp;points, so the two
-<code>\hspace</code>&rsquo;s must stretch 20&nbsp;points. Because the two say
-<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the
-stretch from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
+<p>The left and right bars take up 100&nbsp;points, so the middle needs
+another 100. The middle bar is 80&nbsp;points so the two
+<code>\hspace</code>&rsquo;s must stretch 20&nbsp;points. Because the two are
+<code>plus 50pt</code> and <code>plus 10pt</code>, TeX gets 5/6 of the stretch
+from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
</p>
<p>The <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component of a rubber length can contain
a <em>fill</em> component, as in <code>1in plus2fill</code>. This gives the
@@ -11402,10 +11432,10 @@ the page.
\end{minipage}
</pre></div>
-<p>TeX actually has three infinite glue components <code>fil</code>,
-<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
-the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
-(see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>).
+<p>TeX actually has three levels of infinity for glue components:
+<code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more
+infinite than the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use
+the middle one (see <a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>).
</p>
<p>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
@@ -11446,7 +11476,7 @@ math mode.
<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
<dd><a name="index-pt"></a>
<a name="index-Point"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
+<a name="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -11559,8 +11589,13 @@ while the second will not.
He said stop going to those places.
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>If you did not declare <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype the above as
+<code>\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}</code>,
+then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
+\sepcindent</samp>&rsquo;. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
+then you get an error like &lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be
+read again&gt; \relax l.19 \setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<hr>
@@ -11589,17 +11624,19 @@ and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (see <a href="#Units-of-length">U
<p>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
-Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
+<pre class="example">Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
+\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
Nurse: no change.
</pre></div>
<p>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
</p>
-<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave
-off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If you did not declare the length <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+for example you mistype the above as
+<code>\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}</code>, then you get
+something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>&rsquo;.
+If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
<code>\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}</code>, then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -11633,9 +11670,10 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetdepth</samp>&rsquo;. If you
-leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If you did not set aside the length <var>len</var>, if for example you
+mistype the above as <code>\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}</code>,
+then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
+\aplhabetdepth</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -11669,9 +11707,11 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetheight
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetheight</samp>&rsquo;. If you
-leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+for example you mistype as
+<code>\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}</code>, then you get something
+like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetheight</samp>&rsquo;. If
+you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
@@ -11705,22 +11745,14 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></div>
-<p>If there is no such length <var>len</var> then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetwidth</samp>&rsquo;. If you
-leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<p>If no such length <var>len</var> has been set aside, if for example you
+mistype the above as <code>\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}</code>,
+then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
+\aplhabetwidth</samp>&rsquo;. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}</code> then you get something like
&lsquo;<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<hr>
<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
<div class="header">
@@ -11733,8 +11765,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previ
<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>
-<p>Once LaTeX has all of a paragraph&rsquo;s contents it divides it into
-lines, in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>). To end the current paragraph, put an empty line.
+<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
+paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
+two empty lines.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
@@ -11752,6 +11785,10 @@ of some one or other of their daughters.
<p>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
character, <code>%</code>.
</p>
+<p>Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph&rsquo;s contents it divides that
+content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
+(see <a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a>).
+</p>
<p>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don&rsquo;t put a
blank line in math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>); here the line before the
<code>\end{equation}</code>
@@ -11800,7 +11837,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\in
<a name="index-_005cpar"></a>
<a name="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
-<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX, converts two
+<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -11819,21 +11856,23 @@ readability.
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\par</code> command does nothing in LR mode or a vertical mode but
-it terminates paragraph mode, bringing LaTeX to vertical mode
+<p>In LR mode or a vertical mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing but
+it terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode
(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in math mode or in the argument
-of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code> command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
+<p>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code>
+command (see <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a> and <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from the <code>\paragraph</code> command in
-that the latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
-sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents.
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code>
+command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
+sectioning unit used by the standard LaTeX documents
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>).
</p>
-<p>The <code>\par</code> command differs from <code>\newline</code> and the line break
-double backslash, <code>\\</code>, in that \par ends the paragraph not just
-the line. It also triggers the addition of the between-paragraph
-vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
+<p>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line
+break double backslash, <code>\\</code>. The difference is that <code>\par</code>
+ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of
+the between-paragraph vertical space <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
</p>
<p>The output from this example
</p>
@@ -12009,9 +12048,9 @@ subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
<code>\normalmarginpar</code>.
</p>
-<p>When you specify the optional argument <var>left</var> then it is used for a
-note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var>right</var> is
-used for a note in the the right margin.
+<p>When you specify the optional argument <var>left</var> then it is used for
+a note in the left margin, while the mandatory argument <var>right</var> is
+used for a note in the right margin.
</p>
<p>Normally, a note&rsquo;s first word will not be hyphenated. You can enable
hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
@@ -14642,6 +14681,177 @@ both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005csmash"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005csmash-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\smash{<var>subformula</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typeset <var>subformula</var> as if its height and depth were zero.
+</p>
+<p>In this example the exponential is so tall that without the
+<code>\smash</code> command LaTeX would separate its line from the line
+above it, and the uneven line spacing might be unsightly.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
+evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(Because of the <code>\smash</code> the printed expression could run into the
+line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the
+document to make such adjustments.)
+</p>
+<p>This pictures the effect of <code>\smash</code> by using <code>\fbox</code> to
+surround the box that LaTeX will put on the line. The
+<code>\blackbar</code> command makes a bar extending from 10&nbsp;points below
+the baseline to 20&nbsp;points above.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
+\fbox{\blackbar}
+\fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The first box that LaTeX places is 20&nbsp;points high and
+10&nbsp;points deep. But the second box is treated by LaTeX as
+having zero height and zero depth, despite that the ink printed on the
+page still extends well above and below the line.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\smash</code> command appears often in mathematics to adjust the
+size of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical
+extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+\sqrt{\sum_{0\leq k&lt; n} f(k)}
+\sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k&lt; n}} f(k)}
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note the use of <code>\vphantom</code> to give the <code>\sqrt</code> command an
+argument with the height of the <code>\sum</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>).
+</p>
+<p>While most often used in mathematics, the <code>\smash</code> command can
+appear in other contexts. However, it doesn&rsquo;t change into horizontal
+mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
+<code>\leavevmode</code>, as in the bottom line below.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">xxx xxx xxx
+
+\smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
+
+\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
+</pre></div>
+
+<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></a>
+<a name="index-mathtools-package-2"></a>
+
+<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
+control over smashing a subformula box.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></a>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
+
+<a name="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
+<a name="index-horizontal-spacing"></a>
+<a name="index-vertical-spacing"></a>
+<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></a>
+<a name="index-invisible-character"></a>
+<a name="index-character_002c-invisible"></a>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\phantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\vphantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\hphantom{<var>subformula</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
+and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
+LaTeX to typeset the box but not its ink. The <code>\vphantom</code>
+variant also produces an invisible box with the same height and depth as
+<var>subformula</var>, but it has width zero. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a
+box with the same width as <var>subformula</var> but with height and depth
+zero.
+</p>
+<p>Without the <code>\vphantom</code> in this example, the top bars of the two
+square roots would be at different heights.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\( \sqrt{\vphantom{a^3}a}\cdot\sqrt{a^3} \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\vphantom{a^3}</code> causes the first <code>\sqrt</code> to have inside
+it a box of the same height as the second <code>\sqrt</code>, so LaTeX
+makes the bars align.
+</p>
+<p>These commands often are combined with <code>\smash</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a>
+for another example of the use of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a>
+<a name="index-mathtools-package-3"></a>
+
+<p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
+a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
+convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) as well
+as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>), <code>\settoheight</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight">\settoheight</a>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth">\settowidth</a>).
+In addition, the <samp>mathtools</samp> package has many commands that offer
+fine-grained control over spacing.
+</p>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
+
+<p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
+mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
+should give it such a status, for example with the <code>\operatorname</code>
+command from the package <samp>amsmath</samp>.
+</p>
+<p>While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
+contexts. However, they don&rsquo;t cause LaTeX to change into horizontal
+mode. So if one of these starts a paragraph then you should prefix it
+with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
+</p>
<hr>
<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
@@ -14700,15 +14910,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Ma
<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
+<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
+<a name="index-amsmath-package-10"></a>
<p>But the widely-used <samp>amsmath</samp> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
@@ -14946,7 +15156,7 @@ back to paragraph mode.
</p>
<a name="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
<a name="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command or
+<a name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
@@ -14954,7 +15164,7 @@ situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em>
(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
</td></tr>
</table>
@@ -15113,9 +15323,10 @@ To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>.
<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
-for acknowledgements, as illustrated below, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text so
-you can use it to print an email address, or for any purpose.
+for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
+the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
+all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
+address.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
@@ -15131,11 +15342,11 @@ omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error:
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>Many publishers will provide a class to use in place of <code>article</code>
-in that example, that formats the title according to their house
-requirements. To make your own, see&nbsp;<a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>. You can
-either create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a
-renewed <code>\maketitle</code> command.
+<p>To make your own title page, see&nbsp;<a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>. You can either
+create this as a one-off or you can include it as part of a renewed
+<code>\maketitle</code> command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
+in place of <code>article</code> that formats the title according to their
+house requirements.)
</p>
<hr>
@@ -15177,7 +15388,7 @@ also&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_00
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>arabic</code></dt>
-<dd><p>arabic numerals: 1, 2, &hellip;
+<dd><p>Arabic numerals: 1, 2, &hellip;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>roman</code></dt>
@@ -15366,7 +15577,7 @@ or environments.
</p>
<p>Often the first page of a chapter or section has a different style. For
example, this LaTeX book document has the first page of the first
-chapter in in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
+chapter in <code>plain</code> style, as is the default (see <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{book}
@@ -15864,34 +16075,34 @@ backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
<p>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt.
</p>
-<p>A blank is not a space. When you type a blank between words, LaTeX
-produces white space. That&rsquo;s different from an explicit space. This
-illustrates.
+<p>When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white
+space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
+One blank: makes some space \\
Three blanks: in a row \\
Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<p>On the first line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
-whitespace (it would be the same with a single blank or, for instance,
-with a blank and an tab and a blank, or a blank and a newline and a
-blank). But the second line asks for three spaces so the white area is
-wider. Thus, the backslash-space command will create some horizontal
-space. (But the best way to create horizontal space is with
-<code>\hspace</code>; See <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>.)
-</p>
-<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. First, it is often used
-after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that
-follows, as in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But the approach of using curly
-parentheses, as in <code>\TeX{} is nice</code>, has the advantage of still
-working if the next character is a period.)
-</p>
-<p>The second common use is that
-it mark a period as ending an abbreviation instead of ending
-a sentence, as in <code>So says Prof.\ Smith</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+<p>On the first line LaTeX puts some space after the colon. On the
+second line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one
+whitespace, so you end with the same space after the colon as in the
+first line. LaTeX would similarly collapse a blank followed by a
+tab, or a blank and a newline and a blank. However, the bottom line
+asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That is, the
+backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal space.
+(Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all with
+<code>\hspace</code>; see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after
+control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that follows, as
+in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But using curly parentheses, as in
+<code>\TeX{} is best</code>, has the advantage of still working if the next
+character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period
+as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>So
+says Prof.\ Smith</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
@@ -16323,11 +16534,11 @@ item&rsquo;s second line.
\end{minipage}%
</pre></div>
-<p>The final two lists use <code>fbox</code> to show what&rsquo;s happening. The third
-list&rsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second &lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo;,
-which happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline.
-The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra
-below-baseline space.
+<p>The final two lists use <code>\fbox</code> to show what&rsquo;s happening. The
+third list&rsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second
+&lsquo;<samp>test</samp>&rsquo;, which happens not have any characters that descend below
+the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
+extra below-baseline space.
</p>
<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
<a name="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
@@ -16602,7 +16813,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox
\makebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is is typeset in
+<p>Create a box, a container for material. The <var>text</var> is typeset in
LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
<code>\mbox</code> command is robust, while <code>\makebox</code> is fragile
(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
@@ -17119,9 +17330,9 @@ Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a hr
<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
</p>
-<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So all the commands below
-will only work if your document preamble contains
-<code>\usepackage{color}</code>, that brings in the standard package.
+<p>Color support comes as an additional package. So put
+<code>\usepackage{color}</code> in your document preamble to use the
+commands described here.
</p>
<p>Many other packages also supplement LaTeX&rsquo;s color abilities.
Particularly worth mentioning is <samp>xcolor</samp>, which is widely used and
@@ -17929,7 +18140,7 @@ file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
single backward quote. Thus,
<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should
-be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the the BoundingBox information
+be treated as an <code>eps</code> file, with the BoundingBox information
stored in the file with extension <samp>.eps.bb</samp>, and that the command
<code>gunzip -c</code> will run on your platform to decompresses the file.
</p>
@@ -18380,13 +18591,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previo
<a name="index-rotating-text"></a>
<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
-<p>Synopsis for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
+<p>Synopsis if you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Synopses for <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
+<p>Synopses if you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\rotatebox{<var>angle</var>}{<var>material</var>}
@@ -18423,10 +18634,11 @@ bounding box, in its new position, is what LaTeX uses as the box when
typesetting this material.
</p>
<p>If you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box. If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then
-then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>, but
-note that you can get the same effect without needing this package,
-except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options (see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
+reference point of the box. If you use the <samp>graphicx</samp> package
+then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>,
+but note that you can get the same effect without needing this
+package, except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>origin</code></dt>
@@ -18436,15 +18648,15 @@ left, <code>r</code> for right, <code>b</code> for bottom, <code>c</code> for ce
<code>t</code> for top, and <code>B</code> for baseline. Thus, the first line here
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=c]{moon}
-\includegraphics[angle=180,origin=lB]{LeBateau}
+<pre class="example">\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{moon}
+\rotatebox[origin=lB]{180}{LeBateau}
</pre></div>
<p>will turn the picture upside down from the center while the second will
turn its picture upside down about its left baseline. (The character
<code>c</code> gives the horizontal center in <code>bc</code> or <code>tc</code> but gives
-the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is
-<code>lB</code>.
+the vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>, and gives both in
+<code>c</code>.) The default is <code>lB</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>x, y</code></dt>
@@ -20546,7 +20758,7 @@ multiple indices and contains a command
<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
-<code>\indexentry{<var>index-entry-string</var>}{<var>page-num</var>}</code>, where
+<code>\indexentry{<var>index-entry-string</var>}{<var>page-num</var>}</code>,
where <var>page-num</var> is the value of the <code>\thepage</code> counter. On
occasion, when the <code>\printindex</code> command is confused, you have to
delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
@@ -20658,7 +20870,7 @@ plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
-will be inserted before the group. If it is is positive then at a new
+will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
letter the <code>lethead_prefix</code> and <code>lethead_suffix</code> will be
inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative
then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
@@ -20802,12 +21014,12 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
<a name="index-xindy"></a>
<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
-<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job <code>makeindex</code>
-does. One is <code>xindy</code>, which does internationalization and can
-process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of
-other languages. It is is highly configurable, both in markup terms and
-in terms of the collating order of the text. See the documentation on
-CTAN.
+<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job
+<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>, which does
+internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up
+using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is highly
+configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order
+of the text, as described in its documentation.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -21808,8 +22020,9 @@ and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
<var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash then TeX considers it
the name of a file to input. Otherwise it waits for the first
<code>\input</code> instruction and the name of the input file will be the job
-name. This is used to name the log file the output file. This option
-overrides that process and directly specifies the name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
+name. This is used to name the log file the output file. The
+<code>jobname</code> option overrides that process and directly specifies the
+name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
</p>
<a name="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
@@ -21821,10 +22034,10 @@ overrides that process and directly specifies the name. See <a href="#Command-l
<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
</dd>
-<dt><code>shell-escape</code></dt>
-<dt><code>no-shell-escape</code></dt>
-<dt><code>enable-write18</code></dt>
-<dt><code>disable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--enable-write18</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--disable-write18</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell command</var>}</code>. The first two
options are for with TeX Live or MacTeX while the second two are
for MiKTeX.
@@ -21900,8 +22113,8 @@ PDF.
</pre></div>
<p>Compiling this document <samp>book.tex</samp> with the command line
-<code>pdflatex test</code> will give the &lsquo;<samp>CTAN</samp>&rsquo; link in blue. But
-compiling it with <code>pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion{}\input test.tex&quot;</code>
+<code>pdflatex book</code> will give the &lsquo;<samp>CTAN</samp>&rsquo; link in blue. But
+compiling it with <code>pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex&quot;</code>
has the link in black. (Note the use of double quotes to prevent
interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell; your system may
do this differently.)
@@ -21925,7 +22138,7 @@ called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the first.
</pre></div>
<p>so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is needed because
+incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is there because
otherwise the output file would be <samp>graphicx.pdf</samp>, as
<code>\RequirePackage</code> does an <code>\input</code> of its own.)
</p>
@@ -21980,8 +22193,8 @@ instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
Please type another input file name:
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter <code>&lt;Contol&gt;</code> and &lsquo;<samp>d</samp>&rsquo; (holding
-them down at the same time), and just fix the command line.
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <code>&lt;Control&gt;</code> and &lsquo;<samp>d</samp>&rsquo; (holding
+them down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</p>
<hr>
@@ -23366,8 +23579,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
@@ -23472,6 +23686,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -23802,6 +24017,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hungarian-umlaut-accent">hungarian umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
@@ -23850,6 +24066,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
@@ -23982,10 +24199,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode">math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code>MetaPost</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
@@ -24072,8 +24293,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
@@ -24125,6 +24347,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
@@ -24330,6 +24554,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -24481,6 +24706,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
@@ -24583,6 +24810,6 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<hr>
-
+<hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div>
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