new doc first-latex-doc (25may09)

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+\documentclass{article}
+
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\usepackage{amsmath, amssymb}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{color}
+\definecolor{bg}{rgb}{0.89, 0.95, 0.71} % background e3f3b4
+\definecolor{ac}{rgb}{0.50, 0.18, 0.41} % accent c491b6
+\definecolor{rc}{rgb}{0.77, 0.57, 0.71} % rule 7f2f69
+\usepackage{listings}
+\lstset{
+       basicstyle=\small\ttfamily,
+       xleftmargin=1em,
+       }
+\lstdefinestyle{latex}{language=TeX,
+                       backgroundcolor=\color{bg},
+                       basicstyle=\small\ttfamily,
+                       frame=leftline,
+                       xleftmargin=1.4em, 
+                       framexleftmargin=.8em}
+\lstdefinestyle{cmdline}{
+                         }
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage[pdftex, 
+            bookmarks, 
+            colorlinks=true, 
+            plainpages = false,
+            pdfpagemode = UseNone,
+            pdfstartview = FitH, 
+            citecolor = ac, urlcolor = ac, filecolor = ac]{hyperref}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{0.75ex}
+\makeatletter % from emma pease at csli.stanford.edu
+% \@startsection {NAME}{LEVEL}{INDENT}{BEFORESKIP}{AFTERSKIP}{STYLE} 
+%            optional * [ALTHEADING]{HEADING}
+%    Generic command to start a section.  
+%    NAME       : e.g., 'subsection'
+%    LEVEL      : a number, denoting depth of section -- e.g., chapter=1,
+%                 section = 2, etc.  A section number will be printed if
+%                 and only if LEVEL < or = the value of the secnumdepth
+%                 counter.
+%    INDENT     : Indentation of heading from left margin
+%    BEFORESKIP : Absolute value = skip to leave above the heading.  
+%                 If negative, then paragraph indent of text following 
+%                 heading is suppressed.
+%    AFTERSKIP  : if positive, then skip to leave below heading,
+%                       else - skip to leave to right of run-in heading.
+%    STYLE      : commands to set style
+%  If '*' missing, then increments the counter.  If it is present, then
+%  there should be no [ALTHEADING] argument.  A sectioning command
+%  is normally defined to \@startsection + its first six arguments.
+\def\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}{-2.5ex plus -.6ex minus 
+    -.2ex}{1.0ex plus .15ex}{\hspace*{-3em}\Large\bf\color{ac}}}
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-1.5ex plus -.3ex minus 
+   -.1ex}{.3ex plus .1ex}{\hspace*{-2.5em}\bf\large\color{ac}}}
+\makeatother
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
+
+\newlength{\rulelength}
+\setlength{\rulelength}{\linewidth}
+\addtolength{\rulelength}{9.5em}
+\title{Getting something out of \LaTeX{}}
+\author{Jim Hef{}feron}
+
+\pagestyle{empty}
+\begin{document}
+\thispagestyle{empty}
+% \maketitle
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
+\begin{picture}(0,0)(0,0)
+  \put(-0.5,-.84){\mbox{\color{bg}\rule{2.32in}{1.15in}}}
+\end{picture}
+\makeatletter
+\vspace*{3ex}
+\par\noindent{\hspace*{-1.5em}\LARGE\bf \@title}
+\vspace*{-1.2ex}
+\par\noindent{\textcolor{rc}{\hspace*{-1.5em}\rule{\rulelength}{1.05pt}}}
+\vspace*{-.5ex}
+\par\noindent{\hspace*{-1.5em}\large \@author}
+\vspace*{5ex}
+\makeatother
+
+This is for people considering using \LaTeX{}.
+This is not a tutorial.
+Instead, 
+it takes you through making a first document.
+If this quick taste leaves you wanting more
+then you are ready to go through a tutorial.
+
+Because this is a just a taste, we will skip many things.
+And for those things that we discuss, we will see only one way to do them.
+For instance, in the first section there are a number of ways to get 
+the software but we will just name one.
+This approach has the disadvantage of leaving you without a full idea
+of what the system entails, 
+but has the advantage that in a couple of hours 
+you should finish with some idea of whether
+\LaTeX{} is a tool that can help you.
+
+  
+
+
+
+\section{Get the software}
+
+\LaTeX{} is the way that we will use the \TeX{} suite of 
+programs.
+So you must download those programs (if you don't already have them).
+Here we will stick with downloads that are free.
+
+If your computer system is Windows then go to the  
+\href{http://www.miktex.org}{MiK\TeX} site.
+Click on the link under ``Download'' and follow the directions.
+If you have a Unix-like system, such as Linux, then go to the
+\href{http://www.tug.org/texlive/}{\TeX{} Live}
+site and click on the ``Downloads'' link.
+If you have a Macintosh then use the 
+\href{http://www.tug.org/mactex/}{Mac\TeX} site
+(this is a version of \TeX{}~Live, with some Mac-specific add-ons).
+
+All three downloads are large, but all three install easily (of course,
+you must follow the on-screen directions; in particular on 
+a Unix-like system you will need to alter your \texttt{PATH}).
+They come with an immense amount of stuff.
+But here we are just trying \LaTeX{} out so we will skip past lots of things.
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Use an editor}
+
+We don't write \LaTeX{} with a word processor.
+A word processor combines many of the jobs that must be done to 
+produce a document, such as entering and moving the text, formatting it
+into paragraphs, producing a PDF file, etc.
+In a \TeX{}-based system those jobs are done separately.
+
+Instead, we write \LaTeX{} with an editor, 
+a program that is specialized at moving text around in a computer file.
+There are many editors,
+including some specifically for writing \LaTeX{}, but
+our documents are small so almost any editor will do. 
+Just to give a couple of names:
+on a Windows system you can use Notepad,
+while on a Unix-like system or a Mac you can use Emacs.
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{Get it to work}
+
+With an editor, you can write a first document.
+Make a new directory
+named \nolinkurl{latex-first}  
+(your system might use the term ``folder'').
+Open a terminal window and in that window, change into that directory
+(possibly you would use the command \verb!cd latex-first!).
+
+Move back to your editor window.
+Open the new file
+\nolinkurl{latex-first.tex}
+in the \nolinkurl{latex-first} directory. 
+Enter the text below, line for line, as it is written
+(without spaces on the left margin).
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+\begin{document}
+Hello world!
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Many of those things are boilerplate~--- lines that I put into every
+\LaTeX{} file that I open.
+We'll ignore what they mean for a while to focus on getting
+output.
+
+Save that file.
+Go back to your terminal window and enter this command.
+\begin{center}
+\verb!pdflatex latex-first!
+\end{center}
+If that worked then you should see perhaps forty lines of text, 
+starting with something like 
+\begin{lstlisting}
+This is pdfTeXk, Version 3.1415926-1.40.9 (Web2C 7.5.7)
+ %&-line parsing enabled.
+entering extended mode
+\end{lstlisting}
+and ending with something like this.
+\begin{lstlisting}
+Output written on latex-first.pdf (1 page, 6195 bytes).
+Transcript written on latex-first.log.
+\end{lstlisting}
+If you had errors, see the subsection below.
+
+You can view the output \nolinkurl{latex-first.pdf} with
+whatever program your system uses to view PDF files.
+\begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[scale=.35]{latex-first.png}
+\end{center}
+
+\subsection{Handle errors}
+
+You have to be careful to type the lines as written.
+Some seemingly small typing changes give large changes in the
+result, including causing a document to not be processable.
+So that you can be sure there isn't a typing discrepancy, 
+this document comes bundled with a source of
+\nolinkurl{latex-first.tex} that you can run.
+
+If your run ends with a question mark, then you can type `\verb!x!' and
+then hit `Enter' to get out.
+You will still be able to see any error message that the system prints.
+
+\LaTeX's error messages can be hard to understand.
+If you know someone with some experience, of course that's great.
+If not, I've had good luck with putting the error message into a 
+search engine.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\section{Get more out}
+
+The first document is short so that it has fewer parts to go wrong.
+But we've already seen some basics.
+The file you type mixes text and commands.
+The commands for \LaTeX{}, such as \verb!\begin{document}!,
+start with a backslash
+and sometimes have arguments contained in curly braces
+(or, we'll see below, sometimes square brackets).
+
+The document we've made starts out with margins, typeface, etc., specified 
+in the class \verb!article!.
+We've modified the behavior in small ways by bringing in some
+packages such as \verb!graphicx!, which will allow us to include
+graphic files.
+ 
+For the next step,
+we'll make a longer and more complex document.
+Start the same way:
+make a new directory
+named \nolinkurl{latex-second},
+open a terminal window, and change into the new directory.
+
+Move back to your editor window.
+Open a new file
+\nolinkurl{latex_second.tex}
+in the \nolinkurl{latex-second} directory. 
+Enter the text below.
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{lipsum}
+
+\begin{document}
+This is some preamble text that you enter yourself.
+
+Below is a command that will automatically generate seven paragraphs
+of text that is commonly used for examples in this field.
+
+\lipsum[1-7]
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Save that file and run
+\verb!pdflatex latex_second!.
+Your system's PDF reader should show something like this.
+\begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[scale=.35]{latex-second-a.png}
+\end{center}
+
+If you have used a word processor then you will have noticed the 
+difference between that tool and running \LaTeX{}.
+Here the program  does not move the text around as we type it,
+rather we tell \LaTeX{} what we want and then it does that.
+This applies to the commands that we see below.
+For instance,
+we tell \LaTeX{} to make a section and the system 
+handles the font changes, vertical space, etc.
+
+In your editor, change the file \nolinkurl{latex-second.tex} to say this.
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{lipsum}
+
+\begin{document}
+This is some preamble text that you enter yourself.
+
+\section{Text for the first section}
+\lipsum[1]
+
+\subsection{Text for a subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[2-3]
+
+\subsection{Another subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[4-5]
+
+\section{The second section}
+\lipsum[6]
+
+\subsection{Title of the first subsection of the second section}
+\lipsum[7]
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Here is the resulting output.
+\begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[scale=.35]{latex-second-b.png}
+\end{center}
+Note that numbering of the sections and subsections is done automatically.
+How to change how they look is beyond this document, but the point is that
+the system generates those for you.
+
+With those, we can illustrate cross-references.
+Change the document's text to this.
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\begin{document}
+This is some preamble text that you enter yourself.
+
+\section{Text for the first section}
+\lipsum[1]
+
+\subsection{Text for a subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[2-3]
+\label{labelone}
+
+\subsection{Another subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[4-5]
+\label{labeltwo}
+
+\section{The second section}
+\lipsum[6]
+
+Refer again to \ref{labelone}.
+Note also the discussion on page \pageref{labeltwo}
+
+\subsection{Title of the first subsection of the second section}
+\lipsum[7]
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Run 
+\verb!pdflatex latex-second!
+and look at the PDF file.
+Notice that the references that we just entered didn't work~--- they appear
+as question marks.
+As \LaTeX{} runs it saves labels to a file.
+So, when you run a file with a first-time label it has not yet been saved.
+The solution is to run \verb!pdflatex latex-second! again.
+The result looks like this.
+\begin{center}
+  \includegraphics[scale=.35]{latex-second-c.png}
+\end{center}
+(When you are writing a real document, because you are fixing typos, etc.,
+you end up running \LaTeX{} a number of times anyway, so having to
+rerun the command isn't an issue in practice.)
+
+We'll finish by adding footnotes, a
+table of contents, and a bibliography.
+Edit \nolinkurl{latex-second.tex} to say this. 
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{geometry}
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\usepackage{amsmath,amsthm,amssymb}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+\usepackage{lipsum}
+
+\title{Test document}
+\author{Your name \\ \url{you@example.com}}
+\date{2009-Oct-12}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\tableofcontents
+\newpage
+
+This is some preamble text that you enter 
+yourself.\footnote{First footnote.}\footnote{Second footnote.}
+
+\section{Text for the first section}
+\lipsum[1]
+
+\subsection{Text for a subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[2-3]
+\label{labelone}
+
+\subsection{Another subsection of the first section}
+\lipsum[4-5]
+\label{labeltwo}
+
+\section{The second section}
+\lipsum[6]
+
+Refer again to \ref{labelone}.\cite{ConcreteMath}
+Note also the discussion on page \pageref{labeltwo}
+
+\subsection{Title of the first subsection of the second section}
+\lipsum[7]
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{9}
+\bibitem{ConcreteMath}
+Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, 
+\textit{Concrete mathematics}, 
+Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995.
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
+\end{lstlisting}
+Run \verb!pdflatex latex-second!  
+(in the \verb!\begin{thebibliography}{9}! line, 
+the \verb!9! tells \LaTeX{} that
+the widest reference has one digit).  
+
+Try changing the margins by altering the second
+line to \verb!\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}!.
+You can also experiment with the headings by changing the \verb!fancyhdr! 
+line to this.
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+\lhead{\today}
+\chead{}
+\rhead{Test document}
+\lfoot{}
+\cfoot{\thepage}
+\rfoot{}
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+
+\section{Get math}
+
+Many people interested in \LaTeX{} 
+want to include mathematics.
+The examples below are from \cite{ConcreteMath}.
+(We'll stop giving the complete listings of the input files,
+and we'll stop showing screenshots to instead just give the output directly.)
+
+Add this text, for instance before the bibliography.
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+There are $\binom{2n+1}{n}$ sequences with $n$ occurrences of 
+$-1$ and $n+1$ occurrences of $+1$, and Raney's lemma
+tells us that exactly $1/(2n+1)$ of these sequences have all
+partial sums positive.
+\end{lstlisting} % page 360
+It produces this output.
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
+There are $\binom{2n+1}{n}$ sequences with $n$ occurrences of 
+$-1$ and $n+1$ occurrences of $+1$, and Raney's lemma
+tells us that exactly $1/(2n+1)$ of these sequences have all
+partial sums positive.
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+This input
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+Elementary calculus suffices to evaluate $C$ if we are clever enough
+to look at the double integral
+\begin{equation*}
+  C^2
+  =\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-x^2} \mathrm{d}x
+   \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-y^2} \mathrm{d}y\;.
+\end{equation*}
+\end{lstlisting} % page 485
+gives this.
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
+Elementary calculus suffices to evaluate $C$ if we are clever enough
+to look at the double integral
+\begin{equation*}
+  C^2
+  =\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-x^2} \mathrm{d}x
+   \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} e^{-y^2} \mathrm{d}y\;.
+\end{equation*}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+And this source
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+Solve the following recurrence for $n,k\geq 0$:
+\begin{align*}
+  Q_{n,0} &= 1
+  \quad Q_{0,k} = [k=0];  \\
+  Q_{n,k} &= Q_{n-1,k}+Q_{n-1,k-1}+\binom{n}{k}, \quad\text{for $n,k>0$.}
+\end{align*}
+\end{lstlisting} % page 250
+produces this result.
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
+Solve the following recurrence for $n,k\geq 0$:
+\begin{align*}
+  Q_{n,0} &= 1
+  \quad Q_{0,k} = [k=0];  \\
+  Q_{n,k} &= Q_{n-1,k}+Q_{n-1,k-1}+\binom{n}{k}, \quad\text{for $n,k>0$.}
+\end{align*}
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+The \verb!\usepackage{ams...! line in our source files
+allow us to use the American Math Society's packages.
+For example, the \texttt{align*} above is available because we
+used \texttt{amsmath}.
+
+We also have access to the AMS's symbols. 
+A simple example is that we can get $\mathbb{Z}$ with the command
+\verb!$\mathbb{Z}$!.
+One more example shows a long arrow, and some other useful commands
+\begin{lstlisting}[style=latex]
+Therefore
+\begin{equation*}
+a\equiv b\pmod{m}
+\qquad\Longleftrightarrow\qquad
+a\equiv b \pmod{p^{m_p}}\quad\text{for all $p$}  
+\end{equation*}
+if the prime factorization of $m$ is $\prod_p p^{m_p}$.
+\end{lstlisting} % page 126 
+that produce this.
+\begin{center}
+\begin{minipage}{0.8\textwidth}
+Therefore
+\begin{equation*}
+a\equiv b\pmod{m}
+\qquad\Longleftrightarrow\qquad
+a\equiv b \pmod{p^{m_p}}\quad\text{for all $p$}  
+\end{equation*}
+if the prime factorization of $m$ is $\prod_p p^{m_p}$.
+\end{minipage}
+\end{center}
+(The
+\href{http://mirror.ctan.org/info/symbols/comprehensive/symbols-letter.pdf}{\textit{Comprehensive \LaTeX{} Symbols List}} 
+shows the widely-available symbols.)
+
+The \verb!amsthm! package gives us access to theorem environments,
+but those go beyond the scope of this document.
+
+
+
+\section{Got it?}
+You now have a feel for \LaTeX.
+To go on, 
+see the tutorial
+\href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/info/lshort}{\textit{The Not-So-Short Guide to \LaTeX  2e}}
+or the 
+\href{http://www.tug.org.in/tutorials.html}{Indian \TeX{} Users Group's tutorial}.
+
+If what you've seen seems very different from what you are used to,
+and you'd like an overview of the advantages of \LaTeX{},
+see
+\href{http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb22-1-2/tb70heff.pdf}{Why \TeX?}.
+
+When you take up \LaTeX{} for real-life documents, you need
+to choose a good editing program. 
+In particular, people often use systems where the editor is integrated with
+other components such as an output view, a spell checker that works
+with \LaTeX{}, etc.
+For advice, ask \LaTeX{} users that you know or click around on the Internet, 
+for instance on
+\href{http://groups.google.com/group/comp.text.tex/topics?gvc=2}{\url{comp.text.tex}}.
+(For what it is worth, I use \verb!emacs! with the AUC\TeX{} add-on.  
+On the Macintosh, many people use
+\href{http://www.uoregon.edu/~koch/texshop/}{\TeX Shop}.
+A cross-platform editor, developed for the \TeX{} Users Group
+with the goal of simplicity, is 
+\href{http://www.tug.org/texworks/}{\TeX{}works}.)
+
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{9}
+\bibitem{ConcreteMath}
+Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, 
+\textit{Concrete mathematics}, 
+Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+
+\section{Author}
+\begin{raggedright}
+Jim Hef{}feron  \\
+Saint Michael's College \\
+\today \\
+\nolinkurl{ftpmaint@tug.ctan.org}
+\end{raggedright}
+
+\end{document}