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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-11-01 23:50:14 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-11-01 23:50:14 +0000 |
commit | bcec5cf9be8a366b39aab4c13fa9e455b6e724ca (patch) | |
tree | 10af70bab7eedf89d55be20d1a3b9c334ad80ea3 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-tutorial.tex | |
parent | 8cdb9ebeb89ec677972e7a568938c6a0dd313145 (diff) |
beamer update to get solutions/ et al. (reported by gerben)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@2379 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-tutorial.tex')
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-tutorial.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-tutorial.tex deleted file mode 100644 index d1861fbd077..00000000000 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-tutorial.tex +++ /dev/null @@ -1,657 +0,0 @@ -% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-tutorial.tex,v 1.12 2005/04/04 15:27:09 tantau Exp $ - -% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>. -% -% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms -% of the GNU Public License, version 2. - -\section{Tutorial: Euclid's Presentation} -\label{section-tutorial} - -This section presents a short tutorial that focuses on those features -of \beamer\ that you are likely to use when you start using -\beamer. It leaves out all the glorious details that are explained -in great detail later on. - - - -\subsection{Problem Statement} - -We wish to help Prof.\ Euclid of the University of Alexandria to -create a presentation on his latest discovery: There are -infinitely many prime numbers! Euclid wrote a paper on this and it got -accepted at the 27th International Symposium on Prime Numbers $-280$ -(ISPN~'80). Euclid wishes to use the \beamer\ class -to create a presentation for the conference. -On the conference webpage he found out that he will have twenty -minutes for his talk, including questions. - - -\subsection{Solution Template} - -The first thing Euclid should do is to look for a solution template -for his presentation. Having a look at -Section~\ref{section-solutions}, he finds that the file -\begin{verbatim} -beamer/solutions/conference-talks/conference-ornate-20min.en.tex -\end{verbatim} -might be appropriate. He creates a subdirectories |presentation| in -the directory that contains the actual paper and copies the solution -template to this subdirectory, renaming to |main.tex|. - -\lyxnote -If Euclid uses \LyX, he would choose ``New from template'' and pick -the template file -\begin{verbatim} -beamer/solutions/conference-talks/conference-ornate-20min.en.lyx -\end{verbatim} - -He opens the file in his favorite editor. It starts -\begin{verbatim} -\documentclass{beamer} -\end{verbatim} -which Euclid finds hardly surprising. Next comes a line reading -\begin{verbatim} -\mode<presentation> -\end{verbatim} -which Euclid does not understand. Since he finds more stuff in the file -that he does not understand, he decides to ignore all of that for time -being, hoping that it all serves some good purpose. - - -\subsection{Title Material} - -The next thing that seems logical is the place where the |\title| -command is used. Naturally, he replaces it with -\begin{verbatim} -\title{There Is No Largest Prime Number} -\end{verbatim} -since this was the title of the paper. He sees that the command -|\title| also takes an optional ``short'' argument in square brackets, -which is shown in places where there is little space, but he decides -that the title is short enough by itself. - -Euclid next adjusts the |\author| and |\date| fields as follows: -\begin{verbatim} -%\author{Euclid of Alexandria} -%\date[ISPN '80]{27th International Symposium of Prime Numbers} -\end{verbatim} -For the date, he felt that the name was a little long, so a short -version is given (|ISPN '80|). On second thought, Euclid decides to -add his email address and replaces the |\author| field as follows: -\begin{verbatim} -%\author[Euclid]{Euclid of Alexandria \\ \texttt{euclid@alexandria.edu}} -\end{verbatim} -Somehow Euclid does not like the fact that there is no ``|\email|'' -command in \beamer. He decides to write an email to \beamer's author, -asking him to fix this, but postpones this for later when the -presentation is finished. - -There are two fields that Euclid does not know, but whose meaning he -can guess: |\subtitle| and |\institute|. He adjusts them. (Euclid does -not need to use the |\and| command, which is -used to separate several authors, nor the |\inst| command, which just -makes its argument a superscript). - -\lyxnote -In \LyX, Euclid just edits the first lines having of the different -styles like Author or Title or Date. He deletes the optional short -fields. - - -\subsection{The Title Page Frame} - -The next thing in the file that seems interesting is where the first -``frame'' is created, right after the |\||begin{document}|: - -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \titlepage -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} - -In \beamer, a presentation consists of a series of frames. Each frame -in turn may consist of several slides (if there is more than one, they -are called overlays). Normally, everything between |\begin{frame}| - and |\end{frame}| is put on a single slide. No page breaking is -performed. So Euclid infers that the first frame is ``filled'' by the -title page, which seems quite logical. - -\lyxnote -The title page frame is created automatically by \LyX. All other -frames start with the style BeginFrame and end either with the style -EndFrame or, automatically, with the start of the next frame, -subsection, or section. - - -\subsection{Creating the Presentation PDF File} - -Eager to find out how the first page will -look, he invokes |pdflatex| on his file |main.tex| (twice). He could -also use |latex| (twice), followed by |dvips|, and then possibly -|ps2pdf|. Then he uses the Acrobat Reader or |xpdf| to view the -resulting |main.pdf|. Indeed, the first page contains all the -information Euclid has provided until now. It even looks quite -impressive with the colorful title and the rounded corners and the -shadows, but he is doubtful whether he should leave it like that. He -decides to address this problem later. - -Euclid is delighted to find out that clicking on a section or -subsection in the navigation bar at the tops hyperjumps there. Also, -the small symbols at the bottom seem to be clickable. Toying around -with them for a while, he finds that clicking on the arrows left or -right of a symbols hyperjumps him backward or forward one slide~/ -frame~/ subsection~/ section. Clicking on the left or right side of -the symbol hyperjumps to the beginning or end of the frame~/ -subsection~/ section. He finds the symbols quite small, but decides -not write an email to \beamer's author since he also thinks that -bigger symbols would be distracting. - -\lyxnote -Euclid chooses View $\to$ PDF to view the resulting presentation. On a -slow machine, this may take a while. See Section~\ref{section-speedup} -for ways of speeding up the compilation. - - -\subsection{The Table of Contents} - -The next frame contains a table of contents: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Outline} - \tableofcontents -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -Furthermore, this frame has an individual title (Outline). A comment -in the frame says that Euclid might wish to try to add the -|[pausesections]| option. He tries this, changing the frame to: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Outline} - \tableofcontents[pausesections] -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -After re-pdf\LaTeX ing the presentation, he finds that instead of a -single slide, there are now two ``table of contents slides'' in the -presentation. On the first of these, only the first section is shown, -on the second both sections are shown (scanning down in the file, -Euclid finds that, indeed, there are |\section| commands introducing -these sections). The effect of the |pausesections| seems to be that -one can talk about the first section before the second one is -shown. Then, Euclid can press the down- or right-key, to show the -complete table of contents and can talk about the second section. - - -\subsection{Sections and Subsections} - -The next commands Euclid finds are -\begin{verbatim} -\section{Motivation} -\subsection{The Basic Problem That We Studied} -\end{verbatim} -These commands are given \emph{outside} of frames. So Euclid assumes -that at the point of invocation they have no direct effect, they only -create entries in the table of contents. Having a ``Motivation'' -section seems reasonable to Euclid, but he changes the |\subsection| -title. - -As he looks at the presentation, he notices that his assumption was -not quite true: each |\subsection| command seems to insert a frame -containing a table of contents into the presentation. Doubling back he -finds the command that causes this: The |\AtBeginSubsection| inserts a -frame with only the current subsection hilighted at the beginning of -each section. If Euclid does not like this, he can just delete the -whole |\AtBeginSubsection| stuff and the table of contents at the -beginning of each subsection disappear. - -The |\section| and |\subsection| commands take optional short -arguments. These short arguments are used whenever a short form of the -section of subsection name is needed. While this is in keeping with -the way \beamer\ treats the optional arguments of things like -|\title|, it is \emph{different} from the usual way \LaTeX\ treats an -optional argument for sections (where the optional argument dictates -what is shown in the table of contents and the main argument dictates -what is shown everywhere else; in \beamer\ things are exactly the -other way round). - - - -\subsection{Creating a Simple Frame} - -Euclid then modifies the next frame, which is the first ``real'' frame -of the presentation, as follows: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What Are Prime Numbers?} - A prime number is a number that has exactly two divisors. -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -This yields the desired result. It might be a good idea to put some -emphasis on the object being defined (prime numbers). Euclid tries -|\emph| but finds that too mild an emphasis. \beamer\ offers the -command |\alert|, which is used like |\emph| and, by default, typesets -its argument in bright red. -\lyxnote -The |\alert| command needs to be entered in \TeX-mode, which is -awkward. It's easier to just paint the text in red. - -Next, Euclid decides to make it even clearer that he is giving a -definition by putting a |definition| environment around the -definition. -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What Are Prime Numbers?} - \begin{definition} - A \alert{prime number} is a number that has exactly two divisors. - \end{definition} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -Other useful environments like |theorem|, |lemma|, |proof|, -|corollary|, or |example| are also predefined by \beamer. As in -|amsmath|, they take optional arguments that they show in -brackets. Indeed, |amsmath| is automatically loaded by \beamer. - -Since it is always a good idea to add examples, Euclid decides to add -one: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What Are Prime Numbers?} - \begin{definition} - A \alert{prime number} is a number that has exactly two divisors. - \end{definition} - \begin{example} - \begin{itemize} - \item 2 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 2). - \item 3 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 3). - \item 4 is not prime (\alert{three} divisors: 1, 2, and 4). - \end{itemize} - \end{example} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} - - -\subsection{Creating Simple Overlays} - -The frame already looks quite nice, though, perhaps a bit colorful. -However, Euclid would now like to show the three items one after -another, not all three right away. To achieve this, he adds |\pause| -commands after the first and second items: -\begin{verbatim} - \begin{itemize} - \item 2 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 2). - \pause - \item 3 is prime (two divisors: 1 and 3). - \pause - \item 4 is not prime (\alert{three} divisors: 1, 2, and 4). - \end{itemize} -\end{verbatim} - -By showing them incrementally, he -hopes to focus the audience's attention on the item he is currently -talking about. On second thought, he deletes the |\pause| stuff once -more since in simple cases like the above the pausing is rather -silly. Indeed, Euclids has noticed that good presentations make use of -this uncovering mechanism only in special circumstances. - -\lyxnote -You add a pause using the Pause style. - -Euclid finds that he can also add a |\pause| between the definition -and the example. So, |\pause|s seem to transcede environments, which -Euclid finds quite useful. After some experimentation he finds that -|\pause| only does not work in |align| environments. He immediately -writes an email about this to \beamer's author, but receives a polite -answer stating that the implementation of |align| does wicked things -and there is no fix for this. Also, Euclid is pointed to the last part -of the user's guide, where a workaround is described. - - -\subsection{Using Overlay Specifications} - -The next frame is to show his main argument and is put in a ``Results'' -section. Euclid desires a more complicated overlay behavior for this -frame: In an enumeration of four points he -wishes to uncover the points one-by-one, but he wishes the fourth -point to be shown at the same time as the first. The idea is to -illustrate his new proof method, namely proof by contradiction, where -a wrong assumption is brought to a contradiction at the end after a -number of intermediate steps that are not important at the -beginning. For this, Euclid uses \emph{overlay specifications}: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{There Is No Largest Prime Number} - \framesubtitle{The proof uses \textit{reductio ad absurdum}.} - - \begin{theorem} - There is no largest prime number. - \end{theorem} - \begin{proof} - \begin{enumerate} - \item<1-> Suppose $p$ were the largest prime number. - \item<2-> Let $q$ be the product of the first $p$ numbers. - \item<3-> Then $q + 1$ is not divisible by any of them. - \item<1-> Thus $q + 1$ is also prime and greater than $p$.\qedhere - \end{enumerate} - \end{proof} - \uncover<4->{The proof used \textit{reductio ad absurdum}.} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -The overlay specifications are given in pointed brackets. The -specification |<1->| means ``from slide 1 on.'' Thus, the first and -fourth item are shown on the first slide of the frame, but the other -two items are not shown. Rather, the second point is shown only from -the second slide onward. \beamer\ automatically computes the number of slides -needed for each frame. More generally, overlay specification are lists -of numbers or number ranges where the start or ending of a range can -be left open. For example |-3,5-6,8-| means ``on all slides, except -for slides 4 and~7.'' - -\lyxnote -You add overlay specifications to the items by entering \TeX-mode -(press on the little \TeX\ icon) and writing |<1->|. This \TeX-text -should be placed right at the beginning of the item. - -The |\qedhere| is used to put the \textsc{qed} symbol at the end of -the line \emph{inside} the enumeration. Normally, the \textsc{qed} -symbol is automatically inserted at the end of a proof environment, -but that would be on an ugly empty line here. - -The |\item| command is not the only command that takes overlay -specifications. Another useful command that takes one is the -|\uncover| command. It only shows its argument on the slides specified -in the overlay specification. On all other slides, the argument is -hidden (though it still occupies space). The command |\only| is -similar and Euclid could also have tried -\begin{verbatim} - \only<4->{The proof used \textit{reductio ad absurdum}.} -\end{verbatim} -On non-specified slides the |\only| command simply ``throws its -argument away'' and the argument does not occupy any space. This leads -to different heights of the text on the first three slides and of the -fourth slide. If the text is centered vertically, this will cause the -text to ``wobble'' and thus |\uncover| should be used. However, you -sometimes wish things to ``really disappear'' on some slides and then -|\only| is useful. Euclid could also have used the class option -|t|, which causes the text in frames to be vertically flushed -to the top. Then a differing text height does not cause -wobbling. Vertical flushing can also be achieved for only a single -frame be by giving the optional argument |[t]| like this to the -|frame| environment as in -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame}[t] - \frametitle{There Is No Largest Prime Number} - ... -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -Vice versa, if the |t| class option is given, a frame can be -vertically centered using the |[c]| option for the frame. - -It turns out that certain environments, including the |theorem| and -|proof| environments above, also take overlay specifications. If such -a specification is given, the whole theorem or proof is only shown on -the specified slides. - - -\subsection{Structuring a Frame} - -On the next frame, Euclid wishes to contrast solved and open problems -on prime numbers. Since there is no ``Solved problem'' environment -similar to the |theorem| environment, Euclid decides to use the -|block| environment, which allows him to give an arbitrary title: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What's Still To Do?} - \begin{block}{Answered Questions} - How many primes are there? - \end{block} - \begin{block}{Open Questions} - Is every even number the sum of two primes? - \end{block} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -He could also have defined his own theorem-like environment by putting -the following in the preamble: -\begin{verbatim} -%\newtheorem{answeredquestions}[theorem]{Answered Questions} -%\newtheorem{openquestions}[theorem]{Open Questions} -\end{verbatim} -The optional argument |[theorem]| ensures that these environments are -numbered the same way as everything else. Since these numbers are not -shown anyway, it does not really matter whether they are given, but -it's a good practice and, perhaps, Euclid might need these numbers -some other time. - -An alternative would be nested |itemize|: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What's Still To Do?} - \begin{itemize} - \item Answered Questions - \begin{itemize} - \item How many primes are there? - \end{itemize} - \item Open Questions - \begin{itemize} - \item Is every even number the sum of two primes? - \end{itemize} - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -Pondering on the problem some more, Euclid decides that it would be -even nicer to have the ``Answered Questions'' on the left and the -``Open Questions'' on the right, so as to create a stronger visual -contrast. For this, he uses the |columns| environment. Inside this -environment, |\column| commands create new columns. -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What's Still To Do?} - \begin{columns} - \column{.5\textwidth} - \begin{block}{Answered Questions} - How many primes are there? - \end{block} - - \column{.5\textwidth} - \begin{block}{Open Questions} - Is every even number the sum of two primes? - \end{block} - \end{columns} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} -Trying this, he is not quite satisfied with the result as the block on -the left has a different height than the one on the right. He thinks it -would be nicer if they were vertically top-aligned. So he adds the -|[t]| option to the |columns| environment. - -Euclid is somewhat please to find out that a |\pause| at the end of -the first column allows him to ``uncover'' the second column only on -the second slide of the frame. - - - -\subsection{Adding References} - -Euclid decides that he would like to add a citation to his open -questions list, since he would like to attribute the question to his -good old friend Christian. Euclid is not really sure whether using a -bibliography in his talk is a good idea, but he goes ahead anyway. - -To this end, he adds an entry to the bibliography, which he -fortunately already finds in the solution file. Having the -bibliography in the appendix does not quite suit Euclid, so he removes -the |\appendix| command. He also notices |<presentation>| overlay -specification and finds them a bit strange, but they do seem to hurt -either. Hopefully they do something useful. His bibliography looks -like this: -\begin{verbatim} - \begin{thebibliography}{10} - \bibitem{Goldbach1742}[Goldbach, 1742] - Christian Goldbach. - \newblock A problem we should try to solve before the ISPN '43 deadline, - \newblock \emph{Letter to Leonhard Euler}, 1742. - \end{thebibliography} -\end{verbatim} -and he can then add a citation: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{block}{Open Questions} - Is every even number the sum of two primes? - \cite{Goldbach1742} -\end{block} -\end{verbatim} - - - - - -\subsection{Verbatim Text} - -One another frame, Euclid would like to show a listing of an -algorithm his friend Eratosthenes has send him (saying he came up with -it while reorganizing his sieve collection). Euclid normally uses the -|verbatim| environment and sometimes also similar environments like -|lstlisting| to typeset listings. He can also use them in \beamer, but -he must add the |fragile| option to the frame: -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{An Algorithm For Finding Primes Numbers.} - -%\begin{verbatim} -int main (void) -{ - std::vector<bool> is_prime (100, true); - for (int i = 2; i < 100; i++) - if (is_prime[i]) - { - std::cout << i << " "; - for (int j = i; j < 100; is_prime [j] = false, j+=i); - } - return 0; -} -\end{verbatim} -\unskip{\MacroFont|\end{verbatim}|} - %\begin{verbatim} -\begin{verbatim} - \begin{uncoverenv}<2> - Note the use of \verb|std::|. - \end{uncoverenv} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} - - -On second thought, Euclid would prefer to uncover part of the -algorithm stepwise and to add an emphasis on certain lines or parts of -lines. He can use package like |alltt| for this, but in simple cases -the environment |{semiverbatim}| defined by \beamer\ is more useful: -It works like |{verbatim}|, except that |\|, |{|, and |}| retain their -meaning (one can typeset them by using |\\|, |\{|, and |\}|). Euclid -might now typeset his algorithm as follows: - -\begin{verbatim} -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{An Algorithm For Finding Primes Numbers.} - -\begin{semiverbatim} -\uncover<1->{\alert<0>{int main (void)}} -\uncover<1->{\alert<0>{\{}} -\uncover<1->{\alert<1>{ \alert<4>{std::}vector<bool> is_prime (100, true);}} -\uncover<1->{\alert<1>{ for (int i = 2; i < 100; i++)}} -\uncover<2->{\alert<2>{ if (is_prime[i])}} -\uncover<2->{\alert<0>{ \{}} -\uncover<3->{\alert<3>{ \alert<4>{std::}cout << i << " ";}} -\uncover<3->{\alert<3>{ for (int j = i; j < 100;}} -\uncover<3->{\alert<3>{ is_prime [j] = false, j+=i);}} -\uncover<2->{\alert<0>{ \}}} -\uncover<1->{\alert<0>{ return 0;}} -\uncover<1->{\alert<0>{\}}} -\end{semiverbatim} - - \visible<4->{Note the use of \alert{\texttt{std::}}.} -\end{frame} -\end{verbatim} - -The |\visible| command does nearly the same as |\uncover|. A -difference occurs if the command |\setbeamercovered{transparent}| has -been used to make covered text ``transparent'' instead, |\visible| still makes the text -completely ``invisible'' on non-specified slides. Euclid has -the feeling that the naming convention is a bit strange, but cannot -quite pinpoint the problem. - -\subsection{Changing the Way Things Look I: Theming} - -With the contents of this talk fixed, Euclid decides to have a second -look at the way things look. He goes back to the beginning and finds -the line -\begin{verbatim} -\usetheme{Warsaw} -\end{verbatim} -By substituting other cities (he notices that these cities seem to -have in common that there has been a workshop or conference on -theoretical computer science there at which always the same person had -a paper, attended, or gave a talk) Euclid can change the way his -presentation is going to look. He decides to choose some theme that is -reasonably simple but, since his talk is not too short, shows a bit of -navigational information. - -He settles on the |Frankfurt| theme but decides that the light-dark -contrast is too strong. He adds -\begin{verbatim} -\usecolortheme{seahorse} -\usecolortheme{rose} -\end{verbatim} -The result seems some more subdued to him. - -Euclid decides that the font used for the titles is not quite -classical enough (classical fonts are the latest chic in -Alexandria). So, he adds -\begin{verbatim} -\usefonttheme[onlylarge]{structuresmallcapsserif} -\end{verbatim} - -Euclid notices that the small fonts in the navigation bars -are a bit hard to read as they are so thin. Adding the following -helps: -\begin{verbatim} -\usefonttheme[onlysmall]{structurebold} -\end{verbatim} - - -\subsection{Changing the Way Things Look II: Colors and Fonts} - -Since Euclid wants to give a \emph{perfect} talk, he decides that the -font used for the title simply has to be a serif italics. To change -only the font used for the title, Euclid uses the following command: -\begin{verbatim} -\setbeamerfont{title}{shape=\itshape,family=\rmfamily} -\end{verbatim} -He notices that the font is still quite large (which he likes), but -wonders why this is the case since he did not specify this. The reason -is that calls of |\setbeamerfont| accumulate and the size was already -set to |\large| by some font theme. Using the starred version of -|\setbeamerfont| ``resets'' the font. - -Euclid decides that he would also like to change the color of the -title to a dashing red, though, perhaps, with a bit of black added. He -uses the following command: -\begin{verbatim} -\setbeamercolor{title}{fg=red!80!black} -\end{verbatim} -Trying the following command, Euclid is delighted to find that -specifying a background color also has an effect: -\begin{verbatim} -\setbeamercolor{title}{fg=red!80!black,bg=red!20!white} -\end{verbatim} - - -Finally, Euclid is satisfied with the presentation and goes ahead and -gives a great talk at the conference, making many new friends. He also -writes that email to \beamer's author containing that long list of -things that he missed in \beamer\ or that do not work. He is a bit -disappointed to learn that it might take till ISPN~'79 for all these -things to be taken care of, but he also understands that \beamer's -author also needs some time to do research or otherwise he would have -nothing to given presentations about. - -%%% Local Variables: -%%% mode: latex -%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide" -%%% End: |