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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:44:40 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2006-01-09 00:44:40 +0000 |
commit | b4fc5f639874db951177ec539299d20908adb654 (patch) | |
tree | 52f08823ca58fffe3db6a9b075635038c567626c /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-localstructure.tex | |
parent | dec3d98ebe442d7ea93efbaa8dd2e2be8149a467 (diff) |
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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-localstructure.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-localstructure.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ba3ba8300cc --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-localstructure.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1692 @@ +% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-localstructure.tex,v 1.15 2004/10/28 16:42:54 tantau Exp $ + +% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>. +% +% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms +% of the GNU Public License, version 2. + +\section{Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure} + +\LaTeX\ provides different commands for structuring text ``locally,'' +for example, via the |itemize| environment. These environments +are also available in the \beamer\ class, although their appearance has +been slightly changed. Furthermore, the \beamer\ class also defines +some new commands and environments, see below, that may help you to +structure your text. + + +\subsection{Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions} + +\label{section-enumerate} + +There are three predefined environments for creating lists, namely +|enumerate|, |itemize|, and |description|. The first +two can be nested to depth three, but nesting them to this depth +creates totally unreadable slides. + +The |\item| command is overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay +specification is provided, the item will only be shown on the +specified slides, see the following example. If the |\item| +command is to take an optional argument and an overlay specification, +the overlay specification can either come first as in |\item<1>[Cat]| +or come last as in |\item[Cat]<1>|. + +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame} + There are three important points: + \begin{enumerate} + \item<1-> A first one, + \item<2-> a second one with a bunch of subpoints, + \begin{itemize} + \item first subpoint. (Only shown from second slide on!). + \item<3-> second subpoint added on third slide. + \item<4-> third subpoint added on fourth slide. + \end{itemize} + \item<5-> and a third one. + \end{enumerate} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + + +\begin{environment}{{itemize}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}} + Used to display a list of items that do not have a special + ordering. Inside the environment, use an |\item| command for + each topic. + + If the optional parameter \meta{default overlay specification} is + given, in every occurrence of an |\item| command that does not have + an overlay specification attached to it, the \meta{default overlay + specification} is used. By setting this specification to be an + incremental overlay specification, see + Section~\ref{section-incremental}, you can implement, for example, a + step-wise uncovering of the items. The \meta{default overlay + specification} is inherited by subenvironments. Naturally, in a + subenvironment you can reset it locally by setting it to |<1->|. + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{itemize} +\item This is important. +\item This is also important. +\end{itemize} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{itemize}[<+->] +\item This is shown from the first slide on. +\item This is shown from the second slide on. +\item This is shown from the third slide on. +\item<1-> This is shown from the first slide on. +\item This is shown from the fourth slide on. +\end{itemize} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>] +\item This is shown from the first slide on and alerted on the first slide. +\item This is shown from the second slide on and alerted on the second slide. +\item This is shown from the third slide on and alerted on the third slide. +\end{itemize} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\newenvironment{mystepwiseitemize}{\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]}{\end{itemize}} +\end{verbatim} + + \lyxnote + Unfortunately, currently you cannot specify optional arguments with + the |itemize| environment. You can, however, use the command + |\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification| before the environment to get + the desired effect. + + The appearance of an |itemize| list is governed by several + templates. The first template concerns the way the little marker + introducing each item is typeset: + \begin{element}{itemize items}\semiyes\no\no + This template is a parent template, whose children are + |itemize item|, |itemize subitem|, and |itemize subsubitem|. This + means that if you use the |\setbeamertemplate| command on this + template, the command is instead called for all of these children + (with the same arguments). + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default item marker is a small triangle colored with the + foreground of the \beamer-color |itemize item| (or, for + subitems, |itemize subitem| etc.). Note that these colors will + automatically change under certain circumstances such as inside + an example block or inside an |alertenv| environment. + \itemoption{triangle}{} + Alias for the default. + \itemoption{circle}{} + Uses little circles (or dots) as item markers. + \itemoption{square}{} + Uses little squares as item markers. + \itemoption{ball}{} + Uses little balls as item markers. + \end{templateoptions} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{itemize item}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{item} + This template (with |item| instead of |items|) governs how the + marker in front of a first-level item is typeset. ``First-level'' + refers to the level of nesting. See the |itemize items| template + for the \meta{options} that may be given. + + When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color + |itemize item| is installed. Typically, the font is ignored by the + template as some special symbol is drawn anyway, by the font may + be important if an optional argument is given to the + |\item| command as in |\item[First]|. + + The font and color inherit from the |item| font and color, which + are explained at the end of this section. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{itemize subitem}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{subitem} + Like |itemize item|, only for second-level items. An + item of an itemize inside an enumerate counts a second-level item. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{itemize subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{subsubitem} + Like |itemize item|, only for third-level items. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + + + +\begin{environment}{{enumerate}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{mini template}} + Used to display a list of items that are ordered. Inside the + environment, use an |\item| command for each topic. By default, + before each item increasing Arabic numbers followed by a dot are + printed (as in ``1.'' and ``2.''). This can be changed by specifying + a different template, see below. + + The first optional argument \meta{default overlay specification} has + exactly the same effect as for the |itemize| environment. It is + ``detected'' by the opening |<|-sign in the \meta{default overlay + specification}. Thus, if there is only one optional argument and + if this argument does not start with |<|, then it is considered to + be a \meta{mini template}. + + The syntax of the \meta{mini template} is the same as + the syntax of mini templates in the |enumerate| package (you do not + need to include the + |enumerate| package, this is done automatically). Roughly spoken, + the text of the \meta{mini template} is printed before each item, + but any occurrence of a |1| in the mini template is replaced by the + current item number, an occurrence of the letter |A| is replaced by + the $i$th letter of the alphabet (in uppercase) for the $i$th item, + and the letters |a|, |i|, and |I| are replaced by the corresponding + lowercase letters, lowercase Roman letters, and uppercase Roman + letters, respectively. So the mini template |(i)| would yield the + items (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and so on. The mini template |A.)| + would yield the items A.), B.), C.), D.) and so on. For more details + on the possible mini templates, see the documentation of the + |enumerate| package. Note that there is also a template that governs + the appearance of the mini template. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{enumerate} +\item This is important. +\item This is also important. +\end{enumerate} + +\begin{enumerate}[(i)] +\item First Roman point. +\item Second Roman point. +\end{enumerate} + +\begin{enumerate}[<+->][(i)] +\item First Roman point. +\item Second Roman point, uncovered on second slide. +\end{enumerate} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + To use the \meta{mini template}, you have to include the package + |enumerate|. + + \lyxnote + The same constraints as for |itemize| apply. + + \begin{element}{enumerate items}\semiyes\no\no + Similar to |itemize items|, this template is a parent template, + whose children are |enumerate item|, |enumerate subitem|, + |enumerate subsubitem|, and |enumerate mini template|. These + templates govern how the text (the number) of an enumeration is + typeset. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default enumeration marker uses the scheme 1., 2., 3.\ for + the first level, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 for the second level and 1.1.1, + 1.1.2, 1.1.3 for the third level. + \itemoption{circle}{} + Places the numbers inside little circles. The colors are taken + from |item projected| or |subitem projected| or + |subsubitem projected|. + \itemoption{square}{} + Places the numbers on little squares. + \itemoption{ball}{} + ``Projects'' the numbers onto little balls. + \end{templateoptions} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{enumerate item}\yes\yes\yes + This template governs how the number in front of a first-level + item is typeset. The level here refers to the level of enumeration + nesting only. Thus an enumerate inside an itemize is a first-level + enumerate (but it uses the second-level + |itemize/enumerate body|). + + When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color + |enumerate item| are installed. + + The following command is useful for this template: + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel} + inserts the current number of the top-level enumeration (as an + Arabic number). This insert is also available in the next two + templates. + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{enumerate subitem}\yes\yes\yes + Like |enumerate item|, only for second-level items. + + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertsubenumlabel} + inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an + Arabic number). + \end{templateinserts} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{enumerate subitem}{\insertenumlabel-\insertsubenumlabel} +\end{verbatim} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{enumerate subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes + Like |enumerate item|, only for third-level items. + + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertsubsubenumlabel} + inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an + Arabic number). + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{enumerate mini template}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to typeset the number that arises from a + mini template. + + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel} + inserts the current number rendered by this mini template. For + example, if the \meta{mini template} is |(i)| and this command + is used in the fourth item, |\insertenumlabel| would yield + |(iv)|. + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} +\end{environment} + +The following templates govern how the \emph{body} of an |itemize| or +an |enumerate| is typeset. +\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the beginning of a first-level + |itemize| or |enumerate| environment. Furthermore, before this + template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color + |itemize/enumerate body| is used. +\end{element} +\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of a first-level + |itemize| or |enumerate| environment. +\end{element} +There exist corresponding templates like +|itemize/enumerate subbody being| from second- and third-level itemize +or enumerates. + +\begin{element}{items}\semiyes\no\no + This template is a parent template of |itemize items| and + |enumerate items|. + \example |\setbeamertemplate{items}[circle]| will cause all items in + |itemize| or |enumerate| environments to become circles (of the + appropriate size, color, and font). +\end{element} + + +\label{section-descriptions} + +\begin{environment}{{description}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{long text}} + Like |itemize|, but used to display a list that explains or defines + labels. The width of \meta{long text} is used to set the + indentation. Normally, you choose the widest label in the + description and copy it here. If you do not give this argument, the + default width is used, which can be changed using |\setbeamersize| + with the argument |description width=|\meta{width}. + + As for |enumerate|, the \meta{default overlay specification} is + detected by an opening~|<|. The effect is the same as for + |enumerate| and |itemize|. + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{description} +\item[Lion] King of the savanna. +\item[Tiger] King of the jungle. +\end{description} + +\begin{description}[longest label] +\item<1->[short] Some text. +\item<2->[longest label] Some text. +\item<3->[long label] Some text. +\end{description} +\end{verbatim} + + \example The following has the same effect as the previous example: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{description}[<+->][longest label] +\item[short] Some text. +\item[longest label] Some text. +\item[long label] Some text. +\end{description} +\end{verbatim} + + \lyxnote + Since you cannot specify the optional argument in \LyX, if you wish + to specify the width, you may wish to use the following command + shortly before the environment: + + |\setbeamersize{description width of={|\marg{text}|}}| + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamersize{description width of={longest label}} +\begin{description} +\item<1->[short] Some text. +\item<2->[longest label] Some text. +\item<3->[long label] Some text. +\end{description} +\end{verbatim} + + \begin{element}{description item}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to typeset the description items. When this + template is called, the \beamer-font and -color |description item| + are installed. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + By default, the description item text is just inserted without + any modification. + \end{templateoptions} + + The main insert that is useful inside this template is: + \begin{templateinserts} + \iteminsert{\insertdescriptionitem} inserts the text of the + current description item. + \end{templateinserts} + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + + +In order to simplify changing the color or font of items, the +different kinds of items inherit form or just use the following +``general'' \beamer-color and fonts: + +\begin{element}{item}\no\yes\yes + \colorparents{local structure} + \fontparents{structure} + + This color/font serves as a parent for the individual items of + |itemize| and |enumerate| environments, but also for items in the + table of contents. Since its color parent is the |local structure|, + a change of that color causes the color of items to change + accordingly. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{item projected}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{item} + + This is a special ``version'' of the |item| color and font that + should be used by templates that render items with text (as in an + enumeration) and which to ``project'' this text onto something like + a ball or a square or whatever. While the normal |item| color + typically has a transparent background, the |item projected| + typically has a colored background and, say, a white foreground. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subitem}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{item} + Same as |item| for subitems, that is, for items on the second level of + indentation. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subitem projected}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{item projected} + Same as |item projected| for subitems, that is, for items on the + second level of indentation. +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubitem}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{subitem} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{subsubitem projected}\no\yes\yes + \colorfontparents{subitem projected} +\end{element} + + + + +\subsection{Hilighting} + +The \beamer\ class predefines commands and environments for +hilighting text. Using these commands makes is easy to change the +appearance of a document by changing the theme. + + +\begin{command}{\structure\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{text}} + The given text is marked as part of the structure, that is, it is + supposed to help the audience see the structure of your + presentation. If the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the + command only has an effect on the specified slides. + \example|\structure{Paragraph Heading.}| + + Internally, this command just puts the \emph{text} inside a + |structureenv| environment. + + \articlenote + Structure text is typeset as bold text. This can be changed by + modifying the templates. + + \lyxnote + You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command. + + \begin{element}{structure}\no\yes\yes + This color/font is used when structured text is typeset, but it is + also widely used as a base for many other colors including the + headings of blocks, item buttons, and titles. In most color + themes, the colors for navigational elements in the headline or + the footline are derived from the foreground color of + |structure|. By changing the structure color you can easily change + the ``basic color'' of your presentation, other than the color of + normal text. See also the related color |local structure| and the + related font |tiny structure|. + + Inside the |\structure| command, the background of the color is + ignored, but this is not necessarily true for elements that + inherit their color from |structure|. There is no template + |structure|, use |structure begin| and |structure end| instead. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{local structure}\no\yes\no + This color should be used to typeset structural elements that change + their color according to the ``local environment.'' For example, the + color of an item ``button'' in an |itemize| environment changes its + color according to circumstances. If it is used inside an example + block, it should have the |example text| color; if it is currently + ``alerted'' it should have the |alerted text| color. This color + will setup by certain environments to have the color that should be + used to typset things like item buttons. Since the color used for + items, |item|, inherits from this color by default, items + automatically change their color according to the current + situation. + + If you write your own environment in which the item buttons are + similar structural elements should have a different color, you + should change the color |local structure| inside these + environments. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{tiny structure}\no\no\yes + This special font is used for ``tiny'' structural text. Basically, + this font should be used whenever a structural element uses a tiny + font. The idea is that the tiny versions of the |structure| font + often are not suitable. For example, it is often necessary to use a + boldface version for them. Also, one might wish to have serif smallcaps + structural text, but still retain normal sans-serif tiny structural + text. + \end{element} +\end{command} + +\begin{environment}{{structureenv}\sarg{overlay specification}} + Environment version of the |\structure| command. + + \begin{element}{structure begin}\yes\no\no + This text is inserted at the beginning of a |structureenv| + environment. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + + \articlenote + The text is typeset in boldface. + \end{templateoptions} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{structure end}\yes\no\no + This text is inserted at the end of a |structureenv| environment. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + +\begin{command}{\alert\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{hilighted text}} + The given text is hilighted, typically by coloring the text red. If + the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the command only has an + effect on the specified slides. + \example |This is \alert{important}.| + + Internally, this command just puts the \emph{hilighted text} inside + an |alertenv|. + + \articlenote + Alerted text is typeset as emphasized text. This can be changed by + modifying the templates, see below. + + \lyxnote + You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command (which is not very + convenient). + + \begin{element}{alerted text}\no\yes\yes + This color/font is used when alerted text is typeset. The + background is currently ignored. There is no template + |alerted text|, rather there are templates |alerted text begin| + and |alerted text end| that are inserted before and after alerted + text. + \end{element} +\end{command} + +\begin{environment}{{alertenv}\sarg{overlay specification}} + Environment version of the |\alert| command. + + \begin{element}{alerted text begin}\yes\no\no + This text is inserted at the beginning of a an |alertenv| + environment. + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + + \beamernote + This changes the color |local structure| to |alerted text|. This + causes things like buttons or items to be colored in the same + color as the alerted text, which is often visually pleasing. See + also the |\structure| command. + + \articlenote + The text is emphasized. + \end{templateoptions} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{alerted text end}\yes\no\no + This text is inserted at the end of an |alertenv| environment. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + + + +\subsection{Block Environments} +\label{predefined} + +The \beamer\ class predefines an environment for typesetting a +``block'' of text that has a heading. The appearance of blocks can +easily be changed using the following template: + +\begin{element}{blocks}\semiyes\no\no + Changining this parent template changes the templates of normal + blocks, alerted blocks, and example blocks. + + \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[default]| + \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]| + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + The default setting typesets the block title on its own line. If a + background is specified either for the |block title| or for the + |block body|, this background color is used as background of the + title or body, respectively. For alerted and example blocks, the + corresponding \beamer-colors and -fonts are used, instead. + \itemoption{rounded}{\oarg{shadow=true}} + Makes the blocks ``rounded.'' This means that the corners of the + backgrounds of the blocks are ``rounded off.'' If the + |shadow=true| option is given, a ``shadow'' is drawn behind the + block. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + +\begin{environment}{{block}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block + title}\sarg{action specification}} + Only one \meta{action specification} may be given. + Inserts a block, like a definition or a theorem, with the title + \meta{block title}. If the \meta{action specification} is present, + the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see + Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. In the example, the + definition is shown only from slide 3 onward. + \example +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{block}<3->{Definition} + A \alert{set} consists of elements. + \end{block} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + The block name is typeset in bold. + + \lyxnote + The argument of the block must (currently) be given in + \TeX-mode. More precisely, there must be an opening brace in + \TeX-mode and a closing brace in \TeX-mode around it. The text + in between can also be typeset using \LyX. I hope to get rid of this + some day. + + \begin{element}{block begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the beginning of a block before the + \meta{environment contents}. Inside this + template, the block title can be accessed via the following + insert: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertblocktitle} + Inserts the \meta{block title} into the template. + \end{itemize} + + When the template starts, no special color or font is installed + (for somewhat complicated reasons). Thus, this template should + install the correct colors and fonts for the title and the body itself. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of a block. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block title}\no\yes\yes + This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the title of + the block. Since neither the color nor the font are setup + automatically, the template |block begin| must do so itself. + + The default block template and also the |rounded| version honor + the background of this color. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block body}\no\yes\yes + This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the body of the + block, that is, the \meta{environment contents}. As for + |block title|, the color and font must be setup by the template + |block begin|. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + +\begin{environment}{{alertblock}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block +title}\sarg{action specification}} + Inserts a block whose title is hilighted. Behaves like the |block| + environment otherwise. + \example +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{alertblock}{Wrong Theorem} + $1=2$. + \end{alertblock} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + The block name is typeset in bold and is emphasized. + + \lyxnote + Same applies as for |block|. + + \begin{element}{block alerted begin}\yes\no\no + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block alerted end}\yes\no\no + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block title alerted}\no\yes\yes + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block body alerted}\no\yes\yes + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + +\begin{environment}{{exampleblock}\sarg{action +specification}\marg{block title}\sarg{overlay specification}} + Inserts a block that is supposed to be an example. Behaves like the + |block| environment otherwise. + + \example In the following example, the block is completely + suppressed on the first slide (it does not even occupy any space). +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{exampleblock}{Example}<only@2-> + The set $\{1,2,3,5\}$ has four elements. + \end{exampleblock} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + The block name is typeset in italics. + + \lyxnote + Same applies as for |block|. + + \begin{element}{block example begin}\yes\no\no + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block example end}\yes\no\no + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block title example}\no\yes\yes + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{block body example}\no\yes\yes + Same applies as for normal blocks. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + +\lyxnote +Overlay specifications must be given right at the beginning of the +environments and in \TeX-mode. + + + +\subsection{Theorem Environments} +\label{section-theorems} + +The \beamer\ class predefines several environments, like |theorem| or +|definition| or |proof|, that you can use to typeset things like, +well, theorems, definitions, or proofs. The complete list is the +following: |theorem|, |corollary|, |definition|, +|definitions|, |fact|, |example|, and |examples|. The following German +block environments are also predefined: |Problem|, |Loesung|, +|Definition|, |Satz|, |Beweis|, |Folgerung|, |Lemma|, |Fakt|, +|Beispiel|, and |Beispiele|. + +Here is a typical example on how to use them: + +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{A Theorem on Infinite Sets} + + \begin{theorem}<1-> + There exists an infinite set. + \end{theorem} + + \begin{proof}<2-> + This follows from the axiom of infinity. + \end{proof} + + \begin{example}<3->[Natural Numbers] + The set of natural numbers is infinite. + \end{example} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + +In the following, only the English versions are discussed. The German +ones behave analogously. + +\begin{environment}{{theorem}\sarg{action + specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}} + Inserts a theorem. Only one \meta{action specification} may be + given. If present, the \meta{additional text} is shown behind the + word ``Theorem'' in rounded brackets (although this can be changed by + the template). + + The appearance of the theorem is governed by the templates + |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see their description later on + for details on how to change these. Every theorem is put into a + |block| environment, thus the templates for blocks also apply. + + The theorem style (a concept from |amsthm|) used for this + environment is |plain|. In this style, the body of a theorem should + be typeset in italics. The head of the theorem should be typeset in + a bold font, but this is usually overruled by the templates. + + If the option |envcountsect| is given either as class option in one + of the |presentation| modes or as an option to the package + |beamerarticle| in |article| mode, then the numbering of the + theorems is local to each section with the section number prefixing + the theorem number; otherwise they are numbered consecutively + throughout the presentation or article. I recommend using this + option in |article| mode. + + By default, no theorem numbers are shown in the |presentation| modes. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{theorem}[Kummer, 1992] + If $\#^_A^n$ is $n$-enumerable, then $A$ is recursive. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{theorem}<2->[Tantau, 2002] + If $\#_A^2$ is $2$-fa-enumerable, then $A$ is regular. +\end{theorem} +\end{verbatim} + + \lyxnote + If present, the optional argument and the action specification must + be given in \TeX-mode at the beginning of the environment. +\end{environment} + +The environments \declare{|corollary|}, \declare{|fact|}, and +\declare{|lemma|} behave exactly the same way. + +\begin{classoption}{envcountsect} + Causes theorems, definitions, and so on to be numbered locally to + each section. Thus, the first theorem of the second section would be + Theorem~2.1 (assuming that there are no definitions, lemmas, or + corollaries earlier in the section). +\end{classoption} + +\begin{environment}{{definition}\sarg{action + specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}} + Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem + style |definition| is used. In this style, the body of a theorem is + typeset in an upright font. +\end{environment} + +The environment \declare{|definitions|} behaves exactly the same way. + +\begin{environment}{{example}\sarg{action + specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}} + Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem + style |example| is used. A side-effect of using this theorem style + is that the \meta{environment contents} is put in an |exampleblock| + instead of a |block|. +\end{environment} + +The environment \declare{|examples|} behaves exactly the same way. + +\beamernote +The default template for typesetting theorems suppresses the theorem +number, even if this number is ``available'' for typesetting (which it +is by default in all predefined environments; but if you define your +own environment using |\newtheorem*| no number will be available). + +\articlenote +In |article| mode, theorems are automatically numbered. By specifying +the class option |envcountsect|, theorems will be numbered locally to each +section, which is usually a good idea, except for very short +articles. + +\begin{environment}{{proof}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{proof +name}\sarg{action specification}} + Typesets a proof. If the optional \meta{proof name} is given, it + completely replaces the word ``Proof.'' This is different from + normal theorems, where the optional argument is shown in brackets. + + At the end of the theorem, a |\qed| symbol is shown, except if you + say |\qedhere| earlier in the proof (this is exactly as in + |amsthm|). The default |\qed| symbol is an open rectangle. To + completely suppress the symbol, write |\def\qedsymbol{}| in + your preamble. To get an closed rectangle, say +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{qed symbol}{\vrule width1.5ex height1.5ex depth0pt} +\end{verbatim} + + If you use |babel| and a different language, the text ``Proof'' is + replaced by whatever is appropriate in the selected language. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{proof}<2->[Sketch of proof] + Suppose ... +\end{proof} +\end{verbatim} + + \begin{element}{qed symbol}\yes\yes\yes + The symbol is shown at the end of every proof. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + +You can define new environments using the following command: + +\begin{command}{\newtheorem\opt{|*|}\marg{environment name}\oarg{numbered same + as}\marg{head text}\oarg{number within}} + This command is used exactly the same way as in the |amsthm| package + (as a matter of fact, it is the command from that package), see its + documentation. The only difference is that environments declared using + this command are overlay-specification-aware in \beamer\ and that, + when typeset, are typeset according to \beamer's templates. + + \articlenote + Environments declared using this command are also + overlay-specification-aware in |article| mode. + + \example |\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation}| +\end{command} + +You can also use |amsthm|'s command |\newtheoremstyle| to define new +theorem styles. Note that the default template for theorems will +ignore any head font setting, but will honor the body font setting. + +If you wish to define the environments like |theorem| differently (for +example, have it numbered within each subsection), you can use the +following class option to disable the definition of the predefined +environments: + +\begin{classoption}{notheorems} + Switches off the definition of default blocks like |theorem|, but + still loads |amsthm| and makes theorems + overlay-specificiation-aware. +\end{classoption} + +The option is also available as a package option for +|beamerarticle| and has the same effect. + +\articlenote +In the |article| version, the package |amsthm| sometimes clashes with +the document class. In this case you can use the following option, +which is once more available as a class option for \beamer\ and as a +package option for |beamerarticle|, to switch off the loading of +|amsthm| altogether. + +\begin{classoption}{noamsthm} + Does not load |amsthm| and also not |amsmath|. Environments like + |theorem| or |proof| will not be available. +\end{classoption} + + + +\begin{element}{theorems}\semiyes\no\no + This template is a parent of |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see + the first for a detailed discussion of how the theorem templates are + set. + + \example |\setbeamertemplate{theorems}[numbered]| + + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + By default, theorems are typeset as follows: The font specification for + the body is honored, the font specification for the head is + ignored. No theorem number is printed. + \itemoption{normal font}{} + Like the default, except all font specifications for the body are + ignored. Thus, the fonts are used that are normally used for + blocks. + \itemoption{numbered}{} + This option is like the default, except that the theorem + number is printed for environments that are numbered. + \itemoption{ams style}{} + This causes theorems to be put in a |block| or |exampleblock|, but + to be otherwise typeset as is normally done in |amsthm|. Thus the + head font and body font depend on the setting for the theorem to be + typeset and theorems are numbered. + \end{templateoptions} +\end{element} + + +\begin{element}{theorem begin}\yes\no\no + Whenever an environment declared using the command |\newtheorem| is + to be typeset, this template is inserted at the beginning and the + template |theorem end| at the end. If there is a overlay + specification when an environment like |theorem| is + used, this overlay specification will directly follow the + \meta{block beginning template} upon invocation. This is even true + if there was an optional argument to the |theorem| environment. This + optional argument is available via the insert |\inserttheoremaddition|. + + Numerous inserts are available in this template, see below. + + Before the template starts, the font is set to the body font + prescribed by the environment to be typeset. + + \example The following typesets theorems like |amsthm|: +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin} +{% + \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv} + {% + \inserttheoremheadfont + \inserttheoremname + \inserttheoremnumber + \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi% + \inserttheorempunctuation + }% +} +\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}} +\end{verbatim} + + \example In the following example, all font ``suggestions'' for the + environment are suppressed or ignored; and the theorem number is + suppressed. +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin} +{% + \normalfont% ignore body font + \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv} + {% + \inserttheoremname + \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi% + }% +} +\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}} +\end{verbatim} + + The following inserts are available inside this template: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\inserttheoremblockenv} + This will normally expand to |block|, but if a theorem that has + theorem style |example| is typeset, it will expand to + |exampleblock|. Thus you can use this insert to decide which + environment should be used when typesetting the theorem. + + \iteminsert{\inserttheoremheadfont} + This will expand to a font changing command that switches to the + font to be used in the head of the theorem. By not inserting it, you + can ignore the head font. + + \iteminsert{\inserttheoremname} + This will expand to the name of the environment to be typeset (like + ``Theorem'' or ``Corollary''). + + \iteminsert{\inserttheoremnumber} + This will expand to the number of the current theorem preceeded by a + space or to nothing, if the current theorem does not have a number. + + \iteminsert{\inserttheoremaddition} + This will expand to the optional argument given to the environment + or will be empty, if there was no optional argument. + + \iteminsert{\inserttheorempunctuation} + This will expand to the punctuation character for the current + environment. This is usually a period. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{theorem end}\yes\no\no + Inserted at the end of a theorem. +\end{element} + + + +\subsection{Framed and Boxed Text} + +In order to draw a frame (a rectangle) around some text, you can use +\LaTeX s standard command |\fbox| and also |\frame| (inside a \beamer\ +frame, the |\frame| command changes its meaning to the normal \LaTeX\ +|\frame| command). More frame types are offered by the +package |fancybox|, which defines the following commands: +|\shadowbox|, |\doublebox|, |\ovalbox|, and |\Ovalbox|. Please consult +the \LaTeX\ Companion for details on how to use these commands. + +The \beamer\ class also defines two environments for creating coloured +boxes. + +\begin{environment}{{beamercolorbox}\oarg{options}\marg{beamer color}} + This environment can be used to conveniently typeset some text using + some \beamer-color. Basically, the following two command blocks do + the same: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{beamercolorbox}{beamer color} + Text +\end{beamercolorbox} + +{ + \usebeamercolor{beamer color} + \colorbox{bg}{ + \color{fg} + Text + } +} +\end{verbatim} + In other words, the environment installs the \meta{beamer color} and + uses the background for the background of the box and the foreground + for the text inside the box. However, in reality, numerous + \meta{options} can be given to specify in much greater detail how + the box is rendered. + + If the background color of \meta{beamer color} is empty, no + background is drawn behind the text, that is, the background is + ``transparent.'' + + This command is used extensively by the default inner and outer + themes for typesetting the headlines and footlines. It is not really + intended to be used in normal frames (for example, it is not + available inside |article| mode). You should prefer using + structuring elements like blocks or theorems that automatically + insert colored boxes as needed. + + \example The following example could be used to typeset a headline + with two lines, the first showing the document title, the second + showing the author's name: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{title in head/foot} + \usebeamerfont{title in head/foot} + \insertshorttitle +\end{beamercolorbox}% +\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{author in head/foot} + \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot} + \insertshortauthor +\end{beamercolorbox} +\end{verbatim} + + \example Typesetting a postit: +\begin{verbatim} +\setbeamercolor{postit}{fg=black,bg=yellow} +\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=1em,wd=5cm]{postit} + Place me somewhere! +\end{beamercolorbox} +\end{verbatim} + + + The following \meta{options} can be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|wd=|\marg{width}} sets the width of the box. This + command has two effects: First, \TeX's |\hsize| is set to + \meta{width}. Second, after the box has been typeset, its width is + set to \meta{width} (no matter what it actually turned out to + be). Since setting the |\hsize| does not automatically change some + of \LaTeX's linewidth dimensions, you should consider using a + minipage inside this environment if you fool around with the + width. + + If the width is larger than the normal text width, as specified by + the value of |\textwidth|, the width of the resulting box is reset + to the width |\textwidth|, but intelligent negative skips are + inserted at the left and right end of the box. The net effect of + this is that you can use a width larger than the text width for a + box and can insert the resulting box directly into normal text + without getting annoying warnings and having the box positioned + sensibly. + \item \declare{|dp=|\marg{depth}} sets the depth of the box, + overriding the real depth of the box. The box is first typeset + normally, then the depth is changed afterwards. This option is + useful for creating boxes that have guaranteed size. + + If the option is not given, the box has its ``natural'' depth, + which results from the typesetting. For example, a box containing + only the letter ``a'' will have a different depth from a box + containing only the letter ``g.'' + \item \declare{|ht=|\meta{height}} sets the height of the box, + overriding the real height. Note that the ``height'' does not + include the depth (see, for example, the \TeX-book for + details). If you want a one-line box that always has the same + size, setting the height to 2.25ex and the depth to 1ex is usually + a good option. + \item \declare{|left|} causes the text inside the box to be typeset + left-aligned and with a (radically) ragged right border. This is + the default. To get a better ragged right border, use the + |rightskip| option. + \item \declare{|right|} causes the text to be right-aligned with a + (radically) ragged left border. + \item \declare{|center|} centers the text inside the box. + \item \declare{|leftskip=|\meta{left skip}} installs the \meta{left + skip} inside the box as the left skip. \TeX's left skip is a + glue that is inserted at the left end of every line. See the + \TeX-book for details. + \item \declare{|rightskip=|\meta{right skip}} install the + \meta{right skip}. To get a good ragged right border, try, say, + |\rightskip=0pt plus 4em|. + \item \declare{|sep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the size of extra + space around the text. This space is added ``inside the box,'' + which means that if you specify a |sep| of 1cm and insert the box + normally into the vertical list, then the left border of the box + will be aligned with the left border of the slide text, while the + left border of the text inside the box will be 1cm to the right of + this left border. Likewise, the text inside the box will stop 1cm + before the right border of the normal text. + \item \declare{|colsep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the extra ``color + separation space'' around the text. This space behaves the + same way as the space added by |sep|, only this space is only + inserted if the box has a colored background, that is, if the + background of the \meta{beamer color} is not empty. This command + can be used together with |sep|, the effects accumulate. + \item \declare{|colsep*=|\meta{dimension}} sets an extra color + separation space around the text that is \emph{horizontally + outside the box}. This means that if the box has a background, + this background will protrude by \meta{dimension} to the left and + right of the text, but this protruding background will not be + taken intro consideration by \TeX\ for typesetting purposes. + + A typical example usage of this option arises when you insert a + box with a coloured background in the middle of normal text. In + this case, if the background color is set, you would like a + background to be drawn behind the text \emph{and} you would like a + certain extra space around this text (the background should not + stop immediately at the borders of the text, this looks silly) + \emph{and} you would like the normal text always to be at the same + horizontal position, independently of whether a background is + present or not. In this case, using |colsep*=4pt| is a good + option. + \item \declare{|shadow|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} draws a shadow + behind the box. Currently, this option only has an effect if + used together with the |rounded| option, but that may change. + \item \declare{|rounded|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} causes the + borders of the box to be rounded off if there is a background + installed. This command internally calls |beamerboxesrounded|. + \item \declare{|ignorebg|} causes the background color of the + \meta{beamer color} to be ignored, that is, to be treated as if it + were set to ``transparent'' or ``empty.'' + \item \declare{vmode} causes \TeX\ to be in vertical mode when the + box starts. Normally, \TeX\ will be in horizontal mode at the + start of the box (a |\leavevmode| is inserted automatically at the + beginning of the box unless this option is given). Only + \TeX perts need this option, so, if you use it, you will + probably know what you are doing anyway. + \end{itemize} +\end{environment} + + +\begin{environment}{{beamerboxesrounded}\oarg{options}\marg{head}} + The text inside the environment is framed by a rectangular area with + rounded corners. For the large rectangular area, the \beamer-color + specified with the |lower| option is used. Its background is used + for the background, its foreground for the foreground. If the + \meta{head} is not empty, \meta{head} is drawn in the + upper part of the box using the \beamer-color specified with the + |upper| option for the fore- and background. The following options + can be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|lower=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color + to be used for the lower (main) part of the box. Its background is + used for the background, its foreground for the foreground of the + main part of the box. If either is empty, the current background + or foreground is used. The box will never be transparent. + \item \declare{|upper=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color + used for the upper (head) part of the box. It is only used if the + \meta{head} is not empty. + \item \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} causes the width of the + text inside the box to be the specified \meta{dimension}. By + default, the |\textwidth| is used. Note that the box will protrude + 4pt to the left and right. + \item \declare{|shadow=|\meta{true or false}}. If set to |true|, a + shadow will be drawn. + \end{itemize} + If no \meta{head} is given, the head part is completely suppressed. + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=block head,lower=block body,shadow=true]{Theorem} + $A = B$. +\end{beamerboxesrounded} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + This environment is not available in |article| mode. +\end{environment} + + + + + +\subsection{Figures and Tables} + +You can use the standard \LaTeX\ environments |figure| and +|table| much the same way you would normally use them. However, +any placement specification will be ignored. Figures and tables are +immediately inserted where the environments start. If there are too +many of them to fit on the frame, you must manually split them among +additional frames or use the |allowframebreaks| option. + +\example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{frame} + \begin{figure} + \pgfuseimage{myfigure} + \caption{This caption is placed below the figure.} + \end{figure} + + \begin{figure} + \caption{This caption is placed above the figure.} + \pgfuseimage{myotherfigure} + \end{figure} +\end{frame} +\end{verbatim} + +\begin{element}{caption}\yes\yes\yes + This template is used to render the caption. + \begin{templateoptions} + \itemoption{default}{} + typesets the caption name (a word like ``Figure'' or ``Abbildung'' + or ``Table,'' depending on whether a table or figure is typeset + and depending on the currently installed language) before the + caption text. No number is printed, since these make little sense + in a normal presentation. + \itemoption{numbered}{} + adds the figure or table number to the caption. Use this option + only if your audience has a printed handout or printed lecture + notes that follow the same numbering. + \itemoption{caption name own line}{} + As the name suggests, this options puts the caption name (like + ``Figure'') on its own line. + \end{templateoptions} + + Inside the template, you can use the following inserts: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertcaption} + Inserts the text of the current caption. + + \iteminsert{\insertcaptionname} + Inserts the name of the current caption. This word + is either ``Table'' or ``Figure'' or, if the |babel| package is + used, some translation thereof. + + \iteminsert{\insertcaptionnumber} + Inserts the number of the current figure or table. + \end{itemize} +\end{element} + +\begin{element}{caption name}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the caption name + (a word like ``Figure''). The |caption| template must directly + ``use'' them, they are not installed automatically by the + |\insertcaptionname| command. +\end{element} + + + + + +\subsection{Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns} + +The \beamer\ class offers several commands and environments for +splitting (perhaps only part of) a frame into multiple columns. These +commands have nothing to do with \LaTeX's commands for creating +columns. Columns are especially useful for placing a graphic next to a +description/explanation. + +The main environment for creating columns is called |columns|. Inside +this environment, you can either place several |column| environments, +each of which creates a new column, or use the |\column| command to +create new columns. + +\begin{environment}{{columns}\oarg{options}} + A multi-column area. Inside the environment you should place only + |column| environments or |\column| commands (see below). The + following \meta{options} may be given: + \begin{itemize} + \item + \declare{|b|} will cause the bottom lines of the columns to be + vertically aligned. + \item + \declare{|c|} will cause the columns to be centered vertically + relative to each other. Default, unless the global option + |t| is used. + \item + \declare{|onlytextwidth|} is the same as |totalwidth=\textwidth|. + \item + \declare{|t|} will cause the first lines of the columns to be + aligned. Default if global option |t| is used. + \item + \declare{|T|} is similar to the |t| option, but |T| aligns the + tops of the first lines while |t| aligns the so-called baselines + of the first lines. If strange things seem to happen in + conjunction with the |t| option (for example if a graphic suddenly + ``drops down'' with the |t| option instead of ``going up,''), try + using this option instead. + \item + \declare{|totalwidth=|\meta{width}} will cause the columns to occupy + not the whole page width, but only \meta{width}, all told. + \end{itemize} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{columns}[t] + \begin{column}{5cm} + Two\\lines. + \end{column} + \begin{column}{5cm} + One line (but aligned). + \end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{verbatim} + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{columns}[t] + \column{5cm} + Two\\lines. + + \column[T]{5cm} + \includegraphis[height=3cm]{mygraphic.jpg} +\end{columns} +\end{verbatim} + + \articlenote + This environment is ignored in |article| mode. + + \lyxnote + Use ``Columns'' or ``ColumnsTopAligned'' to create a |columns| + environment. To pass options, insert them in \TeX-mode right at the + beginning of the environment in square brackets. +\end{environment} + +To create a column, you can either use the |column| environment or the +|\column| command. + +\begin{environment}{{column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}} + Creates a single column of width \meta{column width}. The vertical + placement of the enclosing |columns| environment can be overruled by + specifying a specific \meta{placement} (|t| and |T| for the two top + modes, |c| for centered, and |b| for bottom). + + \example The following code has the same effect as the above examples: +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{columns} + \begin{column}[t]{5cm} + Two\\lines. + \end{column} + \begin{column}[t]{5cm} + One line (but aligned). + \end{column} +\end{columns} +\end{verbatim} + \articlenote + This command is ignored in |article| mode. + + \lyxnote + The ``Column'' styles insert the command version, see below. +\end{environment} + +\begin{command}{{\column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}} + Starts a single column. The parameters and options are the same as + for the |column| environment. The column automatically ends with the + next occurrence of |\column| or of a |column| environment or of the + end of the current |columns| environment. + + \example +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{columns} + \column[t]{5cm} + Two\\lines. + \column[t]{5cm} + One line (but aligned). +\end{columns} +\end{verbatim} + \articlenote + This command is ignored in |article| mode. + + \lyxnote + In a ``Column'' style, the width of the column must be given as + normal text, not in \TeX-mode. +\end{command} + + + +\subsection{Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely} + +Normally, \beamer\ uses \TeX's normal typesetting mechanism to +position text and graphics on the page. In certain situation you may +instead wish a certain text or graphic to appear at a +page position that is specified \emph{absolutely}. This means that the +position is specified relative to the upper left corner of the slide. + +The package |textpos| provides several commands for positioning text +absolutely and it works together with \beamer. When using this +package, you will typically have to specify the options |overlay| and +perhaps |absolute|. For details on how to use the package, please see +its documentation. + + + +\subsection{Verbatim and Fragile Text} + +If you wish to use a |{verbatim}| environment in a frame, you have to +add the option |[fragile]| to the |{frame}| environment. In this case, +you really have to use the |{frame}| environment (not the |\frame| +command) and the |\end{frame}| must be alone on a single line. Using +this option will cause the frame contents to be written to an external +file and the read back. See the description of the |{frame}| +environment for more details. + +You must also use the |[fragile]| option for frames that include any +``fragile'' text, which is any text that is not ``interpreted the way +text is usually interpreted by \TeX.'' For example, if you use a +package that (locally) redefined the meaning of, say, the character +|&|, you must use this option. + +Inside |{verbatim}| environments you obviously cannot use commands +like |\alert<2>| to highlight part of code since the text is written +in, well, verbatim. There are several good packages like |alltt| or +|listings| that allow you to circumvent this problem. For simple +cases, the following environment can be used, which is defined by +\beamer: + +\begin{environment}{{semiverbatim}} + The text inside this environment is typeset like verbatim + text. However, the characters |\|, |{|, and |}| retain their + meaning. Thus, you can say things like +\begin{verbatim} +\alert<1->{std::cout << "AT&T likes 100% performance";} +\end{verbatim} + To typeset the three characters |\|, |{|, and |}| you can use the + commands |\\| (which is redefined inside this environment---you do + not need it anyway), |\{|, and |\}|. Thus in order to get typeset + ``|\alert<1>{X}|'' you can write |\\alert<1>\{X\}|. +\end{environment} + + +\subsection{Abstract} + +The |abstract| environment is overlay-specificiation-aware in \beamer: + + +\begin{environment}{{abstract}\sarg{action specification}} + You can use this environment to typeset an abstract. + + \begin{element}{abstract}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the abstract. If + a background color is set, this background color is used as + background for the whole abstract by default. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{abstract title}\yes\yes\yes + \colorparents{titlelike} + This template is used for the title. By default, this inserts + the word |\abstractname|, centered. The background color is ignored. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{abstract begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the very beginning of the abstract, + before the abstract title and the \meta{environment + contents} is inserted. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{abstract end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of the abstract, after the + \meta{environment contents}. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + + + +\subsection{Verse, Quotations, Quotes} + +\LaTeX\ defines three environments for typesetting quotations and +verses: |verse|, |quotation|, and |quote|. These environments are also +available in the \beamer\ class, where they are +overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay specification is given, the +verse or quotation is shown only on the specified slides and is +covered otherwise. The difference between a |quotation| and a |quote| +is that the first has paragraph indentation, whereas the second does +not. + +You can change the font and color used for these by changing the +\beamer-colors and -fonts listed below. Unlike the standard \LaTeX\ +environments, the default font theme typesets a verse in an italic +serif font, quotations and quotes are typeset using an italic font +(whether serif or sans-serif depends on the standard document font). + + +\begin{environment}{{verse}\sarg{action specification}} + You can use this environment to typeset a verse. + + \begin{element}{verse}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the verse. If + a background color is set, this background color is used as + background for the whole abstract. The default font is italic + serif. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{verse begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the beginning of the verse. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{verse end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of the verse. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + +\begin{environment}{{quotation}\sarg{action specification}} + Use this environment to typeset multi-paragraph quotations. Think + again, before presenting multi-paragraph quotations. + + \begin{element}{quotation}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quotation. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{quotation begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the beginning of the quotation. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{quotation end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of the quotation. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + +\begin{environment}{{quote}\sarg{action specification}} + Use this environment to typeset a single-paragraph quotation. + + \begin{element}{quote}\no\yes\yes + These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quote. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{quote begin}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the beginning of the quote. + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{quote end}\yes\no\no + This template is inserted at the end of the quote. + \end{element} +\end{environment} + + +\subsection{Footnotes} + +First a word of warning: Using footnotes is usually not a good +idea. They disrupt the flow of reading. + +You can use the usual |\footnote| command. It has been augmented to +take an additional option, for placing footnotes at the frame +bottom instead of at the bottom of the current minipage. + +\begin{command}{\footnote\sarg{overlay + specification}\oarg{options}\marg{text}} + Inserts a footnote into the current frame. Footnotes will always be + shown at the bottom of the current frame; they will never be + ``moved'' to other frames. As usual, one can give a number as + \meta{options}, which will cause the footnote to use that + number. The \beamer\ class adds one additional option: + \begin{itemize} + \item \declare{|frame|} causes the footnote to be shown at the + bottom of the frame. This is normally the default behavior anyway, + but in minipages and certain blocks it makes a difference. In a + minipage, the footnote is usually shown as part of the minipage + rather than as part of the frame. + \end{itemize} + + If an \meta{overlay specification} is given, this causes the + footnote \meta{text} to be shown only on the specified slides. The + footnote symbol in the text is shown on all slides. + + \example |\footnote{On a fast machine.}| + \example |\footnote[frame,2]{Not proved.}| + \example |\footnote<.->{Der Spiegel, 4/04, S.\ 90.}| + + \begin{element}{footnote}\yes\yes\yes + This template will be used to render the footnote. Inside this + template, the following two inserts can be used: + \begin{itemize} + \iteminsert{\insertfootnotetext} + Inserts the current footnote text. + \iteminsert{\insertfootnotemark} + Inserts the current footnote mark (like a raised number). This mark + is computed automatically. + \end{itemize} + \end{element} + + \begin{element}{footnote mark}\no\yes\yes + This \beamer-color/-font is used when rendering the footnote mark, + both in the text and at the beginning of the footnote itself. + \end{element} +\end{command} + + +%%% Local Variables: +%%% mode: latex +%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide" +%%% End: |