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-% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-localstructure.tex,v 1.15 2004/10/28 16:42:54 tantau Exp $
-
-% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
-%
-% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
-% of the GNU Public License, version 2.
-
-\section{Structuring a Presentation: The Local Structure}
-
-\LaTeX\ provides different commands for structuring text ``locally,''
-for example, via the |itemize| environment. These environments
-are also available in the \beamer\ class, although their appearance has
-been slightly changed. Furthermore, the \beamer\ class also defines
-some new commands and environments, see below, that may help you to
-structure your text.
-
-
-\subsection{Itemizations, Enumerations, and Descriptions}
-
-\label{section-enumerate}
-
-There are three predefined environments for creating lists, namely
-|enumerate|, |itemize|, and |description|. The first
-two can be nested to depth three, but nesting them to this depth
-creates totally unreadable slides.
-
-The |\item| command is overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay
-specification is provided, the item will only be shown on the
-specified slides, see the following example. If the |\item|
-command is to take an optional argument and an overlay specification,
-the overlay specification can either come first as in |\item<1>[Cat]|
-or come last as in |\item[Cat]<1>|.
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{frame}
-  There are three important points:
-  \begin{enumerate}
-  \item<1-> A first one,
-  \item<2-> a second one with a bunch of subpoints,
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \item first subpoint. (Only shown from second slide on!).
-    \item<3-> second subpoint added on third slide.
-    \item<4-> third subpoint added on fourth slide.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \item<5-> and a third one.
-  \end{enumerate}
-\end{frame}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{itemize}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}}
-  Used to display a list of items that do not have a special
-  ordering. Inside the environment, use an |\item| command for
-  each topic.
-  
-  If the optional parameter \meta{default overlay specification} is
-  given, in every occurrence of an |\item| command that does not have
-  an overlay specification attached to it, the \meta{default overlay
-    specification} is used. By setting this specification to be an
-  incremental overlay specification, see
-  Section~\ref{section-incremental}, you can implement, for example, a
-  step-wise uncovering of the items. The \meta{default overlay
-    specification} is inherited by subenvironments. Naturally, in a
-  subenvironment you can reset it locally by setting it to |<1->|.
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item This is important.
-\item This is also important.
-\end{itemize}
-\end{verbatim}
-  
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{itemize}[<+->]
-\item This is shown from the first slide on.
-\item This is shown from the second slide on.
-\item This is shown from the third slide on.
-\item<1-> This is shown from the first slide on.
-\item This is shown from the fourth slide on.    
-\end{itemize}
-\end{verbatim}
-  
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]
-\item This is shown from the first slide on and alerted on the first slide.
-\item This is shown from the second slide on and alerted on the second slide.
-\item This is shown from the third slide on and alerted on the third slide.
-\end{itemize}
-\end{verbatim}
-  
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\newenvironment{mystepwiseitemize}{\begin{itemize}[<+-| alert@+>]}{\end{itemize}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \lyxnote
-  Unfortunately, currently you cannot specify optional arguments with
-  the |itemize| environment. You can, however, use the command
-  |\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification| before the environment to get
-  the desired effect.
-
-  The appearance of an |itemize| list is governed by several
-  templates. The first template concerns the way the little marker
-  introducing each item is typeset:  
-  \begin{element}{itemize items}\semiyes\no\no
-    This template is a parent template, whose children are
-    |itemize item|, |itemize subitem|, and |itemize subsubitem|. This
-    means that if you use the |\setbeamertemplate| command on this
-    template, the command is instead called for all of these children
-    (with the same arguments). 
-
-    \begin{templateoptions}
-      \itemoption{default}{}
-      The default item marker is a small triangle colored with the 
-      foreground of the \beamer-color |itemize item| (or, for
-      subitems, |itemize subitem| etc.). Note that these colors will
-      automatically change under certain circumstances such as inside
-      an example block or inside an |alertenv| environment. 
-      \itemoption{triangle}{}
-      Alias for the default.
-      \itemoption{circle}{}
-      Uses little circles (or dots) as item markers. 
-      \itemoption{square}{}
-      Uses little squares as item markers.
-      \itemoption{ball}{}
-      Uses little balls as item markers.
-    \end{templateoptions}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{itemize item}\yes\yes\yes
-    \colorfontparents{item}
-    This template (with |item| instead of |items|) governs how the
-    marker in front of a first-level item is typeset. ``First-level''
-    refers to the level of nesting. See the |itemize items| template
-    for the \meta{options} that may be given.
-
-    When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
-    |itemize item| is installed. Typically, the font is ignored by the
-    template as some special symbol is drawn anyway, by the font may
-    be important if an optional argument is given to the
-    |\item| command as in |\item[First]|.
-
-    The font and color inherit from the |item| font and color, which
-    are explained at the end of this section.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{itemize subitem}\yes\yes\yes
-    \colorfontparents{subitem}
-    Like |itemize item|, only for second-level items. An
-    item of an itemize inside an enumerate counts a second-level item.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{itemize subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
-    \colorfontparents{subsubitem}
-    Like |itemize item|, only for third-level items.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{enumerate}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{mini template}} 
-  Used to display a list of items that are ordered.  Inside the
-  environment, use an |\item| command for each topic. By default,
-  before each item increasing Arabic numbers  followed by a dot are
-  printed (as in ``1.'' and ``2.''). This can be changed by specifying
-  a different template,  see below.
-
-  The first optional argument \meta{default overlay specification} has
-  exactly the same effect as for the |itemize| environment. It is
-  ``detected'' by the opening |<|-sign in the \meta{default overlay
-    specification}. Thus, if there is only one optional argument and
-  if this argument does not start with |<|, then it is considered to
-  be a \meta{mini template}. 
-
-  The syntax of the \meta{mini template} is the same as
-  the syntax of mini templates in the |enumerate| package (you do not
-  need to include the 
-  |enumerate| package, this is done automatically). Roughly spoken,
-  the text of the \meta{mini template} is printed before each item,
-  but any occurrence of a |1| in the mini template is replaced by the
-  current item number, an occurrence of the letter |A| is replaced by
-  the $i$th letter of the alphabet (in uppercase) for the $i$th item,
-  and the letters |a|, |i|, and |I| are replaced by the corresponding
-  lowercase letters, lowercase Roman letters, and uppercase Roman
-  letters, respectively. So the mini template |(i)| would yield the
-  items (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and so on. The mini template |A.)|
-  would yield the items A.), B.), C.), D.) and so on. For more details
-  on the possible mini templates, see the documentation of the
-  |enumerate| package. Note that there is also a template that governs
-  the appearance of the mini template.
-  
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{enumerate}
-\item This is important.
-\item This is also important.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
-\item First Roman point.
-\item Second Roman point.
-\end{enumerate}
-
-\begin{enumerate}[<+->][(i)]
-\item First Roman point.
-\item Second Roman point, uncovered on second slide.
-\end{enumerate}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  To use the \meta{mini template}, you have to include the package
-  |enumerate|.  
-
-  \lyxnote
-  The same constraints as for |itemize| apply.
-  
-  \begin{element}{enumerate items}\semiyes\no\no
-    Similar to |itemize items|, this template is a parent template,
-    whose children are |enumerate item|, |enumerate subitem|,
-    |enumerate subsubitem|, and |enumerate mini template|. These
-    templates govern how the text (the number) of an enumeration is
-    typeset. 
-    
-    \begin{templateoptions}
-      \itemoption{default}{}
-      The default enumeration marker uses the scheme 1., 2., 3.\ for
-      the first level, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 for the second level and 1.1.1,
-      1.1.2, 1.1.3 for the third level. 
-      \itemoption{circle}{}
-      Places the numbers inside little circles. The colors are taken
-      from |item projected| or |subitem projected| or
-      |subsubitem projected|.
-      \itemoption{square}{}
-      Places the numbers on little squares.
-      \itemoption{ball}{}
-      ``Projects'' the numbers onto little balls.
-    \end{templateoptions}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{enumerate item}\yes\yes\yes
-    This template governs how the number in front of a first-level
-    item is typeset. The level here refers to the level of enumeration
-    nesting only. Thus an enumerate inside an itemize is a first-level
-    enumerate (but it uses the second-level
-    |itemize/enumerate body|). 
-
-    When the template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
-    |enumerate item| are installed.
-
-    The following command is useful for this template:
-    \begin{templateinserts}
-      \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
-      inserts the current number of the top-level enumeration (as an
-      Arabic number). This insert is also available in the next two
-      templates. 
-    \end{templateinserts}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{enumerate subitem}\yes\yes\yes
-    Like |enumerate item|, only for second-level items. 
-
-    \begin{templateinserts}
-      \iteminsert{\insertsubenumlabel}
-      inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an
-      Arabic number). 
-    \end{templateinserts}
-
-    \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamertemplate{enumerate subitem}{\insertenumlabel-\insertsubenumlabel}
-\end{verbatim}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{enumerate subsubitem}\yes\yes\yes
-    Like |enumerate item|, only for third-level items. 
-
-    \begin{templateinserts}
-      \iteminsert{\insertsubsubenumlabel}
-      inserts the current number of the second-level enumeration (as an
-      Arabic number). 
-    \end{templateinserts}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{enumerate mini template}\yes\yes\yes
-    This template is used to typeset the number that arises from a
-    mini template.
-
-    \begin{templateinserts}
-      \iteminsert{\insertenumlabel}
-      inserts the current number rendered by this mini template. For
-      example, if the \meta{mini template} is |(i)| and this command
-      is used in the fourth item, |\insertenumlabel| would yield
-      |(iv)|.
-    \end{templateinserts}
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-The following templates govern how the \emph{body} of an |itemize| or
-an |enumerate| is typeset.
-\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body begin}\yes\no\no
-  This template is inserted at the beginning of a first-level
-  |itemize| or |enumerate| environment. Furthermore, before this
-  template is inserted, the \beamer-font and -color
-  |itemize/enumerate body| is used.
-\end{element}
-\begin{element}{itemize/enumerate body end}\yes\no\no
-  This template is inserted at the end of a first-level
-  |itemize| or |enumerate| environment.
-\end{element}
-There exist corresponding templates like
-|itemize/enumerate subbody being| from second- and third-level itemize
-or enumerates.
-
-\begin{element}{items}\semiyes\no\no
-  This template is a parent template of |itemize items| and
-  |enumerate items|.
-  \example |\setbeamertemplate{items}[circle]| will cause all items in
-  |itemize| or |enumerate| environments to become circles (of the
-  appropriate size, color, and font).
-\end{element}
-
-
-\label{section-descriptions}
-  
-\begin{environment}{{description}\opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{long text}} 
-  Like |itemize|, but used to display a list that explains or defines
-  labels. The width of \meta{long text} is used to set the
-  indentation. Normally, you choose the widest label in the
-  description and copy it here. If you do not give this argument, the
-  default width is used, which can be changed using |\setbeamersize|
-  with the argument |description width=|\meta{width}.
-
-  As for |enumerate|, the \meta{default overlay specification} is
-  detected by an opening~|<|. The effect is the same as for
-  |enumerate| and |itemize|.
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{description}
-\item[Lion] King of the savanna.
-\item[Tiger] King of the jungle.
-\end{description}
-
-\begin{description}[longest label]
-\item<1->[short] Some text.
-\item<2->[longest label] Some text.
-\item<3->[long label] Some text.
-\end{description}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \example The following has the same effect as the previous example:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{description}[<+->][longest label]
-\item[short] Some text.
-\item[longest label] Some text.
-\item[long label] Some text.
-\end{description}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \lyxnote
-  Since you cannot specify the optional argument in \LyX, if you wish
-  to specify the width, you may wish to use the following command
-  shortly before the environment:
-
-  |\setbeamersize{description width of={|\marg{text}|}}|
-
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamersize{description width of={longest label}}
-\begin{description}
-\item<1->[short] Some text.
-\item<2->[longest label] Some text.
-\item<3->[long label] Some text.
-\end{description}
-\end{verbatim}
-  
-  \begin{element}{description item}\yes\yes\yes
-    This template is used to typeset the description items. When this
-    template is called, the \beamer-font and -color |description item|
-    are installed.
-    
-    \begin{templateoptions}
-      \itemoption{default}{}
-      By default, the description item text is just inserted without
-      any modification.
-    \end{templateoptions}
-
-    The main insert that is useful inside this template is:
-    \begin{templateinserts}
-      \iteminsert{\insertdescriptionitem} inserts the text of the
-      current description item.
-    \end{templateinserts}
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-
-In order to simplify changing the color or font of items, the
-different kinds of items inherit form or just use the following
-``general'' \beamer-color and fonts:
-
-\begin{element}{item}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorparents{local structure}
-  \fontparents{structure}
-
-  This color/font serves as a parent for the individual items of
-  |itemize| and |enumerate| environments, but also for items in the
-  table of contents. Since its color parent is the |local structure|,
-  a change of that color causes the color of items to change
-  accordingly.
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{item projected}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorfontparents{item}
-
-  This is a special ``version'' of the |item| color and font that
-  should be used by templates that render items with text (as in an
-  enumeration) and which to ``project'' this text onto something like
-  a ball or a square or whatever. While the normal |item| color
-  typically has a transparent background, the |item projected|
-  typically has a colored background and, say, a white foreground. 
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{subitem}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorfontparents{item}
-  Same as |item| for subitems, that is, for items on the second level of
-  indentation. 
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{subitem projected}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorfontparents{item projected}
-  Same as |item projected| for subitems, that is, for items on the
-  second level of indentation. 
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{subsubitem}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorfontparents{subitem}
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{subsubitem projected}\no\yes\yes
-  \colorfontparents{subitem projected}
-\end{element}
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Hilighting}
-
-The \beamer\ class predefines commands and environments for
-hilighting text. Using these commands makes is easy to change the
-appearance of a document by changing the theme. 
-
-
-\begin{command}{\structure\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{text}}
-  The given text is marked as part of the structure, that is, it is
-  supposed to help the audience see the structure of your
-  presentation. If the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the
-  command only has an effect on the specified slides.
-  \example|\structure{Paragraph Heading.}|
-
-  Internally, this command just puts the \emph{text} inside a
-  |structureenv| environment.
- 
-  \articlenote
-  Structure text is typeset as bold text. This can be changed by
-  modifying the templates.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command.
-
-  \begin{element}{structure}\no\yes\yes
-    This color/font is used when structured text is typeset, but it is
-    also widely used as a base for many other colors including the
-    headings of blocks, item buttons, and titles. In most color
-    themes, the colors for navigational elements in the headline or
-    the footline are derived from the foreground color of
-    |structure|. By changing the structure color you can easily change
-    the ``basic color'' of your presentation, other than the color of
-    normal text. See also the related color |local structure| and the
-    related font |tiny structure|.
-    
-    Inside the |\structure| command, the background of the color is
-    ignored, but this is not necessarily true for elements that
-    inherit their color from |structure|. There is no template
-    |structure|, use |structure begin| and |structure end| instead.
-  \end{element}
- 
-  \begin{element}{local structure}\no\yes\no
-    This color should be used to typeset structural elements that change
-    their color according to the ``local environment.'' For example, the
-    color of an item ``button'' in an |itemize| environment changes its
-    color according to circumstances. If it is used inside an example
-    block, it should have the |example text| color; if it is currently
-    ``alerted'' it should have the |alerted text| color. This color
-    will setup by certain environments to have the color that should be
-    used to typset things like item buttons. Since the color used for
-    items, |item|, inherits from this color by default, items
-    automatically change their color according to the current
-    situation.
-
-    If you write your own environment in which the item buttons are
-    similar structural elements should have a different color, you
-    should change the color |local structure| inside these
-    environments. 
-  \end{element}
-  
-  \begin{element}{tiny structure}\no\no\yes
-    This special font is used for ``tiny'' structural text. Basically,
-    this font should be used whenever a structural element uses a tiny
-    font. The idea is that the tiny versions of the |structure| font
-    often are not suitable. For example, it is often necessary to use a
-    boldface version for them. Also, one might wish to have serif smallcaps
-    structural text, but still retain normal sans-serif tiny structural
-    text.
-  \end{element}
-\end{command}
-
-\begin{environment}{{structureenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
-  Environment version of the |\structure| command.
-
-  \begin{element}{structure begin}\yes\no\no
-    This text is inserted at the beginning of a |structureenv|
-    environment.
-
-    \begin{templateoptions}
-      \itemoption{default}{}
-
-      \articlenote
-      The text is typeset in boldface.
-    \end{templateoptions}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{structure end}\yes\no\no
-    This text is inserted at the end of a |structureenv| environment.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\begin{command}{\alert\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{hilighted text}}
-  The given text is hilighted, typically by coloring the text red. If
-  the \meta{overlay specification} is present, the command only has an
-  effect on the specified slides.
-  \example |This is \alert{important}.|
-
-  Internally, this command just puts the \emph{hilighted text} inside
-  an |alertenv|.
-  
-  \articlenote
-  Alerted text is typeset as emphasized text. This can be changed by
-  modifying the templates, see below.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  You need to use \TeX-mode to insert this command (which is not very
-  convenient).
-
-  \begin{element}{alerted text}\no\yes\yes
-    This color/font is used when alerted text is typeset. The
-    background is currently ignored. There is no template
-    |alerted text|, rather there are templates |alerted text begin|
-    and |alerted text end| that are inserted before and after alerted
-    text.
-  \end{element}
-\end{command}
-
-\begin{environment}{{alertenv}\sarg{overlay specification}}
-  Environment version of the |\alert| command.
-
-  \begin{element}{alerted text begin}\yes\no\no
-    This text is inserted at the beginning of a an |alertenv|
-    environment.
-
-    \begin{templateoptions}
-      \itemoption{default}{}
-
-      \beamernote
-      This changes the color |local structure| to |alerted text|. This
-      causes things like buttons or items to be colored in the same
-      color as the alerted text, which is often visually pleasing. See
-      also the |\structure| command.
-
-      \articlenote
-      The text is emphasized.
-    \end{templateoptions}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{alerted text end}\yes\no\no
-    This text is inserted at the end of an |alertenv| environment.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Block Environments}
-\label{predefined}
-
-The \beamer\ class predefines an environment for typesetting a
-``block'' of text that has a heading. The appearance of blocks can
-easily be changed using the following template:
-
-\begin{element}{blocks}\semiyes\no\no
-  Changining this parent template changes the templates of normal
-  blocks, alerted blocks, and example blocks.
-
-  \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[default]|
-  \example |\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=true]|
-
-  \begin{templateoptions}
-    \itemoption{default}{}
-    The default setting typesets the block title on its own line. If a
-    background is specified either for the |block title| or for the
-    |block body|, this background color is used as background of the
-    title or body, respectively. For alerted and example blocks, the
-    corresponding \beamer-colors and -fonts are used, instead.
-    \itemoption{rounded}{\oarg{shadow=true}}
-    Makes the blocks ``rounded.'' This means that the corners of the
-    backgrounds of the blocks are ``rounded off.'' If the
-    |shadow=true| option is given, a ``shadow'' is drawn behind the
-    block. 
-  \end{templateoptions}
-\end{element}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{block}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block
-      title}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Only one \meta{action specification} may be given.
-  Inserts a block, like a definition or a theorem, with the title
-  \meta{block title}. If the \meta{action specification} is present,
-  the given actions are taken on the specified slides, see
-  Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}. In the example, the 
-  definition is shown only from slide 3 onward.
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-  \begin{block}<3->{Definition}
-    A \alert{set} consists of elements.
-  \end{block}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  The block name is typeset in bold.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  The argument of the block must (currently) be given in
-  \TeX-mode. More precisely, there must be an opening brace in
-  \TeX-mode and a closing brace in \TeX-mode around it. The text
-  in between can also be typeset using \LyX. I hope to get rid of this
-  some day.
-
-  \begin{element}{block begin}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the beginning of a block before the
-    \meta{environment contents}. Inside this
-    template, the block title can be accessed via the following
-    insert:
-    \begin{itemize}
-      \iteminsert{\insertblocktitle}
-      Inserts the \meta{block title} into the template.
-    \end{itemize}
-
-    When the template starts, no special color or font is installed
-    (for somewhat complicated reasons). Thus, this template should
-    install the correct colors and fonts for the title and the body itself.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block end}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the end of a block.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block title}\no\yes\yes
-    This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the title of
-    the block. Since neither the color nor the font are setup
-    automatically, the template |block begin| must do so itself.
-
-    The default block template and also the |rounded| version honor
-    the background of this color.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block body}\no\yes\yes
-    This \beamer-color/-font should be used to typeset the body of the
-    block, that is, the \meta{environment contents}. As for
-    |block title|, the color and font must be setup by the template
-    |block begin|.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{alertblock}\sarg{action specification}\marg{block
-title}\sarg{action specification}} 
-  Inserts a block whose title is hilighted. Behaves like the |block|
-  environment otherwise.
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-  \begin{alertblock}{Wrong Theorem}
-    $1=2$.
-  \end{alertblock}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  The block name is typeset in bold and is emphasized.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  Same applies as for |block|.
-
-  \begin{element}{block alerted begin}\yes\no\no
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block alerted end}\yes\no\no
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block title alerted}\no\yes\yes
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block body alerted}\no\yes\yes
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-\begin{environment}{{exampleblock}\sarg{action
-specification}\marg{block title}\sarg{overlay specification}} 
-  Inserts a block that is supposed to be an example. Behaves like the
-  |block| environment otherwise.
-  
-  \example In the following example, the block is completely
-  suppressed on the first slide (it does not even occupy any space).
-\begin{verbatim}
-  \begin{exampleblock}{Example}<only@2->
-    The set $\{1,2,3,5\}$ has four elements.
-  \end{exampleblock}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  The block name is typeset in italics.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  Same applies as for |block|.
-
-  \begin{element}{block example begin}\yes\no\no
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block example end}\yes\no\no
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block title example}\no\yes\yes
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{block body example}\no\yes\yes
-    Same applies as for normal blocks.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-\lyxnote
-Overlay specifications must be given right at the beginning of the
-environments and in \TeX-mode.
-
-
-
-\subsection{Theorem Environments}
-\label{section-theorems}
-
-The \beamer\ class predefines several environments, like |theorem| or
-|definition| or |proof|, that you can use to typeset things like,
-well, theorems, definitions, or proofs. The complete list is the
-following:  |theorem|, |corollary|, |definition|,
-|definitions|, |fact|, |example|, and |examples|. The following German
-block environments are also predefined: |Problem|, |Loesung|,
-|Definition|, |Satz|, |Beweis|, |Folgerung|, |Lemma|, |Fakt|,
-|Beispiel|, and |Beispiele|.
-
-Here is a typical example on how to use them:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{frame}
-  \frametitle{A Theorem on Infinite Sets}
-
-  \begin{theorem}<1->
-    There exists an infinite set.
-  \end{theorem}
-
-  \begin{proof}<2->
-    This follows from the axiom of infinity.
-  \end{proof}
-
-  \begin{example}<3->[Natural Numbers]
-    The set of natural numbers is infinite.
-  \end{example}
-\end{frame}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-In the following, only the English versions are discussed. The German
-ones behave  analogously.
-
-\begin{environment}{{theorem}\sarg{action
-  specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Inserts a theorem. Only one \meta{action specification} may be
-  given. If present, the \meta{additional text} is shown behind the
-  word ``Theorem'' in rounded brackets (although this can be changed by
-  the template).
-
-  The appearance of the theorem is governed by the templates
-  |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see their description later on
-  for details on how to change these. Every theorem is put into a
-  |block| environment, thus the templates for blocks also apply.
-
-  The theorem style (a concept from |amsthm|) used for this
-  environment is |plain|. In this style, the body of a theorem should
-  be typeset in italics. The head of the theorem should be typeset in
-  a bold font, but this is usually overruled by the templates.
-
-  If the option |envcountsect| is given either as class option in one
-  of the |presentation| modes or as an option to the package
-  |beamerarticle| in |article| mode, then the numbering of the
-  theorems is local to each section with the section number prefixing
-  the theorem number; otherwise they are numbered consecutively
-  throughout the presentation or article. I recommend using this
-  option in |article| mode.
-
-  By default, no theorem numbers are shown in the |presentation| modes.
-
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{theorem}[Kummer, 1992]
-  If $\#^_A^n$ is $n$-enumerable, then $A$ is recursive.
-\end{theorem}
-
-\begin{theorem}<2->[Tantau, 2002]
-  If $\#_A^2$ is $2$-fa-enumerable, then $A$ is regular.
-\end{theorem}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \lyxnote
-  If present, the optional argument and the action specification must
-  be given in \TeX-mode at the beginning of the environment.
-\end{environment}
-
-The environments \declare{|corollary|}, \declare{|fact|}, and
-\declare{|lemma|} behave exactly the same way.
-
-\begin{classoption}{envcountsect}
-  Causes theorems, definitions, and so on to be numbered locally to
-  each section. Thus, the first theorem of the second section would be
-  Theorem~2.1 (assuming that there are no definitions, lemmas, or
-  corollaries earlier in the section).
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{environment}{{definition}\sarg{action
-      specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem
-  style |definition| is used. In this style, the body of a theorem is
-  typeset in an upright font.
-\end{environment}
-
-The environment \declare{|definitions|} behaves exactly the same way.
-
-\begin{environment}{{example}\sarg{action
-      specification}\oarg{additional text}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Behaves like the |theorem| environment, except that the theorem
-  style |example| is used. A side-effect of using this theorem style
-  is that the \meta{environment contents} is put in an |exampleblock|
-  instead of a |block|.
-\end{environment}
-
-The environment \declare{|examples|} behaves exactly the same way.
-
-\beamernote
-The default template for typesetting theorems suppresses the theorem
-number, even if this number is ``available'' for typesetting (which it
-is by default in all predefined environments; but if you define your
-own environment using |\newtheorem*| no number will be available).
-
-\articlenote
-In |article| mode, theorems are automatically numbered. By specifying
-the class option |envcountsect|, theorems will be numbered locally to each
-section, which is usually a good idea, except for very short
-articles.
-
-\begin{environment}{{proof}\sarg{action specification}\oarg{proof
-name}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Typesets a proof. If the optional \meta{proof name} is given, it
-  completely replaces the word ``Proof.'' This is different from
-  normal theorems, where the optional argument is shown in brackets.
-
-  At the end of the theorem, a |\qed| symbol is shown, except if you
-  say |\qedhere| earlier in the proof (this is exactly as in
-  |amsthm|). The default |\qed| symbol is an open rectangle. To
-  completely suppress the symbol, write |\def\qedsymbol{}| in 
-  your preamble. To get an closed rectangle, say
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamertemplate{qed symbol}{\vrule width1.5ex height1.5ex depth0pt}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  If you use |babel| and a different language, the text ``Proof'' is
-  replaced by whatever is appropriate in the selected language.
-
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{proof}<2->[Sketch of proof]
-  Suppose ...
-\end{proof}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \begin{element}{qed symbol}\yes\yes\yes
-    The symbol is shown at the end of every proof.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-You can define new environments using the following command:
-
-\begin{command}{\newtheorem\opt{|*|}\marg{environment name}\oarg{numbered same
-      as}\marg{head text}\oarg{number within}}
-  This command is used exactly the same way as in the |amsthm| package
-  (as a matter of fact, it is the command from that package), see its
-  documentation. The only difference is that environments declared using
-  this command are overlay-specification-aware in \beamer\ and that,
-  when typeset, are typeset according to \beamer's templates.
-
-  \articlenote
-  Environments declared using this command are also
-  overlay-specification-aware in |article| mode.
-
-  \example |\newtheorem{observation}[theorem]{Observation}|
-\end{command}
-
-You can also use |amsthm|'s command |\newtheoremstyle| to define new
-theorem styles. Note that the default template for theorems will
-ignore any head font setting, but will honor the body font setting.
-
-If you wish to define the environments like |theorem| differently (for
-example, have it numbered within each subsection), you can use the
-following class option to disable the definition of the predefined
-environments: 
-
-\begin{classoption}{notheorems}
-  Switches off the definition of default blocks like |theorem|, but
-  still loads |amsthm| and makes theorems  
-  overlay-specificiation-aware.
-\end{classoption}
-
-The option is also available as a package option for
-|beamerarticle| and has the same effect.
-
-\articlenote
-In the |article| version, the package |amsthm| sometimes clashes with
-the document class. In this case you can use the following option,
-which is once more available as a class option for \beamer\ and as a
-package option for |beamerarticle|, to switch off the loading of
-|amsthm| altogether. 
-
-\begin{classoption}{noamsthm}
-  Does not load |amsthm| and also not |amsmath|. Environments like
-  |theorem| or |proof| will not be available.
-\end{classoption}
-
-
-
-\begin{element}{theorems}\semiyes\no\no
-  This template is a parent of |theorem begin| and |theorem end|, see
-  the first for a detailed discussion of how the theorem templates are
-  set.
-
-  \example |\setbeamertemplate{theorems}[numbered]|
-  
-  \begin{templateoptions}
-    \itemoption{default}{}
-    By default, theorems are typeset as follows: The font specification for
-    the body is honored, the font specification for the head is
-    ignored. No theorem number is printed.
-    \itemoption{normal font}{}
-    Like the default, except all font specifications for the body are
-    ignored. Thus, the fonts are used that are normally used for
-    blocks.
-    \itemoption{numbered}{}
-    This option is like the default, except that the theorem
-    number is printed for environments that are numbered.
-    \itemoption{ams style}{}
-    This causes theorems to be put in a |block| or |exampleblock|, but
-    to be otherwise typeset as is normally done in |amsthm|. Thus the
-    head font and body font depend on the setting for the theorem to be
-    typeset and theorems are numbered.
-  \end{templateoptions}
-\end{element}
-
-
-\begin{element}{theorem begin}\yes\no\no
-  Whenever an environment declared using the command |\newtheorem| is
-  to be typeset, this template is inserted at the beginning and the
-  template |theorem end| at the end. If there is a overlay
-  specification when an environment like |theorem| is 
-  used, this overlay specification will directly follow the
-  \meta{block beginning template} upon invocation. This is even true
-  if there was an optional argument to the |theorem| environment. This
-  optional argument is available via the insert |\inserttheoremaddition|.
-
-  Numerous inserts are available in this template, see below.  
-
-  Before the template starts, the font is set to the body font
-  prescribed by the environment to be typeset.
-  
-  \example The following typesets theorems like |amsthm|:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
-{%
-  \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
-  {%
-    \inserttheoremheadfont
-    \inserttheoremname
-    \inserttheoremnumber
-    \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
-    \inserttheorempunctuation
-  }%
-}
-\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \example In the following example, all font ``suggestions'' for the
-  environment are suppressed or ignored; and the theorem number is
-  suppressed.
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamertemplate{theorem begin}
-{%
-  \normalfont% ignore body font
-  \begin{\inserttheoremblockenv}
-  {%
-    \inserttheoremname
-    \ifx\inserttheoremaddition\@empty\else\ (\inserttheoremaddition)\fi%
-  }%
-}
-\setbeamertemplate{theorem end}{\end{\inserttheoremblockenv}}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  The following inserts are available inside this template:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremblockenv}
-    This will normally expand to |block|, but if a theorem that has
-    theorem style |example| is typeset, it will expand to
-    |exampleblock|. Thus you can use this insert to decide which
-    environment should be used when typesetting the theorem.
-
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremheadfont}
-    This will expand to a font changing command that switches to the
-    font to be used in the head of the theorem. By not inserting it, you
-    can ignore the head font.
-
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremname}
-    This will expand to the name of the environment to be typeset (like
-    ``Theorem'' or ``Corollary''). 
-
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremnumber}
-    This will expand to the number of the current theorem preceeded by a
-    space or to nothing, if the current theorem does not have a number.
-
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheoremaddition}
-    This will expand to the optional argument given to the environment
-    or will be empty, if there was no optional argument.
-
-    \iteminsert{\inserttheorempunctuation}
-    This will expand to the punctuation character for the current
-    environment. This is usually a period.
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{theorem end}\yes\no\no
-  Inserted at the end of a theorem.
-\end{element}
-
-
-
-\subsection{Framed and Boxed Text}
-
-In order to draw a frame (a rectangle) around some text, you can use
-\LaTeX s standard command |\fbox| and also |\frame| (inside a \beamer\
-frame, the |\frame| command changes its meaning to the normal \LaTeX\
-|\frame| command). More frame types are offered by the
-package |fancybox|, which defines the following commands:
-|\shadowbox|, |\doublebox|, |\ovalbox|, and |\Ovalbox|. Please consult
-the \LaTeX\ Companion for details on how to use these commands.
-
-The \beamer\ class also defines two environments for creating coloured
-boxes.
-
-\begin{environment}{{beamercolorbox}\oarg{options}\marg{beamer color}}
-  This environment can be used to conveniently typeset some text using
-  some \beamer-color. Basically, the following two command blocks do
-  the same: 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{beamercolorbox}{beamer color}
-  Text
-\end{beamercolorbox}
-
-{
-  \usebeamercolor{beamer color}
-  \colorbox{bg}{
-    \color{fg}
-    Text
-  }
-}
-\end{verbatim}
-  In other words, the environment installs the \meta{beamer color} and
-  uses the background for the background of the box and the foreground
-  for the text inside the box. However, in reality, numerous
-  \meta{options} can be given to specify in much greater detail how
-  the box is rendered.
-
-  If the background color of \meta{beamer color} is empty, no
-  background is drawn behind the text, that is, the background is
-  ``transparent.''
-
-  This command is used extensively by the default inner and outer
-  themes for typesetting the headlines and footlines. It is not really
-  intended to be used in normal frames (for example, it is not
-  available inside |article| mode). You should prefer using
-  structuring elements like blocks or theorems that automatically
-  insert colored boxes as needed.
-
-  \example The following example could be used to typeset a headline
-  with two lines, the first showing the document title, the second
-  showing the author's name:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{title in head/foot}
-  \usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}
-  \insertshorttitle
-\end{beamercolorbox}%
-\begin{beamercolorbox}[ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,center]{author in head/foot}
-  \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}
-  \insertshortauthor
-\end{beamercolorbox}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \example Typesetting a postit:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamercolor{postit}{fg=black,bg=yellow}
-\begin{beamercolorbox}[sep=1em,wd=5cm]{postit}
-  Place me somewhere!
-\end{beamercolorbox}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  
-  The following \meta{options} can be given:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \declare{|wd=|\marg{width}} sets the width of the box. This
-    command has two effects: First, \TeX's |\hsize| is set to
-    \meta{width}. Second, after the box has been typeset, its width is
-    set to \meta{width} (no matter what it actually turned out to
-    be). Since setting the |\hsize| does not automatically change some
-    of \LaTeX's linewidth dimensions, you should consider using a
-    minipage inside this environment if you fool around with the
-    width.
-
-    If the width is larger than the normal text width, as specified by
-    the value of |\textwidth|, the width of the resulting box is reset
-    to the width |\textwidth|, but intelligent negative skips are
-    inserted at the left and right end of the box. The net effect of
-    this is that you can use a width larger than the text width for a
-    box and can insert the resulting box directly into normal text
-    without getting annoying warnings and having the box positioned
-    sensibly.
-  \item \declare{|dp=|\marg{depth}} sets the depth of the box,
-    overriding the real depth of the box. The box is first typeset
-    normally, then the depth is changed afterwards. This option is
-    useful for creating boxes that have guaranteed size.
-
-    If the option is not given, the box has its ``natural'' depth,
-    which results from the typesetting. For example, a box containing
-    only the letter ``a'' will have a different depth from a box
-    containing only the letter ``g.''
-  \item \declare{|ht=|\meta{height}} sets the height of the box,
-    overriding the real height. Note that the ``height'' does not
-    include the depth (see, for example, the \TeX-book for
-    details). If you want a one-line box that always has the same
-    size, setting the height to 2.25ex and the depth to 1ex is usually
-    a good option.
-  \item \declare{|left|} causes the text inside the box to be typeset
-    left-aligned and with a (radically) ragged right border. This is
-    the default. To get a better ragged right border, use the
-    |rightskip| option. 
-  \item \declare{|right|} causes the text to be right-aligned with a
-    (radically) ragged left border.
-  \item \declare{|center|} centers the text inside the box.
-  \item \declare{|leftskip=|\meta{left skip}} installs the \meta{left
-      skip} inside the box as the left skip. \TeX's left skip is a
-    glue that is inserted at the left end of every line. See the
-    \TeX-book for details.
-  \item \declare{|rightskip=|\meta{right skip}} install the
-    \meta{right skip}. To get a good ragged right border, try, say,
-    |\rightskip=0pt plus 4em|.
-  \item \declare{|sep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the size of extra
-    space around the text. This space is added ``inside the box,''
-    which means that if you specify a |sep| of 1cm and insert the box
-    normally into the vertical list, then the left border of the box
-    will be aligned with the left border of the slide text, while the
-    left border of the text inside the box will be 1cm to the right of
-    this left border. Likewise, the text inside the box will stop 1cm
-    before the right border of the normal text.
-  \item \declare{|colsep=|\meta{dimension}} sets the extra ``color
-    separation space'' around the text. This space behaves the
-    same way as the space added by |sep|, only this space is only
-    inserted if the box has a colored background, that is, if the
-    background of the \meta{beamer color} is not empty. This command
-    can be used together with |sep|, the effects accumulate.
-  \item \declare{|colsep*=|\meta{dimension}} sets an extra color
-    separation space around the text that is \emph{horizontally
-    outside the box}. This means that if the box has a background,
-    this background will protrude by \meta{dimension} to the left and
-    right of the text, but this protruding background will not be
-    taken intro consideration by \TeX\ for typesetting purposes.
-
-    A typical example usage of this option arises when you insert a
-    box with a coloured background in the middle of normal text. In
-    this case, if the background color is set, you would like a
-    background to be drawn behind the text \emph{and} you would like a
-    certain extra space around this text (the background should not
-    stop immediately at the borders of the text, this looks silly)
-    \emph{and} you would like the normal text always to be at the same 
-    horizontal position, independently of whether a background is
-    present or not. In this case, using |colsep*=4pt| is a good
-    option.
-  \item \declare{|shadow|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} draws a shadow
-    behind the box. Currently, this option only has an effect if
-    used together with the |rounded| option, but that may change.
-  \item \declare{|rounded|}\opt{|=|\meta{true or false}} causes the
-    borders of the box to be rounded off if there is a background
-    installed. This command internally calls |beamerboxesrounded|.
-  \item \declare{|ignorebg|} causes the background color of the
-    \meta{beamer color} to be ignored, that is, to be treated as if it
-    were set to ``transparent'' or ``empty.''
-  \item \declare{vmode} causes \TeX\ to be in vertical mode when the
-    box starts. Normally, \TeX\ will be in horizontal mode at the
-    start of the box (a |\leavevmode| is inserted automatically at the
-    beginning of the box unless this option is given). Only
-    \TeX perts need this option, so, if you use it, you will
-    probably know what you are doing anyway.
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{beamerboxesrounded}\oarg{options}\marg{head}}
-  The text inside the environment is framed by a rectangular area with
-  rounded corners. For the large rectangular area, the \beamer-color
-  specified with the |lower| option  is used. Its background is used
-  for the background, its foreground for the foreground. If the
-  \meta{head} is not empty, \meta{head} is drawn in the 
-  upper part of the box using the \beamer-color specified with the
-  |upper| option for the fore- and background. The following options
-  can be given: 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \declare{|lower=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color
-    to be used for the lower (main) part of the box. Its background is
-    used for the background, its foreground for the foreground of the
-    main part of the box. If either is empty, the current background
-    or foreground is used. The box will never be transparent.
-  \item \declare{|upper=|\meta{beamer color}} sets the \beamer-color
-    used for the upper (head) part of the box. It is only used if the
-    \meta{head} is not empty.     
-  \item \declare{|width=|\meta{dimension}} causes the width of the
-    text inside the box to be the specified \meta{dimension}. By
-    default, the |\textwidth| is used. Note that the box will protrude
-    4pt to the left and right.
-  \item \declare{|shadow=|\meta{true or false}}. If set to |true|, a
-    shadow will be drawn.    
-  \end{itemize}
-  If no \meta{head} is given, the head part is completely suppressed.
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[upper=block head,lower=block body,shadow=true]{Theorem}
-  $A = B$.
-\end{beamerboxesrounded}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  This environment is not available in |article| mode.
-\end{environment}
-
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Figures and Tables}
-
-You can use the standard \LaTeX\ environments |figure| and
-|table| much the same way you would normally use them. However,
-any placement specification will be ignored. Figures and tables are
-immediately inserted where the environments start. If there are too
-many of them to fit on the frame, you must manually split them among
-additional frames or use the |allowframebreaks| option.
-
-\example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{frame}
-  \begin{figure}
-    \pgfuseimage{myfigure}
-    \caption{This caption is placed below the figure.}
-  \end{figure}
-
-  \begin{figure}
-    \caption{This caption is placed above the figure.}
-    \pgfuseimage{myotherfigure}
-  \end{figure}
-\end{frame}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-\begin{element}{caption}\yes\yes\yes
-  This template is used to render the caption.
-  \begin{templateoptions}
-    \itemoption{default}{}
-    typesets the caption name (a word like ``Figure'' or ``Abbildung''
-    or ``Table,'' depending on whether a table or figure is typeset
-    and depending on the currently installed language) before the
-    caption text. No number is printed, since these make little sense
-    in a normal presentation.
-    \itemoption{numbered}{}
-    adds the figure or table number to the caption. Use this option
-    only if your audience has a printed handout or printed lecture
-    notes that follow the same numbering.
-    \itemoption{caption name own line}{}
-    As the name suggests, this options puts the caption name (like
-    ``Figure'') on its own line.
-  \end{templateoptions}
-
-  Inside the template, you can use the following inserts:
-  \begin{itemize}
-    \iteminsert{\insertcaption}
-    Inserts the text of the current caption.
-
-    \iteminsert{\insertcaptionname}
-    Inserts the name of the current caption. This word
-    is either ``Table'' or ``Figure'' or, if the |babel| package is
-    used, some translation thereof.
-
-    \iteminsert{\insertcaptionnumber}
-    Inserts the number of the current figure or table.
-  \end{itemize}
-\end{element}
-
-\begin{element}{caption name}\no\yes\yes
-  These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the caption name
-  (a word like ``Figure''). The |caption| template must directly
-  ``use'' them, they are not installed automatically by the
-  |\insertcaptionname| command.
-\end{element}
-
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Splitting a Frame into Multiple Columns}
-
-The \beamer\ class offers several commands and environments for
-splitting (perhaps only part of) a frame into multiple columns. These
-commands have nothing to do with \LaTeX's commands for creating
-columns. Columns are especially useful for placing a graphic next to a
-description/explanation.
-
-The main environment for creating columns is called |columns|. Inside
-this environment, you can either place several |column| environments,
-each of which creates a new column, or use the |\column| command to
-create new columns.
-
-\begin{environment}{{columns}\oarg{options}}
-  A multi-column area. Inside the environment you should place only
-  |column| environments or |\column| commands (see below). The
-  following \meta{options} may be given: 
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item
-    \declare{|b|} will cause the bottom lines of the columns to be
-    vertically aligned.
-  \item
-    \declare{|c|} will cause the columns to be centered vertically
-    relative to each other. Default, unless the global option
-    |t| is used. 
-  \item
-    \declare{|onlytextwidth|} is the same as |totalwidth=\textwidth|.
-  \item
-    \declare{|t|} will cause the first lines of the columns to be
-    aligned. Default if global option |t| is used.
-  \item
-    \declare{|T|} is similar to the |t| option, but |T| aligns the
-    tops of the first lines while |t| aligns the so-called baselines
-    of the first lines. If strange things seem to happen in
-    conjunction with the |t| option (for example if a graphic suddenly
-    ``drops down'' with the |t| option instead of ``going up,''), try
-    using this option instead.
-  \item
-    \declare{|totalwidth=|\meta{width}} will cause the columns to occupy
-    not the whole page width, but only \meta{width}, all told.
-  \end{itemize}
-    
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{columns}[t]
-  \begin{column}{5cm}
-    Two\\lines.
-  \end{column}
-  \begin{column}{5cm}
-    One line (but aligned).
-  \end{column}
-\end{columns}
-\end{verbatim}
-  
-  \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{columns}[t]
-  \column{5cm}
-    Two\\lines.
-
-  \column[T]{5cm}
-    \includegraphis[height=3cm]{mygraphic.jpg}
-\end{columns}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-  \articlenote
-  This environment is ignored in |article| mode.
-  
-  \lyxnote
-  Use ``Columns'' or ``ColumnsTopAligned'' to create a |columns|
-  environment. To pass options, insert them in \TeX-mode right at the
-  beginning of the environment in square brackets.
-\end{environment}
-
-To create a column, you can either use the |column| environment or the
-|\column| command. 
-
-\begin{environment}{{column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}}
-  Creates a single column of width \meta{column width}. The vertical
-  placement of the enclosing |columns| environment can be overruled by
-  specifying a specific \meta{placement} (|t| and |T| for the two top
-  modes, |c| for centered, and |b| for bottom). 
-
-  \example The following code has the same effect as the above examples:
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{columns}
-  \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
-    Two\\lines.
-  \end{column}
-  \begin{column}[t]{5cm}
-    One line (but aligned).
-  \end{column}
-\end{columns}
-\end{verbatim}
-  \articlenote
-  This command is ignored in |article| mode.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  The ``Column'' styles insert the command version, see below.
-\end{environment}
-
-\begin{command}{{\column}\oarg{placement}\marg{column width}}
-  Starts a single column. The parameters and options are the same as
-  for the |column| environment. The column automatically ends with the
-  next occurrence of |\column| or of a |column| environment or of the
-  end of the current |columns| environment.
-
-  \example 
-\begin{verbatim}
-\begin{columns}
-  \column[t]{5cm}
-    Two\\lines.
-  \column[t]{5cm}
-    One line (but aligned).
-\end{columns}
-\end{verbatim}
-  \articlenote
-  This command is ignored in |article| mode.
-
-  \lyxnote
-  In a ``Column'' style, the width of the column must be given as
-  normal text, not in \TeX-mode.
-\end{command}
-
-
-
-\subsection{Positioning Text and Graphics Absolutely}
-
-Normally, \beamer\ uses \TeX's normal typesetting mechanism to
-position text and graphics on the page. In certain situation you may
-instead wish a certain text or graphic to appear at a
-page position that is specified \emph{absolutely}. This means that the
-position is specified relative to the upper left corner of the slide.
-
-The package |textpos| provides several commands for positioning text
-absolutely and it works together with \beamer. When using this
-package, you will typically have to specify the options |overlay| and
-perhaps |absolute|. For details on how to use the package, please see
-its documentation.
-
-
-
-\subsection{Verbatim and Fragile Text}
-
-If you wish to use a |{verbatim}| environment in a frame, you have to
-add the option |[fragile]| to the |{frame}| environment. In this case,
-you really have to use the |{frame}| environment (not the |\frame|
-command) and the |\end{frame}| must be alone on a single line. Using
-this option will cause the frame contents to be written to an external
-file and the read back. See the description of the |{frame}|
-environment for more details.
-
-You must also use the |[fragile]| option for frames that include any
-``fragile'' text, which is any text that is not ``interpreted the way
-text is usually interpreted by \TeX.'' For example, if you use a
-package that (locally) redefined the meaning of, say, the character
-|&|, you must use this option.
-
-Inside |{verbatim}| environments you obviously cannot use commands
-like |\alert<2>| to highlight part of code since the text is written
-in, well, verbatim. There are several good packages like |alltt| or
-|listings| that allow you to circumvent this problem. For simple
-cases, the following environment can be used, which is defined by
-\beamer:
-
-\begin{environment}{{semiverbatim}}
-  The text inside this environment is typeset like verbatim
-  text. However, the characters |\|, |{|, and |}| retain their
-  meaning. Thus, you can say things like
-\begin{verbatim}
-\alert<1->{std::cout << "AT&T likes 100% performance";}
-\end{verbatim}
-  To typeset the three characters |\|, |{|, and |}| you can use the
-  commands |\\| (which is redefined inside this environment---you do
-  not need it anyway), |\{|, and |\}|. Thus in order to get typeset
-  ``|\alert<1>{X}|'' you can write |\\alert<1>\{X\}|.
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\subsection{Abstract}
-
-The |abstract| environment is overlay-specificiation-aware in \beamer:
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{abstract}\sarg{action specification}}
-  You can use this environment to typeset an abstract.
-
-  \begin{element}{abstract}\no\yes\yes
-    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the abstract. If
-    a background color is set, this background color is used as
-    background for the whole abstract by default.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{abstract title}\yes\yes\yes
-    \colorparents{titlelike}
-    This template is used for the title. By default, this inserts
-    the word |\abstractname|, centered. The background color is ignored.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{abstract begin}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the very beginning of the abstract,
-    before the abstract title and the \meta{environment
-    contents} is inserted.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{abstract end}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the end of the abstract, after the
-    \meta{environment contents}.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Verse, Quotations, Quotes}
-
-\LaTeX\ defines three environments for typesetting quotations and
-verses: |verse|, |quotation|, and |quote|. These environments are also
-available in the \beamer\ class, where they are
-overlay-specification-aware. If an overlay specification is given, the
-verse or quotation is shown only on the specified slides and is
-covered otherwise. The difference between a |quotation| and a |quote|
-is that the first has paragraph indentation, whereas the second does
-not. 
-
-You can change the font and color used for these by changing the
-\beamer-colors and -fonts listed below. Unlike the standard \LaTeX\
-environments, the default font theme typesets a verse in an italic
-serif font, quotations and quotes are typeset using an italic font
-(whether serif or sans-serif depends on the standard document font).
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{verse}\sarg{action specification}}
-  You can use this environment to typeset a verse.
-
-  \begin{element}{verse}\no\yes\yes
-    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the verse. If
-    a background color is set, this background color is used as
-    background for the whole abstract. The default font is italic
-    serif. 
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{verse begin}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the beginning of the verse.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{verse end}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the end of the verse.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{quotation}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Use this environment to typeset multi-paragraph quotations. Think
-  again, before presenting multi-paragraph quotations.
-
-  \begin{element}{quotation}\no\yes\yes
-    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quotation.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{quotation begin}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the beginning of the quotation.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{quotation end}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the end of the quotation.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\begin{environment}{{quote}\sarg{action specification}}
-  Use this environment to typeset a single-paragraph quotation.
-
-  \begin{element}{quote}\no\yes\yes
-    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the quote.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{quote begin}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the beginning of the quote.
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{quote end}\yes\no\no
-    This template is inserted at the end of the quote.
-  \end{element}
-\end{environment}
-
-
-\subsection{Footnotes}
-
-First a word of warning: Using footnotes is usually not a good
-idea. They disrupt the flow of reading.
-
-You can use the usual |\footnote| command. It has been augmented to
-take an additional option, for placing footnotes at the frame
-bottom instead of at the bottom of the current minipage.
-
-\begin{command}{\footnote\sarg{overlay
-      specification}\oarg{options}\marg{text}} 
-  Inserts a footnote into the current frame. Footnotes will always be
-  shown at the bottom of the current frame; they will never be
-  ``moved'' to other frames. As usual, one can give a number as
-  \meta{options}, which will cause the footnote to use that
-  number. The \beamer\ class adds one additional option:
-  \begin{itemize}
-  \item \declare{|frame|} causes the footnote to be shown at the
-    bottom of the frame. This is normally the default behavior anyway,
-    but in minipages and certain blocks it makes a difference. In a
-    minipage, the footnote is usually shown as part of the minipage
-    rather than as part of the frame.
-  \end{itemize}
-
-  If an \meta{overlay specification} is given, this causes the
-  footnote \meta{text} to be shown only on the specified slides. The
-  footnote symbol in the text is shown on all slides.
-
-  \example |\footnote{On a fast machine.}|
-  \example |\footnote[frame,2]{Not proved.}|
-  \example |\footnote<.->{Der Spiegel, 4/04, S.\ 90.}|
-
-  \begin{element}{footnote}\yes\yes\yes
-    This template will be used to render the footnote. Inside this
-    template, the following two inserts can be used:
-    \begin{itemize}
-    \iteminsert{\insertfootnotetext}
-      Inserts the current footnote text.
-    \iteminsert{\insertfootnotemark}
-      Inserts the current footnote mark (like a raised number). This mark
-      is computed automatically.
-    \end{itemize}
-  \end{element}
-
-  \begin{element}{footnote mark}\no\yes\yes
-    This \beamer-color/-font is used when rendering the footnote mark,
-    both in the text and at the beginning of the footnote itself.
-  \end{element}
-\end{command}
-
-
-%%% Local Variables: 
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide"
-%%% End: