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+% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-frames.tex,v 1.29 2005/04/18 16:33:59 tantau Exp $
+
+% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
+%
+% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
+% of the GNU Public License, version 2.
+
+\section{Creating Frames}
+
+\label{section-frames}
+
+\subsection{The Frame Environment}
+
+A presentation consists of a series of frames. Each frame consists of
+a series of slides. You create a frame using the command
+|\frame| or the environment |frame|, which do the same. The command
+takes one parameter, namely the contents of the frame. All of the
+text that is not tagged by overlay specifications is shown on all
+slides of the frame. (Overlay specifications are explained
+in more detail in later sections. For the moment, let's just say
+that an overlay specification is a list of numbers or number ranges in
+pointed brackets that is put after certain commands as in
+|\uncover<1,2>{Text}|.) If a frame contains commands that have an
+overlay specification, the frame will contain multiple slides;
+otherwise it contains only one slide.
+
+\begin{environment}{{frame}\sarg{overlay specification}%
+    \opt{|[<|\meta{default overlay specification}|>]|}\oarg{options}\opt{\marg{title}\marg{subtitle}}}
+  The \meta{overlay specification} dictates which slides of a frame are
+  to be shown. If left out, the number is calculated automatically.
+  The \meta{environment contents} can be normal \LaTeX\ text, but may not contain
+  |\verb| commands or |verbatim| environments or any environment that
+  changes the character codes, unless the |fragile| options
+  is given.
+
+  The optional \meta{title} is detected by an opening brace, that is,
+  if the first thing in the frame is an opening brace then it is
+  assumed that a frame title follows. Likewise, the optional
+  \meta{subtitle} is detected the same way, that is, by an opening
+  brace following the \meta{title}. The title and subtitle can also be
+  given using the |\frametitle| and |\framesubtitle| commands.
+ 
+  The normal \LaTeX\ command |\frame| is available \emph{inside}
+  frames with its usual meaning. Both outside and inside frames it is
+  always available as {\color{red!75!black}|\framelatex|}. 
+ 
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}{A title}
+  Some content.
+\end{frame}
+%% Same effect:
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{A title}
+  Some content.
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+  
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}<beamer>{Outline}  % frame is only shown in beamer mode
+  \tabelofcontent[current]
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  Normally, the complete \meta{environment contents} is put on a slide. If
+  the text does not fit on a slide, being too high, it will be
+  squeezed as much as possible, a warning will be issued, and the text
+  just extends unpleasantly over the bottom. You can use the option
+  |allowframebreaks| to cause the \meta{frame text} to be split among several
+  slides, though you cannot use overlays then. See the explanation of
+  the |allowframebreaks| option for details. 
+  
+  The \meta{default overlay specification} is an optional argument
+  that is ``detected'' according to the following rule: If the first
+  optional argument in square brackets starts with a |<|, then this
+  argument is a \meta{default overlay specification}, otherwise it is
+  a normal \meta{options} argument. Thus |\begin{frame}[<+->][plain]| would
+  be legal, but also |\begin{frame}[plain]|.
+
+  The effect of the \meta{default overlay specification} is the
+  following: Every command or environment \emph{inside the frame} that
+  accepts an action specification, see
+  Section~\ref{section-action-specifications}, (this includes the
+  |\item| command, the |actionenv| environment, |\action|, and all
+  block environments) and that is not followed by 
+  an overlay specification gets the \meta{default overlay
+    specification} as its specification. By providing an incremental
+  specification like |<+->|, see Section~\ref{section-incremental},
+  this will essentially cause all blocks and all enumerations to be
+  uncovered piece-wise (blocks internally employ action
+  specifications).
+  
+  \example In this frame, the theorem is shown from the first slide
+  on, the proof from the second slide on, with the first two itemize
+  points shown one after the other; the last itemize point is shown
+  together with the first one. In total, this frame will contain four
+  slides.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}[<+->]
+  \begin{theorem}
+    $A = B$.
+  \end{theorem}
+  \begin{proof}
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item Clearly, $A = C$.
+    \item As shown earlier,  $C = B$.
+    \item<3-> Thus $A = B$.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{proof}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+ 
+  The following \meta{options} may be given:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item
+    \declare{|allowdisplaybreaks|}\opt{|=|\meta{break
+    desirability}} causes the AMS\TeX\ command
+    |\allowdisplaybreaks|\penalty0|[|\meta{break desirability}|]| to be issued
+    for the current frame. The \meta{break desirability} can be a
+    value between 0 (meaning formulas may never be broken) and 4 (the
+    default, meaning that formulas can be broken anywhere without any
+    penalty). The option is just a convenience and makes sense only
+    together with the |allowsframebreaks| option.  
+  \item
+    \declare{|allowframebreaks|}\opt{|=|\meta{fraction}}. When this option is
+    given, the frame will be automatically broken up into several
+    frames if the text does not fit on a single slide. In detail, when this
+    option is given, the following things happen:
+    \begin{enumerate}
+    \item
+      Overlays are not supported.
+    \item
+      Any notes for the frame created using the |\note| command will
+      be inserted after the first page of the frame.
+    \item
+      Any footnotes for the frame will be inserted on the last page of
+      the frame.
+    \item
+      If there is a frame title, each of the pages will have this
+      frame title, with a special note added indicating which page of
+      the frame that page is. By default, this special note is a
+      Roman number. However, this can be changed using the following
+      template.
+      \begin{element}{frametitle continuation}\yes\yes\yes
+        The text of this template is inserted at the end of every
+        title of a frame with the |allowframebreaks| option set.
+        \begin{templateoptions}
+          \itemoption{default}{}
+          Installs a Roman number as the template. The number
+          indicates the current page of the frame.
+          
+          \itemoption{roman}{}
+          Alias for the default.
+          
+          \itemoption{from second}{\oarg{text}}
+          Installs a template that inserts \meta{text} from the second
+          page of a frame on. By default, the text inserted is
+          |\insertcontinuationtext|,  which  in turn is |(cont.)| by
+          default. 
+        \end{templateoptions}
+        The following inserts are available:
+        \begin{templateinserts}
+          \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationcount}
+          inserts the current page of the frame as an arabic number.
+          \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationcountroman}
+          inserts the current page of the frame as an (uppercase)
+          Roman number.
+          \iteminsert{\insertcontinuationtext}
+          just inserts the text |(cont.)| or, possibly, a translation
+          thereof (like |(Forts.)| in German). 
+        \end{templateinserts}
+      \end{element}
+    \end{enumerate}
+    If a frame needs to be broken into several pages, the material on
+    all but the last page fills only 95\% of each page by
+    default. Thus, there will be some space left at the top and/or
+    bottom, depending on the vertical placement option for the
+    frame. This yields a better visual result than a 100\% filling,
+    which typically looks crowded. However, you can change this
+    percentage using the optional argument \meta{fraction}, where 1
+    means 100\% and 0.5 means 50\%. This percentage includes
+    the frame title. Thus, in order to split a frame ``roughly in
+    half,'' you should give 0.6 as \meta{fraction}.
+
+    Most of the fine details of normal \TeX\ page breaking also apply
+    to this option. For example, when you wish equations to be broken
+    automatically, be sure to use the |\allowdisplaybreaks|
+    command. You can insert |\break|, |\nobreak|, and |\penalty|
+    commands to control where breaks should occur. The commands 
+    |\pagebreak| and |\nopagebreak| also work, including their
+    options. Since you typically do not want page breaks for the frame
+    to apply also to the |article| mode, you can add a mode
+    specification like |<presentation>| to make these commands apply
+    only to the presentation modes. The command
+    \declare{|\string\framebreak|} is a shorthand for
+    |\pagebreak<presentation>| and \declare{|\string\noframebreak|} is
+    a shorthand for |\nopagebreak<presentation>|.
+
+    The use of this  option \emph{evil}. In a (good) presentation you
+    prepare each slide carefully and think twice before putting something
+    on a certain slide rather than on some different slide. Using the
+    |allowframebreaks| option invites the creation of horrible, endless
+    presentations that resemble more a ``paper projected on the wall''
+    than a presentation. Nevertheless, the option does have its
+    uses. Most noticeably, it can be convenient for automatically
+    splitting bibliographies or long equations.
+
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]{References}
+  \begin{thebibliography}{XX}
+
+  \bibitem...
+  \bibitem...
+    ...
+  \bibitem...
+  \end{thebibliography}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks,allowdisplaybreaks]{A Long Equation}
+  \begin{align}
+    \zeta(2) &= 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + \cdots \\
+    &= ... \\
+    ...
+    &= \pi^2/6.
+  \end{align}
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+  \item
+    \declare{|b|}, \declare{|c|}, \declare{|t|} will cause the frame
+    to be vertically aligned at the bottom/center/top. This overrides
+    the global placement policy, which is governed by the class
+    options |t| and |c|.
+  \item
+    \declare{|fragile|\opt{|=singleslide|}} tells \beamer\
+    that the frame contents is ``fragile.'' This means that the frame
+    contains text that is not ``interpreted as usual.'' For example,
+    this applies to verbatim text, which is, obviously, interpreted
+    somewhat differently from normal text.
+
+    If a frame contains fragile text, different internal mechanisms
+    are used to typeset the frame to ensure that inside the frame the
+    character codes can be reset. The price of switching to another
+    internal mechanism is that either you cannot use overlays or an
+    external file needs to be written and read back (which is not
+    always desirable).
+
+    In detail, the following happens when this option is given for
+    normal (pdf)\LaTeX: The contents of the frame is scanned and then
+    written to a  special file named \meta{jobname}|.vrb| or, if a
+    label has been assigned to the frame,
+    \meta{jobname}|.|\meta{current frame number}|.vrb|. Then, the
+    frame is started anew and the content of this file is read
+    back. Since, upon reading of a file, the character codes can be
+    modified, this allows you to use both verbatim text and overlays.
+
+    To determine the end of the frame, the following rule is used: The
+    first occurence of a single line containing exactly
+    |\end{|\meta{frame environment name}|}| ends the frame. The
+    \meta{environment name} normally |frame|, but it can be changed
+    using the |environment| option. This special  rule is needed since
+    the frame contents is, after all, not interpreted when it is
+    gathered. 
+
+    You can also add the optional information |=singleslide|. This
+    tells \beamer\ that the frame contains only a single slide. In
+    this case, the frame contents is \emph{not} written to a special
+    file, but interpreted directly, which is ``faster and cleaner.''
+  \item
+    \declare{|environment=|\meta{frame environment name}}. This option
+    is useful only in conjuction with the |fragile| option (but it
+    is not used for |fragile=singleslide|, only for the plain
+    |fragile|). The \meta{frame environment name} is used to determine
+    the end of the scanning when gathering the frame
+    contents. Normally, the frame ends when  a line reading
+    |\end{frame}| is reached. However, if you use |\begin{frame}|
+    inside another environment, you need to use this option:
+
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{slide}[1]
+  {\begin{frame}[fragile,environment=slide]
+      \frametitle{#1}}
+  {\end{frame}}
+
+\begin{slide}{My title}
+  Text.
+\end{slide}
+\end{verbatim}
+    If you did not specify the option |environment=slide| in the above
+    example, \TeX\ would ``miss'' the end of the slide since it does
+    not interpret text while gathering the frame contents.
+  \item
+    \declare{|label=|\meta{name}} causes the frame's contents to
+    be stored under the name \meta{name} for later resumption using
+    the command |\againframe|. Furthermore, on each slide of the frame
+    a label with the name \meta{name}|<|\meta{slide number}|>| is created. On the
+    \emph{first} slide, furthermore, a label with the name \meta{name}
+    is created (so the labels \meta{name} and \meta{name}|<1>| point
+    to the same slide). Note that labels in general, and these labels
+    in particular, can be used as targets for hyperlinks.
+
+    You can use this option together with |fragile|.
+  \item
+    \declare{|plain|} causes  the headlines, footlines,
+    and sidebars to be suppressed. This is useful for creating single
+    frames with different head- and footlines or for creating frames
+    showing big pictures that completely fill the frame.
+
+  \example A frame with a picture completely filling the frame:  
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}[plain]
+  \begin{centering}%
+    \pgfimage[height=\paperheight]{somebigimagefile}%
+    \par%
+  \end{centering}%
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+  
+  \example A title page, in which the head- and footlines are replaced
+  by two graphics.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{title page}
+{
+  \pgfuseimage{toptitle}
+  \vskip0pt plus 1filll
+
+  \begin{centering}
+    {\usebeamerfont{title}\usebeamercolor[fg]{title}\inserttitle}
+    
+    \insertdate
+  \end{centering}
+
+  \vskip0pt plus 1filll
+  \pgfuseimage{bottomtitle}
+}
+\begin{frame}[plain]
+  \titlepage
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+  \item
+    \declare{|shrink|}\opt{|=|\meta{minimum shrink percentage}}. This
+    option will cause the text of the frame to be shrunk if it is
+    too large to fit on the frame. \beamer\ will first normally
+    typeset the whole frame. Then it has a look at vertical size of
+    the frame text (excluding the frame title). If this vertical size
+    is larger than  the text height minus the frame title height,
+    \beamer\ computes a shrink factor and scales down the frame text
+    by this factor such that the frame text then fills the frame
+    completely. Using this option will automatically cause the
+    |squeeze| option to be used, also.
+
+    Since the shrinking takes place only after everything has been
+    typeset, shrunk frame text will not fill the frame completely
+    horizontally. For this reason, you can specify a \meta{minimum
+    shrink percentage} like |20|. If this percentage is specified, the
+    frame will be shrunk \emph{at least} by this percentage. Since
+    \beamer\ knows this, it can increase the horizontal width
+    proportionally such that the shrunk text once more fills the
+    entire frame. If, however, the percentage is not enough, the text
+    will be shrunk as needed and you will be punished with a warning
+    message.
+
+    The best way to use this option is to identify frames that are
+    overly full, but in which all text absolutely has to be fit on a
+    single frame. Then start specifying first |shrink=5|, then
+    |shrink=10|, and so on, until no warning is issued any more (or
+    just ignore the warning when things look satisfactory).
+
+    Using this option is \emph{very evil}. It will
+    result in changes of the font size from slide to slide, which is a
+    typographic nightmare. Its usage can \emph{always} be avoided by
+    restructuring and simplifying frames, which will result in a
+    better presentation.
+
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}[shrink=5]
+  Some evil endless slide that is 5\% too large.
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+  \item
+    \declare{|squeeze|} causes all vertical spaces in the text to be
+    squeezed together as much as possible. Currently, this just causes
+    the vertical space in enumerations or itemizations to be reduced
+    to zero.
+
+    Using this option is not good, but also not evil.   
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \lyxnote
+  Use the style ``BeginFrame'' to start a frame and the style
+  ``EndFrame'' to end it. A frame is automatically ended by the start
+  of a new frame and by the start of a new section or section (but
+  not by the end of the document!).
+
+  \lyxnote
+  You can pass options and an overlay specification to a frame by
+  giving these in \TeX-mode as the first thing in the frame
+  title. (Some magic is performed to extract them in \LyX-mode from
+  there.)
+
+  \lyxnote
+  The style ``BeginPlainFrame'' is included as a convenience. It
+  passes the |plain| option to the frame. To pass further options to a
+  plain frame, you should use the normal ``BeginFrame'' style and
+  specify all options (including |plain|).
+
+  \lyxnote
+  In \LyX, you can insert verbatim text directly even in overlayed
+  frames. The reason is that \LyX\ uses a different internal mechanism
+  for typesetting verbatim text, that is easier to handle for \beamer.
+
+  \articlenote
+  In |article| mode, the |frame| environment does not create any visual
+  reference to the original frame (no frame is drawn). Rather, the
+  frame text is inserted into the normal text. To change this, you can
+  modify the templates |frame begin| and |frame end|, see below. To
+  suppress a frame in |article| mode, you can, for example, specify
+  |<presentation>| as overlay specification.
+
+  \begin{element}{frame begin}\yes\no\no
+    The text of this template is inserted at the beginning of each
+    frame in |article| mode (and only there). You can use it, say, to
+    start a |minipage| environment at the beginning of a frame or to
+    insert a horizontal bar or whatever.
+  \end{element}
+
+  \begin{element}{frame end}\yes\no\no
+    The text of this template is inserted at the end of each
+    frame in |article| mode.
+  \end{element}
+\end{environment}
+
+You \emph{can} use the |frame| environment inside other
+environments like this
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{slide}{\begin{frame}}{\end{frame}}
+\end{verbatim}
+or like this
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{myframe}[1]
+  {\begin{frame}[fragile,environment=myframe]\frametitle{#1}}
+  {\end{frame}}
+\end{verbatim}
+However, the actual mechanics are somewhat sensitive since the
+``collecting'' of the frame contents is not easy, so
+do not attempt anything too fancy. As a rule, the beginning of the
+environment can be pretty arbitrary, but the ending must end with
+|\end{frame}| and should not contain any |\end{xxx}|. Anything really
+complex is likely to fail. If you need some |\end{xxx}| there, define
+a new command that contains this stuff as in the following example:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\newenvironment{itemizeframe}
+  {\begin{frame}\startitemizeframe}
+  {\stopitemizeframe\end{frame}}
+
+\newcommand\startitemizeframe{\begin{bfseries}\begin{itemize}}
+\newcommand\stopitemizeframe{\end{itemize}\end{bfseries}}
+
+\begin{itemizeframe}
+\item First item
+\end{itemizeframe}
+
+\end{verbatim}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Components of a Frame}
+
+Each frame consists of several components:
+\begin{enumerate}\itemsep=0pt\parskip=0pt
+\item a headline and a footline,
+\item a left and a right sidebar,
+\item navigation bars,
+\item navigation symbols,
+\item a logo,
+\item a frame title, 
+\item a background, and
+\item some frame contents.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+A frame need not have all of these components. Usually, the first
+three components are automatically setup by the theme you are using. 
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Headline and Footline}
+
+The headline of a frame is the area at the top of the frame. If it is
+not empty, it should show some information that helps the audience
+orientate itself during your talk. Likewise, the footline is the area
+at the bottom of the frame.
+
+\beamer\ does not use the standard \LaTeX\ mechanisms for typesetting
+the headline and the footline. Instead, the special |headline| and
+|footline| templates are used to typeset them.
+
+The size of the headline and the footline is determined as follows:
+Their width is always the paper width. Their height is determined by
+tentatively typesetting the headline and the footline right after the
+|\begin{document}| command. The head of the headline and the footline
+at that point is ``frozen'' and will be used throughout the whole
+document, even if the headline and footline vary in height later on
+(which they should not).
+
+The appearance of the headline and footline is determined by the
+following templates:
+
+\begin{element}{headline}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template is used to typeset the headline. The \beamer-color and
+  -font |headline| are installed at the beginning. The background of
+  the \beamer-color is not used by default, that is, no background
+  rectangle is drawn behind the headline and footline (this may change
+  in the future with the introduction of a headline and a footline
+  canvas).
+
+  The width of the headline is the whole paper width. The height is
+  determined automatically as described above. The headline is typeset
+  in vertical mode with interline skip turned off and the paragraph
+  skip set to zero.
+
+  Inside this template, the |\\| command is changed such that it
+  inserts a comma instead.
+
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{headline}
+{%
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}{section in head/foot}
+    \vskip2pt\insertnavigation{\paperwidth}\vskip2pt
+  \end{beamercolorbox}%
+}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    The default is just an empty headline. To get the default headline
+    of earlier versions of the \beamer\ class, use the |compatibility|
+    theme.
+    \itemoption{infolines theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |infolines|
+    outer theme is loaded. The headline shows current section and subsection.
+    \itemoption{miniframes theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |miniframes|
+    outer theme is loaded. The headline shows the sections with small
+    clickable mini frames below them.    
+    \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |sidebar|
+    outer theme is loaded and if the head height (and option of the
+    |sidebar| theme) is not zero. In this case, the headline is an
+    empty bar of the background color |frametitle| with the logo to
+    the left or right of this bar. 
+    \itemoption{smoothtree theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |smoothtree|
+    outer theme is loaded. A ``smoothed'' navigation
+    tree is shown in the headline.
+    \itemoption{smoothbars theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |smoothbars|
+    outer theme is loaded. A ``smoothed'' version of the
+    |miniframes| headline is shown.
+    \itemoption{tree}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |tree|
+    outer theme is loaded. A navigational tree is shown in the headline.
+    \itemoption{split theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |split|
+    outer theme is loaded. The headline is split into a left part
+    showing the sections and a right part showing the subsections.
+    \itemoption{text line}{\marg{text}}
+    The headline is typeset more or less as if it were a normal text
+    line with the \meta{text} as contents. The left and right margin
+    are setup such that they are the same as the margins of normal
+    text. The \meta{text} is typeset inside an |\hbox|, while the
+    headline is normally typeset in vertical mode.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+
+  Inside the template numerous inserts can be used:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertnavigation\marg{width}}
+    Inserts a horizontal navigation bar of the given \meta{width} into a
+    template. The bar lists the sections and below them mini frames for
+    each frame in that section.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpagenumber}
+    Inserts the current page number into a template.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsection}
+    Inserts the current section into a template.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigation}\marg{width}
+    Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all sections, with the
+    current section hilighted.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal}\marg{width}\marg{left insert}\marg{right insert}
+    Inserts a horizontal navigation bar containing all sections, with
+    the current section hilighted. The \meta{left insert} will be
+    inserted to the left of the sections, the \marg{right insert} to the
+    right. By inserting a triple fill (a
+    |filll|) you can flush the bar to the left or right.
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal{.5\textwidth}{\hskip0pt plus1filll}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshortauthor}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the author into a template. The text
+    will be printed in one long line, line breaks introduced using the
+    |\\| command are suppressed.  The
+    following \meta{options} may be given:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item
+      \declare{|width=|\meta{width}}
+      causes the text to be put into a multi-line minipage of the given
+      size. Line breaks are still suppressed by default.
+    \item
+      \declare{|center|}
+      centers the text inside the minipage created using the |width|
+      option, rather than having it left aligned.
+    \item
+      \declare{|respectlinebreaks|}
+      causes line breaks introduced by the |\\| command to be honored.    
+    \end{itemize}
+
+    \example |\insertauthor[width={3cm},center,respectlinebreaks]|
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshortdate}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the date into a template. The same
+    options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshortinstitute}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the institute into a template. The same
+    options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshortpart}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the part name into a template. The same
+    options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshorttitle}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the document title into a template. Same
+    options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertshortsubtitle}\oarg{options}
+    Inserts the short version of the document subtitle. Same
+    options as for |\insertshortauthor| may be given. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsection}
+    Inserts the current subsection into a template.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsection}
+    Inserts the current subsection into a template.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigation}\marg{width}
+    Inserts a vertical navigation bar containing all subsections of the
+    current section, with the current subsection hilighted.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigationhorizontal}\marg{width}\marg{left
+      insert}\marg{right insert}
+    
+    See |\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal|.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertverticalnavigation}\marg{width}
+    Inserts a vertical navigation bar of the given \meta{width} into a
+    template. The bar shows a little table of contents. The individual
+    lines are typeset using the templates
+    |section in head/foot| and |subsection in head/foot|.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertframenumber}
+    Inserts the number of the current frame (not slide) into a template.
+
+    \iteminsert{\inserttotalframenumber}
+    Inserts the total number of the frames (not slides) into a
+    template. The number is only correct on the second run of \TeX\ on
+    your document.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertframestartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the current frame.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertframeendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the current frame.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionstartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the current subsection.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the current subsection.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionstartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the current section.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the current section.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpartstartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the current part.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpartendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the current part.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpresentationstartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the presentation.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpresentationendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the presentation
+    (excluding the appendix).
+
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertappendixstartpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the first page of the appendix. If there
+    is no appendix, this number is the last page of the document.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertappendixendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the appendix. If there
+    is no appendix, this number is the last page of the document.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertdocumentstartpage}
+    Inserts 1.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertdocumentendpage}
+    Inserts the page number of the last page of the document (including
+    the appendix).
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{footline}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template behaves exactly the same way as the headline. Note
+  that, sometimes quite annoyingly, \beamer\ currently adds a space of
+  4pt between the bottom of the frame's text and the top of the
+  footline.  
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    The default is an empty footline. Note that the navigational
+    symbols are \emph{not} part of the footline by default. Rather,
+    they are part of an (invisible) right sidebar.
+    \itemoption{infolines theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |infolines|
+    outer theme is loaded. The footline shows things like the author's
+    name and the title of the talk.
+    \itemoption{miniframes theme}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |miniframes|
+    outer theme is loaded. Depending on the exact options that are
+    used when the |miniframes| theme is loaded, different things can
+    be shown in the footline.
+    \itemoption{page number}{}
+    Shows the current page number in the footline.
+    \itemoption{frame number}{}
+    Shows the current frame number in the footline.
+    \itemoption{split}{}
+    This option becomes available (and is used) if the |split|
+    outer theme is loaded. The footline (just like the headline) is
+    split into a left part showing the author's name and a right part
+    showing the talk's title.
+    \itemoption{text line}{\marg{text}}
+    The footline is typeset more or less as if it were a normal text
+    line with the \meta{text} as contents. The left and right margin
+    are setup such that they are the same as the margins of normal
+    text. The \meta{text} is typeset inside an |\hbox|, while the
+    headline is normally typeset in vertical mode. Using the |\strut|
+    command somewhere in such a line might be a good idea.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+
+  The same inserts as for headlines can be used.
+
+  \begin{element}{page number in head/foot}\no\yes\yes
+    These \beamer-color and -font are used to typeset the page number
+    or frame number in the footline.
+  \end{element}
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Sidebars}
+
+
+Sidebars are vertical areas that stretch from the lower end of the
+headline to the top of the footline. There can be a sidebar at the
+left and another one at the right (or even both). Sidebars can show a
+table of contents, but they could also be added for purely aesthetic
+reasons.
+
+When you install a sidebar template, you must explicitly specify the
+horizontal size of the sidebar using the command |\setbeamesize| with
+the option |sidebar left width| or |sidebar right width|. The vertical
+size is determined automatically. Each sidebar has its own background
+canvas, which can be setup using the sidebar canvas templates. 
+
+Adding a sidebar of a certain size, say 1cm, will make the main text
+1cm narrower. The distance between the inner side of a side
+bar and the outer side of the text, as specified by
+the command |\setbeamersize| with the option |text margin left| and
+its counterpart for the right margin, is not changed when a sidebar is
+installed. 
+
+Internally, the sidebars are typeset by showing them as part of the
+headline. The \beamer\ class keeps track of six dimensions, three 
+for each side: the variables |\beamer@leftsidebar| and
+|\beamer@rightsidebar| store the (horizontal) sizes of the side
+bars, the variables |\beamer@leftmargin| and
+|\beamer@rightmargin| store the distance between sidebar and
+text, and the macros |\Gm@lmargin| and  |\Gm@rmargin| store
+the distance from the edge of the paper to the edge of the text. Thus
+the sum |\beamer@leftsidebar| and |\beamer@leftmargin| is
+exactly  |\Gm@lmargin|. Thus, if you wish to put some text right
+next to the left sidebar, you might write
+|\hskip-\beamer@leftmargin| to get there.
+
+\begin{element}{sidebar left}\yes\yes\yes
+  \colorfontparents{sidebar}
+  The template is used to typeset the left sidebar. As mentioned
+  above, the size of the left sidebar is set using the command
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamersize{sidebar width left=2cm}
+\end{verbatim}
+  \beamer\ will not clip sidebars automatically if they are too
+  large.
+
+  When the sidebar is typeset, it is put inside a |\vbox|. You should
+  currently setup things like the |\hsize| or the |\parskip|
+  yourself. 
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    installs an empty template.
+    \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+    This option is available if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded
+    with the |left| option. In this case, this options is selected
+    automatically. It shows a mini table of contents in the sidebar.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{sidebar right}\yes\yes\yes
+  \colorfontparents{sidebar}
+  This template works the same way as the template for the left.
+  
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    The default right sidebar has zero width. Nevertheless, it shows
+    navigational symbols and, if installed, a logo at the bottom of
+    the sidebar, protruding to the left into the text.
+    \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+    This option is available, if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded
+    with the |left| option. In this case, this options is selected
+    automatically. It shows a mini table of contents in the sidebar.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{sidebar canvas left}\yes\no\no
+  Like the overall background canvas, this canvas is drawn behind the
+  actual text of the sidebar. This template should normally insert a
+  rectangle of the size of the sidebar, though a too large height will
+  not lead to an error or warning. When this template is called, the
+  \beamer-color |sidebar left| will have been installed.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+  \item{default}{}
+    uses a large rectangle colored with |sidebar.bg| as the sidebar
+    canvas. However, if the background of |sidebar| is empty, nothing
+    is drawn and the canvas is ``transparent.''
+    
+    \itemoption{vertical shading}{\oarg{color options}}
+    installs a vertically shaded background. The following
+    \meta{color options} may be given:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item \declare{|top=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      top of the sidebar. By default, 25\% of the foreground of the
+      \beamer-color |palette primary| is used.
+    \item \declare{|bottom=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      bottom of the sidebar (more precisely, at a distance of the page
+      height below the top of the sidebar). By default, the background of
+      |normal text| at the moment of invocation of this command is
+      used. 
+    \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color
+      for the middle of the sidebar. Thus, if this option is given, the
+      shading changes from the bottom color to this color and then
+      to the top color.
+    \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which
+      point of the page the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is
+      the bottom of the page, a factor of |1| is the top. The
+      default, which is |0.5|, is in the middle.
+    \end{itemize}
+    Note that you must give ``real'' \LaTeX\ colors here. This often
+    makes it necessary to invoke the command |\usebeamercolor| before
+    this command can be used.
+
+    Also note, that the width of the sidebar should be setup before
+    this option is used.
+
+    \example A stylish, but not very useful shading:
+\begin{verbatim}
+{\usebeamercolor{palette primary}}
+\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas}[vertical shading]
+[top=palette primary.bg,middle=white,bottom=palette primary.bg]
+\end{verbatim}
+    
+    \itemoption{horizontal shading}{\oarg{color options}}
+    installs a horizontally shaded background. The following
+    \meta{color options} may be given:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item \declare{|left=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      left of the sidebar.
+    \item \declare{|right=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      right of the sidebar.
+    \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color
+      in the middle of the sidebar.
+    \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which
+      point of the sidebar the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is
+      the left of the sidebar, a factor of |1| is the right. The
+      default, which is |0.5|, is in the middle.
+    \end{itemize}
+
+    \example Adds two ``pillars''
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamersize{sidebar width left=0.5cm,sidebar width right=0.5cm}
+
+{\usebeamercolor{sidebar}}
+
+\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas left}[horizontal shading]
+[left=white,middle=sidebar.bg,right=white]
+\setbeamertemplate{sidebar canvas right}[horizontal shading]
+[left=white,middle=sidebar.bg,right=white]
+\end{verbatim}
+  \end{templateoptions}  
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{sidebar canvas right}\yes\no\no
+  Works exactly as for the left side.
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+\subsubsection{Navigation Bars}
+\label{section-navigation-bars}
+
+Many themes install a headline or a sidebar that shows a
+\emph{navigation bar}. Although these navigation bars take up quite
+a bit of space, they are often useful for two reasons: 
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+  They provide the audience with a visual feedback of how much of your
+  talk you have covered and what is yet to come. Without such
+  feedback, an audience will often puzzle whether something you are
+  currently introducing will be explained in more detail later on or
+  not.
+\item
+  You can click on all parts of the navigation bar. This will directly
+  ``jump'' you to the part you have clicked on. This is particularly
+  useful to skip certain parts of your talk and during a ``question
+  session,'' when you wish to jump back to a particular frame someone
+  has asked about.
+\end{itemize}
+
+Some navigation bars can be ``compressed'' using the following option:
+
+\begin{classoption}{compress}
+  Tries to make all navigation bars as small as possible. For example,
+  all small frame representations in the navigation bars for a single
+  section are shown alongside each other. Normally, the representations
+  for different subsections are shown in different lines. Furthermore,
+  section and subsection navigations are compressed into one line.
+\end{classoption}
+
+
+
+Some themes use the |\insertnavigation| to insert a navigation bar
+into the headline. Inside this bar, small icons are shown (called
+``mini frames'') that represent the frames of a presentation. 
+When you click on such an icon, the
+following happens: 
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+  If you click on (the icon of) any frame other than the current frame, the
+  presentation will jump to the first slide of the frame you clicked
+  on.
+\item
+  If you click on the current frame and you are not on the last slide
+  of this frame, you will jump to the last slide of the frame.
+\item
+  If you click on the current frame and you are on the last slide, you
+  will jump to the first slide of the frame.
+\end{itemize}
+By the above rules you can:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item
+  Jump to the beginning of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on
+  it once.  
+\item
+  Jump to the end of a frame from somewhere else by clicking on it
+  twice.
+\item
+  Skip the rest of the current frame by clicking on it once.
+\end{itemize}
+
+I also tried making a jump to an already-visited frame jump
+automatically to the last slide of this frame. However, this turned
+out to be more confusing than helpful. With the current implementation
+a double-click always brings you to the end of a slide, regardless
+from where you ``come.''
+
+\begin{element}{mini frames}\semiyes\no\no
+  This parent template has the children |mini frame| and
+  |mini frame in current subsection|.
+
+  \example |\setbeamertemplate{mini frames}[box]|
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    shows small circles as mini frames.
+    \itemoption{box}{}
+    shows small rectangles as mini frames.
+    \itemoption{tick}{}
+    shows small vertical bars as mini frames.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{mini frame}\yes\yes\yes
+  The template is used to render the mini frame of the current frame
+  in a navigation bar.
+
+  The width of the template is ignored. Instead, when multiple mini
+  frames are shown, their position is calculated based on the
+  \beamer-sizes |mini frame size| and |mini frame offset|. See the
+  command |\setbeamersize| for a description of how to change them.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{mini frame in current subsection}\yes\no\no
+  This template is used to render the mini frame of frames in the
+  current subsection that are not the current frame. The
+  \beamer-color/-font |mini frame| is installed prior to the usage of
+  this template is invoked.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{mini frame in other subsection}\yes\no\no
+  This template is used to render mini frames of frame from
+  subsections other than the current one.
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}}
+    By default, this template shows |mini frame in current subsection|, except that the color is first
+    changed to |fg!|\meta{percentage}|!bg|. The default
+    \meta{percentage} is 50\%.
+
+    \example To get an extremely ``shaded'' rendering of the frames
+    outside the current subsection you can use the following:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{mini frame in other subsection}[default][20]
+\end{verbatim}
+
+    \example To render all mini frames other than the current one in
+    the same way, use
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{mini frame in other subsection}[default][100]
+\end{verbatim}
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+Some themes show sections and/or subsections in the navigation bars. 
+By clicking on a section or subsection in the navigation bar, you will
+jump to that section. Clicking on a section is particularly useful if
+the section starts with a |\tableofcontents[currentsection]|, since you
+can use it to jump to the different subsections.
+
+\begin{element}{section in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template is used to render a section entry if it occurs in the
+  headline or the footline. The background of the \beamer-color is
+  typically used as the background of the whole ``area'' where section
+  entries are shown in the headline. You cannot usually use this
+  template yourself since the insert |\insertsectionhead| is setup
+  correctly only when a list of sections is being typeset in the
+  headline. 
+
+  The default template just inserts the section name. The following
+  inserts are useful for this template:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionhead}
+    inserts the name of the section that is to be typeset in a
+    navigation bar. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionheadnumber}
+    inserts the number of the section that is to be typeset in a
+    navigation bar. 
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertpartheadnumber}
+    inserts the number of the part of the current section or subsection
+    that is to be typeset in a navigation bar. 
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{section in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no
+  This template is used instead of |section in head/foot| for
+  typesetting sections that are currently shaded. Such shading is
+  usually applied to all sections but the current one.
+
+  Note that this template does \emph{not} have its own color and
+  font. When this template is called, the \beamer-font and color
+  |section in head/foot| will have been setup. Then, at the start of
+  the template, you will typically change the current color or start a
+  |colormixin| environment.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}}
+    The default template changes the current color to
+    |fg!|\meta{percentage}|!bg|. This causes the current color to
+    become ``washed out'' or ``shaded.'' The default percentage is
+    |50|.
+
+    \example You can use the following command to make the shaded
+    entries very ``light'':
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{section in head/foot shaded}[default][20]
+\end{verbatim}
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+\begin{element}{section in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template is used to render a section entry if it occurs in the
+  sidebar, typically as part of a mini table of contents shown
+  there. The background of the \beamer-color is used as background for
+  the entry. Just like |section in head/foot|, you cannot usually use
+  this template yourself and you should also use |\insertsectionhead|
+  to insert the name of the section that is to be typeset.
+
+  For once, no default is installed for this template.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+    This template, which is only available if the |sidebar| outer
+    theme is loaded, inserts a bar with the \beamer-color's
+    foreground and background that shows the section  name. The width of
+    the bar is the same as the width of the whole sidebar.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+
+  The same inserts as for |section in head/foot| can be used.
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{section in sidebar shaded}\yes\yes\no
+  This template is used instead of |section in sidebar| for
+  typesetting sections that are currently shaded. Such shading is
+  usually applied to all sections but the current one.
+
+  Differently from |section in head/foot shaded|, this template
+  \emph{has} its own \beamer-color.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+    Does the same as for the nonshaded version, except that a
+    different \beamer-color is used.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+
+\begin{element}{subsection in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot|, only for
+  subsections. 
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionhead}
+    works like |\insertsectionhead|.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionheadnumber}
+    works like |\insertsectionheadnumber|.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsection in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot shaded|,
+  only for subsections. 
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}}
+    works like the corresponding option for sections.
+
+    \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{section in head/foot shaded}[default][20]
+\setbeamertemplate{subsection in head/foot shaded}[default][20]
+\end{verbatim}
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsection in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar|, only for
+  subsections. 
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsection in sidebar shaded}\yes\no\no
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar shaded|,
+  only for subsections. 
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubsection in head/foot}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot|, only for
+  subsubsections. Currently, it is not used by the default themes.
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsectionhead}
+    works like |\insertsectionhead|.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsubsectionheadnumber}
+    works like |\insertsectionheadnumber|.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubsection in head/foot shaded}\yes\no\no
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in head/foot shaded|,
+  only for subsubsections. 
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{\oarg{percentage}}
+    works like the corresponding option for sections.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubsection in sidebar}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar|, only for
+  subsubsections. 
+\end{element}
+
+\begin{element}{subsubsection in sidebar shaded}\yes\no\no
+  This template behaves exactly like |section in sidebar shaded|,
+  only for subsubsections. 
+\end{element}
+
+By clicking on the document title in a navigation bar (not all themes
+show it), you will jump to the first slide of your presentation
+(usually the title page) \emph{except} if you are already at the first
+slide. On the first slide, clicking on the document title will jump to
+the end of the presentation, if there is one. Thus by \emph{double}
+clicking the document title in a navigation bar, you can jump to the end.
+
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Navigation Symbols}
+\label{section-navigation-symbols}
+
+
+Navigation symbols are small icons that are shown on every slide
+by default. The following symbols are shown: 
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+  A slide icon, which is depicted as  a single rectangle. To the left and
+  right of this symbol, a left and right arrow are shown.
+\item
+  A frame icon, which is depicted as three slide icons ``stacked on top of
+  each other''. This symbol is framed by arrows.
+\item
+  A subsection icon, which is depicted as a highlighted subsection
+  entry in a table of contents. This  symbols is framed by arrows.
+\item
+  A section icon, which is depicted as a highlighted section entry
+  (together with all subsections) in a table of contents. This symbol
+  is framed by arrows.
+\item
+  A presentation icon, which is depicted as a completely highlighted
+  table of contents.
+\item
+  An appendix icon, which is depicted as a completely highlighted
+  table of contents consisting of only one section. (This icon is only
+  shown if there is an appendix.)
+\item
+  Back and forward icons, depicted as circular arrows.
+\item
+  A ``search'' or ``find'' icon, depicted as a detective's
+  magnifying glass.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+Clicking on the left arrow next to an icon always jumps to (the
+last slide of) the previous slide, frame, subsection, or
+section. Clicking on the right arrow next to an icon always jump to
+(the first slide of) the next slide, frame, subsection, or section. 
+
+Clicking \emph{on} any of these icons has different effects:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item
+  If supported by the viewer application, clicking on a slide icon
+  pops up a window that allows you to enter a slide number to which
+  you wish to jump.
+\item
+  Clicking on the left side of a frame icon will jump to the first
+  slide of the frame, clicking on the right side will jump to the last
+  slide of the frame (this can be useful for skipping overlays).
+\item
+  Clicking on the left side of a subsection icon will jump to the
+  first slide of the subsection, clicking on the right side will jump
+  to the last slide of the subsection.
+\item
+  Clicking on the left side of a section icon will jump to the
+  first slide of the section, clicking on the right side will jump
+  to the last slide of the section.
+\item
+  Clicking on the left side of the presentation icon will jump to the
+  first slide, clicking on the right side will jump to the last slide
+  of the presentation. However, this does \emph{not} include the
+  appendix. 
+\item
+  Clicking on the left side of the appendix icon will jump to the
+  first slide of the appendix, clicking on the right side will jump to
+  the last slide of the appendix.
+\item
+  If supported by the viewer application, clicking on the back and
+  forward symbols jumps to the previously visited slides.
+\item
+  If supported by the viewer application, clicking on the search icon
+  pops up a window that allows you to enter a search string. If found,
+  the viewer application will jump to this string.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+You can reduce the number of icons that are shown or their layout by
+adjusting the |navigation symbols| template.
+
+\begin{element}{navigation symbols}\yes\yes\yes
+  This template is invoked in ``three-star-mode'' by themes
+  at the place where the navigation symbols should be
+  shown. ``Three-star-mode'' means that the command
+  |\usebeamertemplate***| is used.
+
+  Note that, although it may \emph{look} like that the symbols are part of
+  the footline, they are more often part of an invisible right
+  sidebar.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    Organizes the navigation symbols horizontally.
+    \itemoption{horizontal}{}
+    This is an alias for the default.
+    \itemoption{vertical}{}
+    Organizes the navigation symbols vertically.
+    \itemoption{only frame symbol}{}
+    Shows only the navigational symbol for navigating frames.
+  \end{templateoptions}
+
+  \example The following command suppresses all navigation symbols:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  Inside this template, the following inserts are useful:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertslidenavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts the slide navigation symbols, that is, the slide symbols
+    (a rectangle) together with arrows to the left and right that are
+    hyperlinked.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertframenavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts the frame navigation symbol.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsubsectionnavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts the subsection navigation symbol.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertsectionnavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts the section navigation symbol.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertdocnavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts the presentation navigation symbol and (if necessary) the
+    appendix navigation symbol.
+
+    \iteminsert{\insertbackfindforwardnavigationsymbol}
+    Inserts a back, a find, and a forward navigation symbol.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Logo}
+
+To install a logo, use the following command:
+
+\begin{command}{\logo\marg{logo text}}
+  The \meta{logo text} is usually a command for including a graphic,
+  but it can be any text. The position where the logo is inserted is
+  determined by the current theme, you cannot (currently) specify this
+  position directly.
+  
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.5cm]{logo}{tu-logo}
+\logo{\pgfuseimage{logo}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\logo{\includegraphics[height=0.5cm]{logo.pdf}}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  Currently, the effect of this command is just to setup the |logo|
+  template. However, a more sophisticated effect might be implemented
+  in the future.
+  
+  \articlenote This command has no effect.
+
+  \begin{element}{logo}\yes\yes\yes
+    This template is used to render the logo.
+  \end{element}
+
+  The following insert can be used to insert a logo somewhere:
+  \begin{itemize}
+    \iteminsert{\insertlogo}
+    inserts the logo at the current position. This command has the
+    same effect as |\usebeamertemplate*{logo}|.
+  \end{itemize}
+\end{command}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Frame Title}
+
+The frame title is shown prominently at the top of the frame and can
+be specified with the following command:
+
+\begin{command}{\frametitle\sarg{overlay specification}\oarg{short
+  frame title}\marg{frame title text}} 
+  You should end the \meta{frame title text} with a period, if the title is a
+  proper sentence. Otherwise, there should not be a period. The
+  \meta{short frame title} is normally not shown, but its available
+  via the |\insertshortframetitle| command. The \meta{overlay
+  specification} is mostly useful for suppressing the frame title in
+  |article| mode.
+
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle{A Frame Title is Important.}
+  \framesubtitle{Subtitles are not so important.}
+
+  Frame contents.
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  If you are using the |allowframebreaks| option with the current frame,
+  a continuation text (like ``(cont.)'' or something similar,
+  depending on the template |frametitle continuation|) is
+  automatically added to the \meta{frame title text} at the end,
+  separated with a space.
+
+  \beamernote
+  The frame title is not typeset immediately when the command
+  |\frametitle| is encountered. Rather, the argument of the command is
+  stored internally and the frame title is only typeset when the
+  complete frame has been read. This gives you access to both the
+  \meta{frame title text} and to the \meta{subframe title text} that
+  is possibly introduced using the |\framesubtitle| command.
+
+  \articlenote
+  By default, this command creates a new paragraph in |article| mode,
+  entitled \meta{frame title text}. Using the \meta{overlay
+    specification} makes it easy to suppress the a frame title once in
+  a while. If you generally wish to suppress \emph{all} frame
+  titles in |article| mode, say |\setbeamertemplate<article>{frametitle}{}|.
+
+  \lyxnote
+  The frame title is the text that follows on the line of the
+  ``BeginFrame'' style.
+
+  \begin{element}{frametitle}\yes\yes\yes
+    \colorfontparents{titlelike}
+    
+    When the frame title and subtitle are to be typeset, this template
+    is invoked with the \beamer-color and -font |frametitle| set. This
+    template is \emph{not} invoked when the commands |\frametitle| or
+    |\framesubtitle| are called. Rather, it is invoked when the whole
+    frame has been completely read. Till then, the frame title and frame
+    subtitle text are stored in a special place. This way, when the
+    template is invoked, both inserts are setup correctly. The resulting
+    \TeX-box is then magically put back to the top of the frame.
+
+    \begin{templateoptions}
+      \itemoption{default}{\oarg{alignment}}
+      The frame is typeset using the \beamer-color |frametitle| and the
+      \beamer-font |frametitle|. The subtitle is put below using the
+      color and font |framesubtitle|. If the color |frametitle| has a
+      background, a background bar stretching the whole frame width is put
+      behind the title. A background color of the subtitle is ignored. The
+      \meta{alignment} is passed on to the |beamercolorbox|
+      environment. In particular, useful options are |left|, |center|, and
+      |right|. As a special case, the |right| option causes the left
+      border of the frame title to be somewhat larger than normal so that
+      the frame title is more in the middle of the frame.
+      
+      \itemoption{shadow theme}{}
+      This option is available if the outer theme |shadow| is
+      loaded. It draws the frame title on top of a horizontal shading
+      between the background colors of |frametitle| and
+      |frametitle right|. A subtitle is, if present, also put on this
+      bar. Below the bar, a ``shadow'' is drawn.
+      
+      \itemoption{sidebar theme}{}
+      This option is available if the outer theme |sidebar| is loaded
+      and if the headline height is not set to 0pt (which can be done
+      using and option of the |sidebar| theme). With this option, the
+      frame title is put inside a rectangular area that is part of the
+      headline (some ``negative space'' is used to raise the frame title
+      into this area). The background of the color |frametitle| is not
+      used, this is the job of the headline template in this case.
+
+      \itemoption{smoothbars theme}{}
+      This option is available if the outer theme |smoothbars| is
+      loaded. It typesets the frametitle on a colored bar with the
+      background color of |frametitle|. The top and bottom of the bar
+      smoothly blend over to backgrounds above and below.
+
+      \itemoption{smoothtree theme}{}
+      Like |smoothbars theme|, only for the |smoothtree| theme.
+    \end{templateoptions}
+
+    The following commands are useful for this template:
+    \begin{templateinserts}
+      \iteminsert{\insertframetitle} yields the frame title.
+      \iteminsert{\insertframesubtitle} yields the frame subtitle.
+    \end{templateinserts}
+  \end{element}
+\end{command}
+
+
+\begin{command}{\framesubtitle\sarg{overlay specification}\marg{frame
+      subtitle text}}
+  If present, a subtitle will be shown in a smaller font below the
+  main title. Like the |\frametitle| command, this command can be
+  given anywhere in the frame, since the frame title is actually
+  typeset only when everything else has already been typeset.
+  
+  \example
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}
+  \frametitle<presentation>{Frame Title Should Be in Uppercase.}
+  \framesubtitle{Subtitles can be in lowercase if they are full sentences.}
+
+  Frame contents.
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+  \articlenote
+  By default, the subtitle is not shown in any way in |article| mode.
+
+  \begin{element}{framesubtitle}\no\yes\yes
+    \colorfontparents{frametitle}
+    This element provides a color and a font for the subtitle, but no
+    template. It is the job of the |frametitle| template to also
+    typeset the subtitle.
+  \end{element}
+\end{command}
+
+Be default, all material for a slide is vertically centered. You can
+change this using the following class options:
+
+\begin{classoption}{t}
+  Place text of slides at the (vertical) top of the slides. This
+  corresponds to a vertical ``flush.'' You can override this for
+  individual frames using the |c| or |b| option.
+\end{classoption}
+
+\begin{classoption}{c}
+  Place text of slides at the (vertical) center of the slides. This is
+  the default. You can override this for
+  individual frames using the |t| or |b| option.
+\end{classoption}
+
+
+\subsubsection{The Background}
+\label{section-canvas}
+\label{section-background}
+
+Each frame has a \emph{background}, which---as the name suggests---is
+``behind everything.'' The background is a surprisingly complex
+object: in \beamer, it consists of a \emph{background canvas} and the
+\emph{main background}.
+
+The background canvas can be imagined as a large area on which
+everything (the main background and everything else) is painted on. By
+default, this canvas is a big rectangle filling the whole frame whose
+color is the background of the \beamer-color
+|background canvas|. Since this color inherits from |normal text|, by
+changing the background color of the normal text, you can change this
+color of the canvas.
+
+\example The following command changes the background color to a light
+red.
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=red!20} 
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The canvas need not be monochrome. Instead, you can install a shading
+or even make it transparent. Making it transparent is a good idea if
+you wish to include your slides in some other document.
+
+\example The following command makes the background canvas transparent:
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=} 
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{element}{background canvas}\yes\yes\yes
+  \colorparents{normal text}
+  The template is inserted ``behind everything.'' The template should
+  typically be some \TeX\ commands that produce a rectangle of height
+  |\paperheight| and width |\paperwidth|.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{}
+    installs a large rectangle with the background color. If the
+    background is empty, the canvas is ``transparent.'' Since
+    |background canvas| inherits from |normal text|, you can change the 
+    background of the \beamer-color |normal text| to change the
+    color of the default canvas. However, to make the canvas
+    transparent, only set the background of the canvas empty; leave
+    the background of normal text white.
+    
+    \itemoption{vertical shading}{\oarg{color options}}
+    installs a vertically shaded background. \emph{Use with care:
+      Background shadings are often distracting!} The following
+    \meta{color options} may be given:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item \declare{|top=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      top of the page. By default, 25\% of the foreground of the
+      \beamer-color |palette primary| is used.
+    \item \declare{|bottom=|\meta{color}} specifies the color at the
+      bottom of the page. By default, the background of
+      |normal text| at the moment of invocation of this command is
+      used. 
+    \item \declare{|middle=|\meta{color}} specifies the color
+      for the middle of the page. Thus, if this option is given, the
+      shading changes from the bottom color to this color and then
+      to the top color.
+    \item \declare{|midpoint=|\meta{factor}} specifies at which
+      point of the page the middle color is used. A factor of |0| is
+      the bottom of the page, a factor of |1| is the top. The
+      default, which is |0.5| is in the middle.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{templateoptions}  
+\end{element}
+
+The main background is drawn on top of the background canvas. It can
+be used to add, say, a grid to every frame or a big background picture
+or whatever.
+
+\begin{element}{background}\yes\yes\yes
+  \colorparents{background canvas}
+  The template is inserted ``behind everything, but on top of the
+  background canvas.'' Use it for pictures or grids or anything that
+  does not necessarily fill the whole background. When this template
+  is typeset, the \beamer-color and -font |background| will be
+  setup.
+
+  \begin{templateoptions}
+    \itemoption{default}{} is empty.
+    
+    \itemoption{grid}{\oarg{grid options}}
+    places a grid on the background. The following
+    \meta{grid options} may be given:
+    \begin{itemize}
+    \item \declare{|step=|\meta{dimension}} specifies the distance
+      between grid lines. The default is 0.5cm.
+    \item \declare{|color=|\meta{color}} specifies the color of the
+      grid lines. The default is 10\% foreground.
+    \end{itemize}
+  \end{templateoptions}  
+\end{element}
+
+
+
+
+\subsection{Margin Sizes}
+
+The ``paper size'' of a \beamer\ presentation is fixed to 128mm times
+96mm. The aspect ratio of this size is 4:3, which is exactly what most
+beamers offer these days. It is the job of the
+presentation program (like |acroread| or |xpdf|) to display the slides
+at full screen size. The main advantage of using a small ``paper size''
+is that you can use all your normal fonts at their natural sizes. In
+particular, inserting a graphic with 11pt labels will result in
+reasonably sized labels during the presentation.
+
+You should refrain from changing the ``paper size.'' However, you
+\emph{can} change the size of the left and right margins, which
+default to 1cm. To change them, you should use the following 
+command:
+
+\begin{command}{\setbeamersize\marg{options}}
+  The following \meta{options} can be given:
+  \begin{itemize}
+  \item
+    \declare{|text margin left=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets a new left
+    margin. This excludes the left sidebar. Thus, it is the distance
+    between the right edge of the left sidebar and the left edge of
+    the text.
+  \item
+    \declare{|text margin right=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets a new right
+    margin.
+  \item
+    \declare{|sidebar width left=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the
+    size of the left sidebar. Currently, this command should be given
+    \emph{before} a shading is installed for the sidebar canvas.
+  \item
+    \declare{|sidebar width right=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the
+    size of the right sidebar.
+  \item
+    \declare{|description width=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the
+    default width of description labels, see
+    Section~\ref{section-descriptions}. 
+  \item
+    \declare{|description width of=|\meta{text}} sets the
+    default width of description labels to the width of the
+    \meta{text}, see  Section~\ref{section-descriptions}.
+  \item
+    \declare{|mini frame size=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} sets the size
+    of mini frames in a navigation bar. When two mini frame icons are
+    shown alongside each other, their left end points are \meta{\TeX\
+      dimension} far apart.
+  \item
+    \declare{|mini frame offset=|\meta{\TeX\ dimension}} set an
+    additional vertical offset that is added to the mini frame size
+    when arranging mini frames vertically.
+  \end{itemize}
+
+  \articlenote
+  This command has no effect in |article| mode.
+\end{command}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Restricting the Slides of a Frame}
+\label{section-restriction}
+
+The number of slides in a frame is automatically
+calculated. If the largest number mentioned in any
+overlay specification inside the frame is 4, four slides are
+introduced (despite the fact that a specification like |<4->|
+might suggest that more than four slides would be possible).
+
+You can also specify the number of slides in the frame ``by hand.'' To
+do so, you pass an overlay specification the |\frame| command. The
+frame will contain only the slides specified in this
+argument. Consider the following example. 
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{frame}<1-2,4->
+  This is slide number \only<1>{1}\only<2>{2}\only<3>{3}%
+  \only<4>{4}\only<5>{5}.
+\end{frame}
+\end{verbatim}
+This command will create a frame containing four slides. The first
+will contain the text ``This is slide number~1,'' the second ``This is
+slide number~2,'' the third ``This is slide number~4,'' and the fourth
+``This is slide number~5.''
+
+A useful specification is just |<0>|, which causes the frame to
+have to no slides at all. For example, |\begin{frame}<handout:0>| causes
+the frame to be suppressed in the handout version, but to be shown
+normally in all other versions. Another useful specification is
+|<beamer>|, which causes the frame to be shown normally in |beamer|
+mode, but to be suppressed in all other versions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+%%% Local Variables: 
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide"
+%%% End: