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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-11-01 23:50:14 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2006-11-01 23:50:14 +0000
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tree10af70bab7eedf89d55be20d1a3b9c334ad80ea3 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/beamer/beamerug-fonts.tex
parent8cdb9ebeb89ec677972e7a568938c6a0dd313145 (diff)
beamer update to get solutions/ et al. (reported by gerben)
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-% $Header: /cvsroot/latex-beamer/latex-beamer/doc/beamerug-fonts.tex,v 1.12 2004/10/07 20:53:05 tantau Exp $
-
-% Copyright 2003, 2004 by Till Tantau <tantau@users.sourceforge.net>.
-%
-% This program can be redistributed and/or modified under the terms
-% of the GNU Public License, version 2.
-
-
-\section{Fonts}
-
-\label{section-fonts}
-
-The first subsection introduces the predefined font
-themes that come with \beamer\ and which make it easy to change the
-fonts used in a presentation. The next subsection describes further
-special commands for changing some basic attributes of the fonts used in a
-presentation. The last subsection explains how you can get a much more
-fine-grained control over the fonts used for every individual element
-of a presentation.
-
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Font Themes}
-
-\beamer\ comes with a set of font themes. When you use such a theme,
-certain fonts are changed as described below. You can use several font
-themes in concert. For historical reasons, you cannot change all
-aspects of the fonts used using font themes---in same cases special
-commands and options are needed, which are described in the next
-subsection.
-
-The following font themes only change certain font attributes, they do
-not choose special font families (although that would also be possible
-and themes doing just that might be added in the future). Currently,
-to change the font family, you need to load special packages as
-explained in the next subsection.
-
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample}{default}
- The default font theme installs a sans serif font for all text of
- the presentation. The default theme installs different font sizes
- for things like titles or head- and footlines, but does not use
- boldface or italics for ``hilighting.'' To change some or all text
- to a serif font, use the |serif| theme.
-
- Note: The command |\mathrm| will always produce upright (not
- slanted), serif text and the command |\mathsf| will always produce
- upright, sans-serif text. The command |\mathbf| will produce
- upright, bold-face, sans-serif or serif text, depending on whether
- |mathsans| or |mathserif| is used.
-
- To produce an upright, sans-serif or serif text, depending on
- whether |mathsans| or |mathserif| is used, you can use for instance
- the command |\operatorname| from the |amsmath| package. Using this
- command instead of |\mathrm| or |\mathsf| directly will
- automatically adjust upright mathematical text if you switch from
- sans-serif to serif or back.
-\end{fontthemeexample}
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample*}{professionalfonts}
- This font theme does not really change any fonts. Rather, it
- \emph{suppresses} certain internal replacements performed by
- \beamer. If you use ``professional fonts'' (fonts that you buy and
- that come with a complete set of every symbol in all modes), you do
- not want \beamer\ to meddle with the fonts you use. \beamer\
- normally replaces certain character glyphs in mathematical text by
- more appropriate versions. For example, \beamer\ will normally
- replace glyphs such that the italic characters from the main font
- are used for variables in mathematical text. If your professional
- font package takes care of this already, \beamer's meddling should
- be switched off. Note that \beamer's substitution is automatically
- turned off if one of the following packages is loaded: |mathtime|,
- |mathpmnt|, |lucidabr|, |mtpro|, and |hvmath|. If your favorite
- professional font package is not among these, use the
- |professionalfont| option (and write me an email, so that the
- package can be added).
-\end{fontthemeexample*}
-
-
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{serif}
- This theme causes all text to be typeset using the default serif font
- (except if you specify certain \meta{options}). You might wish to
- consult Section~\ref{section-guidelines-serif} on whether you should
- use serif fonts.
-
- The following \meta{options} may be given:
- \begin{itemize}
- \item
- \declare{|stillsansserifmath|}
- causes mathematical text still to be typeset using sans
- serif. This option only makes sense if you also use the
- |stillsansseriftext| option since sans serif math inside serif
- text look silly.
- \item
- \declare{|stillsansserifsmall|}
- will cause ``small'' text to be still typeset using sans
- serif. This refers to the text in the headline, footline, and
- sidebars. Using this options is often advisable since small text
- is often easier to read in sans serif.
- \item
- \declare{|stillsansseriflarge|}
- will cause ``large'' text like the presentation title or the frame
- title to be still typeset using sans serif. Sans serif titles with
- serif text are a popular combination in typography.
- \item
- \declare{|stillsansseriftext|}
- will cause normal text (none of the above three) to be still
- typeset using sans serif. If you use this option, you should most
- likely also use the first two. However, by not using
- |stillsansseriflarge|, you get a serif (possibly italic) title
- over a sans serif text. This can be an interesting visual
- effect. Naturally, ``interesting typographic effect'' can mean
- ``terrible typographic effect'' if you choose the wrong fonts
- combinations or sizes. You'll need some typographic experience to
- judge this correctly. If in doubt, try asking someone who should
- now.
- \item
- \declare{|onlymath|}
- is a short-cut for selecting all of the above options except for
- the first. Thus, using this option causes only mathematical text
- to by typeset using a serif font. Recall that, by default,
- mathematical formulas are also typeset using sans-serif
- letters. In most cases, this is visually the most pleasing and
- easily readable way of typesetting mathematical formulas if the
- surrounding text is typeset using sans serif. However,
- in mathematical texts the font used to render, say, a variable is
- sometimes used to differentiate between different meanings of this
- variable. In such case, it may be necessary to typeset
- mathematical text using serif letters. Also, if you have a lot of
- mathematical text, the audience may be quicker to ``parse'' it if
- it is typeset the way people usually read mathematical text: in a
- serif font.
- \end{itemize}
-\end{fontthemeexample}
-
-
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structurebold}
- This font theme will cause titles and text in the headlines,
- footlines, and sidebars to be typeset in a bold font.
-
- The following \meta{options} may be given:
- \begin{itemize}
- \item
- \declare{|onlysmall|}
- will cause only ``small'' text to be typeset in bold. More
- precisely, only the text in the headline, footline, and sidebars
- is changed to be typeset in bold. Large titles are not affected.
- \item
- \declare{|onlylarge|}
- will cause only ``large'' text to be typeset in bold. These are
- the main title, frame titles, and section entries in the table of
- contents.
- \end{itemize}
-
- As pointed out in Section~\ref{section-sizes}, you should use this
- theme (possibly with the |onlysmall| option) if your font is not
- scaled down properly or for light-on-dark text.
-
- The normal themes do not install this theme by default, while the
- old compatibility themes do. Since you can reload the theme once it
- has been loaded, you cannot use this theme with the old
- compatibility themes to set also titles to a bold font.
-\end{fontthemeexample}
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structureitalicserif}
- This theme is similarly as the |structurebold| font theme, but where
- |structurebold| makes text bold, this theme typesets it in italics and
- in the standard serif font. The same \meta{options} as for the
- |structurebold| theme are supported. See
- Section~\ref{section-italics} for the pros and cons
- of using italics.
-\end{fontthemeexample}
-
-\begin{fontthemeexample}[\oarg{options}]{structuresmallcapsserif}
- Again, this theme does exactly the same as the |structurebold| font theme,
- only this time text is set using small caps and a serif
- font. The same \meta{options} as for the |structurebold| theme are
- supported. See Section~\ref{section-smallcaps} for the pros and cons
- of using small caps.
-\end{fontthemeexample}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Font Changes Made Without Using Font Themes}
-
-While most font decisions can be made using font themes, for
-historical reasons some changes can only be made using class
-options or by loading special packages. These options are explained in
-the following. Possibly, these options will be replaced by themes in
-the future.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Size for Normal Text}
-
-As pointed out in Section~\ref{section-sizes}, measuring the default
-font size in points is not really a good idea for
-presentations. Nevertheless, \beamer\ does just that, setting the
-default font size to 11pt as usual. This may seem ridiculously small, but
-the actual size of each frame is just 128mm times 96mm and the viewer
-application enlarges the font. By specifying a default font size
-smaller than 11pt you can put more onto each slide, by specifying a
-larger font size you can fit on less.
-
-To specify the font size, you can use the following class options:
-
-\begin{classoption}{8pt}
- This is way too small. Requires that the package |extsize|
- is installed.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{9pt}
- This is also too small. Requires that the package |extsize|
- is installed.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{10pt}
- If you really need to fit much onto each frame, use this
- option. Works without |extsize|.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{smaller}
- Same as the |10pt| option.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{11pt}
- The default font size. You need not specify this option.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{12pt}
- Makes all fonts a little bigger, which makes the text more
- readable. The downside is that less fits onto each frame.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{bigger}
- Same as the |12pt| option.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{14pt}
- Makes all fonts somewhat bigger. Requires |extsize| to be installed.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{17pt}
- This is about the default size of PowerPoint. Requires |extsize| to
- be installed.
-\end{classoption}
-
-\begin{classoption}{20pt}
- This is really huge. Requires |extsize| to be installed.
-\end{classoption}
-
-
-
-\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Family}
-
-\label{section-substition}
-
-By default, \beamer\ uses the Computer Modern fonts. To change this,
-you can use one of the prepared packages of \LaTeX's font
-mechanism. For example, to change to Times/Helvetica, simply add
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{mathptmx}
-\usepackage{helvet}
-\end{verbatim}
-in your preamble. Note that if you do not use the |serif| font theme,
-Helvetica (not Times) will be selected as the text font.
-
-There may be many other fonts available on your
-installation. Typically, at least some of the following packages
-should be available: |avant|, |bookman|, |chancery|, |charter|,
-|euler|, |helvet|, |mathtime|, |mathptm|, |mathptmx|, |newcent|,
-|palatino|, |pifont|, |utopia|.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Choosing a Font Encodings}
-\label{section-font-encoding}
-
-The same font can come in different encodings, which are (very roughly
-spoken) the ways the characters of a text are mapped to glyphs (the
-actual shape of a particular character in a particular font at a
-particular size). In \TeX\ two encodings are often used with Latin
-characters: the T1~encoding and the OT1~encoding (old T1~encoding).
-
-Conceptually, the newer T1~encoding is preferable over the old
-OT1~encoding. For example, hyphenation of words containing umlauts
-(like the famous German word Fr\"aulein) will work only if you use the
-T1~encoding. Unfortunately, the EC fonts, that is, the T1-encoded
-Computer Modern fonts, are distributed on small installations just as
-MetaFont sources and only have bitmap renditions of each glyph. For
-this reason, using the T1-encoded EC fonts on such small installations
-will produce \pdf\ files that render poorly.
-
-MiK\TeX\ (for Windows platforms) and \texttt{teTeX} for
-\textsc{unix}\slash Linux can be installed with different levels of
-completeness. Concerning the Computer Modern fonts, the following
-packages can be installed: |cm-super| fonts, |lmodern| (Latin Modern)
-fonts, and |lgc| fonts, the latter containing the Latin, Greek, and
-Cyrillic alphabets. Concerning other fonts, the |txfonts| and
-|pxfonts| are two extended sets of the Times and the Palatino
-PostScript fonts, both packages containing extended sets of
-mathematical glyphs. Most other standard PostScript fonts are also
-available in T1~encoding.
-
-Among the packages that make available the Computer Modern fonts in the
-T1~encoding, the package |lmodern| may be suggested. If you use
-|lmodern|, several extra fonts become available (like a sans-serif
-boldface math) and extra symbols (like proper guillemots).
-
-To select the T1 encoding, use \verb|\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}|. Thus, if you
-have the LM~fonts installed, you could write
-\begin{verbatim}
-\usepackage{lmodern}
-\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-\end{verbatim}
-to get beautiful outline fonts and correct hyphenation. Note, however, that
-certain older versions of the LM~bundle did not include correct glyphs
-for ligatures like ``fi,'' which may cause trouble. Double check
-that all ligatures are displayed correctly and, if not, update.
-
-
-
-
-\subsection{Changing the Fonts Used for Different Elements of a Presentation}
-
-This section explains how \beamer's font management works.
-
-\subsubsection{Overview of Beamer's Font Management}
-
-\beamer's font mechanism is somewhat similar to \beamer's color
-mechanism, but not quite the same. As for colors, every \beamer\
-element, like the frame titles, the document title, the footnotes, and
-so on has a certain \beamer-font. As for colors, on the one hand you
-can specify the font of each element individually; on the other hand
-fonts also use inheritance, thereby making it easy to globally change
-the fonts used for, say, ``titlelike things'' or for ``itemizelike
-things.''
-
-While a \beamer-color has a certain foreground and a certain
-background, either of which may be empty, a \beamer-font has a size, a
-shape, a series, and a family, each of which may be empty. The
-inheritance relation among \beamer-fonts is not necessarily the same
-as between \beamer-colors, though I have tried to match them whenever
-possible.
-
-Multiple inheritance plays a more important rule for
-fonts than it does for colors. A font might inherit the attributes of
-two different fonts. If one of them specifies that the font should be,
-say, boldface and the other specifies that the font should be, say,
-large, then the child font will be both large and bold.
-
-As for fonts, the description of the font used for an element is given
-after the description of the element.
-
-
-\subsubsection{Using Beamer's Fonts}
-
-To use a \beamer-font, you can use the command
-|\usebeamerfont|. Inside the templates for elements, this command will
-(typically) have already been called for you, so you will only
-seldomly have to use this command.
-
-\begin{command}{\usebeamerfont\opt{|*|}\marg{beamer-font name}}
- This command changes the current font to the font specified by the
- \meta{beamer-font name}. The \meta{beamer-font name} can be a
- not-too-fancyful text and may contain spaces. Typical examples are
- |frametitle| or |section in toc| or |My Font 1|. \beamer-fonts can
- have (and should) have the same name as \beamer-templates and
- \beamer-colors.
-
- \example |\usebeamerfont{frametitle}|
-
- In the unstarred version of this command, the font is changed
- according to the attributes specified in the \meta{beamer-font
- name}, but unspecified attributes remain unchanged. For example, if
- the font specifies that the font should be ``bold,'' but specifies
- nothing else, and if the current font is large, then
- |\usebeamerfont| causes the the current font to become large and
- bold.
-
- In the starred version of this command, the font is first reset
- before the font's attributes are applied. Thus, in the above example
- of a \beamer-font having only the attribute ``boldface'' set, saying
- |\usebeamerfont*| will \emph{always} cause the current font to
- become a normal-size, normal-shape, bold, default-family font.
-\end{command}
-
-
-\subsubsection{Setting Beamer's Fonts}
-
-As for \beamer-colors, there exists a central command for setting and
-changing \beamer-fonts.
-
-\begin{command}{\setbeamerfont\opt{|*|}\marg{beamer-font
- name}\marg{attributes}}
- This command sets or resets certain attributes of the \beamer-font
- \meta{beamer-font name}. In the unstarred version, this command just
- adds those attributes that have not been mentioned in a previous
- call and overwrites those that have been mentioned. Thus, the
- following two command blocks have the same effect:
-
- \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large}
-\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{series=\bfseries}
-
-\setbeamerfont{frametitle}{size=\large,series=\bfseries}
-\end{verbatim}
-
- In the starred version, the font attributes are first completely
- reset, that is, set to be empty.
-
- The following \meta{attributes} may be given:
- \begin{itemize}
- \item \declare{|size=|\meta{size command}} sets the size
- attribute of the \beamer font. The \meta{size command} should be a
- normal \LaTeX-command used for setting the font size or it should
- be empty. Useful commands include |\tiny|, |\scriptsize|,
- |\footnotesize|, |\small|, |\normalsize|, |\large|, |\Large|,
- |\huge|, and |\Huge|. \beamer\ also introduces the two font sizes
- |\Tiny| and |\TINY| for \emph{really} small text. But you should
- know \emph{exactly} what you are doing if you use them. You have
- been warned.
-
- Note that there is a different between
- specifying and empty command and specifying |\normalsize|: Making
- the size attribute ``empty'' means that the font size should not
- be changed when this font is used, while specifying |\normalsize|
- means that the size should be set to the normal size whenever this
- font is used.
- \item \declare{|size*=|\marg{size in pt}\marg{baselineskip}} sets
- the size attribute of the font to the given \meta{size in pt}
- and the baseline skip to the given value. Note that, depending on
- what kind of font you use, not all font sizes may be
- available. Also, certain font sizes are much less desirable than
- other ones; the standard commands take care of choosing
- appropriate sizes for you. Do not use this options unless you have
- a good reason. This command has the same effect as
- |size={\fontsize|\marg{size in pt}\marg{baselineskip}|}|.
- \item \declare{|shape=|\meta{shape command}} sets the shape
- attribute of the font. The command should be command like
- |\itshape|, |\slshape|, |\scshape|, or |\upshape|.
- \item \declare{|shape*=|\marg{shape attribute abbreviation}} sets
- the shape attribute of the font using the \LaTeX's abbreviations
- for attributes. This command has the same effect as
- |shape={\fontshape|\marg{shape attributes abbreviation}|}|.
- \item \declare{|series=|\meta{series command}} sets the ``series''
- attribute of the font. The command should be command like
- |\bfseries|.
- \item \declare{|series*=|\marg{series attribute abbreviation}} has
- the same effect as |series={\fontseries|\marg{series attributes
- abbreviation}|}|.
- \item \declare{|family=|\meta{family command}} sets the font family
- attribute. The command should be a \LaTeX-font command like
- |\rmfamily| or |\sffamily|.
- \item \declare{|family*=|\marg{family name}} sets the font family
- attribute to the given \meta{family name}. The command has the
- same effect as |family={\fontfamily|\marg{family name}|}|. The
- \meta{family name} is, normally, a somewhat cryptic abbreviation
- of a font family name that installed somewhere on the system. For
- example, the \meta{family name} for Times happens to be
- |ptm|. No one can remember these names, so its perfectly normal if
- you have to look them up laboriously.
- \item \declare{|parent=|\marg{parent list}} specifies a list of
- parent fonts. When the \beamer-font is used, the parents are used
- first. Thus, any font attributes set by one of the parents is
- inherited by the \beamer-font, except if this attribute is
- overwritten by the font.
- \end{itemize}
-
- \example
-\begin{verbatim}
-\setbeamerfont{parent A}{size=\large}
-\setbeamerfont{parent B}{series=\bfseries}
-\setbeamerfont{child}{parent={parent A, parent B},size=\small}
-
-\normalfont
-This text is in a normal font.
-\usebeamerfont{parent A}
-This text is large.
-\usebeamerfont{parent B}
-This text is large and bold.
-\usebeamerfont{parent B}
-This text is still large and bold.
-\usebeamerfont*{parent B}
-This text is only bold, but not large.
-\usebeamerfont{child}
-This text is small and bold.
-\end{verbatim}
-\end{command}
-
-
-
-
-%%% Local Variables:
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "beameruserguide"
-%%% End: