doc 4

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@80 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

11 files changed, 2004 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/00readme.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/00readme.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d729a540b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/00readme.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+% langs/apl
+\par\begin{footnotesize}\begin{alltt}
+Contents of README files:\par
+Thank you for your letter of 27 February. The original purpose
+of our APL font and macros was to solve the immediate problem
+of writing documents with APL code. Therefore, they are free for
+anyone who finds them useful. Some people have requested the font
+and we have sent them the files appended below (with CMAPL10 and
+two conversion programs for downloading pixel files, not given here).
+Further, we have nothing against giving our net address to the
+users because it would be useful to hear about extensions made
+to the system.
+
+The files APLDEF.TEX and TUGBOAT.TEX are identical with the second
+versions sent to you (via BITNET) except for minimal changes (there
+are some corrections and extensions in APLDEF.TEX, and in
+TUGBOAT.TEX one APL line was corrected.) We think the files are
+in a "final" form (at least we are not planning any changes).
+
+Our original purpose was to publish the second version, but the only
+difference was really the removal of the tilde space character (this
+resulted in more complex 1-character macros, but the user cannot
+see any difference; moreover, TeX runs only about 14% slower). Thus,
+we feel that there is no reason to publish a list of errata in
+TUGboat, because any user would inevitably have to use the new
+version (the old one has not been released).
+
+We are adding a file containing sample examples on the use of the
+APL mnemonics.
+
+Aarno Hohti
+\end{alltt}\end{footnotesize}\par
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/apldef.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/apldef.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e47ab57301f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/apldef.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+%		apldef.tex
+%
+%===============================================================
+% This file contains the definitions of the 2-letter control
+% sequences for using cmapl10.
+%===============================================================
+%
+\def\RO{{\apl\char'014}}               % rho
+\def\IO{{\apl\char'015}}               % iota
+\def\BX{\lower.1ex\hbox{\apl\char'001}}               % quad box (window etc.)
+\def\CE{{\apl\char'035}}               % ceiling
+\def\FL{{\apl\char'034}}               % floor
+\def\DE{{\apl\char'031}}               % decode
+\def\EN{{\apl\char'030}}               % encode
+\def\DL{{\apl\char'002}}               % del
+\def\LD{{\apl\char'003}}               % delta
+\def\NT{{\apl\char'026}}               % not
+\def\LO{{\apl\char'017}}               % circle
+\def\GO{{\apl\char'036}}               % arrow right
+\def\OR{{\apl\char'010}}               % logical or
+\def\DM{{\apl\char'011}}               % diamond
+\def\LE{{\apl\char'012}}               % less than or equal
+\def\GE{{\apl\char'013}}               % greater than or equal
+\def\AB{{\apl\char'174}}               % stile
+\def\LB{{\apl\char'173}}               % left brace
+\def\RB{{\apl\char'175}}               % right brace
+\def\DA{{\apl\char'037}}               % arrow down
+\def\UA{{\apl\char'136}}               % arrow up
+\def\EP{{\apl\char'006}}               % epsilon
+\def\NE{{\apl\char'027}}               % not equal
+\def\BL{{\apl\char'134}}               % backslash
+\def\RU{{\apl\char'022}}               % right U
+\def\LU{{\apl\char'023}}               % left U
+\def\DU{{\apl\char'021}}               % down U
+\def\UU{{\apl\char'020}}               % up U
+\def\LK{{\apl\char'033}}               % left tack
+\def\RK{{\apl\char'032}}               % right tack
+\def\US{{\apl\char'024}}               % underscore
+\def\NG{{\apl\char'025}}               % high minus
+\def\DD{{\apl\char'007}}               % dieresis
+\def\AM{{\apl\char'004}}               % alpha
+\def\OM{{\apl\char'005}}               % omega
+\def\SO{\raise.3ex\hbox{{\apl\char'016}}}  % small circle
+%
+% This macro is used for overstriking two characters
+\newskip\charwidth
+\def\overstrike#1#2{\setbox1=\hbox{#1}\charwidth=\wd1
+           #1\hskip-\charwidth#2}
+%
+\def\TR{\overstrike{\LO}{\BL}}                              % transpose
+\def\RV{\overstrike{\LO}{\AB}}                              % reverse
+\def\CR{\overstrike{\LO}{-}}                                % column reverse
+\def\GD{\overstrike{\LD}{\AB}}                              % grade down
+\def\GU{\overstrike{\DL}{\AB}}                              % grade up
+\def\FM{\overstrike{\raise.1ex\hbox{{\apl\char'016}}}{\EN}} % format
+\def\XQ{\overstrike{\raise.1ex\hbox{{\apl\char'016}}}{\DE}} % execute
+\def\SS{\overstrike{\RU}{\US}}                              % subset
+\def\CO{\overstrike{\LU}{\US}}                              % contains
+\def\CB{\overstrike{\BL}{-}}                                % column backslash
+\def\CS{\overstrike{/}{-}}                                  % column slash
+\def\IB{\overstrike{\EN}{\DE}}                              % I-beam
+\def\DQ{\overstrike{{\apl\char'045}}{\BX}}                  % divide quad
+\def\QQ{\overstrike{{\apl '}}{\BX}}                         % quote quad
+\def\PD{\overstrike{\DL}{\NT}}                              % protected del
+\def\NR{\overstrike{\OR}{\NT}}                              % nor
+\def\NN{\overstrike{{\apl\char'046}}{\NT}}                  % nand
+\def\LG{\overstrike{{\apl *}}{\LO}}                         % logarithm
+% underscored letters
+\def\ZA{\overstrike{{\apl A}}{\US}}
+\def\ZB{\overstrike{{\apl B}}{\US}}
+\def\ZC{\overstrike{{\apl C}}{\US}}
+\def\ZD{\overstrike{{\apl D}}{\US}}
+\def\ZE{\overstrike{{\apl E}}{\US}}
+\def\ZF{\overstrike{{\apl F}}{\US}}
+\def\ZG{\overstrike{{\apl G}}{\US}}
+\def\ZH{\overstrike{{\apl H}}{\US}}
+\def\ZI{\overstrike{{\apl I}}{\US}}
+\def\ZJ{\overstrike{{\apl J}}{\US}}
+\def\ZK{\overstrike{{\apl K}}{\US}}
+\def\ZL{\overstrike{{\apl L}}{\US}}
+\def\ZM{\overstrike{{\apl M}}{\US}}
+\def\ZN{\overstrike{{\apl N}}{\US}}
+\def\ZO{\overstrike{{\apl O}}{\US}}
+\def\ZP{\overstrike{{\apl P}}{\US}}
+\def\ZQ{\overstrike{{\apl Q}}{\US}}
+\def\ZR{\overstrike{{\apl R}}{\US}}
+\def\ZS{\overstrike{{\apl S}}{\US}}
+\def\ZT{\overstrike{{\apl T}}{\US}}
+\def\ZU{\overstrike{{\apl U}}{\US}}
+\def\ZV{\overstrike{{\apl V}}{\US}}
+\def\ZX{\overstrike{{\apl X}}{\US}}
+\def\ZY{\overstrike{{\apl Y}}{\US}}
+\def\ZW{\overstrike{{\apl W}}{\US}}
+\def\ZZ{\overstrike{{\apl Z}}{\US}}
+
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplstyle.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplstyle.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b732bded0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplstyle.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+%		aplstyle.tex
+%
+%===============================================================
+%                     A P L S T Y L E
+%===============================================================
+% A.Hohti/O.Kanerva  University of Helsinki  April 6 1987
+%
+% APL symbols are represented by the Digital (VAX) APL replacement
+% symbols. The standard escape sequence is changed to "@" (at sign)
+% in accordance with the usage in Digital APL.
+%
+\font\apl=cmapl10      % The APL font of typewriter type
+%
+%
+% The following macro switches the typewriter-like font
+% used within verbatim
+\def\ifundefined#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax}
+\outer\def\choosett#1{\ifundefined{#1}
+        \message{Undefined font(?), replaced with cmtt10}
+        \let\tt=\tentt
+           \else
+        \def\tt{\expandafter\csname#1\endcsname}\fi}
+%
+\choosett{tentt}    % default value
+%
+\input aplverb      % definitions for verbatim
+\input apldef       % control sequences for the APL symbols
+
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplverb.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplverb.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cac8e3acdbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/aplverb.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+%		aplverb.tex = verbatim.tex
+%
+%
+%	F|ljande macron anv{nds d} man vill f} ut \TeX-kommandon
+%	i klartext.  @text@ ger text i fonten \tt med alla kontroll-
+%	tecken och dylika bevarade (\TeX\ f|rst}r sig endast p} kommandot
+%	@ i denna mode). Man kan ocks} utnyttja \begintt ... \endtt f|r
+%	att beskriva kommandon, d} {r ocks} \obeylines och \obeyspaces
+%	aktiva. Om man vill anv{nda vissa \TeX-kommandon men vill
+%	ocks} displaya n}got i en-kolumn-tabell-form kan man anv{nda
+%	\begindisplay ...\cr ...\cr \enddisplay
+%           Om du vill anv{nda \begintt...\endtt f|r text som inte
+%       ryms p} en sida, kan du ocks} anv{nda \beginlines...\endlines.
+%       Varje rad m}ste d} b|rjas och avslutas med kommandot @.
+\newskip\verbatimindent \verbatimindent=0cm
+\newskip\ttglue{\tt \global\ttglue=.5em plus.25em minus.15em}
+\def\@{\char'100 }
+%
+\outer\def\begindisplay{\obeylines\startdisplay}
+{\obeylines\gdef\startdisplay#1
+    {\catcode`\^^M=5$$#1\halign\bgroup&\hskip\verbatimindent##\hfil\cr}}
+\outer\def\enddisplay{\crcr\egroup$$}
+%
+\chardef\other=12
+\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup \catcode`\\=\other \catcode`\{=\other
+    \catcode`\}=\other \catcode`\$=\other \catcode`\&=\other
+    \catcode`\#=\other \catcode`\%=\other \catcode`\~=\other
+    \catcode`\_=\other \catcode`\^=\other\catcode`\*=\other\catcode`\==\other
+    \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt}
+{\obeyspaces\gdef {\ }}
+%
+\def\begintt{$$\let\par=\endgraf \ttverbatim \parskip=0pt
+    \catcode`\@=0 \parindent=\verbatimindent \rightskip=-5pc \ttfinish}
+{\catcode`\@=0 @catcode`@\=\other % @ is temporary escape character
+    @obeylines % end of line is active
+    @gdef@ttfinish#1^^M#2\endtt{#1@vbox{#2}@endgroup$$}}
+%
+\catcode`\@=\active
+{\obeylines\gdef@{\ttverbatim\spaceskip=\ttglue\let^^M=\ \let@=\endgroup}}
+
+\def\beginlines{\par\begingroup\nobreak\medskip\parindent=0pt
+   \kern1pt\nobreak \obeylines \everypar{\strut}}
+\def\endlines{\kern1pt\endgroup\medbreak\noindent}
+
+\endinput
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/ninesize.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/ninesize.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a0260f07997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/ninesize.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+
+%=============================================================================
+%                     N I N E S I Z E . T E X  (for convenience only)
+%=============================================================================
+%===============================================================
+% This is a TeX macro for switching to nine point fonts. Taken
+% from  the TeXbook, pages 413 - 415. (For special cases only)
+%===============================================================
+%
+\font\ninerm=amr9
+\font\ninei=ammi9
+\font\ninesy=amsy9
+\font\ninebf=ambx9
+\font\ninett=amtt9
+\font\nineit=amti9
+\font\ninesl=amsl9
+%
+\skewchar\ninei='177
+\skewchar\ninesy='60
+\skewchar\ninett=-1
+%
+\newskip\tglue
+\def\ninepoint{\def\rm{\fam0\ninerm}
+       \textfont0=\ninerm
+       \textfont1=\ninei
+       \textfont2=\ninesy
+       \textfont\itfam=\nineit \def\it{\fam\itfam\nineit}%
+       \textfont\slfam=\ninesl \def\sl{\fam\slfam\ninesl}%
+       \textfont\ttfam=\ninett \def\tt{\fam\ttfam\ninett}%
+       \textfont\bffam=\ninebf \def\bf{\fam\bffam\ninebf}%
+       \tt\tglue=.5em plus.25em minus .15em
+       \normalbaselineskip=11pt
+       \setbox\strutbox=\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt}%
+       \let\sc=\sevenrm \let\big=\ninebig \normalbaselines\rm}%
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/problems.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/problems.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3f47553ea37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/problems.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+
+%===================================================================
+% Sample problems; solutions give examples on using APL style in TeX
+% Taken from the course ``Mathematics on the Computer'', Fall 87
+%===================================================================
+
+\magnification = \magstep1
+
+\advance\vsize by 3truecm
+
+\input mssymb    % for some math symbols only! This is the new
+                 % symbol font for some standard and non-standard
+                 % mathematical symbols. It is only used here for
+                 % blackboard bold letters. If you dont have it,
+                 % just define \def\Bbb{} etc.
+
+\input aplstyle
+
+\choosett{apl}
+
+\font\sans = amss10
+\font\sltt = amsltt10
+
+\def\header{{\sans  Sample problems  9.\ 10.\ 1987}}
+% some of them come from Sims' ``Abstract Algebra, A Computational Approach''
+\def\APL{{\sltt APL}}
+
+\nopagenumbers
+\tolerance = 300
+\noindent
+\header
+
+\vskip 2cm
+
+\item{1.} Let $N>1$ be an integer. Show that each of the following
+          matrices represents a binary operation on
+          $S(N)$ (we set locally \BX@IO_0@.) Which of them are
+          associative, which commutative?
+          \medskip
+
+          \itemitem{a)} @(@\IO@N)@\SO@.@\CE\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{b)} \AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.-@\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{c)} @N@\AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.+@\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{d)} @N@\AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.#@\IO@N@
+
+           \medskip
+\item{}    Here @x@\CE@y@ is $\max(x,y)$, @x@\AB@y@ is
+           $y\bmod x$ and \AB@x@ is the absolute value of $x$.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{2.} Write an \APL\ function @GPOWER@ that computes for a group
+          @G@ (global variable) the $n$-th power of a given element $x$.
+          (If $S(M)$ is a representation vector of @G@, then
+          @GPOWER@ is a map $S(M)\times \Bbb Z\to S(M)$. Simply
+          use iteration.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{3.} (Continuing problem 2.) A faster algorithm is obtained by
+          decomposing $x^n$ into its 2--base form
+          $x^n = x^{i_0}\times x^{2i_1}\times
+          x^{4i_2}\times ... \times x^{{2^k}i_k}$, where $i_j\in\{0,1\}$. Show
+          that the complexity of this algorithm is $O(\log_2(n))$.
+          (Show that the number of necessary multiplications does
+          not exceed $2\log_2(n)$). How would you write the corresponding
+          function in \APL? (Note that the binary representation of $n$
+          can be obtained by applying iteratively the procedure $n\bmod 2$.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{4.} Write an \APL\ function @GTSGP@ that computes for a given group @G@
+          (global variable) the subgroup generated by a given subset $A$. The
+          function @GTSGP@ has one argument (the vector @A@) and returns
+          a subset of the set $S(N)$ (as a vector). (Extend the set @A@
+          by the group operation until @A@ becomes closed with respect
+          to the operation.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{5.} Write an \APL\ function @INV@ that returns for a group @G@
+          the vector of inverse elements as a vector $S(N)\to S(N)$ so
+          that the index of the inverse of $x_i$ is @(INV G)[I]@.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{6.} Let $(G,\theta)$ be a group and let $A$ be a subset of $G$. Program
+          the following algorithm in \APL\ to find the subgroup @H@
+          generated by @A@. Compare the perfomance of this algorithm
+          with the algorithm in Problem 4.
+          \medskip
+
+          \itemitem{a)} put $H$ and $Y$ equal to $\{e\}$.
+
+          \itemitem{b)} let $Y$ be $YA\smallsetminus H$.
+
+          \itemitem{c)} if $Y=\emptyset$, stop.
+
+          \itemitem{d)} put $H$ equal to $H\cup Y$ and
+                        go to (b).
+
+          \medskip
+\item{}     ($e$ is the neutral element and $YA\smallsetminus H$
+           is the set--theoretical difference of $YA$ and $H$.
+           The product $YA$ is the set $\{y\theta a: y\in Y, a\in A\}$.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{7.} Write an \APL\ function @PROD@ that returns for given groups
+          $(G_1,\theta_1)$ ja $(G_2,\theta_2)$ the {\sl direct product}
+          $(G_1\times G_2,\theta_1\times\theta_2)$ as a group table.
+          (The binary operation in the product is $(x,y)\theta_1\times\theta_2
+          (z,w) = (x\theta_1 z,y\theta_2 w)$).
+
+\bigskip
+
+\vfill\eject
+
+%==========================================================================
+% Solutions to above sample exercises
+%==========================================================================
+
+%\advance\vsize by 3truecm
+
+\choosett{apl}
+
+\noindent
+\header%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\vskip 1cm
+
+\noindent
+As the index of the neutral element we use the index origin \BX@IO@ which
+usually has the value @0@. Then  $S(N)=
+\{0,\dots,N-1\}$, given by the vector \IO@N@.
+An example on groups are the cyclic groups $({\bf Z}_n,+)$
+the group tables of which are generated by the \APL\ function @ZNPLUS@:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_ZNPLUS N;@BXIO
+[1]   @BXIO_0
+[2]   Z_N@AB(@ION)@SO.+@ION
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{1.}  The matrices represent binary operations of $S(N)$,
+           since they are $N\times N$-matrices with elements from
+           $S(N)$. They are all associative and also commutative except for
+           the case (b). This can be seen by the function @TEST@:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_TEST B
+[1]  " B IS A BINARY OPERATION. THE FUNCTION RETURNS A BOOLEAN 2-VECTOR
+[2]  " (B ASSOCIATIVE, B COMMUTATIVE)
+[3]   Z_(&/&/&/B[B;]=B[;B]),&/&/B=@TRB
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{2.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL P_X GPOWER N;I
+[1]  " G GLOBAL
+[2]   P_@BXIO @DM I_0
+[3]  TEST:@GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+[4]   P_G[P;X]
+[5]   @GOTEST
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{3.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL P_X BGPOWER N;IJ
+[1]  " G GLOBAL
+[2]   P_@BXIO
+[3]  NEXTJ:@GO(0=N,IJ_2@ABN)/0,SQX
+[4]   P_G[P;X]
+[5]  SQX:X_G[X;X]
+[6]   N_(N-IJ)%2
+[7]   @GONEXTJ
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\item{}  A comment: if $i_j=0$, then the power is not increased,
+         but the square $x^{2^{j+1}}=(x^{2^j})^2$ is computed.
+         The number of iterations is $k$; $n = i_0+i_12+\cdots+i_k2^k \ge 2^k$,
+         when $i_k \not= 0$, and hence $k \le \log_2(n)$.
+         Thus, the complexity is $O(\log_2(n))$.
+\smallskip
+
+\vfill\eject
+\item{4.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A GTSGP G
+[1]  " RETURNS THE SUBGROUP OF G GENERATED BY A
+[2]   Z_,A
+[3]  TEST:@GO(&/&/G[Z;Z]@EPZ)/FOUND
+[4]   Z_Z UNION G[Z;Z]
+[5]   @GOTEST
+[6]  FOUND:Z_Z[@GUZ]
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A UNION B;V;@BXIO
+[1]   V_(,A),,B
+[2]   @BXIO_1
+[3]   Z_,CLEAN((@ROV),1)@ROV
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+The auxiliary function @CLEAN@ was given earlier.
+\bigskip
+
+\item{5.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_INV G
+[1]  " RETURNS THE VECTOR OF INVERSE ELEMENTS OF G
+[2]   (@BXIO=,G)/,(@ROG)@ROG[@BXIO;]
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{6.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL H_A BGTSGP G;Y
+[1]  " RETURNS THE SUBGROUP OF G GENERATED BY A
+[2]   H_Y_@BXIO
+[3]  B:@GO(0=@ROY_(,G[Y;A])MINUS H)/0
+[4]   H_H UNION Y
+[5]   @GOB
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A MINUS B
+[1]   Z_(@NTA@EPB)/A
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{7.}  If the elements of $G_i$ have been indexed by the interval
+           $[0,n_i-1]$, the elements of $G_1\times G_2$ become indexed
+           in a natural way by the elements of the Cartesian product
+           $[0,n_1-1]\times[0,n_2-1]$. With the bijection
+           $(i,j) \mapsto in_2+j:[0,n_1-1]\times[0,n_2-1]
+           \longrightarrow[0,n_1n_2-1]$
+           (the inverse $k\mapsto((k-(k \bmod n_2))/n_2,k \bmod n_2)$
+           selects the quotient and remainder in the division by $n_2$)
+           we get $[0,n_1n_2-1]$ as the index set.
+
+\vfill\eject
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL G_G1 PROD G2;@BXIO;I;J;IREM;JREM;N1;N2;N
+[1]   N_(N1_(@ROG1)[1])#N2_(@ROG2)[1] @DM I_@BXIO_0
+[2]   G_(N,N)@RO0
+[3]  JLOOP:J_0
+[4]  CORE:G[I;J]_(G1[(I-IREM)%N2;(J-JREM)%N2]#N2)+G2[IREM_N2@ABI;JREM_N2@ABJ]
+[5]   @GO(N>J_J+1)/CORE
+[6]   @GO(N>I_I+1)/JLOOP
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+Example:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+      (ZNPLUS 2) PROD ZNPLUS 10
+ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
+ 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10
+ 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11
+ 3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12
+ 4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13
+ 5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14
+ 6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15
+ 7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+ 8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
+ 9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
+10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9
+11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0
+12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1
+13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2
+14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3
+15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4
+16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
+17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6
+18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
+19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8
+\endtt
+}
+
+\end
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/sample.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/sample.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..85481d7c943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/sample.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+
+%============================================================================
+%                         S A M P L E . T E X
+%============================================================================
+
+%===================================================================
+% Sample problems; solutions give examples on using APL style in TeX
+% Taken from the course ``Mathematics on the Computer'', Fall 87
+%===================================================================
+
+\magnification = \magstep1
+
+\advance\vsize by 3truecm
+
+\input mssymb    % for some math symbols only! This is the new
+                 % symbol font for some standard and non-standard
+                 % mathematical symbols. It is only used here for
+                 % blackboard bold letters. If you dont have it,
+                 % just define \def\Bbb{} etc.
+
+\input aplstyle
+
+\choosett{apl}
+
+\font\sans = amss10
+\font\sltt = amsltt10
+
+\def\header{{\sans  Sample problems  9.\ 10.\ 1987}}
+% some of them come from Sims' ``Abstract Algebra, A Computational Approach''
+\def\APL{{\sltt APL}}
+
+\nopagenumbers
+\tolerance = 300
+\noindent
+\header
+
+\vskip 2cm
+
+\item{1.} Let $N>1$ be an integer. Show that each of the following
+          matrices represents a binary operation on
+          $S(N)$ (we set locally \BX@IO_0@.) Which of them are
+          associative, which commutative?
+          \medskip
+
+          \itemitem{a)} @(@\IO@N)@\SO@.@\CE\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{b)} \AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.-@\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{c)} @N@\AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.+@\IO@N@
+
+          \itemitem{d)} @N@\AB@(@\IO@N)@\SO@.#@\IO@N@
+
+           \medskip
+\item{}    Here @x@\CE@y@ is $\max(x,y)$, @x@\AB@y@ is
+           $y\bmod x$ and \AB@x@ is the absolute value of $x$.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{2.} Write an \APL\ function @GPOWER@ that computes for a group
+          @G@ (global variable) the $n$-th power of a given element $x$.
+          (If $S(M)$ is a representation vector of @G@, then
+          @GPOWER@ is a map $S(M)\times \Bbb Z\to S(M)$. Simply
+          use iteration.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{3.} (Continuing problem 2.) A faster algorithm is obtained by
+          decomposing $x^n$ into its 2--base form
+          $x^n = x^{i_0}\times x^{2i_1}\times
+          x^{4i_2}\times ... \times x^{{2^k}i_k}$, where $i_j\in\{0,1\}$. Show
+          that the complexity of this algorithm is $O(\log_2(n))$.
+          (Show that the number of necessary multiplications does
+          not exceed $2\log_2(n)$). How would you write the corresponding
+          function in \APL? (Note that the binary representation of $n$
+          can be obtained by applying iteratively the procedure $n\bmod 2$.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{4.} Write an \APL\ function @GTSGP@ that computes for a given group @G@
+          (global variable) the subgroup generated by a given subset $A$. The
+          function @GTSGP@ has one argument (the vector @A@) and returns
+          a subset of the set $S(N)$ (as a vector). (Extend the set @A@
+          by the group operation until @A@ becomes closed with respect
+          to the operation.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{5.} Write an \APL\ function @INV@ that returns for a group @G@
+          the vector of inverse elements as a vector $S(N)\to S(N)$ so
+          that the index of the inverse of $x_i$ is @(INV G)[I]@.
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{6.} Let $(G,\theta)$ be a group and let $A$ be a subset of $G$. Program
+          the following algorithm in \APL\ to find the subgroup @H@
+          generated by @A@. Compare the perfomance of this algorithm
+          with the algorithm in Problem 4.
+          \medskip
+
+          \itemitem{a)} put $H$ and $Y$ equal to $\{e\}$.
+
+          \itemitem{b)} let $Y$ be $YA\smallsetminus H$.
+
+          \itemitem{c)} if $Y=\emptyset$, stop.
+
+          \itemitem{d)} put $H$ equal to $H\cup Y$ and
+                        go to (b).
+
+          \medskip
+\item{}     ($e$ is the neutral element and $YA\smallsetminus H$
+           is the set--theoretical difference of $YA$ and $H$.
+           The product $YA$ is the set $\{y\theta a: y\in Y, a\in A\}$.)
+
+\bigskip
+
+\item{7.} Write an \APL\ function @PROD@ that returns for given groups
+          $(G_1,\theta_1)$ ja $(G_2,\theta_2)$ the {\sl direct product}
+          $(G_1\times G_2,\theta_1\times\theta_2)$ as a group table.
+          (The binary operation in the product is $(x,y)\theta_1\times\theta_2
+          (z,w) = (x\theta_1 z,y\theta_2 w)$).
+
+\bigskip
+
+\vfill\eject
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/solutions.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/solutions.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..85e37305451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/solutions.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+
+%==========================================================================
+% Solutions to above sample exercises
+%==========================================================================
+
+%\advance\vsize by 3truecm
+
+\choosett{apl}
+
+\noindent
+\header%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\vskip 1cm
+
+\noindent
+As the index of the neutral element we use the index origin \BX@IO@ which
+usually has the value @0@. Then  $S(N)=
+\{0,\dots,N-1\}$, given by the vector \IO@N@.
+An example on groups are the cyclic groups $({\bf Z}_n,+)$
+the group tables of which are generated by the \APL\ function @ZNPLUS@:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_ZNPLUS N;@BXIO
+[1]   @BXIO_0
+[2]   Z_N@AB(@ION)@SO.+@ION
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{1.}  The matrices represent binary operations of $S(N)$,
+           since they are $N\times N$-matrices with elements from
+           $S(N)$. They are all associative and also commutative except for
+           the case (b). This can be seen by the function @TEST@:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_TEST B
+[1]  " B IS A BINARY OPERATION. THE FUNCTION RETURNS A BOOLEAN 2-VECTOR
+[2]  " (B ASSOCIATIVE, B COMMUTATIVE)
+[3]   Z_(&/&/&/B[B;]=B[;B]),&/&/B=@TRB
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{2.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL P_X GPOWER N;I
+[1]  " G GLOBAL
+[2]   P_@BXIO @DM I_0
+[3]  TEST:@GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+[4]   P_G[P;X]
+[5]   @GOTEST
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{3.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL P_X BGPOWER N;IJ
+[1]  " G GLOBAL
+[2]   P_@BXIO
+[3]  NEXTJ:@GO(0=N,IJ_2@ABN)/0,SQX
+[4]   P_G[P;X]
+[5]  SQX:X_G[X;X]
+[6]   N_(N-IJ)%2
+[7]   @GONEXTJ
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\item{}  A comment: if $i_j=0$, then the power is not increased,
+         but the square $x^{2^{j+1}}=(x^{2^j})^2$ is computed.
+         The number of iterations is $k$; $n = i_0+i_12+\cdots+i_k2^k \ge 2^k$,
+         when $i_k \not= 0$, and hence $k \le \log_2(n)$.
+         Thus, the complexity is $O(\log_2(n))$.
+\smallskip
+
+\vfill\eject
+\item{4.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A GTSGP G
+[1]  " RETURNS THE SUBGROUP OF G GENERATED BY A
+[2]   Z_,A
+[3]  TEST:@GO(&/&/G[Z;Z]@EPZ)/FOUND
+[4]   Z_Z UNION G[Z;Z]
+[5]   @GOTEST
+[6]  FOUND:Z_Z[@GUZ]
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A UNION B;V;@BXIO
+[1]   V_(,A),,B
+[2]   @BXIO_1
+[3]   Z_,CLEAN((@ROV),1)@ROV
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+The auxiliary function @CLEAN@ was given earlier.
+\bigskip
+
+\item{5.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_INV G
+[1]  " RETURNS THE VECTOR OF INVERSE ELEMENTS OF G
+[2]   (@BXIO=,G)/,(@ROG)@ROG[@BXIO;]
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{6.}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL H_A BGTSGP G;Y
+[1]  " RETURNS THE SUBGROUP OF G GENERATED BY A
+[2]   H_Y_@BXIO
+[3]  B:@GO(0=@ROY_(,G[Y;A])MINUS H)/0
+[4]   H_H UNION Y
+[5]   @GOB
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL Z_A MINUS B
+[1]   Z_(@NTA@EPB)/A
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}\smallskip
+
+\item{7.}  If the elements of $G_i$ have been indexed by the interval
+           $[0,n_i-1]$, the elements of $G_1\times G_2$ become indexed
+           in a natural way by the elements of the Cartesian product
+           $[0,n_1-1]\times[0,n_2-1]$. With the bijection
+           $(i,j) \mapsto in_2+j:[0,n_1-1]\times[0,n_2-1]
+           \longrightarrow[0,n_1n_2-1]$
+           (the inverse $k\mapsto((k-(k \bmod n_2))/n_2,k \bmod n_2)$
+           selects the quotient and remainder in the division by $n_2$)
+           we get $[0,n_1n_2-1]$ as the index set.
+
+\vfill\eject
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+    @DL G_G1 PROD G2;@BXIO;I;J;IREM;JREM;N1;N2;N
+[1]   N_(N1_(@ROG1)[1])#N2_(@ROG2)[1] @DM I_@BXIO_0
+[2]   G_(N,N)@RO0
+[3]  JLOOP:J_0
+[4]  CORE:G[I;J]_(G1[(I-IREM)%N2;(J-JREM)%N2]#N2)+G2[IREM_N2@ABI;JREM_N2@ABJ]
+[5]   @GO(N>J_J+1)/CORE
+[6]   @GO(N>I_I+1)/JLOOP
+    @DL
+\endtt
+}
+
+Example:
+
+\hskip\parskip\vbox{\hsize=15truecm
+\begintt
+      (ZNPLUS 2) PROD ZNPLUS 10
+ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
+ 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10
+ 2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11
+ 3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12
+ 4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13
+ 5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14
+ 6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15
+ 7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
+ 8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
+ 9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
+10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9
+11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0
+12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1
+13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2
+14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13  4  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3
+15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14  5  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4
+16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15  6  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5
+17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16  7  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6
+18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17  8  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7
+19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18  9  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8
+\endtt
+}
+
+\end
+
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..87b1461a1cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+
+%=============================================================================
+%                            T U G B O A T . T E X
+%=============================================================================
+%========================================================================
+% A TeX file for the paper on APL-TeX (new version, not published)
+%
+% A.Hohti/O.Kanerva (University of Helsinki) April 1987
+%========================================================================
+%
+%
+% Version of August 26, 1987 at 15:00
+%
+%
+%========================================================================
+\input aplstyle              % the file containing the APL definitions
+%========================================================================
+%
+%
+\magnification=\magstep1     % for weak eyes!
+%
+%
+%========================================================================
+\font\bigbf=ambx10                        % for titles
+\font\sltt=amsltt10                       % for file contents inside text
+\font\manual=manfnt at 10pt               % for major METAFONT logo
+\font\minual=manfnt at 9pt                % for minor METAFONT logo
+\input ninesize                           % abstract, references
+%========================================================================
+%
+\def\METAFONT{{\manual META}\-{\manual FONT}}
+\def\metafont{{\minual META}\-{\minual FONT}}
+%
+%========================================================================
+% stylistic definitions
+\def\section#1{\vskip0pt plus .1\vsize
+    \penalty-250\vskip0pt plus-.1\vsize\bigskip
+    \noindent{\bf #1.\ }\nobreak\message{#1}}
+\def\abstract#1{\bigskip\centerline{\hbox{
+       \vbox{\hsize=4.75truein{\ninepoint \noindent ABSTRACT.\enspace#1}}}}}
+\def\APL{{\sl APL}}
+% this definition is from the TeXbook, Ex. 21.3 :
+\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule \hbox{\vrule \kern2pt
+                 \vbox{\kern2pt#1\kern2pt}\kern2pt\vrule}\hrule}}
+% A macro for making references and blocks.
+%
+\newdimen\refindent\newdimen\plusindent
+\newdimen\refskip\newdimen\tempindent
+\newdimen\extraindent
+\newcount\refcount
+%
+% \refskip has to be set by the user! Otherwise \parindent is
+% used, in accordance with \item.
+%
+\refcount=0
+\def\ref#1:#2.-#3\par{\ninepoint % switch to nine point fonts
+\advance\refcount by 1
+\setbox0=\hbox{[\number\refcount]}\refindent=\wd0
+\plusindent=\refskip\extraindent=\refskip
+\advance\plusindent by -\refindent\tempindent=\parindent %
+\parindent=0pt\par\hangindent\extraindent %
+ [\number\refcount]\hskip\plusindent #1:{\sl#2},#3
+\parindent=\tempindent}
+%
+\refskip=\parindent
+%
+%========================================================================
+                              % HEADER
+\null
+\vskip2truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\bigbf GENERATING AN \APL\ FONT}
+%
+\vskip.75truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\sl Aarno Hohti and Okko Kanerva}
+%
+\vskip.5truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\sl University of Helsinki}
+\vskip.5truecm
+\abstract{The \APL\ language is well known for its peculiar
+          symbols which have inhibited the use of this language
+          in many programming environments. Making \APL\
+          documents of good quality has been difficult and
+          expensive. We describe here a simple way how to
+          use \metafont\ to generate an \APL\ font for \TeX\
+          by using existing font definitions as far as possible.}
+\vskip.5truecm
+%========================================================================
+%
+\section{Introduction}
+This note describes an interesting exercise in using
+\METAFONT\ to produce new typefaces by combining letters
+from standard fonts. As we know, the \APL\ language [6] of
+Kenneth Iverson has never gained the popularity it deserves
+which is largely due to its strange symbol set. Indeed,
+true \APL\ users require a special keyboard to support
+the nonstandard but powerful operator symbols. Moreover,
+putting \APL\ into print has always been a problem, and
+modern low cost computerized typesetting programs do
+not usually support \APL\ style. \TeX\ can be used to
+produce high quality printouts for technical text,
+and it would be desirable to have a possibility to
+mix in \APL\ code. The companion program of
+\TeX ---\METAFONT ---provides a full means for a simple generation
+of an \APL\ font for \TeX, and the purpose of this
+note is to inform other people about the result we
+have obtained at the University of Helsinki. Let us note
+that there are at least three other \APL\ fonts available
+for small computer environments. Indeed, the newsletter
+\APL\ {\it Quote Quad\/}\footnote{*}{{\ninepoint Newsletter of SIGAPL,
+the Special Interest Group for \APL. {\it Quote Quad\/} has the same
+status in the world of \APL\ as TUGboat in \TeX{nical} world.}}
+is produced by using TROFF, and there
+exists a Postscript \APL\ font for the Apple Laserwriter [5] and
+another font for the TEXT typesetting system [2].
+
+Consider the following usual kind of function definition in \APL:
+\choosett{apl}
+\begintt
+        @DLS_SUMSQ N;I
+  [1]   S_I_0
+  [2]   @GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+  [3]   S_S+I*2
+  [4]   @GO2
+  [5]   @DL
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%       %@@@@
+How to write in this code, providing that we have a suitable
+font? The \APL\ font should represent the screen
+output style of \APL\ code and obey the same laws of spacing.
+Hence, it should be a typewriter-like typeface with fixed
+spacing; the same approach for representing \TeX\ input was
+adopted by Knuth in the {\TeX}book.
+The {\it verbatim\/} macros have often been used for importing
+screen or paper outputs into \TeX\ documents; some people
+misuse them for an easy construction of tables etc. In
+{\sltt verbatim}, the typewriter mode is entered by the control
+sequence @\begintt@---that mode is ended by
+@\endtt@. In the same vein, we could enter
+the \APL\ mode by the control sequence @\beginapl@,
+and to end it by @\endapl@. However, it is more convenient to
+augment {\sltt verbatim\/} with {\sltt aplstyle\/} so that
+it can be used with several different typewriter-like fonts.
+(The {\it verbatim\/} macros can be found in the {\TeX}book,
+p.\ 421.)  Since {\sltt\char'100\/}
+(the {\it at sign}) is used as the escape character inside {\it verbatim\/}
+mode, our \TeX\ code might (and in fact does) look as follows:
+\def\endsym{\char'134{endtt}}   % just for using \endtt after \begintt
+                                % without actually ending anything
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+           \choosett{apl}
+           \begintt
+                  @@DLS_SUMSQ N;I
+            [1]   S_I_0
+            [2]   @@GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+            [3]   S_S+I*2
+            [4]   @@GO2
+            [5]   @@DL
+           @endsym
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%                      %@@@@
+The control sequences @\DL@ and @\GO@ are not chosen arbitrarily
+but follow the conventions used in Digital's VAX \APL\ interpreter [1].
+As terminals usually do not support the \APL\ character set, an
+alternative representation by two-letter mnemonics is provided by the
+interpreter. For the most part we have adopted these mnemonics also for our
+\APL\ font. Hence, as an additional bonus the user should find it
+easy to combine his or her \APL\ code with normal \TeX\ code. Thus,
+it is not necessary for a VAX \APL\ user to retype the definitions
+of \APL\ functions in order to be able to use them in documents.
+He or she only has to replace every {\it period\/} used as an
+escape character in Digital's interpreter, by {\sltt\char'100}.
+(There is another syntactical difference between Digital's interpreter
+and \TeX's {\it verbatim\/} mode: for the interpreter
+the third ordinary character after an escape character
+does no longer belong to the escape sequence while \TeX\ admits
+arbitrarily long control sequences.  We take care of this
+by changing certain {\it catcodes\/} temporarily.)
+%
+%
+\choosett{apl}%
+%
+\section{The \APL\ font table}
+\APL\ symbols are divided into two classes: the primitive symbols
+and those obtained by overstriking two primitive ones. The overstrikes
+are traditionally obtained by typing the first symbol, by using
+backspace to go back one space and then typing the second symbol
+{\sl over\/} the first one. However, in modern \APL\ keyboards these
+double symbols are assigned to non-alphanumeric keys (for example,
+to keys under the {\sltt ALT\/} key). We decided to include only the
+primitive \APL\ symbols in the font table; this enabled us to include
+also the lower-case letters, following modern conventions. (The original
+\APL\ letters were restricted to capitals.) The comment symbol
+@"@ is the only exception since it is keyed in as a double quote.
+Our font is a fixed size typeface with strongly slanted letters.
+Moreover, we have followed the style of best books in \APL:
+all symbols should be drawn with a thin pen to get a touch of
+a typewriter. (This point is clearly witnessed, for example, in [5].)
+The places of some symbols are determined by the \TeX\ font tables.
+For example, the hash sign {\sltt\char'043\/} is used for the
+multiplication sign in VAX \APL, and hence the corresponding symbol
+has the the same octal code (043) as the hash sign in \TeX.
+The font table has the following form:          %@@@@
+
+%========================================================================
+%                           table begins
+%========================================================================
+% This macro comes from TUGboat (I (AH) do not remember which number),
+% unsuitable parts are commented out.
+%
+{\baselineskip=0pt \lineskip=0pt
+\newdimen\vu
+%
+%\output={\shipout\vbox{\unvbox255\vskip0.4in}\advancepageno}
+%
+\setbox9=\hbox{\sl 0}
+\def\spike{\hbox to 0pt{\vbox to \ht9{}}}
+\def\cell#1{\hbox to 1\vu{\hfill\char'#1\hfill}\vrule}
+\def\label#1{\vbox to \ht8{\vfill\hbox to 35pt{\hfill\sl '#10\hskip1em%
+                   }\vfill}\vrule}
+%
+\def\seprow{\def\m{\hskip 1\vu{}\vrule height 2pt}\hbox{\m\m\m\m\m\m\m\m}}
+\def\cellrow#1{\setbox8=\vbox{\seprow\hbox{\spike%
+                  \cell{#10}\cell{#11}\cell{#12}\cell{#13}%
+                  \cell{#14}\cell{#15}\cell{#16}\cell{#17}\hfill%
+                  }\seprow\hrule}\hbox{\label{#1}\box8}}
+%
+\def\lcol#1{\hbox to 1\vu{\hfill{\sl #1}\hfill}\hskip .4pt}
+\def\chw#1{\hbox{\char'#1}}
+%
+\def\colw#1{\vbox{\chw{#10}
+                  \chw{#11}
+                  \chw{#12}
+                  \chw{#13}
+                  \chw{#14}
+                  \chw{#15}
+                  \chw{#16}
+                  \chw{#17}}}
+%
+\def\setw#1{\vbox{\colw{#10}
+                  \colw{#11}
+                  \colw{#12}
+                  \colw{#13}
+                  \colw{#14}
+                  \colw{#15}
+                  \colw{#16}
+                  \colw{#17}}}
+%
+\def\getw{\setbox0=\vbox{\setw0\setw1\hbox to \wd9{}\hbox to 1em{}}%
+                  \vu=1.625\wd0}
+%
+    \apl\getw\bigskip             % changed from \null\vfill to \bigskip
+%
+    \centerline{\vbox{%\hbox{\hskip35pt{\sl cmapl10}\hfill}
+%          \vskip20pt
+          \hbox{\hskip35pt\lcol0\lcol1\lcol2\lcol3\lcol4\lcol5\lcol6\lcol7}
+          \vskip 4pt
+          \hbox{\hskip35pt\vbox{\hrule width 8\vu}\vbox{\hrule width 3.6pt}}
+          \cellrow{00}\cellrow{01}\cellrow{02}\cellrow{03}
+          \cellrow{04}\cellrow{05}\cellrow{06}\cellrow{07}
+          \cellrow{10}\cellrow{11}\cellrow{12}\cellrow{13}
+          \cellrow{14}\cellrow{15}\cellrow{16}\cellrow{17}}}}  % removed \vfill
+%                                                       % from the end
+%
+%========================================================================
+%                            table ends
+%========================================================================
+%
+\section{The necessary \METAFONT\ files}
+The whole process started when the first author had a paper
+containing \APL\ symbols and was disappointed with the
+quality of the symbols available on the typewriter. Moreover,
+the secretary who had typed the text had forgot a couple
+of lines in the middle of the paper, and the correction of
+such mistakes seemed to be very clumsy in comparison with
+modern typesetting. Then he decided (together with the second
+author) to remedy the situation by creating an \APL\ font for
+\TeX\ he was using for other kinds of document. Many of the
+\APL\ symbols needed were contained in standard fonts; for example,
+{\it diamond\/} can be found in {\it cmsy10}. For alphanumeric
+characters one could use {\it cmsltt10}. The simplest try for
+a solution of the problem would be to write a list of definitions
+that pick symbols from appropriate fonts. However, this brute force
+method does not really work since these symbols come from
+very different typefaces and, moreover, do not provide a fixed
+typeface. Hence, we decided to find an easy way of producing
+an \APL\ font by using \METAFONT.
+
+As the starting point, we took the font {\it cmtex10}. This is a
+fixed typeface for an extended typewriter-like font including
+some Greek characters and mathematical symbols. The \METAFONT\ file
+for this font, {\sltt cmtex10.mf\/} contains (as usual) a preamble
+that assigns values to several global variables, and the command
+{\sltt generate textset;\/}. Now the {\sl driver\/} file {\sltt textset.mf\/} %@@@@
+contains the commands {\sltt mode\_setup;font\_setup;\/}            %@@@@
+(establishing the values of the variables for this font) and several
+input files from which the \METAFONT\ descriptions of the characters are to
+be found. Since some of these files treat the characters by name and
+since some of the definitions have to be changed (and some dropped),
+we considered it advisable to discard the driver file and to collect
+the separate \METAFONT\ files, together with the preamble, to form a
+large single file {\sltt cmapl10.mf}. The {\sltt .mf\/} character files
+needed for {\sltt cmapl10.mf\/} are the following:
+%
+%
+$$\vbox{\halign{{\sltt#}\hfil && \quad #\hfil\cr
+%
+                      greekl  &  ({\it rho, omega, alpha}) \cr
+                      italms  &  ({\it iota})              \cr
+                      romand  &  (roman digits)            \cr
+                      punct   &  (punctuation symbols)     \cr
+                      romanp  &                            \cr
+                      symbol  &  (math symbols)            \cr
+                      sym     &                            \cr
+                      romanu  &  (uppercase letters)       \cr
+                      romanl  &  (lowercase letters)       \cr
+%
+}}$$
+%
+%
+\section{Definitions}
+\choosett{tentt}%
+The first thing to do is to put {\sltt font\_identifier:="CMAPL";\/}    %@@@@
+and to set {\sltt slant:=0;\/} in the preamble. Many definitions can    %@@@@
+be copied verbatim from the {\sltt .mf\/} files, but some of them
+need changes. The Greek {\it iota}, as given in {\sltt greekl.mf},
+is strange to \APL\ style; we use instead the {\it dotless i\/}
+from {\sltt italms.mf}. Moreover, we used the symbol {\it elt\/}
+(element) from {\sltt sym.mf\/} instead of the Greek {\it epsilon}.
+The symbols {\it del\/} and {\it delta\/} are
+taken from {\sltt symbol.mf\/} (where their names are {\it large triangle\/}
+and {\it large inverted triangle}). However, they are too sturdy
+and too short to be placed in a proper \APL\ font. Further, {\it del\/}
+must be lifted up so that it is vertically aligned with other
+symbols. The modifications are very easy to do, and the modified %@@@@ , by ,and
+definition is shown below.
+%
+%
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+         % sqrt48 was changed to 6.25 since the del symbol in APL has
+         % a narrower top than the original reversed triangle symbol
+         % rule.nib has been changed to light_rule.nib
+         % bot y3=-d-o has been changed to bot y3=0
+         % top y1=h-d has been changed to top y1=h+2o
+         @null
+         cmchar "Del";
+         beginchar(oct"002",16u#,asc_height#,0);
+         adjust_fit(0,0); pickup light_rule.nib;
+         top y1=h+2o; y2=y1; bot y3=0;
+         .5[x1,x2]=x3=good.x .5w; w:=r:=2x3; lft x1=hround(.5w-u*6.25);
+         draw z1--z2--z3--cycle;    % stroke
+         labels(1,2,3); endchar;
+\endtt
+As can be seen from this example, pen strokes were made thinner.
+Actually only one symbol was directly missing---this is the {\it quad
+box}. However, it can be obtained from the above by adding one control point:
+\begintt
+         cmchar "Quad";
+         beginchar(oct"001",16u#,body_height#,0);
+         adjust_fit(0,0); pickup light_rule.nib;
+         bot y1=0; y2=y1; top y3=h+2o; y4=y3;
+         .5[x1,x2]=x5=good.x .5w; w:=r:=2x5;
+         % The quad box is slightly wider than Del
+         lft x1=hround(.5w-u*7);
+         x3=x1; x4=x2;
+         draw z1--z2--z4--z3--cycle;    % box
+         labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
+\endtt
+After taking care of special symbols, the letters can be treated
+by finding a suitable value for {\it tilt ratio\/} (slant). Indeed,
+\APL\ letters are {\sl very\/} slanted. We suggest the value
+1/5 for this font (the font {\it cmsl10\/} uses 1/6). One should
+remember to give the command {\sltt font\_setup;\/} after setting {\sltt slant\/} %@@@@
+to 1/5.
+\choosett{sltt}%               %@@@@
+Finally, one has to make the {\it verbatim\/} macros
+suitable for \APL\ style. Since {\it verbatim\/} might be
+used for several different fonts in one document, we decided
+to include a control sequence @\choosett@.
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+        \def\ifundefined#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax}
+        \newif\ifapl         \def\aplname{apl}
+        \outer\def\choosett#1{\ifundefined{#1}%
+                \message{Undefined font(?), replaced with cmtt10}%
+                \let\tt=\tentt
+                   \else
+                \def\tt{\expandafter\csname#1\endcsname}%
+                \def\ttname{#1}%
+                \ifx\ttname\aplname\apltrue\else\aplfalse\fi\fi}
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%
+(The control sequence @\ifundefined@ comes from the \TeX{book}, p.\ 308.)
+With the help of @\choosett@, the standard @verbatim@ macros can be used
+with the single change that @\ifapl@, then the @\catcode@ of @A@,\dots,@Z@
+is @\other@ (12) instead of 11 for {\it letter}.  Under \APL\ mode \TeX\
+will then recognize our single-letter control sequences defined, e.g., by
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+         \def\A#1{\if#1B{\apl\char'174}\else          % stile
+                  \if#1M{\apl\char'004}\fi\fi}        % alpha .
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%
+Unfortunately, we have redefined the standard @\L@, @\O@, @\P@ and @\S@.
+
+The \APL\ symbols not in the font table are obtained---as usual---by
+overstriking two table symbols.
+\choosett{tentt}%
+\begintt
+   \newbox\firstchar\newskip\charwidth
+   \def\overstrike#1#2{\setbox\firstchar=\hbox{#1}\charwidth=\wd\firstchar
+                       #1\hskip-\charwidth#2}
+\endtt
+\choosett{apl}%
+For example, the {\it grade up\/} and {\it grade down\/} symbols
+\G U\ and \G D\ are obtained by striking the {\it stile\/} symbol
+@|@ over \L D\ and \D L, respectively.
+\choosett{tentt}%
+\begintt
+         \def\G#1{\if#1U{\overstrike{\LD}{\AB}}\else      % grade up
+                  \if#1D{\overstrike{\DL}{\AB}}\fi\fi}    % grade down
+\endtt
+Now let us take another example on \APL. The input
+\begintt
+     \choosett{apl}       % in case some other choice is in force
+     \setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=5.7truein
+     \begintt
+         [0]   Z_A1 PROD A2;A;I;V
+         [1]   "RETURNS THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIALS A1 AND A2
+         [2]   "THE ARGUMENTS ARE GIVEN AS COEFFICIENT ARRAYS
+         [3]   I_@@ROA1
+         [4]   Z_A1@@SO.#A2
+         [5]   LOOP:V_@@ROZ @@DM V[(@@ROI)+1]_V[1]
+         [6]   V_@@ROZ_Z,[(@@ROI)+1]V@@RO0
+         [7]   A_(1+-@@IOV[1])@@SO.#((@@NT(@@IO@@ROV)@@EP(1,(@@ROI)+1))/V)@@RO1
+         [8]   Z_+/[1]A@@RV[(@@ROI)+1]Z
+         [9]   ((@@RO@@ROZ)>@@ROI)/LOOP
+     @endsym
+                    }
+     $$\boxit{\boxit{\box0}}$$
+     \centerline{\sevenrm An APL function for polynomial multiplication}
+\endtt
+%
+gives the output
+%
+\choosett{apl}
+\setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=5.7truein
+\begintt
+      [0]   Z_A1 PROD A2;A;I;V
+      [1]   "RETURNS THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIALS A1 AND A2
+      [2]   "THE ARGUMENTS ARE GIVEN AS COEFFICIENT ARRAYS
+      [3]   I_@ROA1
+      [4]   Z_A1@SO.#A2
+      [5]   LOOP:V_@ROZ @DM V[(@ROI)+1]_V[1]
+      [6]   V_@ROZ_Z,[(@ROI)+1]V@RO0
+      [7]   A_(1+-@IOV[1])@SO.#((@NT(@IO@ROV)@EP(1,(@ROI)+1))/V)@RO1
+      [8]   Z_+/[1]A@RV[(@ROI)+1]Z
+      [9]   ((@RO@ROZ)>@ROI)/LOOP
+\endtt
+               }
+$$\boxit{\boxit{\box0}}$$
+\centerline{\sevenrm An APL function for polynomial multiplication}
+%
+\section{User extension}
+A modern user of a computerized typesetting facility will probably
+ask if it is possible to extend or modify fonts coming with the
+system. As with [5], where the font has an {\it analytic\/} and a
+{\it bitmapped\/} variant, we can distinguish between the need of modifying
+{\it cmapl10\/} via \METAFONT\ and modification of the pixel files.
+\APL\ symbols of various ``blackness'' or ``thickness'' may be desirable.
+Indeed, in [3] the user input is written with boldface \APL\ symbols
+and the answers from the interpreter with thin ones. Furthermore,
+certain screen previewers use specific small size pixel files, and
+do not support the \APL\ font.
+
+The modification of the font by changing the values of some global
+variables in the preamble of the \METAFONT\ file is easy and can be
+done by following how it is done in standard fonts such as
+{\it cmbx10\/} etc. This is the recommended way, too. However, if
+\METAFONT\ is not available, then one must attack the pixel files.
+For direct hand editing, we use a program that converts a pixel
+file into a (bitmapped) text file acceptable to any standard screen
+editor, and another program reading the edited file back into
+a \TeX\ pixel file. Scaling fonts down to a desired size can be
+done in a similar (but automatic) manner; this facility is needed
+by a previewer (written by the first author) not using runtime
+scaling.
+
+
+\section{References}
+\bigskip
+{
+\ref Digital Equipment Corporation: VAX-11 \APL\ Reference Manual.-
+     1983.
+
+\ref Feldberg, Ian: TEXT: Publication-Quality Characters Come
+     to \APL\ Graphics.- Proceedings of the 1986 \APL\ Conference,
+     SIGAPL, pp.\ 306--313.
+
+\ref Gilman, Leonard, and Allen J.\ Rose: \APL, An Interactive
+     Approach.- John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., 1984.
+
+\ref Grenander, Ulf: Mathematical Experiments on the Computer.-
+     Academic Press, 1982.
+
+\ref Howland, John E.: Typesetting \APL\ Using a Macintosh.-
+     Proceedings of the 1986 \APL\ Conference, SIGAPL, pp.\ 301--305.
+
+\ref Iverson, Kenneth: A Programming Language.- Wiley, New York, 1962.
+
+
+ }
+
+\bigskip
+\section{The address}
+\bigskip
+{\ninepoint\obeylines
+\hskip\refskip University of Helsinki
+\hskip\refskip Department of Mathematics
+\hskip\refskip Hallituskatu 15
+\hskip\refskip SF--00100 HELSINKI
+\hskip\refskip FINLAND
+}
+
+\end
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat2.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat2.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..05a6398b724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/tugboat2.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+
+%=============================================================================
+%                            T U G B O A T . T E X
+%=============================================================================
+%========================================================================
+% A TeX file for the paper on APL-TeX (new version, not published)
+%
+% A.Hohti/O.Kanerva (University of Helsinki) April 1987
+%========================================================================
+%
+%
+% Version of August 26, 1987 at 15:00
+%
+%
+%========================================================================
+\input aplstyle              % the file containing the APL definitions
+%========================================================================
+%
+%
+\magnification=\magstep1     % for weak eyes!
+%
+%
+%========================================================================
+\font\bigbf=ambx10                        % for titles
+\font\sltt=amsltt10                       % for file contents inside text
+\font\manual=manfnt at 10pt               % for major METAFONT logo
+\font\minual=manfnt at 9pt                % for minor METAFONT logo
+\input ninesize                           % abstract, references
+%========================================================================
+%
+\def\METAFONT{{\manual META}\-{\manual FONT}}
+\def\metafont{{\minual META}\-{\minual FONT}}
+%
+%========================================================================
+% stylistic definitions
+\def\section#1{\vskip0pt plus .1\vsize
+    \penalty-250\vskip0pt plus-.1\vsize\bigskip
+    \noindent{\bf #1.\ }\nobreak\message{#1}}
+\def\abstract#1{\bigskip\centerline{\hbox{
+       \vbox{\hsize=4.75truein{\ninepoint \noindent ABSTRACT.\enspace#1}}}}}
+\def\APL{{\sl APL}}
+% this definition is from the TeXbook, Ex. 21.3 :
+\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule \hbox{\vrule \kern2pt
+                 \vbox{\kern2pt#1\kern2pt}\kern2pt\vrule}\hrule}}
+% A macro for making references and blocks.
+%
+\newdimen\refindent\newdimen\plusindent
+\newdimen\refskip\newdimen\tempindent
+\newdimen\extraindent
+\newcount\refcount
+%
+% \refskip has to be set by the user! Otherwise \parindent is
+% used, in accordance with \item.
+%
+\refcount=0
+\def\ref#1:#2.-#3\par{\ninepoint % switch to nine point fonts
+\advance\refcount by 1
+\setbox0=\hbox{[\number\refcount]}\refindent=\wd0
+\plusindent=\refskip\extraindent=\refskip
+\advance\plusindent by -\refindent\tempindent=\parindent %
+\parindent=0pt\par\hangindent\extraindent %
+ [\number\refcount]\hskip\plusindent #1:{\sl#2},#3
+\parindent=\tempindent}
+%
+\refskip=\parindent
+%
+%========================================================================
+                              % HEADER
+\null
+\vskip2truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\bigbf GENERATING AN \APL\ FONT}
+%
+\vskip.75truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\sl Aarno Hohti and Okko Kanerva}
+%
+\vskip.5truecm
+%
+                 \centerline{\sl University of Helsinki}
+\vskip.5truecm
+\abstract{The \APL\ language is well known for its peculiar
+          symbols which have inhibited the use of this language
+          in many programming environments. Making \APL\
+          documents of good quality has been difficult and
+          expensive. We describe here a simple way how to
+          use \metafont\ to generate an \APL\ font for \TeX\
+          by using existing font definitions as far as possible.}
+\vskip.5truecm
+%========================================================================
+%
+\section{Introduction}
+This note describes an interesting exercise in using
+\METAFONT\ to produce new typefaces by combining letters
+from standard fonts. As we know, the \APL\ language [6] of
+Kenneth Iverson has never gained the popularity it deserves
+which is largely due to its strange symbol set. Indeed,
+true \APL\ users require a special keyboard to support
+the nonstandard but powerful operator symbols. Moreover,
+putting \APL\ into print has always been a problem, and
+modern low cost computerized typesetting programs do
+not usually support \APL\ style. \TeX\ can be used to
+produce high quality printouts for technical text,
+and it would be desirable to have a possibility to
+mix in \APL\ code. The companion program of
+\TeX ---\METAFONT ---provides a full means for a simple generation
+of an \APL\ font for \TeX, and the purpose of this
+note is to inform other people about the result we
+have obtained at the University of Helsinki. Let us note
+that there are at least three other \APL\ fonts available
+for small computer environments. Indeed, the newsletter
+\APL\ {\it Quote Quad\/}\footnote{*}{{\ninepoint Newsletter of SIGAPL,
+the Special Interest Group for \APL. {\it Quote Quad\/} has the same
+status in the world of \APL\ as TUGboat in \TeX{nical} world.}}
+is produced by using TROFF, and there
+exists a Postscript \APL\ font for the Apple Laserwriter [5] and
+another font for the TEXT typesetting system [2].
+
+Consider the following usual kind of function definition in \APL:
+\choosett{apl}
+\begintt
+        @DLS_SUMSQ N;I
+  [1]   S_I_0
+  [2]   @GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+  [3]   S_S+I*2
+  [4]   @GO2
+  [5]   @DL
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%       %@@@@
+How to write in this code, providing that we have a suitable
+font? The \APL\ font should represent the screen
+output style of \APL\ code and obey the same laws of spacing.
+Hence, it should be a typewriter-like typeface with fixed
+spacing; the same approach for representing \TeX\ input was
+adopted by Knuth in the {\TeX}book.
+The {\it verbatim\/} macros have often been used for importing
+screen or paper outputs into \TeX\ documents; some people
+misuse them for an easy construction of tables etc. In
+{\sltt verbatim}, the typewriter mode is entered by the control
+sequence @\begintt@---that mode is ended by
+@\endtt@. In the same vein, we could enter
+the \APL\ mode by the control sequence @\beginapl@,
+and to end it by @\endapl@. However, it is more convenient to
+augment {\sltt verbatim\/} with {\sltt aplstyle\/} so that
+it can be used with several different typewriter-like fonts.
+(The {\it verbatim\/} macros can be found in the {\TeX}book,
+p.\ 421.)  Since {\sltt\char'100\/}
+(the {\it at sign}) is used as the escape character inside {\it verbatim\/}
+mode, our \TeX\ code might (and in fact does) look as follows:
+\def\endsym{\char'134{endtt}}   % just for using \endtt after \begintt
+                                % without actually ending anything
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+           \choosett{apl}
+           \begintt
+                  @@DLS_SUMSQ N;I
+            [1]   S_I_0
+            [2]   @@GO(N<I_I+1)/0
+            [3]   S_S+I*2
+            [4]   @@GO2
+            [5]   @@DL
+           @endsym
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%                      %@@@@
+The control sequences @\DL@ and @\GO@ are not chosen arbitrarily
+but follow the conventions used in Digital's VAX \APL\ interpreter [1].
+As terminals usually do not support the \APL\ character set, an
+alternative representation by two-letter mnemonics is provided by the
+interpreter. For the most part we have adopted these mnemonics also for our
+\APL\ font. Hence, as an additional bonus the user should find it
+easy to combine his or her \APL\ code with normal \TeX\ code. Thus,
+it is not necessary for a VAX \APL\ user to retype the definitions
+of \APL\ functions in order to be able to use them in documents.
+He or she only has to replace every {\it period\/} used as an
+escape character in Digital's interpreter, by {\sltt\char'100}.
+(There is another syntactical difference between Digital's interpreter
+and \TeX's {\it verbatim\/} mode: for the interpreter
+the third ordinary character after an escape character
+does no longer belong to the escape sequence while \TeX\ admits
+arbitrarily long control sequences.  We take care of this
+by changing certain {\it catcodes\/} temporarily.)
+%
+%
+\choosett{apl}%
+%
+\section{The \APL\ font table}
+\APL\ symbols are divided into two classes: the primitive symbols
+and those obtained by overstriking two primitive ones. The overstrikes
+are traditionally obtained by typing the first symbol, by using
+backspace to go back one space and then typing the second symbol
+{\sl over\/} the first one. However, in modern \APL\ keyboards these
+double symbols are assigned to non-alphanumeric keys (for example,
+to keys under the {\sltt ALT\/} key). We decided to include only the
+primitive \APL\ symbols in the font table; this enabled us to include
+also the lower-case letters, following modern conventions. (The original
+\APL\ letters were restricted to capitals.) The comment symbol
+@"@ is the only exception since it is keyed in as a double quote.
+Our font is a fixed size typeface with strongly slanted letters.
+Moreover, we have followed the style of best books in \APL:
+all symbols should be drawn with a thin pen to get a touch of
+a typewriter. (This point is clearly witnessed, for example, in [5].)
+The places of some symbols are determined by the \TeX\ font tables.
+For example, the hash sign {\sltt\char'043\/} is used for the
+multiplication sign in VAX \APL, and hence the corresponding symbol
+has the the same octal code (043) as the hash sign in \TeX.
+The font table has the following form:          %@@@@
+
+%========================================================================
+%                           table begins
+%========================================================================
+% This macro comes from TUGboat (I (AH) do not remember which number),
+% unsuitable parts are commented out.
+%
+{\baselineskip=0pt \lineskip=0pt
+\newdimen\vu
+%
+%\output={\shipout\vbox{\unvbox255\vskip0.4in}\advancepageno}
+%
+\setbox9=\hbox{\sl 0}
+\def\spike{\hbox to 0pt{\vbox to \ht9{}}}
+\def\cell#1{\hbox to 1\vu{\hfill\char'#1\hfill}\vrule}
+\def\label#1{\vbox to \ht8{\vfill\hbox to 35pt{\hfill\sl '#10\hskip1em%
+                   }\vfill}\vrule}
+%
+\def\seprow{\def\m{\hskip 1\vu{}\vrule height 2pt}\hbox{\m\m\m\m\m\m\m\m}}
+\def\cellrow#1{\setbox8=\vbox{\seprow\hbox{\spike%
+                  \cell{#10}\cell{#11}\cell{#12}\cell{#13}%
+                  \cell{#14}\cell{#15}\cell{#16}\cell{#17}\hfill%
+                  }\seprow\hrule}\hbox{\label{#1}\box8}}
+%
+\def\lcol#1{\hbox to 1\vu{\hfill{\sl #1}\hfill}\hskip .4pt}
+\def\chw#1{\hbox{\char'#1}}
+%
+\def\colw#1{\vbox{\chw{#10}
+                  \chw{#11}
+                  \chw{#12}
+                  \chw{#13}
+                  \chw{#14}
+                  \chw{#15}
+                  \chw{#16}
+                  \chw{#17}}}
+%
+\def\setw#1{\vbox{\colw{#10}
+                  \colw{#11}
+                  \colw{#12}
+                  \colw{#13}
+                  \colw{#14}
+                  \colw{#15}
+                  \colw{#16}
+                  \colw{#17}}}
+%
+\def\getw{\setbox0=\vbox{\setw0\setw1\hbox to \wd9{}\hbox to 1em{}}%
+                  \vu=1.625\wd0}
+%
+    \apl\getw\bigskip             % changed from \null\vfill to \bigskip
+%
+    \centerline{\vbox{%\hbox{\hskip35pt{\sl cmapl10}\hfill}
+%          \vskip20pt
+          \hbox{\hskip35pt\lcol0\lcol1\lcol2\lcol3\lcol4\lcol5\lcol6\lcol7}
+          \vskip 4pt
+          \hbox{\hskip35pt\vbox{\hrule width 8\vu}\vbox{\hrule width 3.6pt}}
+          \cellrow{00}\cellrow{01}\cellrow{02}\cellrow{03}
+          \cellrow{04}\cellrow{05}\cellrow{06}\cellrow{07}
+          \cellrow{10}\cellrow{11}\cellrow{12}\cellrow{13}
+          \cellrow{14}\cellrow{15}\cellrow{16}\cellrow{17}}}}  % removed \vfill
+%                                                       % from the end
+%
+%========================================================================
+%                            table ends
+%========================================================================
+%
+\section{The necessary \METAFONT\ files}
+The whole process started when the first author had a paper
+containing \APL\ symbols and was disappointed with the
+quality of the symbols available on the typewriter. Moreover,
+the secretary who had typed the text had forgot a couple
+of lines in the middle of the paper, and the correction of
+such mistakes seemed to be very clumsy in comparison with
+modern typesetting. Then he decided (together with the second
+author) to remedy the situation by creating an \APL\ font for
+\TeX\ he was using for other kinds of document. Many of the
+\APL\ symbols needed were contained in standard fonts; for example,
+{\it diamond\/} can be found in {\it cmsy10}. For alphanumeric
+characters one could use {\it cmsltt10}. The simplest try for
+a solution of the problem would be to write a list of definitions
+that pick symbols from appropriate fonts. However, this brute force
+method does not really work since these symbols come from
+very different typefaces and, moreover, do not provide a fixed
+typeface. Hence, we decided to find an easy way of producing
+an \APL\ font by using \METAFONT.
+
+As the starting point, we took the font {\it cmtex10}. This is a
+fixed typeface for an extended typewriter-like font including
+some Greek characters and mathematical symbols. The \METAFONT\ file
+for this font, {\sltt cmtex10.mf\/} contains (as usual) a preamble
+that assigns values to several global variables, and the command
+{\sltt generate textset;\/}. Now the {\sl driver\/} file {\sltt textset.mf\/} %@@@@
+contains the commands {\sltt mode\_setup;font\_setup;\/}            %@@@@
+(establishing the values of the variables for this font) and several
+input files from which the \METAFONT\ descriptions of the characters are to
+be found. Since some of these files treat the characters by name and
+since some of the definitions have to be changed (and some dropped),
+we considered it advisable to discard the driver file and to collect
+the separate \METAFONT\ files, together with the preamble, to form a
+large single file {\sltt cmapl10.mf}. The {\sltt .mf\/} character files
+needed for {\sltt cmapl10.mf\/} are the following:
+%
+%
+$$\vbox{\halign{{\sltt#}\hfil && \quad #\hfil\cr
+%
+                      greekl  &  ({\it rho, omega, alpha}) \cr
+                      italms  &  ({\it iota})              \cr
+                      romand  &  (roman digits)            \cr
+                      punct   &  (punctuation symbols)     \cr
+                      romanp  &                            \cr
+                      symbol  &  (math symbols)            \cr
+                      sym     &                            \cr
+                      romanu  &  (uppercase letters)       \cr
+                      romanl  &  (lowercase letters)       \cr
+%
+}}$$
+%
+%
+\section{Definitions}
+\choosett{tentt}%
+The first thing to do is to put {\sltt font\_identifier:="CMAPL";\/}    %@@@@
+and to set {\sltt slant:=0;\/} in the preamble. Many definitions can    %@@@@
+be copied verbatim from the {\sltt .mf\/} files, but some of them
+need changes. The Greek {\it iota}, as given in {\sltt greekl.mf},
+is strange to \APL\ style; we use instead the {\it dotless i\/}
+from {\sltt italms.mf}. Moreover, we used the symbol {\it elt\/}
+(element) from {\sltt sym.mf\/} instead of the Greek {\it epsilon}.
+The symbols {\it del\/} and {\it delta\/} are
+taken from {\sltt symbol.mf\/} (where their names are {\it large triangle\/}
+and {\it large inverted triangle}). However, they are too sturdy
+and too short to be placed in a proper \APL\ font. Further, {\it del\/}
+must be lifted up so that it is vertically aligned with other
+symbols. The modifications are very easy to do, and the modified %@@@@ , by ,and
+definition is shown below.
+%
+%
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+         % sqrt48 was changed to 6.25 since the del symbol in APL has
+         % a narrower top than the original reversed triangle symbol
+         % rule.nib has been changed to light_rule.nib
+         % bot y3=-d-o has been changed to bot y3=0
+         % top y1=h-d has been changed to top y1=h+2o
+         @null
+         cmchar "Del";
+         beginchar(oct"002",16u#,asc_height#,0);
+         adjust_fit(0,0); pickup light_rule.nib;
+         top y1=h+2o; y2=y1; bot y3=0;
+         .5[x1,x2]=x3=good.x .5w; w:=r:=2x3; lft x1=hround(.5w-u*6.25);
+         draw z1--z2--z3--cycle;    % stroke
+         labels(1,2,3); endchar;
+\endtt
+As can be seen from this example, pen strokes were made thinner.
+Actually only one symbol was directly missing---this is the {\it quad
+box}. However, it can be obtained from the above by adding one control point:
+\begintt
+         cmchar "Quad";
+         beginchar(oct"001",16u#,body_height#,0);
+         adjust_fit(0,0); pickup light_rule.nib;
+         bot y1=0; y2=y1; top y3=h+2o; y4=y3;
+         .5[x1,x2]=x5=good.x .5w; w:=r:=2x5;
+         % The quad box is slightly wider than Del
+         lft x1=hround(.5w-u*7);
+         x3=x1; x4=x2;
+         draw z1--z2--z4--z3--cycle;    % box
+         labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
+\endtt
+After taking care of special symbols, the letters can be treated
+by finding a suitable value for {\it tilt ratio\/} (slant). Indeed,
+\APL\ letters are {\sl very\/} slanted. We suggest the value
+1/5 for this font (the font {\it cmsl10\/} uses 1/6). One should
+remember to give the command {\sltt font\_setup;\/} after setting {\sltt slant\/} %@@@@
+to 1/5.
+\choosett{sltt}%               %@@@@
+Finally, one has to make the {\it verbatim\/} macros
+suitable for \APL\ style. Since {\it verbatim\/} might be
+used for several different fonts in one document, we decided
+to include a control sequence @\choosett@.
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+        \def\ifundefined#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname#1\endcsname\relax}
+        \newif\ifapl         \def\aplname{apl}
+        \outer\def\choosett#1{\ifundefined{#1}%
+                \message{Undefined font(?), replaced with cmtt10}%
+                \let\tt=\tentt
+                   \else
+                \def\tt{\expandafter\csname#1\endcsname}%
+                \def\ttname{#1}%
+                \ifx\ttname\aplname\apltrue\else\aplfalse\fi\fi}
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%
+(The control sequence @\ifundefined@ comes from the \TeX{book}, p.\ 308.)
+With the help of @\choosett@, the standard @verbatim@ macros can be used
+with the single change that @\ifapl@, then the @\catcode@ of @A@,\dots,@Z@
+is @\other@ (12) instead of 11 for {\it letter}.  Under \APL\ mode \TeX\
+will then recognize our single-letter control sequences defined, e.g., by
+\choosett{tentt}
+\begintt
+         \def\A#1{\if#1B{\apl\char'174}\else          % stile
+                  \if#1M{\apl\char'004}\fi\fi}        % alpha .
+\endtt
+\choosett{sltt}%
+Unfortunately, we have redefined the standard @\L@, @\O@, @\P@ and @\S@.
+
+The \APL\ symbols not in the font table are obtained---as usual---by
+overstriking two table symbols.
+\choosett{tentt}%
+\begintt
+   \newbox\firstchar\newskip\charwidth
+   \def\overstrike#1#2{\setbox\firstchar=\hbox{#1}\charwidth=\wd\firstchar
+                       #1\hskip-\charwidth#2}
+\endtt
+\choosett{apl}%
+For example, the {\it grade up\/} and {\it grade down\/} symbols
+\G U\ and \G D\ are obtained by striking the {\it stile\/} symbol
+@|@ over \L D\ and \D L, respectively.
+\choosett{tentt}%
+\begintt
+         \def\G#1{\if#1U{\overstrike{\LD}{\AB}}\else      % grade up
+                  \if#1D{\overstrike{\DL}{\AB}}\fi\fi}    % grade down
+\endtt
+Now let us take another example on \APL. The input
+\begintt
+     \choosett{apl}       % in case some other choice is in force
+     \setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=5.7truein
+     \begintt
+         [0]   Z_A1 PROD A2;A;I;V
+         [1]   "RETURNS THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIALS A1 AND A2
+         [2]   "THE ARGUMENTS ARE GIVEN AS COEFFICIENT ARRAYS
+         [3]   I_@@ROA1
+         [4]   Z_A1@@SO.#A2
+         [5]   LOOP:V_@@ROZ @@DM V[(@@ROI)+1]-1
+         [6]   V_@@ROZ_Z,[(@@ROI)+1]V@@RO0
+         [7]   A_(1+-@@IOV[1])@@SO.#((@@NT(@@IO@@ROV)@@EP(1,(@@ROI)+1))/V)@@RO1
+         [8]   Z_+/[1]A@@RV[(@@ROI)+1]Z
+         [9]   ((@@RO@@ROZ)>@@ROI)/LOOP
+     @endsym
+                    }
+     $$\boxit{\boxit{\box0}}$$
+     \centerline{\sevenrm An APL function for polynomial multiplication}
+\endtt
+%
+gives the output
+%
+\choosett{apl}
+\setbox0=\vbox{\hsize=5.7truein
+\begintt
+      [0]   Z_A1 PROD A2;A;I;V
+      [1]   "RETURNS THE PRODUCT OF THE POLYNOMIALS A1 AND A2
+      [2]   "THE ARGUMENTS ARE GIVEN AS COEFFICIENT ARRAYS
+      [3]   I_@ROA1
+      [4]   Z_A1@SO.#A2
+      [5]   LOOP:V_@ROZ @DM V[(@ROI)+1]-1
+      [6]   V_@ROZ_Z,[(@ROI)+1]V@RO0
+      [7]   A_(1+-@IOV[1])@SO.#((@NT(@IO@ROV)@EP(1,(@ROI)+1))/V)@RO1
+      [8]   Z_+/[1]A@RV[(@ROI)+1]Z
+      [9]   ((@RO@ROZ)>@ROI)/LOOP
+\endtt
+               }
+$$\boxit{\boxit{\box0}}$$
+\centerline{\sevenrm An APL function for polynomial multiplication}
+%
+\section{User extension}
+A modern user of a computerized typesetting facility will probably
+ask if it is possible to extend or modify fonts coming with the
+system. As with [5], where the font has an {\it analytic\/} and a
+{\it bitmapped\/} variant, we can distinguish between the need of modifying
+{\it cmapl10\/} via \METAFONT\ and modification of the pixel files.
+\APL\ symbols of various ``blackness'' or ``thickness'' may be desirable.
+Indeed, in [3] the user input is written with boldface \APL\ symbols
+and the answers from the interpreter with thin ones. Furthermore,
+certain screen previewers use specific small size pixel files, and
+do not support the \APL\ font.
+
+The modification of the font by changing the values of some global
+variables in the preamble of the \METAFONT\ file is easy and can be
+done by following how it is done in standard fonts such as
+{\it cmbx10\/} etc. This is the recommended way, too. However, if
+\METAFONT\ is not available, then one must attack the pixel files.
+For direct hand editing, we use a program that converts a pixel
+file into a (bitmapped) text file acceptable to any standard screen
+editor, and another program reading the edited file back into
+a \TeX\ pixel file. Scaling fonts down to a desired size can be
+done in a similar (but automatic) manner; this facility is needed
+by a previewer (written by the first author) not using runtime
+scaling.
+
+
+\section{References}
+\bigskip
+{
+\ref Digital Equipment Corporation: VAX-11 \APL\ Reference Manual.-
+     1983.
+
+\ref Feldberg, Ian: TEXT: Publication-Quality Characters Come
+     to \APL\ Graphics.- Proceedings of the 1986 \APL\ Conference,
+     SIGAPL, pp.\ 306--313.
+
+\ref Gilman, Leonard, and Allen J.\ Rose: \APL, An Interactive
+     Approach.- John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., 1984.
+
+\ref Grenander, Ulf: Mathematical Experiments on the Computer.-
+     Academic Press, 1982.
+
+\ref Howland, John E.: Typesetting \APL\ Using a Macintosh.-
+     Proceedings of the 1986 \APL\ Conference, SIGAPL, pp.\ 301--305.
+
+\ref Iverson, Kenneth: A Programming Language.- Wiley, New York, 1962.
+
+
+ }
+
+\bigskip
+\section{The address}
+\bigskip
+{\ninepoint\obeylines
+\hskip\refskip University of Helsinki
+\hskip\refskip Department of Mathematics
+\hskip\refskip Hallituskatu 15
+\hskip\refskip SF--00100 HELSINKI
+\hskip\refskip FINLAND
+}
+
+\end
+
+
+%============================================================================
+%
+%============================================================================
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/versatim.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/versatim.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c2ff320a7e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/apl/versatim.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+%=============================================================================
+%                          V E R S A T I M . T E X
+%=============================================================================
+%
+%
+\newskip\verbatimindent \verbatimindent=0cm
+\newskip\ttglue{\tt \global\ttglue=.5em plus.25em minus.15em}
+\def\@{\char'100 }
+%
+\outer\def\begindisplay{\obeylines\startdisplay}
+{\obeylines\gdef\startdisplay#1
+    {\catcode`\^^M=5$$#1\halign\bgroup&\hskip\verbatimindent##\hfil\cr}}
+\outer\def\enddisplay{\crcr\egroup$$}
+%
+\chardef\other=12
+\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup \catcode`\\=\other \catcode`\{=\other
+    \catcode`\}=\other \catcode`\$=\other \catcode`\&=\other
+    \catcode`\#=\other \catcode`\%=\other \catcode`\~=\other
+    \catcode`\_=\other \catcode`\^=\other\catcode`\*=\other\catcode`\==\other
+%
+\ifapl
+\catcode`\A=12
+\catcode`\B=12
+\catcode`\C=12
+\catcode`\D=12
+\catcode`\E=12
+\catcode`\F=12
+\catcode`\G=12
+\catcode`\H=12
+\catcode`\I=12
+\catcode`\J=12
+\catcode`\K=12
+\catcode`\L=12
+\catcode`\M=12
+\catcode`\N=12
+\catcode`\O=12
+\catcode`\P=12
+\catcode`\Q=12
+\catcode`\R=12
+\catcode`\S=12
+\catcode`\T=12
+\catcode`\U=12
+\catcode`\V=12
+\catcode`\W=12
+\catcode`\X=12
+\catcode`\Y=12
+\catcode`\Z=12
+\fi
+%
+    \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt}
+{\obeyspaces\gdef {\ }}
+%
+\def\begintt{$$\let\par=\endgraf \ttverbatim \parskip=0pt
+    \catcode`\@=0 \parindent=\verbatimindent \rightskip=-5pc \ttfinish}
+{\catcode`\@=0 @catcode`@\=\other % @ is temporary escape character
+    @obeylines % end of line is active
+    @gdef@ttfinish#1^^M#2\endtt{#1@vbox{#2}@endgroup$$}}
+%
+\catcode`\@=\active
+{\obeylines\gdef@{\ttverbatim\spaceskip=\ttglue\let^^M=\ \let@=\endgroup}}
+
+
+\def\beginlines{\par\begingroup\nobreak\medskip\parindent=0pt
+   \kern1pt\nobreak \obeylines \everypar{\strut}}
+\def\endlines{\kern1pt\endgroup\medbreak\noindent}