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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2009-10-09 22:55:11 +0000
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+% $Id: faq-backgrnd.tex,v 1.1 2009/06/13 20:56:34 rf10 Exp rf10 $
+
+\section{The Background}
+
+\Question[Q-whatTeX]{What is \TeX{}?}
+
+\TeX{} is a typesetting system written by
+\href{http://sunburn.stanford.edu/~knuth/}{Donald E. Knuth}, who
+says in the Preface to his book on \TeX{}
+(see \Qref[question]{books about TeX}{Q-books}) that it is
+%% !line wrap avoided by two commands
+``\emph{intended for the creation of beautiful books~---}
+\emph{and especially for books that contain a lot of mathematics}''.
+(If \TeX{} were \emph{only} good for mathematical books, much of its
+use nowadays would not happen: it's actually a pretty good general
+typesetting system.)
+
+Knuth is Emeritus Professor of the Art of Computer Programming at
+Stanford University in California, \acro{USA}. Knuth developed the
+first version of \TeX{} in 1978 to deal with revisions to his series
+``the Art of Computer Programming''. The idea proved popular and
+Knuth produced a second version (in 1982) which is the basis of what
+we use today.
+
+Knuth developed a system of % ! line breaks
+`\Qref*{literate programming}{Q-lit}' to write \TeX{},
+and he provides the literate (\acro{WEB}) source of \TeX{} free of charge,
+together with tools for processing the |web| source into something
+that can be compiled and something that can be printed; there's never
+any mystery about what \TeX{} does. Furthermore, the \acro{WEB} system
+provides mechanisms to port \TeX{} to new operating systems and
+computers; and in order that one may have some confidence in the ports,
+Knuth supplied a \Qref*{test}{Q-triptrap} by
+means of which one may judge the fidelity of a \TeX{} system. \TeX{}
+and its documents are therefore highly portable.
+
+\TeX{} is a macro processor, and offers its users a powerful
+programming capability. For this reason, \TeX{} on its own is a
+pretty difficult beast to deal with, so Knuth provided a package of
+macros for use with \TeX{} called \plaintex{}; \plaintex{} is
+effectively the minimum set of macros one can usefully employ with
+\TeX{}, together with some demonstration versions of higher-level
+commands (the latter are better regarded as models than used as-is).
+When people say they're ``programming in \TeX{}'', they usually mean
+they're programming in \plaintex{}.
+
+\Question[Q-TeXpronounce]{How should I pronounce ``\TeX{}''?}
+
+The `X' is ``really'' the Greek letter % ! line break
+Chi\nothtml{ (\ensuremath{\chi}, in lower case)}, and is pronounced by
+English-speakers either a bit like the `ch' in the Scots word `loch'
+([x] in the IPA) or (at a pinch, if you can't do the Greek sound) like
+`k'. It definitely is not pronounced `ks' (the Greek letter with that
+sound doesn't look remotely like the Latin alphabet `X').
+
+This curious usage derives from Knuth's explanation in the \TeX{}book
+that the name comes from the Greek word for `art' or `craft'
+(`\latexhtml{\ensuremath{\tau\epsilon\chi\nu\eta}}{\emph{techni}}'),
+which is the root of the English word `technology'. Knuth's logo for \TeX{} is
+merely the uppercase version of the first three (Greek) letters of the
+word, jiggled about a bit; we don't use that logo (and logos like it)
+in this \acro{FAQ} (see % ! line break
+\Qref[question]{Typesetting \TeX{}-related logos}{Q-logos}).
+
+\Question[Q-MF]{What is \MF{}?}
+
+\MF{} was written by Knuth as a companion to \TeX{}; whereas \TeX{}
+defines the layout of glyphs on a page, \MF{} defines the shapes of
+the glyphs and the relations between them. \MF{} details the sizes of
+glyphs, for \TeX{}'s benefit, and details the rasters used to
+represent the glyphs, for the benefit of programs that will produce
+printed output as post processes after a run of \TeX{}.
+
+\MF{}'s language for defining fonts permits the expression of several
+classes of things: first (of course), the simple geometry of the
+glyphs; second, the properties of the print engine for which the
+output is intended; and third, `meta'-information which can
+distinguish different design sizes of the same font, or the difference
+between two fonts that belong to the same (or related) families.
+
+Knuth (and others) have designed a fair range of fonts using \MF{},
+but font design using \MF{} is much more of a minority skill than is
+\TeX{} macro-writing. The complete \TeX{}-user nevertheless needs to
+be aware of \MF{}, and to be able to run \MF{} to generate personal
+copies of Meta-fonts that come her way.
+
+\Question[Q-MP]{What is \MP{}?}
+
+The \MP{} system (by John Hobby) implements a picture-drawing language
+very much like that of \MF{} except that it outputs Encapsulated \PS{}
+files instead of run-length-encoded bitmaps. \MP{} is a powerful
+language for producing figures for documents to be printed on \PS{}
+printers, either directly or embedded in \AllTeX{} documents. It
+includes facilities for directly integrating \TeX{} text and
+mathematics with the graphics. (Knuth tells us that he uses nothing
+but \MP{} for diagrams in text that he is writing.)
+
+Although \PDFLaTeX{} cannot ordinarily handle \PS{} graphics, the
+output of \MP{} is sufficiently simple and regular that \PDFLaTeX{}
+can handle it direct, using code borrowed from \CONTeXT{}~--- see
+\Qref[question]{graphics in \PDFLaTeX{}}{Q-pdftexgraphics}.
+
+Much of \MP{}'s source code was copied from \MF{}'s sources, with
+Knuth's permission.
+
+A mailing list discussing \MP{} is available;
+\begin{narrowversion} % really non-hyper
+ subscribe via the \acro{TUG} \ProgName{mailman} interface at
+ \URL{http://lists.tug.org/metapost}
+\end{narrowversion}
+\begin{wideversion} % really hyper
+ subscribe via the % ! line break
+ \href{http://lists.tug.org/metapost}{\acro{TUG} \ProgName{mailman} interface}.
+\end{wideversion}
+The \acro{TUG} website also hosts a % ! line break
+\href{http://tug.org/metapost.html}{\MP{} summary page}.
+
+%****
+\Question[Q-texthings]{Things with ``\TeX{}'' in the name}
+
+New \TeX{} users are often baffled by the myriad terms with ``\TeX{}''
+in the name. The goal of this answer is to clarify some of the more
+common \TeX{} terms.
+
+\paragraph{\TeX{} itself}
+\TeX{} proper is a typesetting system based on a set of low-level
+control sequences that instruct \TeX{} how to lay out text on the
+page. For example, \csx{hskip} inserts a given amount of horizontal
+space into the document, and \csx{font} makes a given font available
+to \TeX{}. \TeX{} is fully programmable using an integrated macro
+scripting language that supports variables, scoping, conditional
+execution, control flow, and function (really, macro) definitions.
+See % ! line break
+\Qref[question]{What is \TeX{}?}{Q-whatTeX} for some background
+information on \TeX{} and % ! line break
+\Qref[question]{Reference documents}{Q-ref-doc} for pointers to
+descriptions of \TeX{} control sequences, data types, and other key
+parts of \TeX{}.
+
+\paragraph{\TeX{} macro packages (a.k.a.~\TeX{} formats)}
+\TeX{}'s control sequences are tedious to use directly; they are
+intended primarily as building blocks for higher-level---and therefore
+more user-friendly---abstractions. For example, there is no way in
+base \TeX{} to specify that a piece of text should be typeset in a
+larger font. Instead, one must keep track of the current size and
+typeface, load a new font with the same typeface but a (specified)
+larger size, and tell \TeX{} to use that new font until instructed
+otherwise. Fortunately, because \TeX{} is programmable, it is
+possible to write a macro that hides this complexity behind a simple,
+new control sequence. For example,
+%
+\cmdinvoke{larger}{my text} can be defined to typeset ``my text'' in
+the next larger font).
+
+While some users write their own, perfectly customized set of
+macros---which they then typically reuse across many documents---it is
+far more common to rely upon a \emph{macro package}, a collection of
+\TeX{} macros written by experts. For the user's convenience, these
+macro packages are often combined with the base \TeX{} engine into a
+standalone executable. The following are some of that macro packages
+that you are likely to encounter:
+\begin{description}
+ \item[Plain \TeX{} (executable: \ProgName{tex})]
+ See
+ \Qref[questions]{Books on \TeX{} and its relations}{Q-books},
+ \Qref[]{Online introductions: \TeX{}}{Q-man-tex},
+ \Qref[]{Should I use Plain \TeX{} or \LaTeX{}?}{Q-plainvltx} and
+ \Qref[]{Freely available \AllTeX{} books}{Q-ol-books}.
+ Note that the Plain \TeX{} executable is called \ProgName{tex}; the
+ base \TeX{} engine is generally provided by a separate executable
+ such as \ProgName{initex} or as a \texttt{-ini} flag to
+ \ProgName{tex}.
+
+ \item[\LaTeX{} (executable: \ProgName{latex})]
+ See
+ \Qref[questions]{Books on \TeX{} and its relations}{Q-books},
+ \Qref[]{\AllTeX{} Tutorials, etc.}{Q-tutorials*},
+ \Qref[]{Online introductions: \LaTeX{}}{Q-man-latex},
+ \Qref[]{Specialized \AllTeX{} tutorials}{Q-tutbitslatex} and
+ \Qref[]{Directories of \AllTeX{} information}{Q-doc-dirs}.
+ Note that there have been two major versions of \LaTeX{}: \LaTeXe{}
+ refers to the current version of \LaTeX{} while \LaTeXo{} is the
+ long-since-obsolete (since 1994) version (cf.~%
+ \Qref[question]{What is \LaTeXe{}?}{Q-latex2e} for more information).
+
+ \item[\CONTeXT{} (executable: \ProgName{texexec})]
+ See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \CONTeXT{}?}{Q-context}.
+
+ \item[Texinfo (executables: \ProgName{tex}, \ProgName{makeinfo})]
+ See
+ \Qref[question]{What is Texinfo?}{Q-texinfo}. \ProgName{makeinfo}
+ converts Texinfo documents to \acro{HTML}, DocBook, Emacs info,
+ \acro{XML}, and plain text. \ProgName{Tex} (or wrappers such as
+ \ProgName{texi2pdf} and \ProgName{texi2pdf}) produce one of \TeX{}'s
+ usual output formats such as \acro{DVI} or \acro{PDF}. Because
+ \ProgName{tex} loads the Plain \TeX{} macros, not the Texinfo ones,
+ a Texinfo document must begin with \cmdinvoke{input}{texinfo} to
+ explicitly load the Texinfo macro package.
+
+ \item[\Eplain{}---Extended Plain \TeX{} (executable: \ProgName{eplain})]
+ See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \Eplain{}?}{Q-eplain}.
+\end{description}
+
+\paragraph{Modified \ProgName{tex} executables}
+The original \ProgName{tex} executable was produced in the late 1970s
+(cf.~\Qref[question]{What is \TeX{}?}{Q-whatTeX}) and consequently
+lacked some features that users have come to expect from today's
+software. The following programs address these issues by augmenting
+the \TeX{} engine with some additional useful features:
+
+\begin{description}
+ \item[\PDFTeX{} (executable: \ProgName{pdftex})]
+ \TeX{}, which predates the \acro{PDF} file format by a decade,
+ outputs files in a \TeX{}-specific format called \acro{DVI}
+ (cf.~\Qref[question]{What is a \acro{DVI} file?}{Q-dvi}). In
+ contrast, \PDFTeX{} can output both \acro{DVI} \emph{and} \acro{PDF}
+ files. In \acro{PDF} mode, it lets documents exploit various
+ \acro{PDF} features such as hyperlinks, bookmarks, and annotations,
+ \PDFTeX{} additionally supports two sophisticated micro-typographic
+ features: character protrusion and font expansion. See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \PDFTeX{}?}{Q-whatpdftex}.
+
+ \item[\xetex{} (executable: \ProgName{xetex})]
+ \TeX{} not only predates all major font technologies in use today
+ (e.g.,~TrueType, OpenType, and PostScript Type~1) but also predates
+ the notion that fonts be included with an operating system.
+ Consequently, \TeX{} uses its own font formats, which are
+ incompatible with anything a user is likely to have preinstalled.
+ \xetex{} addresses this issue by enhancing \TeX{}'s \csx{font}
+ control sequence to support all of the fonts made available by the
+ operating system. See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \xetex{}?}{Q-xetex}.
+
+ \item[\LuaTeX{} (executable: \ProgName{luatex})]
+ \TeX{} is programmed in its own, integrated, macro-based programming
+ language. Many users have criticized this language for being
+ needlessly difficult to program. \LuaTeX{} addresses that criticism
+ by integrating a modern scripting language, Lua, into the base
+ \TeX{} engine. See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \LuaTeX{}?}{Q-luatex}.
+
+ \item[\eTeX{} (executable: \ProgName{etex})]
+ \eTeX{} provides a number of features that are only indirectly
+ useful to end users but that can be immensely useful to package
+ developers. Consequently, there is an increasing number of macro
+ packages that require the use of \eTeX{}. (Note: Be careful not to
+ confuse \eTeX{}, which enhances the \TeX{} engine, with \Eplain{},
+ which enhances the Plain \TeX{} macro package.) See
+ \Qref[question]{What is \eTeX{}?}{Q-etex}.
+\end{description}
+
+Because each of the above modifies only the base \TeX{} engine, it is
+possible to combine any of those with any of the \TeX{} macro packages
+listed earlier to produce executables with both sets of features. For
+example, the \ProgName{pdflatex}, \ProgName{xelatex} and
+\ProgName{lualatex} executables each combine
+\LaTeX{} with an enhanced \TeX{} engine. Some executables combine the
+features of multiple enhanced \TeX{} engines: \ProgName{pdfetex}
+combines \PDFTeX{} and \eTeX{} into a single executable.
+
+As combining features is a generally desirable tendency, current
+\TeX{} distributions (see below) incorporate the features of \PDFTeX{}
+and \eTeX{} into a single executable. This executable may be
+offered with a \LaTeX{} format (as \ProgName{latex} or
+\ProgName{pdflatex}) or with a \plaintex{} format (as
+\ProgName{pdftex}). (\ProgName{Tex} remains with an unadorned \TeX{}
+executable using \plaintex{}, for people such as Knuth himself, who
+want the certainty of the ``original''.)
+
+\paragraph{\TeX{} distributions}
+A \emph{\TeX{} distribution} is a collection of \TeX{}-related
+software. Generally, a \TeX{} distribution includes a set of core
+\TeX{} executables such as \ProgName{tex} and \ProgName{latex};
+various fonts optimized for use with \TeX{}; helper programs such as
+the \BibTeX{} bibliographic-database formatter, editors, integrated
+development environments, file-format-conversion programs; numerous
+\LaTeX{} packages; configuration tools; and any other goodies the
+distributor chooses to include. Commonly encountered \TeX{}
+distributions include \texlive{}, \miktex{} and Mac\TeX{}; older ones
+include oz\TeX{}, \acro{CM}ac\TeX{} and te\TeX{}. Some \TeX{}
+distributions target a specific operating system and/or processor
+architecture; others run on multiple platforms. Some \TeX{}
+distributions are free; others require payment. See % ! line break
+\Qref[question]{\AllTeX{} for different machines}{Q-TeXsystems} for a
+list of free and shareware \TeX{} distributions and % ! line break
+\Qref[question]{Commercial \TeX{} implementations}{Q-commercial} for a
+list of commercial \TeX{} distributions.
+
+\paragraph{Summary}
+If your document begins with \csx{documentclass}, you're using some
+form of the \LaTeX{} macro package. Even if hidden behind a button in
+a \TeX{}-aware GUI, this document is getting compiled by a \TeX{}
+executable---probably \ProgName{latex} or \ProgName{pdflatex}---to
+produce an output file. The executable came bundled as part of a
+\TeX{} distribution such as \miktex{}, which includes various other
+\TeX{}-related components.
+\LastEdit{2009-06-11}
+
+
+\Question[Q-triptrap]{How can I be sure it's really \TeX{}?}
+
+\TeX{} (and \MF{} and \MP{}) are written in a
+\begin{narrowversion} % really "non-hyper"
+ `literate' programming language called Web (\Qref{}{Q-lit})
+\end{narrowversion}
+\begin{wideversion}
+ \Qref{`literate' programming}{Q-lit} language called Web
+\end{wideversion}
+which is designed to be portable across a wide range of computer
+systems. How, then, is a new version of \TeX{} checked?
+
+Of course, any sensible software implementor will have his own suite
+of tests to check that his software runs: those who port \TeX{} and
+its friends to other platforms do indeed perform such tests.
+
+Knuth, however, provides a `conformance test' for both \TeX{}
+(\texttt{trip}) and \MF{} (\texttt{trap}).
+%%% Is there a similar one for \MP{}?
+He characterises these as `torture tests': they are designed not to
+check the obvious things that ordinary typeset documents, or font
+designs, will exercise, but rather to explore small alleyways off the
+main path through the code of \TeX{}. They are, to the casual reader,
+pretty incomprehensible!
+
+Once an implementation of \TeX{} has passed its \texttt{trip} test, or an
+implementation of \MF{} has passed its \texttt{trap} test, then it may
+in principle be distributed as a working version. (In practice, any
+distributor would test new versions against ``real'' documents or
+fonts, too; \texttt{trip} and \texttt{trap} don't actually test any
+for real world problems.
+
+
+\Question[Q-y2k]{Are \TeX{} and friends Y2K compliant?}
+
+\begin{description}
+\item[Crashing:] None of \TeX{}, \MF{} or \MP{} can themselves crash
+ due to any change whatever in the date of any sort.
+\item[Timestamps:] In the original sources, a 2-digit year was
+ stored as the creation time for format files and that value is
+ printed in log-files. These items should not be of general concern,
+ since the only use of the date format file is to produce the log
+ output, and the log file is designed for human readers only.
+
+ Knuth announced in 1998 that implementors could
+ alter this code without fear of being accused of non-compliance.
+ Nearly all implementations that are being actively maintained had
+ been modified to generate 4-digit years in the format file and the
+ log, by the end of 1998. The original sources themselves have now
+ been modified so that 4-digit year numbers are stored.
+\item[The \csx{year} primitive:] Certification of a \TeX{}
+ implementation (see \Qref[question]{trip/trap testing}{Q-triptrap})
+ does not require that \csx{year} return a meaningful value (which
+ means that \TeX{} can, in principle, be implemented on platforms
+ that don't make the value of the clock available to user programs).
+ The \emph{\TeX{}book} (see
+ \Qref[question]{TeX-related books}{Q-books}) defines \csx{year} as
+ ``the current year of our Lord'', which is the only correct meaning
+ for \csx{year} for those implementations which can supply a
+ meaningful value, which is to say nearly all of them.
+
+ In short, \TeX{} implementations should provide a value in \csx{year}
+ giving the 4-digit year Anno Domini, or the value 1776 if the
+ platform does not support a date function.
+
+ Note that if the system itself fails to deliver a correct date to
+ \TeX{}, then \csx{year} will of course return an incorrect value.
+ \TeX{} cannot be considered Y2K compliant, in this sense, on a
+system that is not itself Y2K compliant.
+\item[Macros:] \TeX{} macros can in principle perform calculations on
+ the basis of the value of \csx{year}.
+ The \Qref*{LaTeX suite}{Q-latex}
+ performs such calculations in a small number of places; the
+ calculations performed in the current (supported) version of \LaTeX{} are
+ known to be Y2K compliant.
+
+ Other macros and macro packages should be individually checked.
+\item[External software:] Software such as \acro{DVI} translators
+ needs to be individually checked.
+\end{description}
+
+\Question[Q-etex]{What is \eTeX{}?}
+
+While Knuth has declared that \TeX{} will never % !line break
+\Qref*{change in any substantial way}{Q-TeXfuture}, there remain
+things that one might wish had been done differently, or indeed
+implemented at all.
+
+The \acro{NTS} project set out to produce an advanced replacement for
+\TeX{}, to provide a basis for developing such modifications: this
+``New Typesetting System'' would share Knuth's aims, but would
+implement the work in a modern way taking account of the lessons
+learned with \TeX{}. While a first demonstrator \acro{NTS} did
+appear, it wasn't practically useful, and the project seems no longer
+active.
+
+In parallel with its work on \acro{NTS} itself, the project developed
+a set of extensions that can be used with a (``true'') \TeX{} system.
+Such a modified system is known as an \eTeX{} system, and the concept
+has proved widely successful. Indeed, current \TeX{} distributions
+are delivered with most formats built with an \eTeX{}-based system (for
+those who don't want them, \eTeX{}'s extensions can be disabled, leaving
+a functionally standard \TeX{} system).
+
+The extensions range from the seemingly simple (increasing the number
+of available registers from 256 to 32768) through to extremely subtle
+programming support.
+
+\Qref*{\CONTeXT{}}{Q-context} has required \eTeX{} for its operation
+for some time.
+
+Some \LaTeX{} packages already specify the use of \eTeX{}. Some such
+packages may not work at all on a non-\eTeX{} system; others will
+work, but not as well as on an \eTeX{} system. The % ! line break
+\Qref*{\LaTeX{} team}{Q-LaTeX3} has announced that future \LaTeX{}
+packages (specifically those from the team, as opposed to those
+individually contributed) may require \eTeX{} for optimum performance.
+
+\Question[Q-whatpdftex]{What is \PDFTeX{}?}
+
+One can reasonably say that \PDFTeX{} is (today) the main stream of
+\TeX{} distributions: most \LaTeX{} and \CONTeXT{} users nowadays use
+\PDFTeX{} whether they know it or not (more precisely, they use
+\PDFTeX{} extended by
+\begin{wideversion}
+ \Qref*{\eTeX{}}{Q-etex}).
+\end{wideversion}
+\begin{narrowversion}
+ \eTeX{}~--- \Qref{}{Q-etex}).
+\end{narrowversion}
+So what is \PDFTeX{}?
+
+\PDFTeX{} is a development of \TeX{} that is capable of generating
+typeset \acro{PDF} output in place of \acro{DVI}. \PDFTeX{} has
+other capabilities, most notably in the area of fine typographic
+detail (for example, its support for % ! line break
+\begin{wideversion}
+ \Qref{optimising line breaks}{Q-overfull}),
+\end{wideversion}
+\begin{narrowversion}
+ % ( <- dummy for paren balancing
+ optimising line breaks~--- \Qref{}{Q-overfull}),
+\end{narrowversion}
+but its greatest impact to date has been in the area of
+\acro{PDF} output.
+
+\PDFTeX{} started as a topic for H\`an \The{} Th\`anh's Master's~thesis,
+and seems first to have been published in \TUGboat{} 18(4), in 1997
+(though it was certainly discussed at the \acro{TUG}'96 conference in
+Russia).
+
+While the world was making good use of ``pre-releases'' of \PDFTeX{},
+Th\`anh used it as a test-bed for the micro-typography which was the
+prime subject of his Ph.D. research. Since Th\`anh was finally
+awarded his Ph.D., day-to-day maintenance and development of
+\PDFTeX{}~1.0 (and later) has been in the hands of a group of
+\PDFTeX{} maintainers (which includes Th\`anh); the group has managed
+to maintain a stable platform for general use.
+
+Development of \PDFTeX{} has (in essence) stopped: the brave new world
+is to be \Qref*{\LuaTeX{}}{Q-luatex}.
+
+\Question[Q-latex]{What is \LaTeX{}?}
+
+\LaTeX{} is a \TeX{} macro package, originally written by Leslie Lamport, that
+provides a document processing system. \LaTeX{} allows markup to
+describe the structure of a document, so that the user
+need not think about presentation. By using document classes and
+add-on packages, the same document can be produced in a variety of
+different layouts.
+
+Lamport says that \LaTeX{}
+``\emph{represents a balance between functionality and ease of use}''.
+This shows itself as a continual conflict that leads to
+the need for such things as \acro{FAQ}s: \LaTeX{} \emph{can}
+meet most user requirements, but finding out \emph{how} is often
+tricky.
+
+\Question[Q-latex2e]{What is \LaTeXe{}?}
+
+Lamport's last version of \LaTeX{} (\LaTeXo{}, last updated in 1992)
+was superseded in 1994 by a new version (\LaTeXe{}) provided by
+\Qref*{the \LaTeX{} team}{Q-LaTeX3}.
+\LaTeXe{} is now the only readily-available version of
+\LaTeX{}, and draws together several threads of \LaTeX{} development
+from the later days of \LaTeXo{}. The ``e'' of the name is (in the
+% next (ghastly) line needed to maintain typesetting
+\wideonly{\Qref{official logo}{Q-logos}}\narrowonly{official logo~--- \Qref{\relax}{Q-logos}})
+% the \relax allows sanitize to cope with the line. just don't ask...
+a single-stroke epsilon
+(\latexhtml{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}{&epsilon;}, supposedly
+indicative of no more than a small change.
+
+\LaTeXe{} has several enhancements over \LaTeXo{}, but they were all
+rather minor, with a view to continuity and stability rather than the
+``big push'' that some had expected from the team. \LaTeXe{}
+continues to this day to offer a compatibility mode in which most
+files prepared for use with \LaTeXo{} will run (albeit with somewhat
+reduced performance, and subject to voluminous complaints in the log
+file). Differences between \LaTeXe{} and \LaTeXo{} are
+outlined in a series of `guide' files that are available in every
+\LaTeX{} distribution (the same directory also contains ``news'' about
+each new release of \LaTeXe{}).
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\LaTeX{} guides and news]\CTANref{latexdoc}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+\LastEdit{2009-06-07}
+
+\Question[Q-latexpronounce]{How should I pronounce ``\LaTeX{}(\twee{})''?}
+
+Lamport never recommended how one should pronounce \LaTeX{}, but a lot
+of people pronounce it `Lay \TeX{}' or perhaps `Lah \TeX{}' (with
+\TeX{} pronounced as the program itself; see
+\Qref[question]{the rules for TeX}{Q-TeXpronounce}). It is definitely
+\emph{not} to be pronounced in the same way as the rubber-tree gum
+(which would be `lay teks').
+
+The \LaTeXe{} logo is supposed to end with an
+\latexhtml{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}{&epsilon;}; nevertheless, most
+people pronounce the name as `\LaTeX{}-two-ee'.
+\LastEdit{2009-06-08}
+
+\Question[Q-plainvltx]{Should I use \plaintex{} or \LaTeX{}?}
+
+There's no straightforward answer to this question. Many people swear
+by \plaintex{}, and produce highly respectable documents using it
+(Knuth is an example of this, of course). But equally, many people
+are happy to let someone else take the design decisions for them,
+accepting a small loss of flexibility in exchange for a saving of
+(mental) effort.
+
+The arguments around this topic can provoke huge amounts of noise and
+heat, without offering much by way of light; your best bet may be to
+find out what those around you are using, and to follow them in the
+hope of some support. Later on, you can always switch your
+allegiance; don't bother about it.
+
+If you are preparing a manuscript for a publisher or journal, ask them
+what markup they want before you
+develop your own; many big publishers have developed their own
+\AllTeX{} styles for journals and books, and insist that authors stick
+closely to their markup.
+
+\Question[Q-LaTeXandPlain]{How does \LaTeX{} relate to \plaintex{}?}
+
+\LaTeX{} is a program written in the programming language \TeX{}. (In
+the same sense, any \LaTeX{} document is also a program, which is
+designed to run `alongside', or `inside' \LaTeX{}, whichever metaphor
+you prefer.)
+
+\plaintex{} is also a program written in the programming language
+\TeX{}.
+
+Both exist because writing your documents in `raw' \TeX{} would
+involve much reinventing of wheels for every document. They both
+serve as convenient aids to make document writing more pleasant:
+\LaTeX{} is a far more extensive aid.
+
+\LaTeX{} is close to being a superset of \plaintex{}. Many documents
+designed for \plaintex{} will work with \LaTeX{} with no more than
+minor modifications (though some will require substantial work).
+
+Interpretation of any \AllTeX{} program involves some data-driven
+elements, and \LaTeX{} has a wider range of such elements than does
+\plaintex{}. As a result, the mapping from \LaTeX{} to \plaintex{}
+is far less clear than that in the other direction~--- see a later
+answer about \Qref*{translating to \plaintex{}}{Q-LaTeXtoPlain}.
+
+\Question[Q-context]{What is \CONTeXT{}?}
+
+\href{http://www.pragma-ade.com/}{\CONTeXT{}} is a macro package
+developed by Hans Hagen of Pragma-Ade. \CONTeXT{} is a
+document-production system based, like \LaTeX{}, on the \TeX{}
+typesetting system. Whereas \LaTeX{} insulates the writer from
+typographical details, \CONTeXT{} takes a complementary approach by
+providing structured interfaces for handling typography, including
+extensive support for colors, backgrounds, hyperlinks, presentations,
+figure-text integration, and conditional compilation. It gives the
+user extensive control over formatting while making it easy to create
+new layouts and styles without learning the \TeX{} macro
+language. \CONTeXT{}'s unified design avoids the package clashes that
+can happen with \LaTeX{}.
+
+\CONTeXT{} also integrates MetaFun, a superset of \MP{} and a powerful
+system for vector graphics. MetaFun can be used as a stand-alone
+system to produce figures, but its strength lies in enhancing
+\CONTeXT{} documents with accurate graphic elements.
+
+\CONTeXT{} allows the users to specify formatting commands in English,
+Dutch, German, French, or Italian, and to use different typesetting
+engines (\PDFTeX{}, Xe\TeX{}, Aleph, and soon \LuaTeX{}) without
+changing the user interface. \CONTeXT{} is developed rapidly, often in
+response to requests from the user community.
+
+%%% RF's original version
+%% developed by Hans Hagen, originally to
+%% serve the needs of his (Dutch) firm Pragma. It was designed with the
+%% same general-purpose aims as \LaTeX{}, but (being younger) reflects
+%% much more recent thinking about the structure of markup, etc. In
+%% particular, \CONTeXT{} can customise its markup to an
+%% author's language (customising modules for Dutch, English and German
+%% are provided, at present).
+%%
+%% \CONTeXT{} is well integrated, in all of its structure,
+%% with the needs of hypertext markup, and in particular with the
+%% facilities offered by \Qref*{\PDFTeX{}}{Q-whatpdftex}.
+%% The default installation employs a version of \PDFTeX{} built with the
+%% \Qref*{\eTeX{} extensions}{Q-etex}, which allows further flexibility.
+
+\CONTeXT{} doesn't yet have quite such a large developer community as
+does \LaTeX{}, but those developers who are active seem to have
+prodigious energy. Support is available via a % ! line break
+\href{http://contextgarden.net}{\acro{WIKI} site} and via the
+\href{http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context}{mailing list}.
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\CONTeXT{} distribution]\CTANref{context}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+
+\Question[Q-AMSpkg]{What are the \acro{AMS} packages (\AMSTeX{}, \emph{etc}.)?}
+
+\AMSTeX{} is a \TeX{} macro package, originally written by Michael Spivak for
+the American Mathematical Society (\acro{AMS}) during 1983--1985 and
+is described in the book ``\Qref*{The Joy of \TeX{}}{Q-books}''.
+It is based on \plaintex{}, and provides many
+features for producing more professional-looking maths formulas with
+less burden on authors. It pays attention to the finer details of
+sizing and positioning that mathematical publishers care about. The
+aspects covered include multi-line displayed equations, equation
+numbering, ellipsis dots, matrices, double accents, multi-line
+subscripts, syntax checking (faster processing on initial
+error-checking \TeX{} runs), and other things.
+
+As \LaTeX{} increased in popularity, authors sought to submit papers to
+the \acro{AMS} in \LaTeX{}, so \AMSLaTeX{} was developed. \AMSLaTeX{}
+is a collection of \LaTeX{} packages and classes that offer authors most of
+the functionality of \AMSTeX{}.
+The \acro{AMS} no longer recommends the use of \AMSTeX{}, and urges
+its authors to use \AMSLaTeX{} instead.
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\AMSTeX{} distribution]\CTANref{amstex}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\AMSLaTeX{} distribution]\CTANref{amslatex}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+
+\Question[Q-eplain]{What is \Eplain{}?}
+
+The \href{http://tug.org/eplain}{\Eplain{}}
+macro package expands on and extends the definitions in \plaintex{}.
+\Eplain{} is not intended to provide ``generic typesetting
+capabilities'', as do \CONTeXT{}, \LaTeX{} or
+\Qref*{Texinfo}{Q-texinfo}. Instead, it defines macro tools that
+should be useful whatever commands you choose to use when you prepare
+your manuscript.
+
+For example, \Eplain{} does not have a command \csx{section},
+which would format section headings in an ``appropriate'' way, as
+\LaTeX{}'s \csx{section} does. The philosophy of \Eplain{} is that
+some people will always need or want to go beyond the macro designer's
+idea of ``appropriate''. Such canned macros are fine~--- as long as you
+are willing to accept the resulting output. If you don't like the
+results, or if you are trying to match a different format, you are out
+of luck.
+
+On the other hand, almost everyone would like capabilities such as
+cross-referencing by labels, so that you don't have to put actual page
+numbers in the manuscript. The authors of \Eplain{} believe it is the
+only generally available macro package that does not force its
+typographic style on an author, and yet provides these such capabilities.
+
+Another useful feature of \Eplain{} is the ability to create PDF files
+with hyperlinks. The cross-referencing macros can implicitly generate
+hyperlinks for the cross-references, but you can also create explicit
+hyperlinks, both internal (pointing to a destination within the
+current document) and external (pointing to another local document or
+a URL).
+
+Several \LaTeX{} packages provide capabilities which \plaintex{}
+users are lacking, most notably text colouring and rotation provided by
+the \Package{graphics} bundle (packages \Package{color} and
+\Package{graphics}). Although the \Package{graphics} bundle provides
+a \plaintex{} ``loader'' for some of the packages, it is not a
+trivial job to pass options to those packages under \plaintex{}, and
+much of the functionality of the packages is accessed through package
+options. \Eplain{} extends the loader so that options can be passed
+to the packages just as they are in \LaTeX{}. The following packages are
+known to work with \Eplain{}: \Package{graphics}, \Package{graphicx},
+\Package{color}, \Package{autopict} (\LaTeX{} picture environment),
+\Package{psfrag}, and \Package{url}.
+
+\href{http://tug.org/docs/html/eplain}{\Eplain{} documentation} is
+available online, and there's
+also a mailing list~--- sign up, or browse the list archives, via
+\URL{http://tug.org/mailman/listinfo/tex-eplain}
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}\Eplain{} distribution]\CTANref{eplain}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+
+\Question[Q-lollipop]{What is Lollipop?}
+
+Lollipop is a macro package written by Victor Eijkhout; it was used in
+the production of his book ``\emph{\TeX{} by Topic}'' (see
+\Qref[question]{\AllTeX{} Tutorials}{Q-ol-books}). The manual says of
+it:
+\begin{quote}
+ Lollipop is `\TeX{} made easy'. Lollipop is a macro package that
+ functions as a toolbox for writing \TeX{} macros. It was my
+ intention to make macro writing so easy that implementing a fully
+ new layout in \TeX{} would become a matter of less than an hour for
+ an average document, and that it would be a task that could be
+ accomplished by someone with only a very basic training in \TeX{}
+ programming.
+
+ Lollipop is an attempt to make structured text formatting available
+ for environments where previously only \WYSIWYG{} packages could be
+ used because adapting the layout is so much more easy with them than
+ with traditional \TeX{} macro packages.
+\end{quote}
+
+The manual goes on to talk of ambitions to ``capture some of the
+\LaTeX{} market share''; it's a very witty package, but little sign of
+\htmlignore
+it taking over from \LaTeX{} is detectable\dots{}\@
+\endhtmlignore
+\begin{htmlversion}
+it taking over from \LaTeX{} is detectable\dots{}
+\end{htmlversion}
+An article about Lollipop appeared in \TUGboat{} 13(3).
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Lollipop distribution]\CTANref{lollipop}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+
+\Question[Q-texinfo]{What is Texinfo?}
+
+Texinfo is a documentation system that uses one source file to produce
+both on-line information and printed output. So instead of writing
+two different documents, one for the on-line help and the other for a
+typeset manual, you need write only one document source file. When
+the work is revised, you need only revise one document. By
+convention, Texinfo source file names end with a \extension{texi} or
+\extension{texinfo} extension.
+
+Texinfo is a macro language, somewhat similar to \LaTeX{}, but with
+slightly less expressive power. Its appearance is of course rather
+similar to any \TeX{}-based macro language, except that its macros
+start with \texttt{@} rather than the |\| that's more commonly used in
+\TeX{} systems.
+
+You can write and format Texinfo files into Info files within \acro{GNU}
+\ProgName{emacs}, and read them using the \ProgName{emacs} Info
+reader. You can also format Texinfo files into Info files using
+\ProgName{makeinfo} and read them using \ProgName{info}, so you're not
+dependent on \ProgName{emacs}. The distribution includes a
+\ProgName{Perl} script, \ProgName{texi2html}, that will convert
+Texinfo sources into \acro{HTML}: the language is a far better fit to
+\acro{HTML} than is \LaTeX{}, so that the breast-beating agonies of
+\Qref*{converting \LaTeX{} to \acro{HTML}}{Q-LaTeX2HTML} are largely
+avoided.
+
+Finally, of course, you can also print the files, or convert them to
+\acro{PDF} using \PDFTeX{}.
+\begin{ctanrefs}
+\item[\nothtml{\rmfamily}Texinfo distribution]\CTANref{texinfo}
+\end{ctanrefs}
+
+\Question[Q-whyfree]{If \TeX{} is so good, how come it's free?}
+
+It's free because Knuth chose to make it so. He is nevertheless
+apparently happy
+that others should earn money by selling \TeX{}-based services and
+products. While several valuable \TeX{}-related tools and packages are
+offered subject to restrictions imposed by the \acro{GNU} General Public
+Licence (`Copyleft'), \TeX{} itself is not subject to Copyleft.
+
+There are commercial versions of \TeX{} available; for some users,
+it's reassuring to have paid support. What is more, some of the
+commercial implementations
+have features that are not available in free versions. (The
+reverse is also true: some free implementations have features
+not available commercially.)
+
+This \acro{FAQ} concentrates on `free' distributions of \TeX{}, but we
+do at least list the \Qref*{major vendors}{Q-commercial}.
+
+\Question[Q-TeXfuture]{What is the future of \TeX{}?}
+
+Knuth has declared that he will do no further development of \TeX{};
+he will continue to fix any bugs that are reported to him (though
+bugs are rare). This decision was made soon after
+\TeX{} version~3.0 was released; at each bug-fix release
+the version number acquires one more digit, so that it tends to the
+limit~\ensuremath{\pi} (at the time of writing, Knuth's latest release
+is version 3.1415926). Knuth wants \TeX{} to be frozen at
+version~\ensuremath{\pi} when he dies; thereafter, no further changes
+may be made to Knuth's source. (A similar rule is applied to \MF{};
+its version number tends to the limit~\ensuremath{e}, and currently
+stands at 2.718281.)
+
+Knuth explains his decision, and exhorts us all to respect it, in a
+paper originally published in % ! line break
+\href{http://tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb11-4/tb30knut.pdf}{\TUGboat{} 11(4)},
+and reprinted in the % ! line break
+\href{http://www.ntg.nl/maps/pdf/5_34.pdf}{NTG journal MAPS}.
+
+There are projects (some of them long-term
+projects: see, for example,
+\Qref[question]{the LaTeX3 project}{Q-LaTeX3})
+%\Qref[and]{and the SGML work}{Q-SGML})
+to build substantial
+new macro packages based on \TeX{}. For the even longer term, there
+are various projects to build a \emph{successor} to \TeX{}; see, for example,
+the
+\begin{narrowversion}
+ \LuaTeX{}, Omega/Aleph and \ExTeX{} projects (questions
+\end{narrowversion}
+\Qref[\nothtml]{\LuaTeX}{Q-luatex},
+\Qref[\nothtml]{Omega/Aleph}{Q-omegaleph} and
+\Qref[\nothtml]{\ExTeX{}}{Q-extex}\narrowonly{).}
+\begin{wideversion}
+ projects.
+\end{wideversion}
+
+\Question[Q-readtex]{Reading \AllTeX{} files}
+
+So you've been sent a \TeX{} file: what are you going to do with it?
+
+You can, of course, ``just read it'', since it's a plain text file,
+but the markup tags in the document may prove distracting. Most of
+the time, even \TeX{} experts will typeset a \TeX{} file before
+attempting to read it.
+
+So, you need to typeset the document. The good news is that \TeX{}
+systems are available, free, for most sorts of computer; the bad news
+is that you need a pretty complete \TeX{} system even to read a single
+file, and complete \TeX{} systems are pretty large.
+
+\TeX{} is a typesetting system that arose from a publishing project (see
+\wideonly{``}\Qref[question]{what is \TeX{}}{Q-whatTeX}\wideonly{''}),
+and its basic source is available free from its author. However, at
+its root, it is \emph{just} a typesetting engine: even to view or to
+print the typeset output, you will need ancillary programs. In short,
+you need a \TeX{} \emph{distribution}~--- a collection of
+\TeX{}-related programs tailored to your operating system: for details
+of the sorts of things that are available, see
+% beware line break
+\htmlonly{``}\Qref[question]{\TeX{} distributions}{Q-TeXsystems}\htmlonly{''}
+or
+% beware line break
+\htmlonly{``}\Qref[\htmlonly]{commercial \TeX{} distributions}{Q-commercial}\latexhtml{ (for commercial distributions)}{''}.
+
+But beware~--- \TeX{} makes no attempt to look like the sort of
+\WYSIWYG{} system you're probably used to (see
+% beware line wrap
+\wideonly{``}\Qref[question]{why is \TeX{} not \WYSIWYG{}}{Q-notWYSIWYG}\wideonly{''}):
+while many modern versions of \TeX{} have a compile--view cycle that
+rivals the best commercial word processors in its responsiveness, what
+you type is usually \emph{markup}, which typically defines a logical
+(rather than a visual) view of what you want typeset.
+
+So there's a balance between the simplicity of the original
+(marked-up) document, which can more-or-less be read in \emph{any}
+editor, and the really rather large investment needed to install a
+system to read a document ``as intended''.
+
+\Question[Q-notWYSIWYG]{Why is \TeX{} not a \WYSIWYG{} system?}
+
+\WYSIWYG{} is a marketing term (``What you see is what you get'') for
+a particular style of text processor. \WYSIWYG{} systems are
+characterised by two principal claims: that you type what you want to
+print, and that what you see on the screen as you type is a close
+approximation to how your text will finally be printed.
+
+The simple answer to the question is, of course, that \TeX{} was
+conceived long before the marketing term, at a time when the marketing
+imperative wasn't perceived as significant. However, that was a long
+time ago: why has nothing been done with the ``wonder text processor''
+to make it fit with modern perceptions?
+
+There are two answers to this. First, the simple ``things \emph{have}
+been done'' (but they've not taken over the \TeX{} world); and second,
+``there are philosophical reasons why the way \TeX{} has developed is
+ill-suited to the \WYSIWYG{} style''.
+Indeed, there is a fundamental problem with applying \WYSIWYG{} techniques
+to \TeX{}: the complexity of \TeX{} makes it hard to get the
+equivalent of \TeX{}'s output without actually running \TeX{}.
+
+A celebrated early system offering ``\WYSIWYG{} using \TeX{}'' came from the
+Vor\TeX{} project: a pair of (early) Sun workstations worked in
+tandem, one handling the user interface while the other beavered away
+in the background typesetting the result. Vor\TeX{} was quite
+impressive for its time, but the two workstations combined had hugely less
+power than the average sub-thousand dollar Personal Computer
+nowadays, and its code has not proved portable (it never even made the
+last `great' \TeX{} version change, at the turn of the 1990s, to
+\TeX{} version 3). Modern systems that are similar in
+their approach are Lightning Textures (an extension of
+Blue Sky's original \TeX{} system for the Macintosh), and Scientific
+Word (which can also cooperate with a computer algebra system); both
+these systems are \Qref*{commercially available}{Q-commercial}.
+
+The issue has of recent years started to attract attention from \TeX{}
+developers, and several interesting projects addressing the
+``\Qref*{\TeX{} document preparation environment}{Q-WYGexpts}''
+are in progress.
+
+Nevertheless, the \TeX{} world has taken a long time to latch onto the
+idea of \WYSIWYG{}.
+Apart from simple arrogance (``we're better, and have no need to
+consider the petty doings of the commercial word processor market''),
+there is a real conceptual difference between the word processor model
+of the world and the model \LaTeX{} and \CONTeXT{} employ~--- the idea of
+``markup''. ``Pure'' markup expresses a logical model of a document,
+where every object within the document is labelled according to what
+it is rather than how it should appear: appearance is deduced from the
+properties of the type of object. Properly applied, markup can
+provide valuable assistance when it comes to re-use of documents.
+
+Established \WYSIWYG{} systems find the expression of this sort of
+structured markup difficult; however, markup \emph{is} starting to
+appear in the lists of the commercial world's requirements, for two
+reasons. First, an element of markup helps impose style on a
+document, and commercial users are increasingly obsessed with
+uniformity of style; and second, the increasingly pervasive use of
+\acro{XML}-derived document archival formats demands it. The same
+challenges must needs be addressed by \TeX{}-based document
+preparation support schemes, so we are
+observing a degree of confluence of the needs of the two communities:
+interesting times may be ahead of us.
+
+\Question[Q-TUG*]{\TeX{} User Groups}
+
+There has been a \TeX{} User Group since very near the time \TeX{}
+first appeared. That first group, \acro{TUG}, is still active and its
+journal \textsl{TUGboat} continues in regular publication
+with articles about \TeX{}, \MF{} and related technologies, and about
+document design, processing and production. \acro{TUG} holds a yearly
+conference, whose proceedings are published in \textsl{TUGboat}.
+
+\acro{TUG}'s \href{http://www.tug.org}{web site} is a valuable
+resource for all sorts of
+\TeX{}-related matters, such as details of \TeX{} software, and lists
+of \TeX{} vendors and \TeX{} consultants. Back articles from
+\textsl{TUGboat} are slowly (subject to copyright issues, etc.\@)
+making their way to the site, too.
+
+Some time ago, \acro{TUG} established a ``technical council'', whose
+task was to oversee the development of \TeX{}nical projects. Most
+such projects nowadays go on their way without any support from
+\acro{TUG}, but \acro{TUG}'s web site lists its
+\htmlignore
+\ifpdf
+\href{http://www.tug.org/twg.html}{Technical Working Groups (\acro{TWG}s)}.
+\else
+Technical Working Groups (\acro{TWG}s: see
+\URL{http://www.tug.org/twg.html}).
+\fi
+\endhtmlignore
+\begin{htmlversion}
+\href{http://www.tug.org/twg.html}{Technical Working Groups (\acro{TWG}s)}.
+\end{htmlversion}
+
+\acro{TUG} has a reasonable claim to be considered a world-wide
+organisation, but there are many national and regional user groups,
+too; \acro{TUG}'s web site maintains a list of
+\htmlignore
+\ifpdf
+\href{http://www.tug.org/lugs.html}{``Local User Groups'' (\acro{LUG}s)}.
+\else
+``local user groups'' (\acro{LUG}s: see
+\URL{http://www.tug.org/lugs.html}).
+\fi
+\endhtmlignore
+\begin{htmlversion}
+\href{http://www.tug.org/lugs.html}{``local user groups'' (\acro{LUG}s)}.
+\end{htmlversion}
+
+Contact \acro{TUG} itself via:
+\begin{quote}
+ \TeX{} Users Group\\
+ 1466 NW Front Avenue, Suite 3141\\
+ Portland, OR 97209\\
+ \acro{USA}\\[.25\baselineskip]
+ Tel: +1 503-223-9994\\
+ Fax: +1 503-223-3960\\
+ Email: \mailto{tug@mail.tug.org}\\
+ Web: \URL{http://www.tug.org/}
+\end{quote}
+