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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2009-05-16 00:19:13 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2009-05-16 00:19:13 +0000
commitbab45528d65eaafe68a705dbb2a57075c7b7cbd8 (patch)
tree10b4ae2b5195c8dede153ab89359ec00f55f325f /Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc
parent8643d90372e9c31e0f461c15c596b60a545bd7d3 (diff)
asymptote 1.72 sources (not integrated into build yet)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@13110 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc')
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/.cvsignore18
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Bode.asy27
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD.tex256
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD1.asy43
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CDlabel.asy14
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/Makefile42
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/asy-faq.bfnn1285
-rwxr-xr-xBuild/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/bfnnconv.pl298
l---------Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/install-sh1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-ascii.pl189
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-html.pl341
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-info.pl226
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-lout.pl242
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-post.pl189
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/GaussianSurface.asy21
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/HermiteSpline.asy14
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbycontrol.asy20
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbydir.asy21
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Makefile.in96
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1250
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.begin32
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.end10
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asycolors.sty72
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.sty271
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.texi9131
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/axis3.asy12
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier.asy1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier2.asy21
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/beziercurve.asy12
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bigsquare.asy2
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/binarytreetest.asy13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/brokenaxis.asy25
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colons.asy1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colors.asy116
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cube.asy16
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cylinderskeleton.asy6
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/datagraph.asy12
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diagonal.asy1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.asy129
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.csv28
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/dots.asy1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/eetomumu.asy60
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/elliptic.asy115
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/errorbars.asy42
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/exp.asy14
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/external-proposal.html415
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/externalprc.tex12
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro.asy909
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro_.bbl13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.asy15
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.dat4
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flow.asy31
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flowchartdemo.asy30
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis.asy11
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis3.asy13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/graphmarkers.asy37
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/grid3xyz.asy17
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/hatch.asy11
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/helix.asy20
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/histogram.asy19
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/icon.asy22
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/image.asy22
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/imagecontour.asy40
l---------Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/install-sh1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/irregularcontour.asy19
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join.asy15
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join3.asy24
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/knots.asy27
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/labelsquare.asy6
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/latexusage.tex112
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.asy55
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.dat882
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/legend.asy15
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph.asy16
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph0.asy16
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/linetype.asy13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/log2graph.asy17
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggraph.asy18
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggrid.asy13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logimage.asy22
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logo.asy28
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logticks.asy11
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/makepen.asy9
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers1.asy102
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers2.asy34
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/mexicanhat.asy22
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/monthaxis.asy17
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/multicontour.asy19
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/onecontour.asy5
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/options75
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/parametricgraph.asy16
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/penimage.asy14
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/pixel.pdfbin0 -> 2771 bytes
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/planes.asy19
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile46
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile.in46
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/quartercircle.asy2
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/reloadpdf.tex11
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/saddle.asy7
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/scaledgraph.asy15
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.asy32
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.csv1003
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/shadedtiling.asy12
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/slopefield1.asy9
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/square.asy1
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/subpictures.asy20
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/superpath.asy5
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/tile.asy13
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/triangulate.asy19
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/unitcircle3.asy9
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/vectorfield.asy9
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.asy64
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.csv402
-rw-r--r--Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/xasy.1x27
114 files changed, 18771 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/.cvsignore b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/.cvsignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bd8d0a3caf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/.cvsignore
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+*.png
+*.jpg
+*.eps
+*.aux
+*.log
+*.dvi
+*.cp
+*.cps
+*.fn
+*.info
+*.ky
+*.pg
+*.toc
+*.tp
+*.vr
+asymptote
+latexusage.asy
+version.texi
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Bode.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Bode.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a35540e9749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Bode.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import graph;
+texpreamble("\def\Arg{\mathop {\rm Arg}\nolimits}");
+
+size(10cm,5cm,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real ampl(real x) {return 2.5/(1+x^2);}
+real phas(real x) {return -atan(x)/pi;}
+
+scale(Log,Log);
+draw(graph(ampl,0.01,10));
+ylimits(0.001,100);
+
+xaxis("$\omega\tau_0$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$|G(\omega\tau_0)|$",Left,RightTicks);
+
+picture q=secondaryY(new void(picture pic) {
+ scale(pic,Log,Linear);
+ draw(pic,graph(pic,phas,0.01,10),red);
+ ylimits(pic,-1.0,1.5);
+ yaxis(pic,"$\Arg G/\pi$",Right,red,
+ LeftTicks("$% #.1f$",
+ begin=false,end=false));
+ yequals(pic,1,Dotted);
+ });
+label(q,"(1,0)",Scale(q,(1,0)),red);
+add(q);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD.tex b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..270c528b85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+\documentclass{ltxguide}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+
+
+\begin{document}
+
+
+
+\title{Asymptote package CAD.asy\footnote{This document describes version 1.0.}}
+\author{Mark Henning, Germany\thanks{URL: http://www.markhenning.de}}
+\date{29 September 2006}
+\maketitle
+
+
+
+\tableofcontents
+
+
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+The package {\tt CAD.asy} provides basic pen definitions and measurement functions for simple 2D CAD drawings according to DIN 15.
+
+
+
+\section{Important rules for using this package}
+
+If a function is declared like this:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+void foo(int nParam1, string strParam2)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+You may call it \verb\foo(0, 'abc');\ or \verb\foo(nParam1=0, strParam2='abc');\. The definitions of the functions in this package may change in future version: the order of the parameters may be changed, new parameters may be inserted. Therefore it is \emph{strongly recommended} always calling the functions \verb\foo(nParam1=0, strParam2='abc');\.
+
+
+
+\section{Usage}
+
+To use the capabilities of the package, import it:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+import CAD;
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+All functions are encapsulated in the structure \verb\sCAD\. As the pen definitions may differ depending on the size of your drawing, you have to initialize the structure before drawing:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+static sCAD Create(int nLineGroup = 1)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+The parameter \verb\nLineGroup\ depends on the size of your drawing. It specifies the line group to define the pens and thus the width used for the lines. The parameter has to be within the range $[0;3]$. The larger the value, the thicker the lines. Code example:
+%
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+sCAD cad = sCAD.Create();
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+The created variable \verb\cad\ then provides the most important pens. Available pens are:
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+\item The pens of group A:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pA\
+ \item\verb\pVisibleEdge\
+ \item\verb\pVisibleContour\
+ \item\verb\pUsableWindingLength\
+ \item\verb\pSystemLine\
+ \item\verb\pDiagramCurve\
+ \item\verb\pSurfaceStructure\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group B:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pB\
+ \item\verb\pLightEdge\
+ \item\verb\pMeasureLine\
+ \item\verb\pMeasureHelpLine\
+ \item\verb\pMeasureLineBound\
+ \item\verb\pReferenceLine\
+ \item\verb\pHatch\
+ \item\verb\pWindingGround\
+ \item\verb\pDiagonalCross\
+ \item\verb\pBendLine\
+ \item\verb\pProjectionLine\
+ \item\verb\pGrid\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group C:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pC\
+ \item\verb\pFreehand\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group E:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pE\
+ \item\verb\pSurfaceTreatmentAllowed\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group F:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pF\
+ \item\verb\pInvisibleEdge\
+ \item\verb\pInvisibleContour\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group G:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pG\
+ \item\verb\pMiddleLine\
+ \item\verb\pSymmetryLine\
+ \item\verb\pPartialCircle\
+ \item\verb\pCircularHole\
+ \item\verb\pDivisionPlane\
+ \item\verb\pTransferLine\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group J:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pJ\
+ \item\verb\pCuttingPlane\
+ \item\verb\pSurfaceTreatmentRequested\
+ \end{itemize}
+\item The pens of group K:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item\verb\pK\
+ \item\verb\pContourBeforeDeformation\
+ \item\verb\pAdjacentPartContour\
+ \item\verb\pEndShapeRawMaterial\
+ \item\verb\pContourEligibleType\
+ \item\verb\pPartInFrontOfCuttingPlane\
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+%
+All pens of one group are the same. So there is no difference between the pen \verb\pA\ and the pen \verb\pVisibleEdge\. You may use the short names or the descriptive ones. The list of groups is not complete. I had no idea how to implement the pens of group D. For me, group H seems to be obsolete, and there is no group I contained in DIN 15. In the case I did something wrong translating the German names into English, the source file also contains the original German names of each pen. Whenever a drawing function does not allow you to select the pen, the right pen is selected automatically.
+
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+void MeasureLine(picture pic = currentpicture,
+ Label L,
+ pair pFrom,
+ pair pTo,
+ real dblLeft = 0,
+ real dblRight = 0,
+ real dblRelPosition = 0.5,
+ bool bSmallBound = false)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+This is the basic function to draw labeled straight measurement lines. \verb\pic\ denotes the picture the line has to be drawn into, \verb\L\ is the label of the line. The pairs \verb\pFrom\ and \verb\pTo\ are the start and the end point of the distance to measure, respectively. Note, that these two points do \emph{not} refer to the start and end point of the line, as it may be longer than the measured distance.
+
+The line is extended on its left side (= the part of the line 'before' the start point) by the distance \verb\dblLeft\. On its right side (= the part of the line 'behind' the end point) it is extended by the distance \verb\dblRight\. \verb\dblLeft\ and \verb\dblRight\ must be $\leq 0$. If only one of both values is zero, it is set to the value of the other one, because according to DIN 15 it is not allowed to draw a measurement line asymmetrically. The position of the arrows indicating begin and end of the distance depends on \verb\dblLeft\ and \verb\dblRight\. If both values are 0, the measurement arrows are drawn within the measurement distance. Otherwise they are drawn outside.
+
+The parameter \verb\dblRelPosition\ refers to the relative position of the label between the start and end point. This means: The value 0 positions the label at the start point, 0.5 refers to the center between the start and the end point. Finally, the value 1 will position the label at the end point. If \verb\dblLeft\ or \verb\dblRight\ are nonzero, you may position the label at the left side of the start point ($< 0$) or at the right side of the start point ($> 1$).
+
+Usually, there is enough space to draw the measurement arrows. If you wish to use small circles instead of the arrows, set \verb\bSmallBound\ to \verb\true\.
+
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+real GetMeasurementBoundSize(bool bSmallBound = false)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Returns the size of the arrow or the small bound circle used for measurement lines.
+
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+guide GetMeasurementBound(bool bSmallBound = false)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Returns the correctly scaled guide of the arrow or the small bound circle used for measurement lines.
+
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+void MeasureParallel(picture pic = currentpicture,
+ Label L,
+ pair pFrom,
+ pair pTo,
+ real dblDistance,
+ // Variables from MeasureLine
+ real dblLeft = 0,
+ real dblRight = 0,
+ real dblRelPosition = 0.5,
+ bool bSmallBound = false)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Usually, measurement lines are placed outside the drawing with reference lines to the measured distance. \verb\pFrom\ and \verb\pTo\ denote the points of the drawing marking the begin and the end of the distance to measure, and not the begin and the end of the measurement line as in the case of the function \verb\MeasureLine\. The measurement line is placed \verb\dblDistance\ away from the distance to measure. If you would be at \verb\pFrom\ and look into the direction \verb\pTo\, it is placed on the left for positive values of \verb\dblDistance\. For negative values, it is positioned on the right. For the meaning of the other parameters see the function \verb\MeasureLine\.
+
+
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+guide MakeFreehand(pair pFrom, pair pTo,
+ real dblRelDivisionLength = 12.5,
+ real dblRelDistortion = 2.5,
+ bool bIncludeTo = true)
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+To draw a line between two points, which is not straight, but more like a freehand line, use this function. The pairs \verb\pFrom\ and \verb\pTo\ denote start and end point, respectively. \verb\dblRelDivisionLength\ is the length of the parts, the line is subdivided into. \verb\dblRelDistortion\ is the amount of distortion. Both sizes are given relative to the width of a freehand line. If \verb\bIncludeTo\ is \verb\true\, the point \verb\pTo\ is added to the path. Otherwise it is not. This may be useful for converting a guide containing more than two points to a freehand line.
+
+
+
+\section{Example}
+
+\begin{figure}
+\includegraphics{CAD1}
+\caption{Example showing the measurement capabilities and a small freehand line.\label{fig:example1}}
+\end{figure}
+
+To produce figure \ref{fig:example1}, use this code:
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+import CAD;
+
+sCAD cad = sCAD.Create();
+
+// Freehand line
+draw(g = cad.MakeFreehand(pFrom = (3, -1)*cm, (6, -1)*cm),
+ p = cad.pFreehand);
+
+// Standard measurement lines
+draw(g = box((0, 0)*cm, (1, 1)*cm), p = cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L = "$\sqrt{2}$",
+ pFrom = (0, 1)*cm,
+ pTo = (1, 0)*cm,
+ dblDistance = -15mm);
+
+// Label inside, shifted to the right; arrows outside
+draw(g = box((2, 0)*cm, (3, 1)*cm), p = cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L = "1",
+ pFrom = (2, 1)*cm,
+ pTo = (3, 1)*cm,
+ dblDistance = 5mm,
+ dblLeft = 5mm,
+ dblRelPosition = 0.75);
+
+// Label and arrows outside
+draw(g = box((5, 0)*cm, (5.5, 1)*cm), p = cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L = "0.5",
+ pFrom = (5, 1)*cm,
+ pTo = (5.5, 1)*cm,
+ dblDistance = 5mm,
+ dblLeft = 10mm,
+ dblRelPosition = -1);
+
+// Small bounds, asymmetric measurement line
+draw(g = box((7, 0)*cm, (7.5, 1)*cm), p = cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L = "0.5",
+ pFrom = (7, 1)*cm,
+ pTo = (7.5, 1)*cm,
+ dblDistance = 5mm,
+ dblLeft = 2*cad.GetMeasurementBoundSize(
+ bSmallBound = true),
+ dblRight = 10mm,
+ dblRelPosition = 2,
+ bSmallBound = true);
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD1.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD1.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4602e73b709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CAD1.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import CAD;
+
+sCAD cad=sCAD.Create();
+
+// Freehand line
+draw(g=cad.MakeFreehand(pFrom=(3,-1)*cm,(6,-1)*cm),
+ p=cad.pFreehand);
+
+// Standard measurement lines
+draw(g=box((0,0)*cm,(1,1)*cm),p=cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L="$\sqrt{2}$",
+ pFrom=(0,1)*cm,
+ pTo=(1,0)*cm,
+ dblDistance=-15mm);
+
+// Label inside,shifted to the right; arrows outside
+draw(g=box((2,0)*cm,(3,1)*cm),p=cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L="1",
+ pFrom=(2,1)*cm,
+ pTo=(3,1)*cm,
+ dblDistance=5mm,
+ dblLeft=5mm,
+ dblRelPosition=0.75);
+
+// Label and arrows outside
+draw(g=box((5,0)*cm,(5.5,1)*cm),p=cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L="0.5",
+ pFrom=(5,1)*cm,
+ pTo=(5.5,1)*cm,
+ dblDistance=5mm,
+ dblLeft=10mm,
+ dblRelPosition=-1);
+
+// Small bounds,asymmetric measurement line
+draw(g=box((7,0)*cm,(7.5,1)*cm),p=cad.pVisibleEdge);
+cad.MeasureParallel(L="0.5",
+ pFrom=(7,1)*cm,
+ pTo=(7.5,1)*cm,
+ dblDistance=5mm,
+ dblLeft=2*cad.GetMeasurementBoundSize(bSmallBound=true),
+ dblRight=10mm,
+ dblRelPosition=2,
+ bSmallBound=true);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CDlabel.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CDlabel.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3dd59699e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/CDlabel.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+size(11.7cm,11.7cm);
+asy(nativeformat(),"logo");
+fill(unitcircle^^(scale(2/11.7)*unitcircle),
+ evenodd+rgb(124/255,205/255,124/255));
+label(scale(1.1)*minipage(
+"\centering\scriptsize \textbf{\LARGE {\tt Asymptote}\\
+\smallskip
+\small The Vector Graphics Language}\\
+\smallskip
+\textsc{Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and Tom Prince}
+http://asymptote.sourceforge.net\\
+",8cm),(0,0.6));
+label(graphic("logo."+nativeformat(),"height=7cm"),(0,-0.22));
+clip(unitcircle^^(scale(2/11.7)*unitcircle),evenodd);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/Makefile b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c47394cbe7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+BFNNCONV = bfnnconv.pl m-ascii.pl m-html.pl m-info.pl m-lout.pl m-post.pl
+
+FAQ = asy-faq.html asy-faq.ascii asy-faq.info
+
+all: faq
+
+$(FAQ): $(BFNNCONV) asy-faq.bfnn
+ mkdir -p asy-faq.html
+ perl bfnnconv.pl asy-faq.bfnn
+ perl bfnnconv.pl asy-faq.bfnn
+
+faq: $(FAQ)
+
+clean: FORCE
+ -rm -f *~ core a.out *.lout *.ps *.info *.ascii *.xrefdb *.post
+ -rm -rf *.html
+
+install-all: install install-info
+
+install: faq
+ ${INSTALL} -d -m 755 $(docdir) $(docdir)/asy-faq.html
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asy-faq.ascii $(docdir)
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asy-faq.html/* $(docdir)/asy-faq.html
+
+install-info: faq
+ ${INSTALL} -d -m 755 $(infodir)
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asy-faq.info $(infodir)
+ -if test -z "$(DESTDIR)"; then \
+ install-info --infodir=$(infodir) asy-faq.info; \
+ fi
+
+uninstall: uninstall-all
+
+uninstall-all:
+ -cd $(docdir)/asy-faq.html; rm -rf *.html
+ -cd $(docdir); rmdir asy-faq.html; rm asy-faq.ascii
+ -install-info --remove --infodir=$(infodir) asy-faq.info
+ -rm -f $(infodir)/asy-faq.info
+
+distclean: FORCE clean
+
+FORCE:
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/asy-faq.bfnn b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/asy-faq.bfnn
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a3095732cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/asy-faq.bfnn
@@ -0,0 +1,1285 @@
+\comment This is the source for the Asymptote FAQ list, in
+\comment the Bizarre Format With No Name. It is turned into Lout
+\comment input, HTML, plain ASCII and an Info document by a Perl script.
+\comment
+\comment The format and scripts come from the Linux FAQ, by
+\comment Ian Jackson.
+\set brieftitle Asymptote FAQ
+\set author <A href="http://asymptote.sourceforge.net">Asymptote</A>
+\set title Asymptote Frequently Asked Questions
+\copyto ASCII
+ ASYMPTOTE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
+ `date '+%d %h %Y'`
+
+\endcopy
+\copyto INFO
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* asymptote FAQ: (asy-faq). Asymptote Frequently Asked Questions.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+
+
+File: $prefix.info, Node: Top, Next: Question 1.1, Up: (dir)
+
+ ASYMPTOTE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
+ `date '+%d %h %Y'`
+
+\endcopy
+
+This is the list of Frequently Asked Questions about Asymptote (asy).
+
+\section Index
+
+\index
+
+\comment ######################################################################
+
+\section About Asymptote
+
+\question 26jun:whatisasy What is Asymptote?
+
+Asymptote is a vector graphics language designed for
+technical graphics, inspired by MetaPost but with IEEE floating-point numerics,
+native three-dimensional graphics, Grayscale/RGB/CMYK colourspaces, and a
+C++-like syntax. Unlike MetaPost, it natively supports multiple-segment paths
+(and hence regions other than simply connected ones), tiling patterns, Gouraud
+ shading, tensor patch shading, and PostScript images.
+
+\question 22jun:whereisasy How do I obtain Asymptote?
+
+Binary releases are available for Linux, MacOS X, and Microsoft Windows
+platforms, in addition to full source code, from the website
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/\}. Many Linux distributions
+(such as RedHat and Debian) now include an Asymptote package (check your
+distribution's documentation for further information about this).
+
+\question 28jun:beforeasking Where can I ask questions about Asymptote?
+
+If you have a question, please try to find an answer in this FAQ, in the
+extensive Asymptote documentation at
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/\}, or search the forum:
+\docref{http://sourceforge.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=409349\}.
+
+\question 02sep:whyasy Why was the name Asymptote chosen?
+
+Well, it isn't the perfect graphics package, but we do think it is getting there
+asymptotically...
+
+\question 02sep:whycamp In the internal Asymptote source code, what does the name \courier{camp\} refer to?
+
+That was our original tentative name for this project, which stood for
+"C's Answer to MetaPost" (the language that inspired Asymptote).
+However, we eventually decided that the name \courier{Asymptote\} better
+emphasizes the mathematical and graphical nature of this language.
+
+\comment ######################################################################
+
+\section Questions about installation and setup
+
+\question 26jun:osx Is it possible to install Asymptote on Mac OS X?
+
+It is easy to compile Asymptote directly from the source code at
+\docref{http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=120000\}
+We recommend first upgrading to the latest GNU readline library, unless you
+don't care about interactive readline support (in which case configure will
+automatically detect and disable obsolete versions of the readline library).
+Marius Schamschula also maintains a binary package for various MacOS X
+platforms
+\docref{http://www.hmug.org/pub/MacOS_X/X/Applications/Publishing/asymptote\}.
+
+\question 26jun:osxbadCPU Why do I get the error \courier{Bad CPU type in executable\} on installing Asymptote from the MAC OS binary?
+
+This means either that you have a binary distribution for another MAC
+architecture, or (according to Marius Schamschula) that you may have a missing
+library. The simplest solution is to compile Asymptote directly from the
+official source:
+\docref{http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=120000\}.
+
+\question 04nov:brokenpdftex What do I do if I get the error: \courier{Error: pdfetex (file pdftex.cfg): cannot open config file...texinfo.tex appears to be broken\}?
+
+Simply put \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/asymptote.pdf\}
+in the directory \courier{doc\} and repeat the command \courier{make all\}.
+Or, if you don't want to build a local copy of the documentation, simply
+proceed with \courier{make install-asy\}.
+
+\question 04nov:brokentexinfo What do I do if I get the error: \courier{! Undefined control sequence. l.6 @copying\}?
+
+Either upgrade your \courier{texinfo\} package or follow one of the easy work arounds in \qref brokenpdftex.
+
+\question 27jun:latexintegration Is it possible to integrate Asymptote into LaTeX?
+
+Yes, see the example latexusage.tex. Dario Teixeira has also written a detailed
+guide on the topic. You can download it from
+\docref{http://dario.dse.nl/projects/asylatex/\}.
+
+Philippe Ivaldi has contributed an Asymptote mode for Emacs users
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Editing-modes.html\},
+which includes a \courier{lasy-mode\} that allows one to compile and view
+the output of one \\begin{asy}...\\end{asy} section at a time.
+
+\question 02sep:pdflatex Is it possible to integrate Asymptote into latex or pdflatex?
+
+Yes, as of version 1.14, Asymptote supports latex and pdflatex (both in
+EPS/PDF and inline mode), as illustrated by the example
+\courier{latexusage.tex\}:
+
+\verbatim
+pdflatex latexusage
+asy latexusage
+pdflatex latexusage
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:tkinterdepend Do I need the \courier{tkinter\} package to install an Asymptote rpm binary?
+
+No, you don't need \courier{tkinter\} unless you want to try out the GUI \courier{xasy\}. Try
+
+\verbatim
+rpm -Uvh --nodeps asymptote-x.xx-1.i386.rpm
+\endverbatim
+
+where \courier{x.xx\} represents the version number.
+
+\question 26jun:windir What does the path \courier{%USERPROFILE%\\.asy\\config.asy\} mean?
+
+That is the way that Microsoft Windows refers to the user profile directory.
+There's nothing really to understand here, just put your configuration
+commands in the file \courier{config.asy\} in a new folder \courier{%USERPROFILE%\\.asy\}.
+
+\question 25dec:escapechar Why do I get the error "string not terminated" when I try to set \courier{settings.dir="C:\\asymptote\\";\}?
+
+The backslash is an escape character here, so
+\courier{\\"\} is interpreted as a verbatim quotation mark, leaving the string
+without a terminating quotation mark. Fortunately, this is the
+only escaped character in double-quoted strings. A final backslash isn't
+needed here anyway, but should you really want one somewhere, you can say:
+\courier{settings.dir="C:\\asymptote"+'\\\\';\}.
+
+\question 27jun:winglobal How do I change environment variables in Microsoft Windows, for example, in order to change the default PostScript viewer?
+
+While it is easier to set the corresponding Asymptote configuration
+variable in your \courier{config.asy\} file, here is the procedure for changing
+Microsoft Windows environment variables:
+
+Click on the [Start] button
+
+* RIGHT-click on 'My Computer'
+
+* Choose 'Properties' from the popup menu
+
+* Click the 'Advanced' tab
+
+* Click the 'Environment Variables' button.
+
+\question 02sep:convert Under Microsoft Windows XP, why do I get an error like "Invalid Parameter - 432x432"?
+
+This means that ImageMagick wasn't properly installed and you are using the
+MSDOS convert program rather than the ImageMagick one. Or you may have
+installed ImageMagick but ran Asymptote from an existing MSDOS window.
+In that case, simply open a new window and try again. If that doesn't work,
+check that
+
+\verbatim
+convert --version
+\endverbatim
+
+returns something like
+
+\verbatim
+Version: ImageMagick 6.2.8 06/27/06 Q16 http://www.imagemagick.org
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:miktex Why does Asymptote freeze upon trying to draw a label with my MikTex installation under Microsoft Windows?
+
+Likely, this means that latex and dvips are not in your default path.
+Try adding the appropriate paths in your \courier{config.asy\} file,
+for example:
+
+\verbatim
+import settings;
+latex="C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.7\miktex\bin\latex.exe";
+dvips="C:\Program Files\MiKTeX 2.7\miktex\bin\dvips.exe";
+\endverbatim
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about paths
+
+\question 02sep:tensionsyntax Why do I get a syntax error message when I specify an integer value for the path tension?
+
+What is happening here is that
+
+\verbatim
+draw((0,0)..tension 2..(0,50)..(100,100));
+\endverbatim
+
+is read as
+
+\verbatim
+draw((0,0)..tension 2. .(0,50)..(100,100));
+\endverbatim
+
+So the first . after the two is treated as a decimal point.
+Just put a space after the integer tension value:
+
+\verbatim
+draw((0,0)..tension 2 ..(0,50)..(100,100));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:dots Shouldn't dots always be the same size?
+
+From the documentation:
+
+"The dot command defined in the module plain draws a dot having a diameter
+equal to an explicit pen linewidth or the default linewidth magnified by
+dotfactor (6 by default)."
+
+Thus, when you use the default pen, the dot will have size 6*linewidth,
+but when you give a pen with an explicit width specified, you will
+have a dot of size linewidth. If you want the first case to behave like the
+second, you may set dotfactor=1.
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about labels
+
+\question 02sep:greek How do I get Greek letters like omega to show up in my labels?
+
+In (La)TeX, Greek letters can be obtained in math mode by prepending a
+backslash to the letter name. So for a omega symbol, use "$\\omega$". Everything
+between the dollar signs is considered to be a math formula. Uppercase Greek
+letters can be used by capitalizing the first letter of the name:
+
+\verbatim
+label("$\omega$",(0,0));
+label("$\Omega$",(20,0));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 29jun:matlabels Can Asymptote use matrices as labels?
+
+Yes:
+\verbatim
+usepackage("amsmath");
+label("$\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 \\\ 1 & 1 \end{matrix}$",(0,0));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:latexpackage How do I tell Asymptote to load a particular LaTeX package, like \courier{mathptmx\}?
+
+Put
+
+\verbatim
+usepackage("mathptmx");
+\endverbatim
+
+at the beginning of your file. Note: to enable the Adobe Times Roman font
+for text, you will also need to say:
+\verbatim
+defaultpen(TimesRoman());
+\endverbatim
+
+
+\question 28jun:internatfonts How can I use international fonts in Asymptote labels?
+
+See \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/unicode.html\}.
+
+\question 10jul:Fourier How can I use Fourier fonts?
+
+\verbatim
+usepackage("fourier");
+defaultpen(font("T1","fut\textfamilyextension","m","n"));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:decsep Is there any way to change the default appearance of the decimal separator, using a comma instead of a dot?
+
+Just set your locale appropriately:
+
+\verbatim
+locale("it_IT");
+usepackage("icomma");
+label(format(0.5));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:rotatelabel How can I get a rotated label with the filled box rotated as well so that it fits the text?
+
+\verbatim
+frame f;
+label(f,"This is some text",white,Fill(blue));
+add(rotate(65)*f);
+\endverbatim
+
+
+\question 02sep:rotatelabel3D How can I rotate labels in a 3D figure?
+
+You need to first project the triple to a pair like this:
+
+\verbatim
+import three;
+size(100,100);
+
+draw(rotate(90,project(Z))*"A",O--X);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:fixedsize How can I draw some squares and circles of a fixed size and put a label in the middle of them?
+
+Fixed-size objects should be drawn on a separate picture and then added to
+currentpicture. Here is one way (see also \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/subpictures.asy\} and \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/mosquito.asy\}):
+
+\verbatim
+real u=2cm;
+
+picture square;
+draw(square,scale(u)*shift(-0.5,-0.5)*unitsquare);
+
+picture circle;
+draw(circle,scale(0.5u)*unitcircle);
+
+void add(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, picture object, pair z) {
+add(pic,object,z);
+label(pic,L,z);
+}
+
+add("square",square,(0,0));
+add("circle",circle,(5cm,0));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:colorssaturation The binary operator * can be used to scale the color of a pen by a real number. Does this scaling factor have to be less than 1?
+
+The scaling factor can be greater than 1. But keep in mind that the rgb color
+components saturate at 1.
+
+Try
+\verbatim
+write(cyan); write(0.8*cyan); write(1.5*cyan);
+\endverbatim
+and you will quickly see what is going on.
+
+To get a lighter cyan you can say white+cyan,
+which yields rgb(0.5,1,1). If you want something even lighter specify the
+rgb colors directly,
+for example, rgb(0.9,1,1).
+
+Alternatively, work in cmyk colour space, which is nicer in that it handles
+saturation separately from hue:
+
+0.1*Cyan is light and 0.9*Cyan is dark.
+You can also say 0.1*cmyk(red).
+
+\question 05mar:commadecimalseparator Why is the space after the comma decimal separator in my locale so large?
+
+LaTeX is treating the comma as punctuation and not as a decimal separator.
+The solution is to load the \courier{icomma\} package near the beginning of your file:
+\verbatim
+usepackage("icomma");
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 11mar:hyperref How can I prevent \courier{texpreamble("\\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}")\} from changing the page size?
+
+\verbatim
+texpreamble("\usepackage[pdftex,setpagesize=false]{hyperref}");
+\endverbatim
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about arrows
+
+\question 02sep:doublearrows How do I draw two arrows at arbitrary positions along a path?
+
+Assuming that at least one of the arrowheads is to be filled, you can do this:
+
+\verbatim
+size(200);
+path g = (0,0)..(1,3)..(3,0);
+draw(g,Arrow(Relative(0.9)));
+add(arrow(g,invisible,FillDraw(black),Relative(0.5)));
+add(arrow(reverse(g),invisible,FillDraw(white,black),Relative(0.9)));
+\endverbatim
+
+If both of the arrowheads are to be drawn with filltype NoFill,
+one will need to create a specialized version of the arrow routine in
+\courier{plain_arrows.asy\}:
+
+\verbatim
+void arrow(frame f, arrowhead arrowhead=DefaultHead,
+ path g, pen p=currentpen, real size=0,
+ real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=arrowhead.defaultfilltype,
+ position position=EndPoint, bool forwards=true,
+ margin margin=NoMargin, bool center=false);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:reversearrow How do I reverse the direction of an arrowhead?
+
+Simply reverse the direction of the path.
+
+\verbatim
+path g=((0,0)--(5cm,0));
+draw(reverse(g),Arrow(Relative(0.55)));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:reversearrow How do I change the size of all arrows?
+
+To override the arrowsize you can give every Arrow drawing attribute a real
+size argument. If you want to do this globally, you can override the
+pen-dependent arrowsize function like this:
+
+\verbatim
+arrowsize=new real(pen p=currentpen) {return 2mm;};
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:arrowhead Can I create other arrowhead styles?
+
+Yes, you can build custom arrowheads like this (see the predefined
+arrowhead styles in \courier{plain_arrows.asy\} for further examples):
+
+\verbatim
+arrowhead DotHead;
+DotHead.head=new path(path g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen,
+ real size=0, real angle=arrowangle) {
+ if(size == 0) size=DotHead.size(p);
+ bool relative=position.relative;
+ real position=position.position.x;
+ if(relative) position=reltime(g,position);
+ path r=subpath(g,position,0);
+ pair x=point(r,0);
+ real t=arctime(r,size);
+ pair y=point(r,t);
+ return circle(0.5(x+y),0.5size);
+};
+
+size(100);
+draw((0,0)..(1,1)..(2,0),Arrow(DotHead));
+dot((2,0),red);
+\endverbatim
+
+If you submit your alternate arrowheads to the Forum or the Patch
+Tracking System, we'll consider including them in a future release.
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about 2D graphs
+
+\question 02sep:axisticks How can I draw x axis ticks on the right side, with the tick labels on the left side (relative to the axis path)?
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+draw(graph(exp,-1,1),red);
+
+xaxis("$x$",RightTicks(Label(align=left)));
+yaxis("$y$",RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:axislabel How can I reposition the x axis label to three-quarters along the axis length?
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+draw(graph(exp,-1,1),red);
+
+xaxis(Label("$x$",0.75),LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:axislabeldown How can I move the x axis label down 10bp?
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+draw(graph(exp,-1,1),red);
+
+xaxis(shift(0,-10)*"$x$",LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:threeaxispens Can I use different pens for the axis, the axis label, and the tick labels?
+
+Yes:
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(300,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+xlimits(-50,50);
+ylimits(0,100);
+
+xaxis(Label("$x$",MidPoint,red),Bottom,blue,LeftTicks(green));
+yaxis("$y$",Left,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:axislabelfont How can I change the font type of the axes label?
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(300,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+xlimits(-50,50);
+ylimits(0,100);
+
+xaxis("x",Bottom,Courier("m","n"),LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",Left,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:axisticklabelfont How can I change the font type of the tick labels on an axis?
+
+Tick labels are by default typeset in (TeX) math mode, so to use other
+fonts you need to override the default tick format:
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(300,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+xlimits(-50,50);
+ylimits(0,100);
+
+xaxis("$x$",Bottom,LeftTicks("%.4g",Courier("m","n")+fontsize(12)));
+yaxis("$y$",Left,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:overlappingticklabels How can I prevent axes tick labels from rendering on top of each other?
+
+Either:
+
+(i) give LeftTicks/RightTicks/Ticks the arguments beginlabel=false
+and/or endlabel=false;
+
+(ii) explicitly remove specific ticks and their labels (drawing them manually;
+see \docref{http://asymptote.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/asymptote/trunk/asymptote/base/graph.asy\} for the definition of NoZero):
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(10cm);
+
+real f(real x) {return x^2;}
+
+draw(graph(f,-2,2));
+
+xaxis(Ticks(NoZero));
+yaxis(Ticks(NoZero));
+
+label("$0$",(0,0),SW);
+\endverbatim
+
+(iii) explicitly remove specific tick labels and draw them manually
+(see \docref{http://asymptote.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/asymptote/trunk/asymptote/base/graph.asy\} for the definition of NoZeroFormat):
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(10cm);
+
+real f(real x) {return x^2;}
+
+draw(graph(f,-2,2));
+
+xaxis(Ticks(NoZeroFormat));
+yaxis(Ticks(NoZeroFormat));
+
+label("$0$",(0,0),SW);
+\endverbatim
+
+(iv) use the xasy GUI to move overlapping labels;
+
+(v) change the Label argument of LeftTicks, RightTicks, or Ticks to:
+
+\verbatim
+Label(currentpen+overwrite(Move))
+\endverbatim
+
+Solution (v) will move labels that might otherwise overwrite a previous
+label. Other possible overwrite arguments are Allow (allows overlapping
+labels; the default), Suppress (an overlapping label will not be written at
+all), SuppressQuiet, and MoveQuiet. The last two achieve the same result as
+the non-quiet types, but will not notify you which labels are overlapping. See:
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Pens.html\}.
+
+In the case of a user-specified tick array, you can change which labels get
+suppressed/moved by changing the order of array entries.
+
+\question 04nov:fixedsizegraphs How do I make the plot region of a graph, ignoring labels and legends, have a fixed size?
+
+Either:
+
+i) Specify an explicit unitsize, which overrides any call to \courier{size\}:
+\verbatim
+unitsize(x=1cm,y=2cm);
+\endverbatim
+
+ii) Explicitly tell Asymptote to map the plot region to a specific size:
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+real[] x={0,1,2,3};
+real[] y=x^2;
+draw(graph(x,y),red);
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+
+size(5cm,5cm,point(SW),point(NE));
+
+label("$f_\mathrm{T}$",point(N),2N);
+\endverbatim
+
+iii) Specify the points in user coordinates that should correspond to a
+given picture size:
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+draw(graph(exp,-1,1),red);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+
+fixedscaling((-1.5,-0.5),(1.5,3.5));
+\endverbatim
+
+In this example, the user coordinate \courier{(-1.5,-0.5)\} will end up
+being the lower left corner of the figure and \courier{(1.5,3.5)\} will be
+the upper right corner. You can use this option to ensure multiple figures
+have the same scaling and same resulting figure size (just ensure the two
+coordinates given to \courier{fixedscaling()\} leaves room for any labels).
+
+See also
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Frames-and-pictures.html\}.
+
+\question 26jun:graphlimits How can I plot a function f(x) within [0,1]x[0,2] without explicitly calculating the x values for which f(x) hits the boundary?
+
+Call \courier{limits\} with the \courier{Crop\} option before drawing the graph:
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+draw(graph(exp,-1,1),red);
+
+limits((0,0),(1,2),Crop);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+See also \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/graph.html\}.
+
+\question 26jun:custompalettes Is it possible to define customized palettes?
+
+Yes, you may generate your own pen[] array. For example:
+
+\verbatim
+int NColors=32768;
+pen[] MyPalette=new pen[NColors];
+real step=1/(NColors-1.0);
+// Start at black: rgb(0,0,0)
+// End at yellow: rgb(1,1,0)
+for(int i=0; i < NColors; ++i) {
+ real rgval=i*step;
+ MyPalette[i]=rgb(rgval,rgval,0.0);
+}
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:factorial Is there an easy way to graph factorial functions nicely?
+
+The example below shows a continuous function and two methods for placing
+markers at integer values of x:
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+size(200,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real factorial(real t) {return gamma(t+1);}
+
+scale(Linear,Log);
+
+// Graph the factorial function.
+draw(graph(factorial,0,10));
+
+// Method 1: Draw nodes, but hide line
+pair F(int t) {return (t,factorial(t));}
+// Graph of factorial function from 0 to 10
+pair[] z=sequence(F,11);
+draw(graph(z),invisible,marker(scale(0.8mm)*unitcircle,blue,Fill));
+
+// Method 2: Nongraphing routines require explicit scaling:
+pair dotloc(int t) {return Scale(F(t));}
+pair[] dotlocs=sequence(dotloc,11);
+dot(dotlocs);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:length How do I indicate that a certain length should be exactly the size I prescribe with no rescaling, within a picture which has its own size?
+
+Here's an easy way to do this.
+
+\verbatim
+size(12cm,0);
+
+void distance(picture pic=currentpicture, pair A, pair B, Label L="", real n=0,
+ pen p=currentpen)
+{
+ real d=3mm;
+ path g=A--B;
+ transform T=shift(-n*d*unit(B-A)*I);
+ pic.add(new void(frame f, transform t) {
+ picture opic;
+ path G=T*t*g;
+ draw(opic,Label(L,Center,UnFill(1)),G,p,Arrows(NoFill),Bars,PenMargins);
+ add(f,opic.fit());
+ });
+ pic.addBox(min(g),max(g),T*min(p),T*max(p));
+}
+
+pair A=(0,0), B=(3,3);
+
+dot(A);
+dot(B);
+
+distance(A,B,"$\ell$",1);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 26jun:log2 How can I make the y axis display base-2 logarithmic values?
+
+See the example \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/2D graphs/log2graph.asy\}.
+
+\question 27jun:align How can I align the x axes of two graphs on the same figure?
+
+An easy way to do this, if the axes to be aligned have the same scaling
+and size, is illustrated in the example \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/2D graphs/alignedaxis.asy\}.
+
+Here is a more general solution to the problem of aligning two arbitrary axes.
+One fits the second picture to a frame based on the horizontal scaling for
+the first picture:
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+
+real width=15cm;
+real aspect=0.3;
+
+picture pic1,pic2;
+
+size(pic1,width,aspect*width,IgnoreAspect);
+size(pic2,width,aspect*width,IgnoreAspect);
+
+scale(pic1,false);
+scale(pic2,false);
+
+real xmin1=6;
+real xmax1=9;
+real xmin2=8;
+real xmax2=16;
+
+real a1=1;
+real a2=0.001;
+
+real f1(real x) {return a1*sin(x/2*pi);}
+real f2(real x) {return a2*sin(x/4*pi);}
+
+draw(pic1,graph(pic1,f1,xmin1,xmax1));
+draw(pic2,graph(pic2,f2,xmin2,xmax2));
+
+xaxis(pic1,Bottom,LeftTicks());
+yaxis(pic1,"$f_1(x)$",Left,RightTicks);
+
+xaxis(pic2,"$x$",Bottom,LeftTicks(Step=4));
+yaxis(pic2,"$f_2(x)$",Left,RightTicks);
+
+yequals(pic1,0,Dotted);
+yequals(pic2,0,Dotted);
+
+pair min1=point(pic1,SW);
+pair max1=point(pic1,NE);
+
+pair min2=point(pic2,SW);
+pair max2=point(pic2,NE);
+
+real scale=(max1.x-min1.x)/(max2.x-min2.x);
+real shift=min1.x/scale-min2.x;
+
+transform t1=pic1.calculateTransform();
+transform t2=pic2.calculateTransform();
+transform T=xscale(scale*t1.xx)*yscale(t2.yy);
+
+add(pic1.fit());
+real height=truepoint(N,user=false).y-truepoint(S,user=false).y;
+add(shift(0,-height)*(shift(shift)*pic2).fit(T));
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:changeaxis How can I change the direction of the y-axis, such that negatives values are on the upper y-axis?
+
+Here is a simple example (see also the example \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/2D graphs/diatom.asy\} or the discussion
+of Linear(-1) in the documentation):
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+scale(Linear,Linear(-1));
+
+draw(graph(log,0.1,10),red);
+
+xaxis("$x$",LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:functioncolor How can I fill a path with a function that defines the color of each location?
+
+General function shading is only supported by PDF, not PostScript, so this
+will have to wait until we produce PDF code directly.
+
+An approximate solution for now would be to superimpose a fine grid and
+specify colors to latticeshade depending on position as a single pen[][]
+lattice. Or use Gouraud shading.
+
+\question 27jun:nonexplicitfun Is there a way to draw a function that is not explicitly given, such as (y - 2)^2 = x - 1 ?
+
+Yes, use the parametric form
+
+\verbatim
+y=t
+x=(t-2)^2+1
+\endverbatim
+
+See the example \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/2D graphs/parametricgraph.asy\}.
+
+\question 27jun:scalesecondaryaxis Is it possible to reverse or stretch an axis?
+
+The real scaling argument to Linear is used to stretch (or reverse) the axis.
+To see the effect of axis stretching, be sure not to specify IgnoreAspect in
+the picture size command.
+
+A secondary axis has the same length as the primary axis, so stretching cannot
+have any effect. But one can still reverse the axis, with Linear(-1).
+
+\question 02sep:emptymarkers Why can't I use the UnFill option to draw graphs with empty markers?
+
+UnFill won't work here because it only affects the local frame the markers
+are initially drawn on, before being added to currentpicture.
+Here is a way of achieving the desired effect (assuming a white background):
+
+\verbatim
+import graph;
+size(10cm,0);
+pair[] z={(0,0),(0.5,0.5),(1,1)};
+path g=graph(z);
+
+draw(shift(0,.5)*g,marker(scale(5)*unitcircle,FillDraw(white)));
+
+xaxis(BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis(LeftRight,RightTicks);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:paletterange How can I force several images to use the same palette range (e.g. the entire 0-255 grayscale range)?
+
+The palette color space corresponds to a range of values specified by the
+argument range, which can be \courier{Full\}, \courier{Automatic\} or an
+explicit range \courier{Range(pair min, pair max)\}. Here \courier{Full}
+specifies a range varying from the minimum to maximum values of the
+function over the sampling interval, while \courier{Automatic\} selects
+"nice" limits.
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about programming
+
+\question 27jun:comporint Is Asymptote an interpreter or a compiler?
+
+Asymptote compiles Asymptote commands into its own virtual machine code. It
+then runs this pseudocode on a virtual machine to produce PostScript code.
+
+\question 05sep:framepicture What is the difference between a frame and a picture?
+
+Frames are canvases for drawing in PostScript coordinates. While working
+with frames directly is occasionally necessary for constructing deferred
+drawing routines, pictures are usually more convenient to work with.
+See \qref unitsizes.
+
+\question 05sep:pathguide What is the difference between a path and a guide?
+
+A path is a cubic spline with fixed endpoint conditions.
+
+A guide is an unresolved cubic spline (list of cubic-spline nodes and
+control points). A guide is like a path except that the computation of the cubic
+spline is deferred until drawing time (when it is resolved into a path);
+this allows two guides with free endpoint conditions to be joined together
+smoothly.
+
+\question 27jun:picarray What is a convenient way to declare and initialize an array of pictures?
+
+You could write yourself a routine such as:
+\verbatim
+picture[] picture(int n) {
+ picture[] pic;
+ for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) {
+ pic[i]=new picture;
+ size(pic[i],19cm,0);
+ }
+ return pic;
+}
+
+picture[] pic=picture(6);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:genarrays Is there a way to define functions that act on arrays in general (i.e. work for arrays of any type)?
+
+Generic types aren't yet implemented.
+
+But for now you can at least say
+\verbatim
+typedef string T;
+include F;
+
+typedef real T;
+include F;
+\endverbatim
+
+where \courier{F.asy\} contains some type-dependent code like
+\verbatim
+T[] operator $(T A, T B) {return new T[] {A,B};}
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:cirdep Is there any way to declare structures ahead of their definition, e.g. where struct A performs some operation on struct B, but B contains an A member?
+
+Asymptote does not support forward declaration of types. You can, however,
+nest structures, so that both types are visible for parts of the bodies of
+both structure definitions. For example:
+
+\verbatim
+struct B {
+ typedef void someroutine(B b);
+
+ static struct A {
+ someroutine routine;
+ void operator init(someroutine routine) {
+ this.routine=routine;
+ }
+ }
+
+ string test="Testing";
+}
+
+typedef B.A A;
+
+A a=B.A(new void(B b){write(b.test);});
+
+B b;
+a.routine(b);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 04nov:static Where are static variables in for loops allocated?
+
+In the example
+
+\verbatim
+void f() {
+ for(int i=0; i < 3; ++i) {
+ static int n;
+ ++n;
+ write(n);
+ }
+}
+
+f(); // Writes 1, 2, 3
+\endverbatim
+
+the static qualifier means that \courier{n\} is allocated not just outside
+of the for loop, but also outside the function. This is clear if you call
+\courier{f\} multiple times; there is still only one instance of \courier{n\}.
+
+The "level" of a variable (where it is allocated) has nothing to do with
+the "scope" of a variable (how long it can be referred to by name).
+The curly braces enclosing a block affect only a variable's scope, not
+its level.
+
+Static modifiers are meaningless at the top level; they generate a warning
+and are simply ignored:
+
+\verbatim
+for(int i=0; i < 3; ++i) {
+ static int n;
+ ++n;
+ write(n);
+}
+// Writes warning about top-level static modifier and then 1, 1, 1
+\endverbatim
+
+Since version 1.22, non-static variables allocated in a loop body are allocated
+anew every iteration. This is only noticable in obscure cases where a variable
+in a loop is accessed in the closure of a function defined in the loop:
+
+\verbatim
+int f();
+
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i) {
+ int j=10*i;
+ if(i == 5)
+ f=new int() {return j;};
+}
+
+write(f()); // Writes 50
+\endverbatim
+
+Variables in the body of a loop last as long as that iteration of the loop,
+unless they are kept alive by a function closure as in the example above. In a
+function body, variables will last at least as long as the function call, though
+because of closures and garbage collection, they may last longer than that. If
+defined at the top level of a file or at the interactive prompt, they will last
+at least until the end of the file or prompt's run.
+
+\question 26jun:debug Is there a debugger for asy?
+
+Yes, Asymptote includes a line-based debugger:
+
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Debugger.html\}
+
+\question 27jun:patches Do you accept patches for Asymptote?
+
+Yes, in fact we would prefer that users submit patches for customized features
+(to \docref{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=685685&group_id=120000\})
+instead of relying on us to do all of the coding. Development will proceed
+faster that way.
+
+\comment #####################################################################
+
+\section Questions about differences between Asymptote and MetaPost
+
+\question 29jun:interp What is the equivalent of the MetaPost c[a,b] interpolation operator?
+
+\verbatim
+interp(a,b,c);
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 02sep:automaticscaling How does picture scaling differ in Asymptote and MetaPost?
+
+Asymptote includes an optional facility to do automatic scaling of pictures
+to achieve a given overall picture size, whereas Metapost only supports manual
+scaling. Asymptote defers drawing of objects drawn to pictures and
+distinguishes between true-size objects and objects that should scale with
+the picture size. The resulting linear programming problem is solved via
+the Simplex method.
+
+See the \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/dimension.asy\} example for an example of how deferred drawing is
+used to accomodate both user and true-size (PostScript) coordinates.
+
+\question 02sep:manualscaling How can I avoid automatic scaling of a picture?
+
+If you really like Metapost-style manual (hard-wired) scaling either:
+
+(i) use the default size(0,0) for the entire picture and do all of the
+scaling by hand, just like in MetaPost;
+
+(ii) draw to a separate picture pic and add(pic.fit());
+
+(iii) use frames.
+
+\question 23jun:mp3dots What is the equivalent of MetaPost ... command?
+
+The connector \courier{::\} is a macro for tension atleast 1:
+
+\verbatim
+size(100);
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair z1=(1,0.25);
+pair z2=(2,0);
+draw(z0{up}::z1{right}::z2{down});
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 23jun:mppickup What is the equivalent of the MetaPost pickup command?
+
+Just say, for example:
+
+\verbatim
+currentpen=red;
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 29aug:whatever What is the equivalent of the MetaPost whatever command?
+
+Asymptote does not implicitly solve linear equations and therefore does not
+have the notion of a \courier{whatever\} unknown. Such a facility could
+certainly be added (perhaps using the notation \courier{?=\} since
+\courier{=\} means assignment).
+However, the most common uses of \courier{whatever\} in MetaPost are covered by
+functions like \courier{extension\} in \courier{math.asy\}:
+\verbatim
+pair extension(pair P, pair Q, pair p, pair q);
+\endverbatim
+this returns the intersection point of the extensions of the line segments
+\courier{PQ\} and \courier{pq\}. We find using routines like
+\courier{extension\} more explicit and less confusing to new users. But we
+could be persuaded to add something similar if someone can justify the
+need. In the meantime, one can always use the explicit built-in linear
+solver \courier{solve\} (see
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/solve.html\}), which uses LU
+decomposition.
+
+\question 23jun:lray What is the equivalent for the MetaPost command for \courier{lray - horiz*v - verti*u = whatever*(LightSource - R)\}, a system of three linear equations for three unknowns: \courier{horiz, verti, whatever\}?
+
+Since \courier{horiz*v+verti*u\} spans a plane, you could use
+\verbatim
+real intersect(vector P, vector Q, vector n, vector Z);
+\endverbatim
+
+to find the intersection time for the line
+\courier{lray-whatever*(LightSource - R)\}
+and then extract the three desired values from there. (You'll still need to
+use the built-in explicit linear solver to solve a 2x2 system to get
+\courier{horiz\} and \courier{verti\}.)
+
+\question 27jun:unitsizes In MetaPost, it is possible to have a drawing remain the same size in different pictures by defining a unit \courier{u\} and explicitly multiply all the coordinates by \courier{u\}. Is there a better way to do this in Asymptote?
+
+Yes, Asymptote has a better way: you definitely don't want to manually scale
+all of your coordinates. To make the user coordinates represent multiples
+of exactly \courier{1cm\}:
+
+\verbatim
+unitsize(1cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
+\endverbatim
+
+One can also specify different x and y unit sizes:
+
+\verbatim
+unitsize(x=1cm,y=2cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
+\endverbatim
+
+Another way is to draw your fixed size object to a frame and add it to
+currentpicture like this:
+
+\verbatim
+path p=(0,0)--(1,0);
+frame object;
+draw(object,scale(100)*p);
+
+add(object);
+add(object,(0,-10));
+\endverbatim
+
+To understand the difference between frames and pictures, try this:
+
+\verbatim
+size(300,300);
+
+path p=(0,0)--(1,0);
+picture object;
+draw(object,scale(100)*p);
+
+add(object);
+add(object,(0,-10)); // Adds truesize object to currentpicture
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 28jun:tiles In MetaPost, one could produce tiling pictures by generating a picture, and then clipping the picture to a rectangle of fixed dimensions around the center of the picture. How is that done in Asymptote?
+
+If you are using currentpicture the way one would in MetaPost (drawing in
+raw PostScript coordinates), you can simply do something like:
+
+\verbatim
+fill((0,0)--(100,100)--(200,0)--cycle);
+
+pair center(picture pic=currentpicture) {return 0.5*(pic.min()+pic.max());}
+
+real height=100;
+real width=100;
+pair delta=0.5(width,height);
+pair c=center();
+clip(box(c-delta,c+delta));
+\endverbatim
+
+However, drawing in PostScript coordinates is often inconvenient. Here's the
+Asymptote way of doing the same thing, using deferred drawing:
+
+\verbatim
+size(200,100);
+fill((0,0)--(1,1)--(2,0)--cycle);
+
+void clip(picture pic=currentpicture, real width, real height)
+{
+ pic.clip(new void (frame f, transform) {
+ pair center=0.5(min(f)+max(f));
+ pair delta=0.5(width,height);
+ clip(f,box(center-delta,center+delta));
+ });
+}
+
+clip(100,100);
+\endverbatim
+
+See also the discussion of tilings in the documentation:
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Pens.html\}.
+
+\comment ######################################################################
+
+\section Questions about output
+
+\question 27jun:psviewer How can I disable automatic invocation of the PS viewer after an asy file is done processing?
+
+It's actually not on by default, unless you happen to be using Microsoft
+Windows (because that is what most Microsoft Windows users
+expect). Microsoft Windows users can turn this feature off with the
+command-line option -noV or by putting
+
+\verbatim
+import settings;
+interactiveView=false;
+batchView=false;
+\endverbatim
+
+in their \courier{config.asy\} file. See
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/Options.html\}.
+
+\question 26jun:jpeg How do I output jpeg images?
+
+If you have the ImageMagick convert program installed, simply type
+
+\verbatim
+asy -f jpg test.asy
+\endverbatim
+
+\question 27jun:embedbitmaps Can I embed bitmaps (photos) into my drawings and position and scale them?
+
+Convert them to eps format and use the graphic(string) function just like a
+Label:
+
+\verbatim
+label(graphic("file"),(0,0));
+\endverbatim
+
+See the example \docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/orthocenter.asy\} and
+\docref{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/label.html\}.
+
+\question 28jun:directpdf Does Asymptote support direct PDF output?
+
+Yes, PDF output can be produced by the -f pdf option or -tex pdflatex option.
+This supports transparency, annotations, embedded movies, and U3D/PRC content.
+
+\question 28jun:bigpictures How to I produce large pictures of high quality in raster format (e.g. png, giff etc).
+
+Try using some of the options to convert, mainly -geometry and -density. For example:
+\verbatim
+convert -geometry 1000x3000 example.eps example.png
+\endverbatim
+
+You can also change the default resolution of the image with:
+\verbatim
+convert -geometry 1000x3000 -density 300 -units PixelsPerInch example.eps example.png
+\endverbatim
+This does not change the number of pixels in the image, but just gives a hint
+as to how large each pixel should be displayed.
+
+If you include the -density option without the -geometry option, convert will
+keep the image size constant (so a 4cm x 3cm eps figure will generate a 4cm x
+3cm png
+image).
+
+\question 28jun:multipage Is it possible to produce multi-page documents with asymptote?
+
+Yes, simply call the newpage() function. This is used by the
+\courier{slide.asy\} package to produce high-quality slide presentations
+(easier to use than Prosper).
+
+\comment Here it ends!
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/bfnnconv.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/bfnnconv.pl
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..e1c894d299c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/bfnnconv.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl --
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+@outputs=('ascii','info','html');
+
+while ($ARGV[0] =~ m/^\-/) {
+ $_= shift(@ARGV);
+ if (m/^-only/) {
+ @outputs= (shift(@ARGV));
+ } else {
+ warn "unknown option `$_' ignored";
+ }
+}
+
+$prefix= $ARGV[0];
+$prefix= 'stdin' unless length($prefix);
+$prefix =~ s/\.bfnn$//;
+
+if (open(O,"$prefix.xrefdb")) {
+ @xrefdb= <O>;
+ close(O);
+} else {
+ warn "no $prefix.xrefdb ($!)";
+}
+
+$section= -1;
+for $thisxr (@xrefdb) {
+ $_= $thisxr;
+ chop;
+ if (m/^Q (\w+) ((\d+)\.(\d+)) (.*)$/) {
+ $qrefn{$1}= $2;
+ $qreft{$1}= $5;
+ $qn2ref{$3,$4}= $1;
+ $maxsection= $3;
+ $maxquestion[$3]= $4;
+ } elsif (m/^S (\d+) /) {
+ $maxsection= $1;
+ $sn2title{$1}=$';
+ }
+}
+
+open(U,">$prefix.xrefdb-new");
+
+for $x (@outputs) { require("m-$x.pl"); }
+
+&call('init');
+
+while (<>) {
+ chop;
+ next if m/^\\comment\b/;
+ if (!m/\S/) {
+ &call('endpara');
+ next;
+ }
+ if (s/^\\section +//) {
+ $line= $_;
+ $section++; $question=0;
+ print U "S $section $line\n";
+ $|=1; print "S$section",' 'x10,"\r"; $|=0;
+ &call('endpara');
+ &call('startmajorheading',"$section",
+ "Section $section",
+ $section<$maxsection ? "Section ".($section+1) : '',
+ $section>1 ? 'Section '.($section-1) : 'Top');
+ &text($line);
+ &call('endmajorheading');
+ if ($section) {
+ &call('endpara');
+ &call('startindex');
+ for $thisxr (@xrefdb) {
+ $_= $thisxr;
+ chop;
+ if (m/^Q (\w+) (\d+)\.(\d+) (.*)$/) {
+ $ref= $1; $num1= $2; $num2= $3; $text= $4;
+ next unless $num1 == $section;
+ &call('startindexitem',$ref,"Q$num1.$num2","Question $num1.$num2");
+ &text($text);
+ &call('endindexitem');
+ }
+ }
+ &call('endindex');
+ }
+ } elsif (s/^\\question \d{2}[a-z]{3}((:\w+)?) +//) {
+ $line= $_;
+ $question++;
+ $qrefstring= $1;
+ $qrefstring= "q_${section}_$question" unless $qrefstring =~ s/^://;
+ print U "Q $qrefstring $section.$question $line\n";
+ $|=1; print "Q$section.$question",' 'x10,"\r"; $|=0;
+ &call('endpara');
+ &call('startminorheading',$qrefstring,
+ "Question $section.$question",
+ $question < $maxquestion[$section] ? "Question $section.".($question+1) :
+ $section < $maxsection ? "Question ".($section+1).".1" : '',
+ $question > 1 ? "Question $section.".($question-1) :
+ $section > 1 ? "Question ".($section-1).'.'.($maxquestion[$section-1]) :
+ 'Top',
+ "Section $section");
+ &text("Question $section.$question. $line");
+ &call('endminorheading');
+ } elsif (s/^\\only +//) {
+ @saveoutputs= @outputs;
+ @outputs=();
+ for $x (split(/\s+/,$_)) {
+ push(@outputs,$x) if grep($x eq $_, @saveoutputs);
+ }
+ } elsif (s/^\\endonly$//) {
+ @outputs= @saveoutputs;
+ } elsif (s/^\\copyto +//) {
+ $fh= $';
+ while(<>) {
+ last if m/^\\endcopy$/;
+ while (s/^([^\`]*)\`//) {
+ print $fh $1;
+ m/([^\\])\`/ || warn "`$_'";
+ $_= $';
+ $cmd= $`.$1;
+ $it= `$cmd`; chop $it;
+ print $fh $it;
+ }
+ print $fh $_;
+ }
+ } elsif (m/\\index$/) {
+ &call('startindex');
+ for $thisxr (@xrefdb) {
+ $_= $thisxr;
+ chop;
+ if (m/^Q (\w+) (\d+\.\d+) (.*)$/) {
+ $ref= $1; $num= $2; $text= $3;
+ &call('startindexitem',$ref,"Q$num","Question $num");
+ &text($text);
+ &call('endindexitem');
+ } elsif (m/^S (\d+) (.*)$/) {
+ $num= $1; $text= $2;
+ next unless $num;
+ &call('startindexmainitem',"s_$num",
+ "Section $num.","Section $num");
+ &text($text);
+ &call('endindexitem');
+ } else {
+ warn $_;
+ }
+ }
+ &call('endindex');
+ } elsif (m/^\\call-(\w+) +(\w+)\s*(.*)$/) {
+ $fn= $1.'_'.$2;
+ eval { &$fn($3); };
+ warn $@ if length($@);
+ } elsif (m/^\\call +(\w+)\s*(.*)$/) {
+ eval { &call($1,$2); };
+ warn $@ if length($@);
+ } elsif (s/^\\set +(\w+)\s*//) {
+ $svalue= $'; $svari= $1;
+ eval("\$user_$svari=\$svalue"); $@ && warn "setting $svalue failed: $@\n";
+ } elsif (m/^\\verbatim$/) {
+ &call('startverbatim');
+ while (<>) {
+ chop;
+ last if m/^\\endverbatim$/;
+ &call('verbatim',$_);
+ }
+ &call('endverbatim');
+ } else {
+ s/\.$/\. /;
+ &text($_." ");
+ }
+}
+
+print ' 'x25,"\r";
+&call('finish');
+rename("$prefix.xrefdb-new","$prefix.xrefdb") || warn "rename xrefdb: $!";
+exit 0;
+
+
+sub text {
+ local($in,$rhs,$word,$refn,$reft,$fn,$style);
+ $in= "$holdover$_[0]";
+ $holdover= '';
+ while ($in =~ m/\\/) {
+#print STDERR ">$`##$'\n";
+ $rhs=$';
+ &call('text',$`);
+ $_= $rhs;
+ if (m/^\w+ $/) {
+ $holdover= "\\$&";
+ $in= '';
+ } elsif (s/^fn\s+([^\s\\]*\w)//) {
+ $in= $_;
+ $word= $1;
+ &call('courier');
+ &call('text',$word);
+ &call('endcourier');
+ } elsif (s/^tab\s+(\d+)\s+//) {
+ $in= $_; &call('tab',$1);
+ } elsif (s/^nl\s+//) {
+ $in= $_; &call('newline');
+ } elsif (s/^qref\s+(\w+)//) {
+ $refn= $qrefn{$1};
+ $reft= $qreft{$1};
+ if (!length($refn)) {
+ warn "unknown question `$1'";
+ }
+ $in= "$`\\pageref:$1:$refn:$reft\\endpageref.$_";
+ } elsif (s/^pageref:(\w+):([^:\n]+)://) {
+ $in= $_;
+ &call('pageref',$1,$2);
+ } elsif (s/^endpageref\.//) {
+ $in= $_; &call('endpageref');
+ } elsif (s/^(\w+)\{//) {
+ $in= $_; $fn= $1;
+ eval { &call("$fn"); };
+ if (length($@)) { warn $@; $fn= 'x'; }
+ push(@styles,$fn);
+ } elsif (s/^\}//) {
+ $in= $_;
+ $fn= pop(@styles);
+ if ($fn ne 'x') { &call("end$fn"); }
+ } elsif (s/^\\//) {
+ $in= $_;
+ &call('text',"\\");
+ } elsif (s,^(\w+)\s+([-A-Za-z0-9.\@:/]*\w),,) {
+#print STDERR "**$&**$_\n";
+ $in= $_;
+ $style=$1; $word= $2;
+ &call($style);
+ &call('text',$word);
+ &call("end$style");
+ } else {
+ warn "unknown control `\\$_'";
+ $in= $_;
+ }
+ }
+ &call('text',$in);
+}
+
+
+sub call {
+ local ($fnbase, @callargs) = @_;
+ local ($coutput);
+ for $coutput (@outputs) {
+ if ($fnbase eq 'text' && eval("\@${coutput}_cmds")) {
+#print STDERR "special handling text (@callargs) for $coutput\n";
+ $evstrg= "\$${coutput}_args[\$#${coutput}_args].=\"\@callargs\"";
+ eval($evstrg);
+ length($@) && warn "call adding for $coutput (($evstrg)): $@";
+ } else {
+ $fntc= $coutput.'_'.$fnbase;
+ &$fntc(@callargs);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+sub recurse {
+ local (@outputs) = $coutput;
+ local ($holdover);
+ &text($_[0]);
+}
+
+
+sub arg {
+#print STDERR "arg($_[0]) from $coutput\n";
+ $cmd= $_[0];
+ eval("push(\@${coutput}_cmds,\$cmd); push(\@${coutput}_args,'')");
+ length($@) && warn "arg setting up for $coutput: $@";
+}
+
+sub endarg {
+#print STDERR "endarg($_[0]) from $coutput\n";
+ $evstrg= "\$${coutput}_cmd= \$cmd= pop(\@${coutput}_cmds); ".
+ "\$${coutput}_arg= \$arg= pop(\@${coutput}_args); ";
+ eval($evstrg);
+ length($@) && warn "endarg extracting for $coutput (($evstrg)): $@";
+#print STDERR ">call $coutput $cmd $arg< (($evstrg))\n";
+ $evstrg= "&${coutput}_do_${cmd}(\$arg)";
+ eval($evstrg);
+ length($@) && warn "endarg running ${coutput}_do_${cmd} (($evstrg)): $@";
+}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/install-sh b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/install-sh
new file mode 120000
index 00000000000..fa87b11d55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/install-sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../install-sh \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-ascii.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-ascii.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d05f8ed80d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-ascii.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+## ASCII output
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+sub ascii_init {
+ open(ASCII,">$prefix.ascii");
+}
+
+sub ascii_startmajorheading {
+ print ASCII '='x79,"\n\n";
+ $ascii_status= 'h';
+ &ascii_text($_[0] ? "Section $_[0]. " : '');
+}
+
+sub ascii_startminorheading {
+ print ASCII '-'x79,"\n\n";
+ $ascii_status= 'h';
+}
+
+sub ascii_italic { &ascii_text('*'); }
+sub ascii_enditalic { $ascii_para .= '*'; }
+
+sub ascii_email { &ascii_text('<'); } sub ascii_endemail { &ascii_text('>'); }
+
+sub ascii_ftpon { } sub ascii_endftpon { }
+sub ascii_ftpin { } sub ascii_endftpin { }
+sub ascii_docref { } sub ascii_enddocref { }
+sub ascii_courier { } sub ascii_endcourier { }
+sub ascii_newsgroup { } sub ascii_endnewsgroup { }
+sub ascii_ftpsilent { $ascii_ignore++; }
+sub ascii_endftpsilent { $ascii_ignore--; }
+
+sub ascii_text {
+ return if $ascii_ignore;
+ if ($ascii_status eq '') {
+ $ascii_status= 'p';
+ }
+ $ascii_para .= $_[0];
+}
+
+sub ascii_tab {
+ local ($n) = $_[0]-length($ascii_para);
+ $ascii_para .= ' 'x$n if $n>0;
+}
+
+sub ascii_newline {
+ return unless $ascii_status eq 'p';
+ &ascii_writepara;
+}
+
+sub ascii_writepara {
+ local ($thisline, $thisword, $rest);
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $ascii_para =~ m/\S/;
+ $thisline= $ascii_indentstring;
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $ascii_para =~ m/^(\s*\S+)/;
+ unless (length($1) + length($thisline) < 75 ||
+ length($thisline) == length($ascii_indentstring)) {
+ last;
+ }
+ $thisline .= $1;
+ $ascii_para= $';
+ }
+ $ascii_para =~ s/^\s*//;
+ print ASCII $thisline,"\n";
+ $ascii_indentstring= $ascii_nextindent;
+ last unless length($ascii_para);
+ }
+ $ascii_status= ''; $ascii_para= '';
+}
+
+sub ascii_endpara {
+ return unless $ascii_status eq 'p';
+ &ascii_writepara;
+ print ASCII "\n";
+}
+
+sub ascii_endheading {
+ $ascii_para =~ s/\s*$//;
+ print ASCII "$ascii_para\n\n";
+ $ascii_status= '';
+ $ascii_para= '';
+}
+
+sub ascii_endmajorheading { &ascii_endheading(@_); }
+sub ascii_endminorheading { &ascii_endheading(@_); }
+
+sub ascii_startverbatim {
+ $ascii_vstatus= $ascii_status;
+ &ascii_writepara;
+}
+
+sub ascii_verbatim {
+ print ASCII $_[0],"\n";
+}
+
+sub ascii_endverbatim {
+ $ascii_status= $ascii_vstatus;
+}
+
+sub ascii_finish {
+ close(ASCII);
+}
+
+sub ascii_startindex { $ascii_status= ''; }
+sub ascii_endindex { $ascii_status= 'p'; }
+
+sub ascii_endindexitem {
+ printf ASCII " %-11s %-.66s\n",$ascii_left,$ascii_para;
+ $ascii_status= 'p';
+ $ascii_para= '';
+}
+
+sub ascii_startindexitem {
+ $ascii_left= $_[1];
+}
+
+sub ascii_startindexmainitem {
+ $ascii_left= $_[1];
+ print ASCII "\n" if $ascii_status eq 'p';
+}
+
+sub ascii_startindent {
+ $ascii_istatus= $ascii_status;
+ &ascii_writepara;
+ $ascii_indentstring= " $ascii_indentstring";
+ $ascii_nextindent= " $ascii_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub ascii_endindent {
+ $ascii_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $ascii_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+ $ascii_status= $ascii_istatus;
+}
+
+sub ascii_startpackedlist { $ascii_plc=0; }
+sub ascii_endpackedlist { &ascii_newline if !$ascii_plc; }
+sub ascii_packeditem {
+ &ascii_newline if !$ascii_plc;
+ &ascii_tab($ascii_plc*40+5);
+ $ascii_plc= !$ascii_plc;
+}
+
+sub ascii_startlist {
+ &ascii_endpara;
+ $ascii_indentstring= " $ascii_indentstring";
+ $ascii_nextindent= " $ascii_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub ascii_endlist {
+ &ascii_endpara;
+ $ascii_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $ascii_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+}
+
+sub ascii_item {
+ &ascii_newline;
+ $ascii_indentstring =~ s/ $/* /;
+}
+
+sub ascii_pageref {
+ &ascii_text("Q$_[1] \`");
+}
+
+sub ascii_endpageref {
+ &ascii_text("'");
+}
+
+1;
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-html.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-html.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..75b8ccc38f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-html.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+## HTML output
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+# Modified by John Bowman 02Sep06: simply docref usage
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+%saniarray= ('<','lt', '>','gt', '&','amp', '"','quot');
+
+sub html_init {
+ $html_prefix = './'.$prefix;
+ $html_prefix =~ s:^\.//:/:;
+ system('rm','-r',"$html_prefix.html");
+ system('mkdir',"$html_prefix.html");
+ open(HTML,">$html_prefix.html/index.html");
+ print HTML "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN\">\n";
+ print HTML "<html>\n";
+ $html_needpara= -1;
+ $html_end='';
+ chop($html_date=`date '+%d %B %Y'`);
+ chop($html_year=`date '+%Y'`);
+}
+
+sub html_startup {
+ print HTML <<END;
+<head><title>
+$user_title
+</title>
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:$user_authormail">
+<link rel="Contents" href="index.html">
+<link rel="Start" href="index.html">
+<META name="description"
+ content="Frequently asked questions and answers (FAQ) for Asymptote.">
+<link rel="Bookmark" title="Asymptote FAQ" href="index.html">
+<LINK rel="Bookmark" title="Asymptote Home Page"
+ href="http://asymptote.sourceforge.net">
+<LINK rel="Bookmark" title="Asymptote Manual"
+ href="http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/doc/">
+</head><body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><h1>
+$user_title
+</h1>
+END
+ &html_readrefs($_[0]);
+ if (length($user_copyrightref)) {
+ local ($refn) = $qrefn{$user_copyrightref};
+ if (!length($refn)) {
+ warn "unknown question (copyright) `$user_copyrightref'";
+ }
+ $refn =~ m/(\d+)\.(\d+)/;
+ local ($s,$n) = ($1,$2);
+ $html_copyrighthref= ($s == $html_sectionn)?'':"section$s.html";
+ $html_copyrighthref.= "#$qn2ref{$s,$n}";
+ }
+}
+
+sub html_close {
+ print HTML $html_end,"<address>\n$user_author\n";
+ print HTML "- $html_date\n</address><br>\n";
+ print HTML "Extracted from $user_title,\n";
+ print HTML "<A href=\"$html_copyrighthref\">" if length($html_copyrighthref);
+ print HTML "Copyright &copy; $html_year $user_copyholder.";
+ print HTML "</A>" if length($html_copyrighthref);
+ print HTML "\n</body></html>\n";
+ close(HTML);
+}
+
+sub html_startmajorheading {
+ local ($ref, $this,$next,$back) = @_;
+ local ($nextt,$backt);
+ $this =~ s/^Section /section/; $html_sectionn= $ref;
+ $next =~ s/^Section /section/ && ($nextt= $sn2title{$'});
+ $back =~ s/^Section /section/ ? ($backt= $sn2title{$'}) : ($back='');
+ if ($html_sectionn) {
+ &html_close;
+ open(HTML,">$html_prefix.html/$this.html");
+ print HTML "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN\">\n";
+ print HTML "<html>\n";
+ $html_end= "<hr>\n";
+ $html_end.= "Next: <a href=\"$next.html\" rel=precedes>$nextt</a>.<br>\n"
+ if $next;
+ $html_end.= "Back: <a href=\"$back.html\" rev=precedes>$backt</a>.<br>\n"
+ if $back;
+ $html_end.= "<a href=\"index.html\" rev=subdocument>";
+ $html_end.= "Return to contents</a>.<p>\n";
+ print HTML <<END;
+<head><title>
+$user_brieftitle - Section $html_sectionn
+</title>
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:$user_authormail">
+<link rel="Contents" href="index.html">
+<link rel="Start" href="index.html">
+END
+ print HTML "<link rel=\"Next\" href=\"$next.html\">" if $next;
+ print HTML "<link rel=\"Previous\" href=\"$back.html\">" if $back;
+ print HTML <<END;
+<link rel="Bookmark" title="Asymptote FAQ" href="index.html">
+</head><body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><h1>
+$user_brieftitle - Section $html_sectionn <br>
+END
+ $html_needpara= -1;
+ }
+ else {
+ print HTML "\n<h1>\n";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+ }
+}
+
+sub html_endmajorheading {
+ print HTML "\n</h1>\n\n";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+}
+
+sub html_startminorheading {
+ local ($ref, $this) = @_;
+ $html_needpara=0;
+ $this =~ m/^Question (\d+)\.(\d+)/;
+ local ($s,$n) = ($1,$2);
+ print HTML "\n<h2><A name=\"$qn2ref{$s,$n}\">\n";
+}
+
+sub html_endminorheading {
+ print HTML "\n</A></h2>\n\n";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+}
+
+sub html_newsgroup { &arg('newsgroup'); }
+sub html_endnewsgroup { &endarg('newsgroup'); }
+sub html_do_newsgroup {
+ print HTML "<A href=\"news:$_[0]\"><code>$_[0]</code></A>";
+}
+
+sub html_email { &arg('email'); }
+sub html_endemail { &endarg('email'); }
+sub html_do_email {
+ print HTML "<A href=\"mailto:$_[0]\"><code>$_[0]</code></A>";
+}
+
+sub html_courier { print HTML "<code>" ; }
+sub html_endcourier { print HTML "</code>"; }
+sub html_italic { print HTML "<i>" ; }
+sub html_enditalic { print HTML "</i>" ; }
+
+sub html_docref { &arg('docref'); }
+sub html_enddocref { &endarg('docref'); }
+sub html_do_docref {
+ if (!defined($html_refval{$_[0]})) {
+# Modified by John Bowman 02Sep06: interpret the argument as an html reference
+# warn "undefined HTML reference $_[0]";
+# $html_refval{$n}='UNDEFINED';
+ print HTML "<A href=\"$_[0]\">";
+ } else {
+ print HTML "<A href=\"$html_refval{$_[0]}\">";
+ }
+ &recurse($_[0]);
+ print HTML "</A>";
+}
+
+sub html_readrefs {
+ local ($p);
+ open(HTMLREFS,"<$_[0]") || (warn("failed to open HTML refs $_[0]: $!"),return);
+ while(<HTMLREFS>) {
+ next if m/^\\\s/;
+ s/\s*\n$//;
+ if (s/^\\prefix\s*//) {
+ $p= $'; next;
+ } elsif (s/^\s*(\S.*\S)\s*\\\s*//) {
+ $_=$1; $v=$';
+ s/\\\\/\\/g;
+ $html_refval{$_}= $p.$v;
+ } else {
+ warn("cannot understand line in HTML refs >$_<");
+ }
+ }
+ close(HTMLREFS);
+}
+
+sub html_ftpsilent { &arg('ftpsilent'); }
+sub html_endftpsilent { &endarg('ftpsilent'); }
+sub html_do_ftpsilent {
+ if ($_[0] =~ m/:/) {
+ $html_ftpsite= $`;
+ $html_ftpdir= $'.'/';
+ } else {
+ $html_ftpsite= $_[0];
+ $html_ftpdir= '';
+ }
+}
+
+sub html_ftpon { &arg('ftpon'); }
+sub html_endftpon { &endarg('ftpon'); }
+sub html_do_ftpon {
+#print STDERR "ftpon($_[0])\n";
+ $html_ftpsite= $_[0]; $html_ftpdir= '';
+ print HTML "<code>";
+ &recurse($_[0]);
+ print HTML "</code>";
+}
+
+sub html_ftpin { &arg('ftpin'); }
+sub html_endftpin { &endarg('ftpin'); }
+sub html_do_ftpin {
+#print STDERR "ftpin($_[0])\n";
+ print HTML "<A href=\"ftp://$html_ftpsite$html_ftpdir$_[0]\"><code>";
+ &recurse($_[0]);
+ print HTML "</code></A>";
+}
+
+sub html_text {
+ print HTML "\n<p>\n" if $html_needpara > 0;
+ $html_needpara=0;
+ $html_stuff= &html_sanitise($_[0]);
+ while ($html_stuff =~ s/^(.{40,70}) //) {
+ print HTML "$1\n";
+ }
+ print HTML $html_stuff;
+}
+
+sub html_tab {
+ $htmltabignore++ || warn "html tab ignored";
+}
+
+sub html_newline { print HTML "<br>\n" ; }
+sub html_startverbatim { print HTML "<pre>\n" ; }
+sub html_verbatim { print HTML &html_sanitise($_[0]),"\n"; }
+sub html_endverbatim { print HTML "</pre>\n" ; $html_needpara= -1; }
+
+sub html_endpara {
+ $html_needpara || $html_needpara++;
+}
+
+sub html_finish {
+ &html_close;
+}
+
+sub html_startindex {
+ print HTML "<ul>\n";
+}
+
+sub html_endindex {
+ print HTML "</ul><hr>\n";
+}
+
+sub html_startindexitem {
+ local ($ref,$qval) = @_;
+ $qval =~ m/Q(\d+)\.(\d+)/;
+ local ($s,$n) = ($1,$2);
+ print HTML "<li><a href=\"";
+ print HTML ($s == $html_sectionn)?'':"section$s.html";
+ print HTML "#$qn2ref{$s,$n}\" rel=subdocument>Q$s.$n. ";
+ $html_indexunhead='';
+}
+
+sub html_startindexmainitem {
+ local ($ref,$s) = @_;
+ $s =~ m/\d+/; $s= $&;
+ print HTML "<br><br>" if ($s > 1);
+ print HTML "<li><b><font size=\"+2\"><a href=\"section$s.html\" rel=subdocument>Section $s. ";
+ $html_indexunhead='</font></b>';
+}
+
+sub html_endindexitem {
+ print HTML "</a>$html_indexunhead\n";
+}
+
+sub html_startlist {
+ print HTML "\n";
+ $html_itemend="<ul>";
+}
+
+sub html_endlist {
+ print HTML "$html_itemend\n</ul>\n";
+ $html_needpara=-1
+}
+
+sub html_item {
+ print HTML "$html_itemend\n<li>";
+ $html_itemend="";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+}
+
+sub html_startpackedlist {
+ print HTML "\n";
+ $html_itemend="<dir>";
+}
+
+sub html_endpackedlist {
+ print HTML "$html_itemend\n</dir>\n";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+}
+
+sub html_packeditem {
+ print HTML "$html_itemend\n<li>";
+ $html_itemend="";
+ $html_needpara=-1;
+}
+
+sub html_startindent { print HTML "<blockquote>\n"; }
+sub html_endindent { print HTML "</blockquote>\n"; }
+
+sub html_pageref {
+ local ($ref,$sq) = @_;
+ $sq =~ m/(\d+)\.(\d+)/;
+ local ($s,$n) = ($1,$2);
+ print HTML "<A href=\"";
+ print HTML ($s == $html_sectionn)?'':"section$s.html";
+ print HTML "#$qn2ref{$s,$n}\">Q$sq \`";
+}
+
+sub html_endpageref {
+ print HTML "'</A>";
+}
+
+sub html_sanitise {
+ local ($in) = @_;
+ local ($out);
+ while ($in =~ m/[<>&"]/) {
+ $out.= $`. '&'. $saniarray{$&}. ';';
+ $in=$';
+ }
+ $out.= $in;
+ $out;
+}
+
+1;
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-info.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-info.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfa2515ae11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-info.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+## Info output
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+sub info_init {
+ open(INFO,">$prefix.info");
+ print INFO <<END;
+Info file: $prefix.info, -*-Text-*-
+produced by bfnnconv.pl from the Bizarre Format With No Name.
+
+END
+}
+
+sub info_heading {
+ # refstring Node Next Previous Up
+ print INFO "\nFile: $prefix.info, Node: $_[1]";
+ print INFO ", Next: $_[2]" if length($_[2]);
+ print INFO ", Previous: $_[3]" if length($_[3]);
+ print INFO ", Up: $_[4]" if length($_[4]);
+ print INFO "\n\n";
+ $info_status= '';
+}
+
+sub info_startmajorheading {
+ return if $_[0] eq '0';
+ &info_heading('s_'.$_[0],@_[1..$#_],'Top');
+}
+
+sub info_startminorheading {
+ &info_heading(@_);
+}
+
+sub info_italic { &info_text('*'); }
+sub info_enditalic { $info_para .= '*'; }
+
+sub info_email { &info_text('<'); } sub info_endemail { &info_text('>'); }
+
+sub info_ftpon { } sub info_endftpon { }
+sub info_ftpin { } sub info_endftpin { }
+sub info_docref { } sub info_enddocref { }
+sub info_courier { } sub info_endcourier { }
+sub info_newsgroup { } sub info_endnewsgroup { }
+sub info_ftpsilent { $info_ignore++; }
+sub info_endftpsilent { $info_ignore--; }
+
+sub info_text {
+ return if $info_ignore;
+ if ($info_status eq '') {
+ $info_status= 'p';
+ }
+ $info_para .= $_[0];
+}
+
+sub info_tab {
+ local ($n) = $_[0]-length($info_para);
+ $info_para .= ' 'x$n if $n>0;
+}
+
+sub info_newline {
+ return unless $info_status eq 'p';
+ print INFO &info_writepara;
+}
+
+sub info_writepara {
+ local ($thisline, $thisword, $rest, $output);
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $info_para =~ m/\S/;
+ $thisline= $info_indentstring;
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $info_para =~ m/^(\s*\S+)/;
+ unless (length($1) + length($thisline) < 75 ||
+ length($thisline) == length($info_indentstring)) {
+ last;
+ }
+ $thisline .= $1;
+ $info_para= $';
+ }
+ $info_para =~ s/^\s*//;
+ $output.= $thisline."\n";
+ $info_indentstring= $info_nextindent;
+ last unless length($info_para);
+ }
+ $info_status= ''; $info_para= '';
+ return $output;
+}
+
+sub info_endpara {
+ return unless $info_status eq 'p';
+ print INFO &info_writepara;
+ print INFO "\n";
+}
+
+sub info_endheading {
+ $info_para =~ s/\s*$//;
+ print INFO "$info_para\n\n";
+ $info_status= '';
+ $info_para= '';
+}
+
+sub info_endmajorheading { &info_endheading(@_); }
+sub info_endminorheading { &info_endheading(@_); }
+
+sub info_startverbatim {
+ print INFO &info_writepara;
+}
+
+sub info_verbatim {
+ print INFO $_[0],"\n";
+}
+
+sub info_endverbatim {
+ $info_status= $info_vstatus;
+}
+
+sub info_finish {
+ close(INFO);
+}
+
+sub info_startindex {
+ &info_endpara;
+ $info_moredetail= '';
+ $info_status= '';
+}
+
+sub info_endindex {
+ print INFO "$info_moredetail\n" if length($info_moredetail);
+}
+
+sub info_endindexitem {
+ $info_indentstring= sprintf("* %-17s ",$info_label.'::');
+ $info_nextindent= ' 'x20;
+ local ($txt);
+ $txt= &info_writepara;
+ if ($info_main) {
+ print INFO $label.$txt;
+ $txt =~ s/^.{20}//;
+ $info_moredetail.= $txt;
+ } else {
+ $info_moredetail.= $label.$txt;
+ }
+ $info_indentstring= $info_nextindent= '';
+ $info_status='p';
+}
+
+sub info_startindexitem {
+ print INFO "* Menu:\n" if $info_status eq '';
+ $info_status= '';
+ $info_label= $_[2];
+ $info_main= 0;
+}
+
+sub info_startindexmainitem {
+ print INFO "* Menu:\n" if $info_status eq '';
+ $info_label= $_[2];
+ $info_main= 1;
+ $info_moredetail .= "\n$_[2], ";
+ $info_status= '';
+}
+
+sub info_startindent {
+ $info_istatus= $info_status;
+ print INFO &info_writepara;
+ $info_indentstring= " $info_indentstring";
+ $info_nextindent= " $info_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub info_endindent {
+ $info_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $info_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+ $info_status= $info_istatus;
+}
+
+sub info_startpackedlist { $info_plc=0; }
+sub info_endpackedlist { &info_newline if !$info_plc; }
+sub info_packeditem {
+ &info_newline if !$info_plc;
+ &info_tab($info_plc*40+5);
+ $info_plc= !$info_plc;
+}
+
+sub info_startlist {
+ $info_istatus= $info_status;
+ print INFO &info_writepara;
+ $info_indentstring= " $info_indentstring";
+ $info_nextindent= " $info_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub info_endlist {
+ $info_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $info_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+ $info_status= $info_lstatus;
+}
+
+sub info_item {
+ &info_newline;
+ $info_indentstring =~ s/ $/* /;
+}
+
+sub info_pageref {
+ &info_text("*Note Question $_[1]:: \`");
+}
+
+sub info_endpageref {
+ &info_text("'");
+}
+
+1;
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-lout.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-lout.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c44852c750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-lout.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+## Lout output
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+sub lout_init {
+ open(LOUT,">$prefix.lout");
+ chop($dprint= `date '+%d %B %Y'`);
+ $dprint =~ s/^0//;
+}
+
+sub lout_startup {
+ local ($lbs) = &lout_sanitise($user_brieftitle);
+ print LOUT <<END;
+\@SysInclude{ fontdefs }
+\@SysInclude{ langdefs }
+\@SysInclude{ dl }
+\@SysInclude{ docf }
+\@Use { \@DocumentLayout
+ \@OddTop { \@Null }
+ \@EvenTop { \@Null }
+ \@StartOddTop { \@Null }
+ \@StartEvenTop { \@Null }
+ \@OddFoot { { $lbs } \@Centre{ - \@PageNum - } \@Right{ $dprint } }
+ \@EvenFoot { { $lbs } \@Centre{ - \@PageNum - } \@Right{ $dprint } }
+ \@StartOddFoot { { $lbs } \@Centre{ - \@PageNum - } \@Right{ $dprint } }
+ \@StartEvenFoot { { $lbs } \@Centre{ - \@PageNum - } \@Right{ $dprint } }
+ \@ParaGap { 1.70vx }
+ \@InitialBreak { 1.0fx ragged hyphen }
+}
+\@Use { \@OrdinaryLayout }
+END
+ $lout_textstatus= 'p';
+}
+
+sub lout_pageref {
+ print LOUT "Q$_[1] (page {\@PageOf{$_[0]}}) ";
+ &lout_text("\`");
+}
+
+sub lout_endpageref {
+ &lout_text("'");
+}
+
+sub lout_finish {
+ print LOUT "\@End \@Text\n";
+ close(L);
+}
+
+sub lout_startmajorheading {
+ $lout_styles .= 'h';
+ print LOUT <<END
+\@CNP
+{
+ newpath 0 ysize 0.3 ft sub moveto
+ xsize 0 rlineto
+ 0 0.2 ft rlineto
+ xsize neg 0 rlineto
+ closepath fill
+} \@Graphic { //1.6f \@HAdjust \@Heading{
+END
+ ;
+ $endh= "}\n{\@PageMark s_$_[0]}\n/1.0fo\n";
+ &lout_text($_[0] ? "Section $_[0]. " : '');
+}
+
+sub lout_startminorheading {
+ $lout_styles .= 'h';
+ print LOUT "//0.2f \@CNP {\@PageMark $_[0]} \@Heading{\n";
+ $endh= '';
+}
+
+sub lout_endheading {
+ $lout_styles =~ s/.$//; print LOUT "}\n$endh";
+ $lout_status= 'p';
+}
+
+sub lout_endmajorheading { &lout_endheading(@_); }
+sub lout_endminorheading { &lout_endheading(@_); }
+
+sub lout_courier {
+ $lout_styles .= 'f';
+ print LOUT "{{0.7 1.0} \@Scale {Courier Bold} \@Font {";
+}
+
+sub lout_endcourier {
+ $lout_styles =~ s/.$//; print LOUT "}}";
+}
+
+sub lout_italic { $lout_styles .= 'f'; print LOUT "{Slope \@Font {"; }
+sub lout_enditalic { $lout_styles =~ s/.$//; print LOUT "}}"; }
+
+sub lout_startindent { $lout_styles .= 'i'; print LOUT "\@IndentedDisplay {\n"; }
+
+sub lout_endindent {
+ &lout_endpara;
+ $lout_styles =~ s/.$//; print LOUT "}\n\@LP\n";
+}
+
+sub lout_startpackedlist { $lout_plc=-1; }
+sub lout_endpackedlist { &lout_newline if !$lout_plc; }
+sub lout_packeditem {
+ &lout_newline if !$lout_plc;
+ &lout_tab(($lout_plc>0)*40+5);
+ $lout_plc= !$lout_plc;
+}
+
+sub lout_startlist {
+ &lout_endpara;
+ print LOUT "\@RawIndentedList style {\@Bullet} indent {0.5i} gap {1.1vx}\n";
+ $lout_styles .= 'l';
+ $lout_status= '';
+}
+
+sub lout_endlist {
+ &lout_endpara;
+ print LOUT "\@EndList\n\n";
+ $lout_styles =~ s/.$//;
+}
+
+sub lout_item {
+ &lout_endpara;
+ print LOUT "\@ListItem{";
+ $lout_styles.= 'I';
+}
+
+sub lout_startindex {
+ print LOUT "//0.0fe\n";
+}
+
+sub lout_endindex {
+ $lout_status='p';
+}
+
+sub lout_startindexmainitem {
+ $lout_marker= $_[0];
+ $lout_status= '';
+ print LOUT "//0.3vx Bold \@Font \@HAdjust { \@HContract { { $_[1] } |3cx {";
+ $lout_iiendheight= '1.00';
+ $lout_styles .= 'X';
+}
+
+sub lout_startindexitem {
+ $lout_marker= $_[0];
+ print LOUT "\@HAdjust { \@HContract { { $_[1] } |3cx {";
+ $lout_iiendheight= '0.95';
+ $lout_styles .= 'X';
+}
+
+sub lout_endindexitem {
+ print LOUT "} } |0c \@PageOf { $lout_marker } } //${lout_iiendheight}vx\n";
+ $lout_styles =~ s/.$//;
+}
+
+sub lout_email { &lout_courier; &lout_text('<'); }
+sub lout_endemail { &lout_text('>'); &lout_endcourier; }
+
+sub lout_ftpon { &lout_courier; } sub lout_endftpon { &lout_endcourier; }
+sub lout_ftpin { &lout_courier; } sub lout_endftpin { &lout_endcourier; }
+sub lout_docref { } sub lout_enddocref { }
+sub lout_ftpsilent { $lout_ignore++; }
+sub lout_endftpsilent { $lout_ignore--; }
+
+sub lout_newsgroup { &lout_courier; }
+sub lout_endnewsgroup { &lout_endcourier; }
+
+sub lout_text {
+ return if $lout_ignore;
+ $lout_status= 'p';
+ $_= &lout_sanitise($_[0]);
+ s/ $/\n/ unless $lout_styles =~ m/[fhX]/;
+ print LOUT $_;
+}
+
+sub lout_tab {
+ local ($size) = $_[0]*0.5;
+ print LOUT " |${size}ft ";
+}
+
+sub lout_newline {
+ print LOUT " //1.0vx\n";
+}
+
+sub lout_sanitise {
+ local ($in) = @_;
+ local ($out);
+ $in= ' '.$in.' ';
+ $out='';
+ while ($in =~ m/(\s)(\S*[\@\/|\\\"\^\&\{\}\#]\S*)(\s)/) {
+ $out .= $`.$1;
+ $in = $3.$';
+ $_= $2;
+ s/[\\\"]/\\$&/g;
+ $out .= '"'.$_.'"';
+ }
+ $out .= $in;
+ $out =~ s/^ //; $out =~ s/ $//;
+ $out;
+}
+
+sub lout_endpara {
+ return if $lout_status eq '';
+ if ($lout_styles eq '') {
+ print LOUT "\@LP\n\n";
+ } elsif ($lout_styles =~ s/I$//) {
+ print LOUT "}\n";
+ }
+ $lout_status= '';
+}
+
+sub lout_startverbatim {
+ print LOUT "//0.4f\n\@RawIndentedDisplay lines \@Break".
+ " { {0.7 1.0} \@Scale {Courier Bold} \@Font {\n";
+}
+
+sub lout_verbatim {
+ $_= $_[0];
+ s/^\s*//;
+ print LOUT &lout_sanitise($_),"\n";
+}
+
+sub lout_endverbatim { print LOUT "}\n}\n//0.4f\n"; }
+
+1;
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-post.pl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-post.pl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e41c8d84fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/FAQ/m-post.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+## POST output
+# Copyright (C) 1993-1995 Ian Jackson.
+
+# This file is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+# any later version.
+
+# It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
+# the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+# Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+# (Note: I do not consider works produced using these BFNN processing
+# tools to be derivative works of the tools, so they are NOT covered
+# by the GPL. However, I would appreciate it if you credited me if
+# appropriate in any documents you format using BFNN.)
+
+sub post_init {
+ open(POST,">$prefix.post");
+}
+
+sub post_startmajorheading {
+ print POST '='x79,"\n\n";
+ $post_status= 'h';
+ &post_text($_[0] ? "Section $_[0]. " : '');
+}
+
+sub post_startminorheading {
+ print POST '-'x77,"\n\n";
+ $post_status= 'h';
+}
+
+sub post_italic { &post_text('*'); }
+sub post_enditalic { $post_para .= '*'; }
+
+sub post_email { &post_text('<'); } sub post_endemail { &post_text('>'); }
+
+sub post_ftpon { } sub post_endftpon { }
+sub post_ftpin { } sub post_endftpin { }
+sub post_docref { } sub post_enddocref { }
+sub post_courier { } sub post_endcourier { }
+sub post_newsgroup { } sub post_endnewsgroup { }
+sub post_ftpsilent { $post_ignore++; }
+sub post_endftpsilent { $post_ignore--; }
+
+sub post_text {
+ return if $post_ignore;
+ if ($post_status eq '') {
+ $post_status= 'p';
+ }
+ $post_para .= $_[0];
+}
+
+sub post_tab {
+ local ($n) = $_[0]-length($post_para);
+ $post_para .= ' 'x$n if $n>0;
+}
+
+sub post_newline {
+ return unless $post_status eq 'p';
+ &post_writepara;
+}
+
+sub post_writepara {
+ local ($thisline, $thisword, $rest);
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $post_para =~ m/\S/;
+ $thisline= $post_indentstring;
+ for (;;) {
+ last unless $post_para =~ m/^(\s*\S+)/;
+ unless (length($1) + length($thisline) < 75 ||
+ length($thisline) == length($post_indentstring)) {
+ last;
+ }
+ $thisline .= $1;
+ $post_para= $';
+ }
+ $post_para =~ s/^\s*//;
+ print POST $thisline,"\n";
+ $post_indentstring= $post_nextindent;
+ last unless length($post_para);
+ }
+ $post_status= ''; $post_para= '';
+}
+
+sub post_endpara {
+ return unless $post_status eq 'p';
+ &post_writepara;
+ print POST "\n";
+}
+
+sub post_endheading {
+ $post_para =~ s/\s*$//;
+ print POST "$post_para\n\n";
+ $post_status= '';
+ $post_para= '';
+}
+
+sub post_endmajorheading { &post_endheading(@_); }
+sub post_endminorheading { &post_endheading(@_); }
+
+sub post_startverbatim {
+ $post_vstatus= $post_status;
+ &post_writepara;
+}
+
+sub post_verbatim {
+ print POST $_[0],"\n";
+}
+
+sub post_endverbatim {
+ $post_status= $post_vstatus;
+}
+
+sub post_finish {
+ close(POST);
+}
+
+sub post_startindex { $post_status= ''; }
+sub post_endindex { $post_status= 'p'; }
+
+sub post_endindexitem {
+ printf POST " %-11s %-.66s\n",$post_left,$post_para;
+ $post_status= 'p';
+ $post_para= '';
+}
+
+sub post_startindexitem {
+ $post_left= $_[1];
+}
+
+sub post_startindexmainitem {
+ $post_left= $_[1];
+ print POST "\n" if $post_status eq 'p';
+}
+
+sub post_startindent {
+ $post_istatus= $post_status;
+ &post_writepara;
+ $post_indentstring= " $post_indentstring";
+ $post_nextindent= " $post_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub post_endindent {
+ $post_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $post_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+ $post_status= $post_istatus;
+}
+
+sub post_startpackedlist { $post_plc=0; }
+sub post_endpackedlist { &post_newline if !$post_plc; }
+sub post_packeditem {
+ &post_newline if !$post_plc;
+ &post_tab($post_plc*40+5);
+ $post_plc= !$post_plc;
+}
+
+sub post_startlist {
+ &post_endpara;
+ $post_indentstring= " $post_indentstring";
+ $post_nextindent= " $post_nextindent";
+}
+
+sub post_endlist {
+ &post_endpara;
+ $post_indentstring =~ s/^ //;
+ $post_nextindent =~ s/^ //;
+}
+
+sub post_item {
+ &post_newline;
+ $post_indentstring =~ s/ $/* /;
+}
+
+sub post_pageref {
+ &post_text("Q$_[1] \`");
+}
+
+sub post_endpageref {
+ &post_text("'");
+}
+
+1;
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/GaussianSurface.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/GaussianSurface.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7b75a5133a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/GaussianSurface.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import graph3;
+
+size(200,0);
+
+currentprojection=perspective(10,8,4);
+
+real f(pair z) {return 0.5+exp(-abs(z)^2);}
+
+draw((-1,-1,0)--(1,-1,0)--(1,1,0)--(-1,1,0)--cycle);
+
+draw(arc(0.12Z,0.2,90,60,90,25),ArcArrow3);
+
+surface s=surface(f,(-1,-1),(1,1),nx=5,Spline);
+
+xaxis3(Label("$x$"),red,Arrow3);
+yaxis3(Label("$y$"),red,Arrow3);
+zaxis3(XYZero(extend=true),red,Arrow3);
+
+draw(s,lightgray,meshpen=black+thick(),nolight);
+
+label("$O$",O,-Z+Y,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/HermiteSpline.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/HermiteSpline.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7f4cbbebb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/HermiteSpline.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(140mm,70mm,IgnoreAspect);
+scale(false);
+real[] x={1,3,4,5,6};
+real[] y={1,5,2,0,4};
+
+marker mark=marker(scale(1mm)*cross(6,false,r=0.35),red,Fill);
+
+draw(graph(x,y,Hermite),"Hermite Spline",mark);
+xaxis("$x$",Bottom,LeftTicks(x));
+yaxis("$y$",Left,LeftTicks);
+attach(legend(),point(NW),40S+30E,UnFill);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbycontrol.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbycontrol.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..50662988e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbycontrol.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+size(200);
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair z1=(0.5,3);
+pair z2=(2,1);
+
+path g=z0..z1..z2;
+
+pair d0=dir(g,0);
+pair d1=dir(g,1);
+draw(Label("$\omega_0$",1),z0-d0..z0+d0,blue+dashed,Arrow);
+draw(Label("$\omega_1$",1),z1-d1..z1+1.5d1,blue+dashed,Arrow);
+draw(z0--interp(z0,z1,1.5),dashed);
+draw(subpath(g,0,1),blue);
+draw("$\theta$",arc(z0,0.4,degrees(z1-z0),degrees(d0)),red,Arrow,
+ EndPenMargin);
+draw("$\phi$",arc(z1,1.05,degrees(z1-z0),degrees(d1)),red,Arrow,
+ EndPenMargin);
+
+dot("$z_0$",z0,SW,red);
+dot("$z_1$",z1,SE,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbydir.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbydir.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..01d8a2e0ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Hobbydir.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+size(200);
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair z1=(1,2);
+pair z2=(2,1);
+
+path g=z0..z1..z2;
+
+label("$\ell_k$",z0--z1);
+draw("$\ell_{k+1}$",z1--z2,dashed);
+draw(z0--interp(z0,z1,1.5),dashed);
+pair d1=dir(g,1);
+draw(z1-d1..z1+d1,blue+dashed);
+draw(g,blue);
+draw(Label("$\theta_k$",0.4),arc(z1,0.4,degrees(z2-z1),degrees(d1)),blue,Arrow,
+ EndPenMargin);
+draw("$\phi_k$",arc(z1,0.4,degrees(d1),degrees(z1-z0),CCW),Arrow,
+ EndPenMargin);
+
+dot("$z_{k-1}$",z0,red);
+dot("$z_k$",z1,NW,red);
+dot("$z_{k+1}$",z2,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Makefile.in b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f4141a02780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+MANFILES = asy.1 xasy.1x
+ASYFILES = $(wildcard *.asy) latexusage.asy
+SOURCE = asymptote.texi version.texi options
+ASY = ../asy -dir ../base -config "" -render=0
+DOCFILES = asymptote.pdf CAD.pdf
+
+docdir = $(DESTDIR)@docdir@
+infodir = $(DESTDIR)@infodir@
+datarootdir = @datarootdir@
+INSTALL = @INSTALL@
+TEXI2DVI = @TEXI2DVI@
+
+export docdir infodir INSTALL
+
+all: doc
+
+htmlinfo: latexusage.eps
+ cd png; $(MAKE) all
+
+man: $(DOCFILES) asy.1
+
+faq:
+ cd FAQ; $(MAKE) faq
+
+doc: asymptote.dvi htmlinfo man faq
+
+%.eps: %.asy
+ $(ASY) -f eps $<
+
+%.pdf: %.asy
+ $(ASY) -f pdf -noprc $<
+
+latexusage.dvi: latexusage.tex
+ rm -f latexusage-*
+ rm -f latexusage_.pre
+ rm -f latexusage.aux
+ latex latexusage
+ $(ASY) -noprc latexusage
+ latex latexusage
+
+latexusage.eps: latexusage.dvi
+ dvips -o latexusage.eps latexusage
+
+latexusage.pdf: latexusage.dvi
+ dvipdf latexusage
+
+options: ../settings.cc
+ $(ASY) -h 2>&1 | grep -iv Asymptote > options
+
+asy.1: options asy.1.begin asy.1.end
+ cat options | grep \^- | sed -e "s/-\(.*\) \([A-Z].*\)/.TP\n.B -\1\n\2\./" | sed -e "/^.B/ s/-/\\\\-/g" | cat asy.1.begin - asy.1.end > asy.1
+
+asymptote.dvi: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.eps)
+ ln -sf asymptote.texi asymptote_.texi
+ $(TEXI2DVI) asymptote_.texi
+ mv asymptote_.dvi asymptote.dvi
+
+asymptote.pdf: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.pdf)
+ $(TEXI2DVI) --pdf asymptote.texi
+
+CAD.pdf: CAD.tex CAD1.eps
+ latex CAD
+ latex CAD
+ latex CAD
+ dvipdf CAD
+
+clean: FORCE
+ -rm -f $(ASYFILES:.asy=.pdf) $(DOCFILES)
+ -rm -f *.eps latexusage.{asy,dvi,eps,log,aux,*.eps}
+ -rm -f {asymptote,asymptote_}.{aux,cp,cps,dvi,fn,info,ky,log,pg,pdf,toc,tp,vr}
+ -rm -f asymptote_.texi
+ -rm -f CAD.{aux,dvi,log,pdf,toc}
+ cd png; $(MAKE) clean
+
+install: man faq
+ cd FAQ; $(MAKE) install
+ ${INSTALL} -d -m 755 $(docdir) $(mandir)/man1
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 $(DOCFILES) $(docdir)
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 $(MANFILES) $(mandir)/man1
+
+install-all: doc install
+ cd FAQ; $(MAKE) install-info
+ cd png; $(MAKE) install
+
+uninstall: uninstall-all
+
+uninstall-all:
+ cd FAQ; $(MAKE) uninstall
+ cd png; $(MAKE) uninstall
+ -cd $(mandir)/man1; rm -f $(MANFILES)
+ -rm -f $(addprefix $(docdir)/,$(DOCFILES))
+
+distclean: FORCE clean
+ -rm -f version.texi Makefile
+ cd FAQ; make distclean
+FORCE:
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1 b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0e3cfed6d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+.\" Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*-
+.TH ASY 1 "1 Dec 2004"
+.SH NAME
+asy \- Asymptote: a script-based vector graphics language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B asy
+.RI [ options ]
+.RI [ file \ ...]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBAsymptote\fP is a powerful descriptive vector graphics language for
+technical drawings, inspired by MetaPost but with an improved C++-like syntax.
+Asymptote provides for figures the same high-quality level of typesetting that
+LaTeX does for scientific text.
+.SH OPTIONS
+If no arguments are given, Asymptote runs in interactive mode.
+.PP
+If "\-" is given as the file argument, Asymptote reads from standard input.
+.PP
+A summary of options is included below. The effect of most options
+can be negated by prepending
+.B no
+to the option name.
+Default values for most options may also be entered in the
+file
+.B .asy/config.asy
+in the user's home directory using the long form:
+.PP
+ import settings;
+ batchView=true;
+.PP
+For a complete
+description, see the Info files.
+.TP
+.B \-V,\-View
+View output; command-line only.
+.TP
+.B \-a,\-align C|B|T|Z
+Center, Bottom, Top, or Zero page alignment [Center].
+.TP
+.B \-antialias n
+Antialiasing width for rasterized output [2].
+.TP
+.B \-auto3D
+Automatically activate 3D scene [true].
+.TP
+.B \-autoimport string
+Module to automatically import.
+.TP
+.B \-autoplain
+Enable automatic importing of plain [true].
+.TP
+.B \-autorotate
+Enable automatic PDF page rotation [false].
+.TP
+.B \-batchMask
+Mask fpu exceptions in batch mode [false].
+.TP
+.B \-batchView
+View output in batch mode [false].
+.TP
+.B \-bw
+Convert all colors to black and white [false].
+.TP
+.B \-cd directory
+Set current directory; command-line only.
+.TP
+.B \-cmyk
+Convert rgb colors to cmyk [false].
+.TP
+.B \-c,\-command string
+Command to autoexecute.
+.TP
+.B \-compact
+Conserve memory at the expense of speed [false].
+.TP
+.B \-d,\-debug
+Enable debugging messages [false].
+.TP
+.B \-divisor n
+Garbage collect using purge(divisor=n) [2].
+.TP
+.B \-embed
+Embed rendered preview image [true].
+.TP
+.B \-exitonEOF
+Exit interactive mode on EOF [true].
+.TP
+.B \-fitscreen
+Fit rendered image to screen [true].
+.TP
+.B \-globalwrite
+Allow write to other directory [false].
+.TP
+.B \-gray
+Convert all colors to grayscale [false].
+.TP
+.B \-h,\-help
+Show summary of options; command-line only.
+.TP
+.B \-historylines n
+Retain n lines of history [1000].
+.TP
+.B \-iconify
+Iconify rendering window [false].
+.TP
+.B \-inlineimage
+Generate inline embedded image [false].
+.TP
+.B \-inlinetex
+Generate inline TeX code [false].
+.TP
+.B \-interactiveMask
+Mask fpu exceptions in interactive mode [true].
+.TP
+.B \-interactiveView
+View output in interactive mode [true].
+.TP
+.B \-interactiveWrite
+Write expressions entered at the prompt to stdout [true].
+.TP
+.B \-k,\-keep
+Keep intermediate files [false].
+.TP
+.B \-keepaux
+Keep intermediate LaTeX .aux files [false].
+.TP
+.B \-level n
+Postscript level [3].
+.TP
+.B \-l,\-listvariables
+List available global functions and variables [false].
+.TP
+.B \-localhistory
+Use a local interactive history file [false].
+.TP
+.B \-m,\-mask
+Mask fpu exceptions; command-line only.
+.TP
+.B \-maxtile pair
+Maximum rendering tile size [(0,0)].
+.TP
+.B \-maxviewport pair
+Maximum viewport size [(2048,2048)].
+.TP
+.B \-multiline
+Input code over multiple lines at the prompt [false].
+.TP
+.B \-multipleView
+View output from multiple batch-mode files [false].
+.TP
+.B \-multisample n
+Multisampling width for screen images [4].
+.TP
+.B \-O,\-offset pair
+PostScript offset [(0,0)].
+.TP
+.B \-f,\-outformat format
+Convert each output file to specified format.
+.TP
+.B \-o,\-outname name
+Alternative output directory/filename.
+.TP
+.B \-p,\-parseonly
+Parse file [false].
+.TP
+.B \-pdfreload
+Automatically reload document in pdfviewer [false].
+.TP
+.B \-pdfreloaddelay usec
+Delay before attempting initial pdf reload [750000].
+.TP
+.B \-position pair
+Initial 3D rendering screen position [(0,0)].
+.TP
+.B \-prc
+Embed 3D PRC graphics in PDF output [true].
+.TP
+.B \-prompt string
+Prompt [> ].
+.TP
+.B \-prompt2 string
+Continuation prompt for multiline input [..].
+.TP
+.B \-q,\-quiet
+Suppress welcome message [false].
+.TP
+.B \-render n
+Render 3D graphics using n pixels per bp (-1=auto) [-1].
+.TP
+.B \-rgb
+Convert cmyk colors to rgb [false].
+.TP
+.B \-safe
+Disable system call [true].
+.TP
+.B \-scroll n
+Scroll standard output n lines at a time [0].
+.TP
+.B \-tabcompletion
+Interactive prompt auto-completion [true].
+-tex engine latex|pdflatex|xelatex|tex|pdftex|none [latex]
+.TP
+.B \-thick
+Render thick 3D lines [true].
+.TP
+.B \-thin
+Render thin 3D lines [true].
+.TP
+.B \-threads
+Use POSIX threads for 3D rendering [true].
+.TP
+.B \-toolbar
+Show 3D toolbar in PDF output [true].
+.TP
+.B \-s,\-translate
+Show translated virtual machine code [false].
+.TP
+.B \-twice
+Run LaTeX twice (to resolve references) [false].
+.TP
+.B \-twosided
+Use two-sided 3D lighting model for rendering [true].
+.TP
+.B \-u,\-user string
+General purpose user string.
+.TP
+.B \-v,\-verbose
+Increase verbosity level [0].
+.TP
+.B \-version
+Show version; command-line only.
+.TP
+.B \-wait
+Wait for child processes to finish before exiting [false].
+.TP
+.B \-where
+Show where listed variables are declared [false].
+.TP
+.B \-xformat format
+GUI deconstruction format [png].
+
+.SH SEE ALSO
+Asymptote is documented fully in the asymptote Info page.
+The manual can also be accessed in interactive mode with the "help" command.
+
+.SH AUTHOR
+Asymptote was written by Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and Tom Prince.
+.PP
+This manual page was written by Hubert Chan for the Debian project (but may
+be used by others).
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.begin b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.begin
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1a2232968ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.begin
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.\" Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*-
+.TH ASY 1 "1 Dec 2004"
+.SH NAME
+asy \- Asymptote: a script-based vector graphics language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B asy
+.RI [ options ]
+.RI [ file \ ...]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBAsymptote\fP is a powerful descriptive vector graphics language for
+technical drawings, inspired by MetaPost but with an improved C++-like syntax.
+Asymptote provides for figures the same high-quality level of typesetting that
+LaTeX does for scientific text.
+.SH OPTIONS
+If no arguments are given, Asymptote runs in interactive mode.
+.PP
+If "\-" is given as the file argument, Asymptote reads from standard input.
+.PP
+A summary of options is included below. The effect of most options
+can be negated by prepending
+.B no
+to the option name.
+Default values for most options may also be entered in the
+file
+.B .asy/config.asy
+in the user's home directory using the long form:
+.PP
+ import settings;
+ batchView=true;
+.PP
+For a complete
+description, see the Info files.
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.end b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.end
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..24586d9d403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asy.1.end
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+
+.SH SEE ALSO
+Asymptote is documented fully in the asymptote Info page.
+The manual can also be accessed in interactive mode with the "help" command.
+
+.SH AUTHOR
+Asymptote was written by Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and Tom Prince.
+.PP
+This manual page was written by Hubert Chan for the Debian project (but may
+be used by others).
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asycolors.sty b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asycolors.sty
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..31031c730fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asycolors.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+\usepackage{color}
+\definecolor{cyan}{cmyk}{1,0,0,0}
+\definecolor{magenta}{cmyk}{0,1,0,0}
+\definecolor{yellow}{cmyk}{0,0,1,0}
+\definecolor{black}{cmyk}{0,0,0,1}
+
+\definecolor{white}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0}
+\definecolor{gray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.5}
+
+\definecolor{red}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0}
+\definecolor{green}{cmyk}{1,0,1,0}
+\definecolor{blue}{cmyk}{1,1,0,0}
+
+\definecolor{palered}{cmyk}{0,0.25,0.25,0}
+\definecolor{palegreen}{cmyk}{0.25,0,0.25,0}
+\definecolor{paleblue}{cmyk}{0.25,0.25,0,0}
+\definecolor{palecyan}{cmyk}{0.25,0,0,0}
+\definecolor{palemagenta}{cmyk}{0,0.25,0,0}
+\definecolor{paleyellow}{cmyk}{0,0,0.25,0}
+\definecolor{palegray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.05}
+\definecolor{lightred}{cmyk}{0,0.5,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{lightgreen}{cmyk}{0.5,0,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{lightblue}{cmyk}{0.5,0.5,0,0}
+\definecolor{lightcyan}{cmyk}{0.5,0,0,0}
+\definecolor{lightmagenta}{cmyk}{0,0.5,0,0}
+\definecolor{lightyellow}{cmyk}{0,0,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{lightgray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.1}
+\definecolor{mediumred}{cmyk}{0,0.75,0.75,0}
+\definecolor{mediumgreen}{cmyk}{0.75,0,0.75,0}
+\definecolor{mediumblue}{cmyk}{0.75,0.75,0,0}
+\definecolor{mediumcyan}{cmyk}{0.75,0,0,0}
+\definecolor{mediummagenta}{cmyk}{0,0.75,0,0}
+\definecolor{mediumyellow}{cmyk}{0,0,0.75,0}
+\definecolor{mediumgray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavyred}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavygreen}{cmyk}{1,0,1,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavyblue}{cmyk}{1,1,0,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavycyan}{cmyk}{1,0,0,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavymagenta}{cmyk}{0,1,0,0.25}
+\definecolor{lightolive}{cmyk}{0,0,1,0.25}
+\definecolor{heavygray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.75}
+\definecolor{deepred}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepgreen}{cmyk}{1,0,1,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepblue}{cmyk}{1,1,0,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepcyan}{cmyk}{1,0,0,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepmagenta}{cmyk}{0,1,0,0.5}
+\definecolor{olive}{cmyk}{0,0,1,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepgray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.9}
+\definecolor{darkred}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{1,0,1,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkblue}{cmyk}{1,1,0,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkcyan}{cmyk}{1,0,0,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkmagenta}{cmyk}{0,1,0,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkolive}{cmyk}{0,0,1,0.75}
+\definecolor{darkgray}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.95}
+\definecolor{orange}{cmyk}{0,0.5,1,0}
+\definecolor{fuchsia}{cmyk}{0,1,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{chartreuse}{cmyk}{0.5,0,1,0}
+\definecolor{springgreen}{cmyk}{1,0,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{purple}{cmyk}{0.5,1,0,0}
+\definecolor{royalblue}{cmyk}{1,0.5,0,0}
+\definecolor{salmon}{cmyk}{0,0.5,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{brown}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0.5}
+\definecolor{darkbrown}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0.75}
+\definecolor{pink}{cmyk}{0,0.25,0,0}
+\definecolor{palegrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.05}
+\definecolor{lightgrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.1}
+\definecolor{mediumgrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.25}
+\definecolor{grey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.5}
+\definecolor{heavygrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.5}
+\definecolor{deepgrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.9}
+\definecolor{darkgrey}{cmyk}{0,0,0,0.95}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.sty b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.sty
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..487ddaaafac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.sty
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+%%% Asymptote style file for LaTeX
+%%% Contributed by Tom Prince 14 May 2003
+%%% Modified by John Bowman
+%%% Adapted from comment.sty (Under GPL v2)
+
+\ProvidesPackage{asymptote}[2009/03/29 v1.06 Asymptote style file for LaTeX]
+\RequirePackage{keyval}
+\RequirePackage{ifthen}
+\newif\ifASYinline
+\DeclareOption{inline}{\ASYinlinetrue}
+\ProcessOptions*
+
+% Work around jobname bug in MiKTeX 2.5 and 2.6:
+% Turn stars in file names (resulting from spaces, etc.) into minus signs
+\def\fixstar#1*#2\relax{\def\argtwo{#2}\ifx\argtwo\empty\gdef\Jobname{#1}\else
+\fixstar#1-#2\relax\fi}
+\expandafter\fixstar\jobname*\relax
+
+\RequirePackage{color,graphicx}
+
+\def\makeinnocent#1{\catcode`#1=12 }
+\def\csarg#1#2{\expandafter#1\csname#2\endcsname}
+\newwrite\AsyStream
+\newread\AsyTestStream
+\newread\AsyTestTeXStream
+\def\AsyFile{\jobname.asy}
+
+\openin\AsyTestStream=\jobname_.pre
+\ifeof\AsyTestStream
+\else
+\input \jobname_.pre
+\fi
+\closein\AsyTestStream%
+
+\immediate\openout\AsyStream=\AsyFile
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{if(!settings.multipleView)}%
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{ settings.batchView=false;}%
+
+\newif\ifASYattach
+\newif\ifASYtex
+
+\newif\ifASYPDF
+\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
+\else
+\ifcase\pdfoutput
+\else
+\ASYPDFtrue
+\fi
+\fi
+\ifx\XeTeXversion\undefined
+\else
+\ASYPDFtrue
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.texcommand="xelatex";}%
+\fi
+\ifASYPDF
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.tex="pdflatex";}%
+\fi
+
+\ifASYinline
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.inlinetex=true;}%
+\immediate\write\AsyStream{deletepreamble();}%
+\fi
+
+\newbox\ASYbox
+\newcounter{asy}
+
+\def\ProcessAsymptote#1% start it all off
+{\begingroup
+ \def\CurrentAsymptote{#1}%
+ \let\do\makeinnocent \dospecials
+ \makeinnocent\^^L% and whatever other special cases
+ \endlinechar`\^^M \catcode`\^^M=12 \xAsymptote}
+{\catcode`\^^M=12 \endlinechar=-1 %
+ \gdef\xAsymptote{%
+ \expandafter\ProcessAsymptoteLine}
+ \gdef\ProcessAsymptoteLine#1^^M{\def\test{#1}
+ \csarg\ifx{End\CurrentAsymptote Test}\test
+ \edef\next{\noexpand\EndOfAsymptote{\CurrentAsymptote}}%
+ \else \ThisAsymptote{#1}\let\next\ProcessAsymptoteLine
+ \fi \next}
+}
+
+\def\ASYstringmeaning#1{\expandafter\ASYgobblearrow\meaning#1}
+\def\ASYstringcsnoescape#1{\expandafter\ASYgobbleescape\string#1}
+{\escapechar-1
+ \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\gdef
+ \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\ASYgobblearrow
+ \expandafter\string\csname macro:->\endcsname{}
+}
+\def\ASYgobbleescape#1{\ifnum`\\=`#1 \else #1\fi}
+
+\def\WriteAsyLine#1{\def\ASYtmp{#1}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{\ASYstringmeaning\ASYtmp}}
+
+\def\gedefappend#1#2{%
+ \toks@ = \expandafter{#1}%
+ \global\edef#1{\the\toks@ #2}%
+}%
+\def\globalASYdefs{}
+\def\WriteGlobalAsyLine#1{\def\ASYtmp{#1^^J}%
+\gedefappend\globalASYdefs{\ASYstringmeaning\ASYtmp}}
+
+\def\EndOfAsymptote#1{\endgroup\end{#1}%
+ \csname After#1Asymptote\endcsname}
+\def\AsymptoteEndDef#1{{\escapechar=-1\relax
+ \csarg\xdef{End#1Test}{\string\\end\string\{#1\string\}}%
+ }}
+
+\def\AfterasyAsymptote{%
+ \ifx\ASYwidth\empty
+ \ifx\ASYheight\empty
+ \else
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{size(0,\ASYheight);}%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \ifx\ASYheight\empty
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{size(\ASYwidth,0);}%
+ \else
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{size(\ASYwidth,\ASYheight);}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \ASYtexfalse
+ \ifASYattach
+ \def\ASYdefaultviewportwidth{0}
+ \else
+ \def\ASYdefaultviewportwidth{\the\linewidth}
+ \ifASYinline
+ \ASYtextrue
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \ifx\ASYviewportwidth\empty
+ \ifx\ASYviewportheight\empty
+ \else
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{viewportsize=(0,\ASYviewportheight);}%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \ifx\ASYviewportheight\empty
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{viewportsize=(\ASYviewportwidth,0);}%
+ \else
+ \immediate\write%
+ \AsyStream{viewportsize=(\ASYviewportwidth,\ASYviewportheight);}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \gdef\ASYwidth{}
+ \gdef\ASYheight{}
+ \gdef\ASYviewportwidth{\ASYdefaultviewportwidth}
+ \gdef\ASYviewportheight{}
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{\@charrb);}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{// End of Asymptote Figure \the\c@asy}%
+ \ifASYtex
+ \openin\AsyTestStream=\Jobname-\the\c@asy_.tex
+ \else
+ \ifASYPDF
+ \openin\AsyTestStream=\Jobname-\the\c@asy.pdf
+ \else
+ \openin\AsyTestStream=\Jobname-\the\c@asy.eps
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \ifeof\AsyTestStream
+ \ifASYtex
+ \PackageWarning{asymptote}{file \Jobname-\the\c@asy_.tex does not exist}%
+ \else
+ \openin\AsyTestTeXStream=\Jobname-\the\c@asy_.tex
+ \ifeof\AsyTestTeXStream
+ \ifASYPDF
+ \PackageWarning{asymptote}{file \Jobname-\the\c@asy.pdf does not exist}%
+ \else
+ \PackageWarning{asymptote}{file \Jobname-\the\c@asy.eps does not exist}%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \catcode`:=12
+ \input \Jobname-\the\c@asy_.tex%
+ \fi
+ \closein\AsyTestTeXStream%
+ \fi
+ \closein\AsyTestStream%
+ \else
+ \closein\AsyTestStream%
+ \ifASYtex
+ \catcode`:=12
+ \input \Jobname-\the\c@asy_.tex%
+ \else
+ \ifASYattach
+ \ifASYPDF
+ \openin\AsyTestStream=\Jobname-\the\c@asy-0.pdf
+ \fi
+ \ifeof\AsyTestStream
+ \setbox\ASYbox=\hbox{\includegraphics{\Jobname-\the\c@asy}}%
+ \else
+ \setbox\ASYbox=\hbox{\includegraphics{\Jobname-\the\c@asy-0}}%
+ \fi
+ \textattachfile{\Jobname-\the\c@asy.pdf}{\phantom{\copy\ASYbox}}%
+ \vskip-\ht\ASYbox%
+ \indent%
+ \box\ASYbox%
+ \closein\AsyTestStream%
+ \else
+ \includegraphics{\Jobname-\the\c@asy}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \global\ASYattachfalse
+ \relax%
+ \endgroup}
+\gdef\ASYwidth{}%
+\define@key{ASYkeys}{width}{%
+ \gdef\ASYwidth{#1}%
+}
+\gdef\ASYheight{}%
+\define@key{ASYkeys}{height}{%
+ \gdef\ASYheight{#1}%
+}
+\gdef\ASYviewportwidth{\ASYdefaultviewportwidth}%
+\define@key{ASYkeys}{viewportwidth}{%
+ \gdef\ASYviewportwidth{#1}%
+}
+\gdef\ASYviewportheight{}%
+\define@key{ASYkeys}{viewportheight}{%
+ \gdef\ASYviewportheight{#1}%
+}
+\define@key{ASYkeys}{attach}[true]{%
+ \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{true}}{\global\ASYattachtrue}{\global\ASYattachfalse}%
+}
+\newcommand\asy[1][]{%
+ \begingroup
+ \let\par\empty
+ \stepcounter{asy}%
+ \setkeys{ASYkeys}{#1}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{// Beginning of Asymptote Figure \the\c@asy}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{eval(quote\@charlb}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{defaultfilename='\Jobname-\the\c@asy';}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{if(settings.render < 0) settings.render=4;}%
+ \ifASYattach
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.inlineimage=false;}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.embed=false;}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.outformat='pdf';}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.toolbar=true;}%
+ \else
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.inlineimage=true;}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.embed=true;}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.outformat='';}%
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{settings.toolbar=false;}%
+ \fi
+ \immediate\write\AsyStream{\globalASYdefs}%
+ \let\ThisAsymptote\WriteAsyLine%
+ \ProcessAsymptote{asy}%
+}
+\AsymptoteEndDef{asy}
+\def\asydef{%
+ \let\ThisAsymptote\WriteGlobalAsyLine%
+ \ProcessAsymptote{asydef}}
+\AsymptoteEndDef{asydef}
+\def\AfterasydefAsymptote{}
+
+\AtEndDocument{\immediate\closeout\AsyStream}
+
+\newcommand{\ASYanimategraphics}[5][]{%
+\openin\AsyTestStream=_#3.pdf
+\ifeof\AsyTestStream%
+\else%
+\animategraphics[{#1}]{#2}{_#3}{#4}{#5}%
+\fi%
+}
+
+\def\Asymptote{{\tt Asymptote}}
+
+%%% Local Variables:
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "shared"
+%%% End:
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.texi b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..46043c85867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/asymptote.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,9131 @@
+\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
+@setfilename asymptote.info
+@settitle Asymptote: the Vector Graphics Language
+@include version.texi
+@finalout
+
+@copying
+This file documents @code{Asymptote}, version @value{VERSION}.
+
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net}
+
+Copyright @copyright{} 2004-9 Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and Tom Prince.
+
+@quotation
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the @acronym{GNU} Lesser General Public License (see the
+file LICENSE in the top-level source directory).
+
+@end quotation
+@end copying
+
+@dircategory Languages
+@direntry
+* asymptote: (asymptote). Vector graphics language.
+@end direntry
+
+@titlepage
+@title Asymptote: the Vector Graphics Language
+@subtitle For version @value{VERSION}
+@sp 1
+@center @image{logo}
+
+@page
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+@insertcopying
+
+@end titlepage
+
+@c So the toc is printed at the start.
+@contents
+
+@ifnottex
+@node Top
+@top Asymptote
+
+@insertcopying
+@end ifnottex
+
+@menu
+* Description:: What is @code{Asymptote}?
+* Installation:: Downloading and installing
+* Tutorial:: Getting started
+* Drawing commands:: Four primitive graphics commands
+* Programming:: The @code{Asymptote} vector graphics language
+* LaTeX usage:: Embedding @code{Asymptote} commands within @code{LaTeX}
+* Base modules:: Base modules shipped with @code{Asymptote}
+* Options:: Command-line options
+* Interactive mode:: Typing @code{Asymptote} commands interactively
+* GUI:: Graphical user interface
+* PostScript to Asymptote:: @code{Asymptote} backend to @code{pstoedit}
+* Help:: Where to get help and submit bug reports
+* Debugger:: Squish those bugs!
+* Credits:: Contributions and acknowledgments
+* Index:: General index
+
+@detailmenu
+ --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Installation
+
+* UNIX binary distributions:: Prebuilt @code{UNIX} binaries
+* MacOS X binary distributions:: Prebuilt @code{MacOS X} binaries
+* Microsoft Windows:: Prebuilt @code{Microsoft Windows} binary
+* Configuring:: Configuring @code{Asymptote} for your system
+* Search paths:: Where @code{Asymptote} looks for your files
+* Compiling from UNIX source:: Building @code{Asymptote} from scratch
+* Editing modes:: Convenient @code{emacs} and @code{vim} modes
+* Subversion::
+* Uninstall:: Goodbye, @code{Asymptote}!
+
+Drawing commands
+
+* draw:: Draw a path on a picture or frame
+* fill:: Fill a cyclic path on a picture or frame
+* clip:: Clip a picture or frame to a cyclic path
+* label:: Label a point on a picture
+
+Programming
+
+* Data types:: void, bool, int, real, pair, triple, string
+* Paths and guides::
+* Pens:: Colors, line types, line widths, font sizes
+* Transforms:: Affine transforms
+* Frames and pictures:: Canvases for immediate and deferred drawing
+* Files:: Reading and writing your data
+* Variable initializers:: Initialize your variables
+* Structures:: Organize your data
+* Operators:: Arithmetic and logical operators
+* Implicit scaling:: Avoiding those ugly *s
+* Functions:: Traditional and high-order functions
+* Arrays:: Dynamic vectors
+* Casts:: Implicit and explicit casts
+* Import:: Importing external @code{Asymptote} packages
+* Static:: Where to allocate your variable?
+
+Operators
+
+* Arithmetic & logical:: Basic mathematical operators
+* Self & prefix operators:: Increment and decrement
+* User-defined operators:: Overloading operators
+
+Functions
+
+* Default arguments:: Default values can appear anywhere
+* Named arguments:: Assigning function arguments by keyword
+* Rest arguments:: Functions with a variable number of arguments
+* Mathematical functions:: Standard libm functions
+
+
+Arrays
+
+* Slices:: Python-style array slices
+
+Base modules
+
+* plain:: Default @code{Asymptote} base file
+* simplex:: Linear programming: simplex method
+* math:: Extend @code{Asymptote}'s math capabilities
+* interpolate:: Interpolation routines
+* geometry:: Geometry routines
+* trembling:: Wavy lines
+* stats:: Statistics routines and histograms
+* patterns:: Custom fill and draw patterns
+* markers:: Custom path marker routines
+* tree:: Dynamic binary search tree
+* binarytree:: Binary tree drawing module
+* drawtree:: Tree drawing module
+* syzygy:: Syzygy and braid drawing module
+* feynman:: Feynman diagrams
+* roundedpath:: Round the sharp corners of paths
+* animation:: Embedded @acronym{PDF} and @acronym{MPEG} movies
+* embed:: Embedding movies, sounds, and 3D objects
+* slide:: Making presentations with @code{Asymptote}
+* MetaPost:: @code{MetaPost} compatibility routines
+* unicode:: Accept @code{unicode} (UTF-8) characters
+* latin1:: Accept @code{ISO 8859-1} characters
+* babel:: Interface to @code{LaTeX} @code{babel} package
+* labelpath:: Drawing curved labels
+* labelpath3:: Drawing curved labels in 3D
+* annotate:: Annotate your @acronym{PDF} files
+* CAD:: 2D CAD pen and measurement functions (DIN 15)
+* graph:: 2D linear & logarithmic graphs
+* palette:: Color density images and palettes
+* three:: 3D vector graphics
+* obj:: 3D obj files
+* graph3:: 3D linear & logarithmic graphs
+* grid3:: 3D grids
+* solids:: 3D solid geometry
+* tube:: 3D rotation minimizing tubes
+* flowchart:: Flowchart drawing routines
+* contour:: Contour lines
+* contour3:: Contour surfaces
+* slopefield:: Slope fields
+
+
+Graphical User Interface
+
+* GUI Installation:: Installing @code{xasy}
+* GUI Usage::
+
+@end detailmenu
+@end menu
+
+@node Description
+@chapter Description
+@cindex description
+
+@code{Asymptote} is a powerful descriptive vector graphics language that
+provides a mathematical coordinate-based framework for technical drawings.
+Labels and equations are typeset with @code{LaTeX}, for overall document
+consistency, yielding the same high-quality level of typesetting that
+@code{LaTeX} provides for scientific text. By default it produces
+@code{PostScript} output, but it can also generate any format that the
+@code{ImageMagick} package can produce.
+
+A major advantage of @code{Asymptote} over other graphics packages is
+that it is a high-level programming language, as opposed to just a graphics
+program: it can therefore exploit the best features of the script
+(command-driven) and graphical-user-interface (@acronym{GUI}) methods for
+producing figures. The rudimentary @acronym{GUI} @code{xasy} included with the
+package allows one to move script-generated objects
+around. To make @code{Asymptote} accessible to the average user, this
+@acronym{GUI} is currently being developed into a full-fledged interface
+that can generate objects directly. However, the script portion of the language
+is now ready for general use by users who are willing to learn a few
+simple @code{Asymptote} graphics commands (@pxref{Drawing commands}).
+
+@code{Asymptote} is mathematically oriented (e.g.@ one can
+use complex multiplication to rotate a vector) and uses
+@code{LaTeX} to do the
+typesetting of labels. This is an important feature for scientific
+applications. It was inspired by an earlier drawing program (with a weaker
+syntax and capabilities) called @code{MetaPost}.
+
+The @code{Asymptote} vector graphics language provides:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item a standard for typesetting mathematical figures, just
+as @TeX{}/@code{LaTeX} is the de-facto standard for typesetting equations.
+
+@item @code{LaTeX} typesetting of labels, for overall document consistency;
+
+@item a natural coordinate-based framework for technical drawings,
+inspired by @code{MetaPost}, with a much cleaner, powerful C++-like programming
+syntax;
+
+@item compilation of figures into virtual machine code for speed, without
+sacrificing portability;
+
+@item the power of a script-based language coupled to the convenience of
+a @acronym{GUI};
+
+@item customization using its own C++-like graphics programming language;
+
+@item sensible defaults for graphical features, with the ability to override;
+
+@item a high-level mathematically oriented interface to the
+@code{PostScript} language for vector graphics, including affine transforms
+and complex variables;
+
+@item functions that can create new (anonymous) functions;
+
+@item deferred drawing that uses the simplex method to solve overall size
+constraint issues between fixed-sized objects (labels and arrowheads) and
+objects that should scale with figure size;
+
+@end itemize
+
+Many of the features of @code{Asymptote} are written in the
+@code{Asymptote} language itself. While the stock version of
+@code{Asymptote} is designed for mathematics typesetting needs, one can
+write @code{Asymptote} modules that tailor it to specific
+applications. A scientific graphing module has already been written
+(@pxref{graph}). Examples of @code{Asymptote} code and output,
+including animations, are available at
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/}.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Links to many external resources, including an excellent user-written
+@code{Asymptote} tutorial can be found at
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/links.html}.
+@end quotation
+
+@node Installation
+@chapter Installation
+@cindex installation
+
+@menu
+* UNIX binary distributions:: Prebuilt @code{UNIX} binaries
+* MacOS X binary distributions:: Prebuilt @code{MacOS X} binaries
+* Microsoft Windows:: Prebuilt @code{Microsoft Windows} binary
+* Configuring:: Configuring @code{Asymptote} for your system
+* Search paths:: Where @code{Asymptote} looks for your files
+* Compiling from UNIX source:: Building @code{Asymptote} from scratch
+* Editing modes:: Convenient @code{emacs} and @code{vim} modes
+* Subversion::
+* Uninstall:: Goodbye, @code{Asymptote}!
+@end menu
+
+After following the instructions for your specific distribution,
+please see also @ref{Configuring}.
+
+@noindent
+We recommend subscribing to new release announcements at
+@quotation
+@url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/asy}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Users may also wish to monitor the @code{Asymptote} forum:
+@quotation
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/forum/monitor.php?forum_id=409349}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+
+@node UNIX binary distributions
+@section UNIX binary distributions
+@cindex UNIX binary distributions
+
+@cindex @acronym{RPM}
+@cindex @code{tgz}
+We release both @code{tgz} and @acronym{RPM} binary distributions of
+@code{Asymptote}. The root user can install the @code{Linux i386} @code{tgz}
+distribution of version @code{x.xx} of @code{Asymptote} with the commands:
+@verbatim
+tar -C / -zxf asymptote-x.xx.i386.tgz
+texhash
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The @code{texhash} command, which installs LaTeX style files, is optional.
+The executable file will be @code{/usr/local/bin/asy}) and example code
+will be installed by default in @code{@value{Datadir}/doc/asymptote/examples}.
+
+@noindent
+@cindex Fedora
+Fedora users can easily install the most recent version of @code{Asymptote}
+with the command
+@verbatim
+yum --enablerepo=rawhide install asymptote
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex Debian
+@noindent
+To install the latest version of @code{Asymptote} on a Debian-based distribution
+(e.g.@ Ubuntu, Mepis, Linspire) follow the instructions for compiling
+from @code{UNIX} source (@pxref{Compiling from UNIX source}).
+Alternatively, Debian users can install one of Hubert Chan's
+prebuilt @code{Asymptote} binaries from
+@quotation
+@url{http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/a/asymptote}
+@end quotation
+
+@node MacOS X binary distributions
+@section MacOS X binary distributions
+@cindex @code{MacOS X} binary distributions
+@code{MacOS X} users can either compile the @code{UNIX} source code
+(@pxref{Compiling from UNIX source})
+or install the contributed @code{Asymptote} binary available at
+
+@url{http://www.hmug.org/pub/MacOS_X/X/Applications/Publishing/asymptote/}
+
+@noindent
+Because these preconfigured binary distributions have
+strict architecture and library dependencies that many installations do
+not satisfy, we recommend installing @code{Asymptote} directly from the
+official source:
+
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=120000}
+
+@noindent
+Note that many @code{MacOS X} (and FreeBSD) systems inexplicably ship
+with an extremely old @acronym{GNU} @code{readline} version (4.1,
+dated 21 March 2000). For full interactive functionality,
+@code{readline} version 4.2 or later (16 April 2001) is required.
+
+@node Microsoft Windows
+@section Microsoft Windows
+@cindex Microsoft Windows
+Users of the @code{Microsoft Windows} operating system can install the
+self-extracting @code{Asymptote} executable @code{asymptote-x.xx-setup.exe},
+where @code{x.xx} denotes the latest version.
+
+A working @TeX{} implementation (such as the one available at
+@url{http://www.miktex.org}) will be required to typeset labels.
+You will also need to install @code{GPL Ghostscript} from
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ghostscript/}.
+To view the default @code{PostScript} output, you can install the
+program @code{gsview} available from
+@url{http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/}.
+
+The @code{ImageMagick} package from
+
+@url{http://www.imagemagick.org/script/binary-releases.php}
+
+@noindent
+is required to support output formats other than @acronym{EPS} and
+@acronym{PDF} (@pxref{convert}).
+The @code{Python} interpreter from @url{http://www.python.org} is only required
+if you wish to try out the graphical user interface (@pxref{GUI}).
+
+@noindent
+Example code will be installed by default in the @code{examples}
+subdirectory of the installation directory (by default,
+@code{C:\Program Files\Asymptote}).
+
+@node Configuring
+@section Configuring
+@cindex configuring
+@cindex @code{-V}
+@cindex @code{psviewer}
+@cindex @code{pdfviewer}
+@cindex @code{gs}
+In interactive mode, or when given the @code{-V} option (the default
+when running @code{Asymptote} on a single file under @code{MSDOS}),
+@code{Asymptote} will automatically invoke the @code{PostScript}
+viewer @code{gv} (under @code{UNIX}) or @code{gsview} (under
+@code{MSDOS} to display graphical output. These defaults may be
+overridden with the configuration variable @code{psviewer}.
+The @code{PostScript} viewer should be capable of automatically
+redrawing whenever the output file is updated. The default @code{UNIX}
+@code{PostScript} viewer @code{gv} supports this (via a @code{SIGHUP}
+signal). Version @code{gv-3.6.3} or later (from
+@url{http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gv/}) is required for interactive mode to
+work properly.
+Users of @code{ggv} will need to enable @code{Watch file} under
+@code{Edit/Postscript Viewer Preferences}.
+Users of @code{gsview} will need to enable @code{Options/Auto Redisplay}
+(however, under @code{MSDOS} it is still necessary to click on the
+@code{gsview} window; under @code{UNIX} one must manually redisplay by
+pressing the @code{r} key).
+
+@cindex @code{settings}
+@cindex configuration file
+Configuration variables are most easily set as @code{Asymptote}
+variables in the configuration file (by default, @code{.asy/config.asy} in the
+user's home directory or @code{%USERPROFILE%\.asy\config.asy} under
+@code{MSDOS}); @pxref{configuration file}. Here are the default values
+of several important configuration variables under @code{UNIX}:
+
+@cindex @code{python}
+@noindent
+@verbatim
+import settings;
+psviewer="gv";
+pdfviewer="acroread";
+gs="gs";
+python="";
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+The (installation-dependent) default values of these configuration
+variables under @code{MSDOS} are determined automatically from the
+@code{Microsoft Windows} registry.
+
+For @acronym{PDF} format output, the @code{gs} setting specifies the
+location of the @code{PostScript}-to-@acronym{PDF} processor @code{Ghostscript},
+available from @url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/ghostscript/}.
+
+The setting @code{pdfviewer} specifies the location of the @acronym{PDF}
+viewer. On @code{UNIX} systems, to support automatic document
+reloading in @code{Adobe Reader}, we recommend copying the file
+@code{reload.js} from the @code{Asymptote} system directory (by default,
+@code{@value{Datadir}/asymptote} under @code{UNIX} to
+@code{~/.adobe/Acrobat/x.x/JavaScripts/},
+where @code{x.x} represents the appropriate @code{Adobe Reader}
+version number. The automatic document reload feature must then be
+explicitly enabled by putting
+@verbatim
+import settings;
+pdfreload=true;
+pdfreloadOptions="-tempFile";
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+in the @code{Asymptote} configuration file. This reload feature is not
+useful under @code{MSDOS} since the document cannot be updated anyway on
+that operating system until it is first closed by @code{Adobe Reader}.
+
+The graphical user interface may also require setting the variable
+@code{python} if @code{Python} is installed in a nonstandard location.
+
+The configuration variable @code{dir} can be used to adjust the
+search path (@pxref{Search paths}).
+
+@cindex @code{papertype}
+@cindex @code{paperwidth}
+@cindex @code{paperheight}
+@cindex @code{letter}
+@cindex @code{a4}
+By default, @code{Asymptote} attempts to center the figure on the
+page, assuming that the paper type is @code{letter}. The default paper
+type may be changed to @code{a4} with the configuration variable
+@code{papertype}. Alignment to other paper sizes can be obtained by setting the
+configuration variables @code{paperwidth} and @code{paperheight}.
+
+@cindex @code{texpath}
+@cindex @code{texcommand}
+@cindex @code{texdvicommand}
+@cindex @code{dvips}
+@cindex @code{convert}
+@cindex @code{display}
+@cindex @code{animate}
+@cindex @code{xasy}
+@cindex @code{ImageMagick}
+The following configuration variables normally do not require adjustment:
+@verbatim
+texpath
+texcommand
+texdvicommand
+dvips
+convert
+display
+animate
+xasy
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The @code{texdvicommand} is used for @code{3D} label typesetting, which
+requires @code{dvips} output. An empty string indicates the default setting
+of @code{latex}/@code{tex}, depending on the setting of @code{texengine}.
+
+@cindex command-line options
+Configuration variables may also be set or overwritten with a
+command-line option:
+@verbatim
+asy -psviewer=gsview -V venn
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex environment variables
+Alternatively, system environment versions of the above configuration
+variables may be set in the conventional way. The corresponding
+environment variable name is obtained by converting the configuration
+variable name to upper case and prepending @code{ASYMPTOTE_}:
+for example, to set the environment variable
+@verbatim
+ASYMPTOTE_PSVIEWER="C:\Program Files\Ghostgum\gsview\gsview32.exe";
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+under @code{Microsoft Windows XP}:
+@enumerate
+@item Click on the @code{Start} button;
+@item Right-click on @code{My Computer};
+@item Choose @code{Properties} from the popup menu;
+@item Click the @code{Advanced} tab;
+@item Click the @code{Environment Variables} button.
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Search paths
+@section Search paths
+@cindex search paths
+
+In looking for @code{Asymptote} system
+files, @code{asy} will search the following paths, in the order listed:
+@enumerate
+@item
+The current directory;
+@item
+@cindex @code{dir}
+A list of one or more directories specified by the configuration
+variable @code{dir} (separated by @code{:} under UNIX and
+@code{;} under @code{MSDOS});
+@item
+@cindex @code{.asy}
+The directory @code{.asy} in the user's home directory
+(@code{%USERPROFILE%\.asy} under @code{MSDOS});
+@item
+The @code{Asymptote} system directory (by default,
+@code{@value{Datadir}/asymptote} under @code{UNIX} and
+@code{C:\Program Files\Asymptote} under @code{MSDOS}).
+@end enumerate
+
+@node Compiling from UNIX source
+@section Compiling from UNIX source
+@cindex Compiling from UNIX source
+
+To compile and install a @code{UNIX} executable from
+a source release
+@code{x.xx}, first execute the commands:
+@verbatim
+gunzip asymptote-x.xx.src.tgz
+tar -xf asymptote-x.xx.src.tar
+cd asymptote-x.xx
+@end verbatim
+By default the system version of the Boehm garbage collector will be
+used; if it is old we recommend first putting
+@url{http://www.hpl.hp.com/personal/Hans_Boehm/gc/gc_source/gc-7.1.tar.gz}
+in the @code{Asymptote} source directory.
+
+@cindex @code{freeglut}
+@cindex 3D rendering
+@cindex antialiasing
+@cindex multisampling
+@anchor{multisampling}
+@noindent
+If your graphics card supports multisampling, we recommend using SVN
+revision 761 (or later) of @code{freeglut} to support antialiasing in
+@code{Asymptote}'s adaptive @code{OpenGL} 3D renderer
+(@code{MacOS X} users can skip this step since @code{Asymptote} is configured
+to use the native glut library on that platform). Download
+@quotation
+@url{http://freeglut.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/freeglut/trunk/freeglut/freeglut.tar.gz}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+and type (as the root user):
+@verbatim
+tar -zxf freeglut.tar.gz
+cd freeglut
+sh autogen.sh
+./configure --prefix=/usr
+make install
+cd ..
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Then compile @code{Asymptote} with the commands
+@verbatim
+./configure
+make all
+make install
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Be sure to use @acronym{GNU} @code{make} (on non-@acronym{GNU} systems
+this command may be called @code{gmake}).
+To build the documentation, you may need to install the
+@code{texinfo-tex} package. If you get errors from a broken @code{texinfo}
+or @code{pdftex} installation, simply put
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/asymptote.pdf}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+in the directory @code{doc} and repeat the command @code{make all}.
+
+@noindent
+For a (default) system-wide installation, the last command should be
+done as the root user. To install without root privileges, change the
+@code{./configure} command to
+@verbatim
+./configure --prefix=$HOME/asymptote
+@end verbatim
+One can disable use of the Boehm garbage collector by configuring
+with @code{./configure --disable-gc}. For a list of other configuration
+options, say @code{./configure --help}. For example, one can tell
+configure to look for header files and libraries in nonstandard locations:
+@verbatim
+./configure CFLAGS=-I/opt/usr/include LDFLAGS=-L/opt/usr/lib
+@end verbatim
+
+If you are compiling @code{Asymptote} with @code{gcc}, you will need a
+relatively recent version (e.g.@ 3.4.4 or later). For full interactive
+functionality, you will need version 4.2 or later of the @acronym{GNU}
+@code{readline} library.
+The file @code{gcc3.3.2curses.patch} in the @code{patches} directory can
+be used to patch the broken curses.h header file (or a local copy thereof
+in the current directory) on some @code{AIX} and @code{IRIX} systems.
+
+@cindex @code{FFTW}
+@cindex @code{GSL}
+The @code{FFTW} library is only required if you want @code{Asymptote}
+to be able to take Fourier transforms of data (say, to compute an
+audio power spectrum). The @code{GSL} library is only required if you
+require the special functions that it supports.
+
+If you don't want to install @code{Asymptote} system wide, just make
+sure the compiled binary @code{asy} and @acronym{GUI} script @code{xasy} are in
+your path and set the configuration variable @code{dir} to point
+to the directory @code{base} (in the top level directory of the
+@code{Asymptote} source code).
+
+@node Editing modes
+@section Editing modes
+@cindex Editing modes
+@cindex @code{emacs}
+@cindex @code{asy-mode}
+@cindex @code{lasy-mode}
+Users of @code{emacs} can edit @code{Asymptote} code with the mode
+@code{asy-mode}, after enabling it by putting the following lines in their
+@code{.emacs} initialization file, replacing @code{ASYDIR} with the
+location of the @code{Asymptote} system directory (by default,
+@code{@value{Datadir}/asymptote} or @code{C:\Program Files\Asymptote}
+under @code{MSDOS}):
+@verbatim
+(add-to-list 'load-path "ASYDIR")
+(autoload 'asy-mode "asy-mode.el" "Asymptote major mode." t)
+(autoload 'lasy-mode "asy-mode.el" "hybrid Asymptote/Latex major mode." t)
+(autoload 'asy-insinuate-latex "asy-mode.el" "Asymptote insinuate LaTeX." t)
+(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.asy$" . asy-mode))
+
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Particularly useful key bindings in this mode are @code{C-c C-c}, which compiles
+and displays the current buffer, and the key binding @code{C-c ?}, which
+shows the available function prototypes for the command at the cursor.
+For full functionality you should also install the Apache Software Foundation
+package @code{two-mode-mode}:
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.dedasys.com/freesoftware/files/two-mode-mode.el}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Once installed, you can use the hybrid mode @code{lasy-mode} to edit a
+LaTeX file containing embedded @code{Asymptote} code (@pxref{LaTeX usage}).
+This mode can be enabled within @code{latex-mode}
+with the key sequence @code{M-x lasy-mode <RET>}.
+On @code{UNIX} systems, additional keywords will be generated from
+all @code{asy} files in the space-separated list of directories
+specified by the environment variable @code{ASYMPTOTE_SITEDIR}.
+Further documentation of @code{asy-mode} is available within
+@code{emacs} by pressing the sequence keys @code{C-h f asy-mode <RET>}.
+
+@cindex @code{vim}
+@cindex @code{asy.vim}
+Fans of @code{vim} can customize @code{vim} for @code{Asymptote} with
+
+@noindent
+@code{cp @value{Datadir}/asymptote/asy.vim ~/.vim/syntax/asy.vim}
+
+@noindent
+and add the following to their @code{~/.vimrc} file:
+@verbatim
+augroup filetypedetect
+au BufNewFile,BufRead *.asy setf asy
+augroup END
+filetype plugin on
+@end verbatim
+
+If any of these directories or files don't exist, just create them.
+To set @code{vim} up to run the current asymptote script using @code{:make}
+just add to @code{~/.vim/ftplugin/asy.vim}:
+@verbatim
+setlocal makeprg=asy\ %
+setlocal errorformat=%f:\ %l.%c:\ %m
+
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Subversion
+@section Subversion (SVN)
+@cindex Subversion
+@cindex SVN
+
+The following commands are needed to install the latest development version of
+@code{Asymptote} using @acronym{Subversion}:
+@verbatim
+svn co http://asymptote.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/asymptote/trunk/asymptote
+cd asymptote
+./autogen.sh
+./configure
+make all
+make install
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+To compile without optimization, use the command @code{make CFLAGS=-g}.
+
+@node Uninstall
+@section Uninstall
+@cindex Uninstall
+
+To uninstall an @code{Linux i386} binary distribution, use the commands
+@verbatim
+tar -zxvf asymptote-x.xx.i386.tgz | xargs --replace=% rm /%
+texhash
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+To uninstall all @code{Asymptote} files installed from a source
+distribution, use the command
+@verbatim
+make uninstall
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Tutorial
+@chapter Tutorial
+@cindex tutorial
+@emph{An excellent user-written @code{Asymptote} tutorial is also available
+from}
+
+@url{http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Wiki/index.php/Asymptote:_Basics}
+
+@noindent
+To draw a line from coordinate (0,0) to coordinate (100,100) using
+@code{Asymptote}'s interactive mode, type at the command prompt:
+@verbatim
+asy
+draw((0,0)--(100,100));
+@end verbatim
+@sp 1
+@center @image{diagonal}
+
+@cindex @code{bp}
+@cindex @code{pair}
+The units here are @code{PostScript} "big points"
+(1 @code{bp} = 1/72 @code{inch}); @code{--} means join with a linear segment.
+In @code{Asymptote} coordinates like @code{(0,0)} and
+@code{(1000,100)} are called @emph{pairs}.
+
+@cindex tab completion
+@cindex arrow keys
+At this point you can type in further draw commands, which will be added
+to the displayed figure, or type @code{quit} to exit interactive mode.
+You can use the arrow keys in interactive mode to edit previous lines
+(assuming that you have support for the @acronym{GNU} @code{readline} library
+enabled). The tab key will automatically complete unambiguous words;
+otherwise, hitting tab again will show the possible choices. Further
+commands specific to interactive mode are described in @ref{Interactive mode}.
+
+@cindex batch mode
+In batch mode, @code{Asymptote} reads commands directly from a
+file. To try this out, type
+@verbatiminclude diagonal.asy
+
+@noindent
+into a file, say test.asy. Then execute this file with the
+@code{MSDOS} or @code{UNIX} command
+@verbatim
+asy -V test
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@code{MSDOS} users can drag and drop the file onto the
+Desktop @code{asy} icon or make @code{Asymptote} the
+default application for files with the extension @code{asy}.
+
+@noindent
+@cindex @code{-V}
+The @code{-V} option opens up a @code{PostScript}
+viewer window so you can immediately view the encapsulated
+@code{PostScript} output. By default the output will be written to the
+file @code{test.eps}; the prefix of the output file may be changed with
+the @code{-o} command-line option.
+
+@cindex @code{cycle}
+One can draw a line with more than two points and create a cyclic path
+like this square:
+@verbatiminclude square.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{square}
+
+It is often inconvenient to work directly with @code{PostScript} coordinates.
+The next example draws a unit square scaled to width 101 bp and height
+101 bp. The output is identical to that of the previous example.
+@verbatim
+size(101,101);
+draw((0,0)--(1,0)--(1,1)--(0,1)--cycle);
+@end verbatim
+
+For convenience, the path @code{(0,0)--(1,0)--(1,1)--(0,1)--cycle}
+may be replaced with the predefined variable
+@code{unitsquare}, or equivalently, @code{box((0,0),(1,1))}.
+
+@cindex @code{inches}
+@cindex @code{cm}
+@cindex @code{mm}
+@cindex @code{pt}
+One can also specify the size in @code{pt} (1 @code{pt} = 1/72.27 @code{inch}),
+@code{cm}, @code{mm}, or @code{inches}.
+If 0 is given as a size argument, no restriction is made in that direction;
+the overall scaling will be determined by the other direction
+(@pxref{size}):
+@verbatiminclude bigsquare.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{bigsquare}
+
+@cindex user coordinates
+@cindex @code{unitsize}
+To make the user coordinates represent multiples of exactly @code{1cm}:
+@verbatim
+unitsize(1cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
+@end verbatim
+
+One can also specify different @math{x} and @math{y} unit sizes:
+@verbatim
+unitsize(1cm,2cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
+@end verbatim
+
+Adding labels is easy in @code{Asymptote}; one specifies the
+label as a double-quoted @code{LaTeX} string, a
+coordinate, and an optional alignment direction:
+@verbatiminclude labelsquare.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{labelsquare}
+
+@cindex compass directions
+@cindex @code{N}
+@cindex @code{E}
+@cindex @code{W}
+@cindex @code{S}
+@code{Asymptote} uses the standard compass directions @code{E=(1,0)},
+@code{N=(0,1)}, @code{NE=unit(N+E)}, and @code{ENE=unit(E+NE)}, etc.,
+which along with the directions @code{up}, @code{down}, @code{right},
+and @code{left} are defined as pairs in the @code{Asymptote} base
+module @code{plain}. A user who has a local variable named @code{E}
+may access the compass direction @code{E} by prefixing it with the name
+of the module where it is defined: @code{plain.E}.
+
+This example draws a path that approximates a quarter circle:
+@verbatiminclude quartercircle.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{quartercircle}
+
+In general, a path is specified as a list of pairs (or other paths)
+interconnected with
+@cindex @code{cycle}
+@cindex @code{--}
+@cindex @code{..}
+@code{--}, which denotes a straight line segment, or @code{..}, which
+denotes a cubic spline.
+@anchor{unitcircle}
+@cindex @code{unitcircle}
+Specifying a final node @code{cycle} creates a cyclic path that
+connects smoothly back to the initial node, as in this approximation
+(accurate to within 0.06%) of a unit circle:
+@verbatim
+path unitcircle=E..N..W..S..cycle;
+@end verbatim
+
+@anchor{Bezier}
+@cindex direction specifier
+Each interior node of a cubic spline may be given a
+direction prefix or suffix @code{@{dir@}}: the direction of the pair
+@code{dir} specifies the direction of the incoming or outgoing tangent,
+respectively, to the curve at that node. Exterior nodes may be
+given direction specifiers only on their interior side.
+
+A cubic spline between the node @math{z_0}, with postcontrol point
+@math{c_0}, and the node @math{z_1}, with precontrol point @math{c_1},
+is computed as the Bezier curve
+@sp 1
+@center @image{bezier,,,(1-t)^3*z_0+3t(1-t)^2*c_0+3t^2(1-t)*c_1+t^3*z_1 for 0 <=t <= 1.}
+
+As illustrated in the diagram below, the third-order midpoint (@math{m_5})
+constructed from two endpoints @math{z_0} and @math{z_1} and two control points
+@math{c_0} and @math{c_1}, is the point corresponding to @math{t=1/2} on
+the Bezier curve formed by the quadruple (@math{z_0}, @math{c_0},
+@math{c_1}, @math{z_1}). This allows one to recursively construct the
+desired curve, by using the newly extracted third-order midpoint as an
+endpoint and the respective second- and first-order midpoints as control
+points:
+@sp 1
+@center @image{bezier2}
+
+Here @math{m_0}, @math{m_1} and @math{m_2} are the first-order
+midpoints, @math{m_3} and @math{m_4} are the second-order midpoints, and
+@math{m_5} is the third-order midpoint.
+The curve is then constructed by recursively applying the algorithm to
+(@math{z_0}, @math{m_0}, @math{m_3}, @math{m_5}) and
+(@math{m_5}, @math{m_4}, @math{m_2}, @math{z_1}).
+
+In fact, an analogous property holds for points located at any
+fraction @math{t} in @math{[0,1]} of each segment, not just for
+midpoints (@math{t=1/2}).
+
+The Bezier curve constructed in this manner has the following properties:
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item It is entirely contained in the convex hull of the given four points.
+
+@item It starts heading from the first endpoint to the first control point
+and finishes heading from the second control point to the second endpoint.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex @code{controls}
+The user can specify explicit control points between two nodes like this:
+@verbatim
+draw((0,0)..controls (0,100) and (100,100)..(100,0));
+@end verbatim
+
+However, it is usually more convenient to just use the
+@code{..} operator, which tells @code{Asymptote} to choose its own
+control points using the algorithms described in Donald Knuth's
+monograph, The MetaFontbook, Chapter 14.
+The user can still customize the guide (or path) by specifying
+direction, tension, and curl values.
+
+The higher the tension, the straighter the curve is, and the more
+it approximates a straight line.
+@cindex @code{tension}
+@cindex @code{and}
+@cindex @code{atleast}
+One can change the spline tension from its default value of 1 to any
+real value greater than or equal to 0.75 (cf. John D. Hobby, Discrete and
+Computational Geometry 1, 1986):
+@verbatim
+draw((100,0)..tension 2 ..(100,100)..(0,100));
+draw((100,0)..tension 2 and 1 ..(100,100)..(0,100));
+draw((100,0)..tension atleast 1 ..(100,100)..(0,100));
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{curl}
+The curl parameter specifies the curvature at the endpoints of a path
+(0 means straight; the default value of 1 means approximately circular):
+@verbatim
+draw((100,0){curl 0}..(100,100)..{curl 0}(0,100));
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{MetaPost ...@ }
+@cindex @code{::}
+The @code{MetaPost ...} path connector, which requests, when possible, an
+inflection-free curve confined to a triangle defined by the
+endpoints and directions, is implemented in @code{Asymptote} as the
+convenient abbreviation @code{::} for @code{..tension atleast 1 ..}
+(the ellipsis @code{...} is used in @code{Asymptote} to indicate a
+variable number of arguments; @pxref{Rest arguments}). For example,
+compare
+@verbatiminclude dots.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{dots}
+@noindent
+with
+@verbatiminclude colons.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{colons}
+
+@cindex @code{---}
+@cindex @code{&}
+The @code{---} connector is an abbreviation for @code{..tension atleast
+infinity..} and the @code{&} connector concatenates two paths, after
+first stripping off the last node of the first path (which normally
+should coincide with the first node of the second path).
+
+@cindex @code{PostScript} subpath
+@cindex @code{^^}
+@cindex @code{path[]}
+@cindex superpath
+An @code{Asymptote} path, being connected, is equivalent to a
+@code{Postscript subpath}. The @code{^^} binary operator, which
+requests that the pen be moved (without drawing or affecting
+endpoint curvatures) from the final point of the left-hand path to the
+initial point of the right-hand path, may be used to group several
+@code{Asymptote} paths into a @code{path[]} array (equivalent to a
+@code{PostScript} path):
+@verbatiminclude superpath.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{superpath}
+
+@cindex evenodd
+The @code{PostScript} even-odd fill rule here specifies that only the
+region bounded between the two unit circles is filled (@pxref{fillrule}).
+In this example, the same effect can be achieved by using the default
+zero winding number fill rule, if one is careful to alternate the
+orientation of the paths:
+@verbatim
+filldraw(unitcircle^^reverse(g),yellow,black);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{unitbox}
+The @code{^^} operator is used by the @code{box(triple, triple)} function in
+@code{three.asy} to construct the edges of a cube @code{unitbox}
+without retracing steps:
+@verbatiminclude cube.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{cube}
+
+See section @ref{graph} (or the online @code{Asymptote} gallery and
+external links posted at @url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net}) for
+further examples, including two and three-dimensional scientific
+graphs. Additional examples have been posted by Philippe Ivaldi at
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/}.
+
+@node Drawing commands
+@chapter Drawing commands
+@cindex drawing commands
+
+All of @code{Asymptote}'s graphical capabilities are based on four primitive
+commands. The three @code{PostScript} drawing commands @code{draw},
+@code{fill}, and @code{clip} add objects to a picture in the order in
+which they are executed, with the most recently drawn object appearing on top.
+The labeling command @code{label} can be used to add text
+labels and external @acronym{EPS} images, which will appear on top of the
+@code{PostScript} objects (since this is normally what one wants), but
+again in the relative order in which they were executed. After drawing
+objects on a picture, the picture can be output with the
+@code{shipout} function (@pxref{shipout}).
+
+@cindex @code{layer}
+If you wish to draw @code{PostScript} objects on top of labels (or verbatim
+@code{tex} commands; @pxref{tex}), the @code{layer} command may be
+used to start a
+new @code{PostScript/LaTeX} layer:
+@verbatim
+void layer(picture pic=currentpicture);
+@end verbatim
+
+The @code{layer} function gives one full control over the order in which
+objects are drawn. Layers are drawn sequentially, with the most recent
+layer appearing on top. Within each layer, labels, images, and
+verbatim @code{tex} commands are always drawn after the
+@code{PostScript} objects in that layer.
+
+While some of these drawing commands take many options, they all have sensible
+default values (for example, the picture argument defaults to
+currentpicture).
+
+@cindex legend
+@cindex @code{draw}
+@cindex @code{arrow}
+@menu
+* draw:: Draw a path on a picture or frame
+* fill:: Fill a cyclic path on a picture or frame
+* clip:: Clip a picture or frame to a cyclic path
+* label:: Label a point on a picture
+@end menu
+
+@node draw
+@section draw
+@verbatim
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", path g,
+ align align=NoAlign, pen p=currentpen,
+ arrowbar arrow=None, arrowbar bar=None, margin margin=NoMargin,
+ Label legend="", marker marker=nomarker);
+@end verbatim
+
+Draw the path @code{g} on the picture @code{pic} using pen @code{p}
+for drawing, with optional drawing attributes (Label @code{L},
+explicit label alignment @code{align},
+arrows and bars @code{arrow} and @code{bar}, margins @code{margin},
+legend, and markers @code{marker}). Only one parameter, the path, is
+required. For convenience, the arguments @code{arrow} and @code{bar} may be
+specified in either order. The argument @code{legend} is a Label to
+use in constructing an optional legend entry.
+
+@cindex @code{None}
+@cindex @code{BeginBar}
+@cindex @code{EndBar}
+@cindex @code{Bar}
+@cindex @code{Bars}
+@cindex @code{barsize}
+Bars are useful for indicating dimensions. The possible values of
+@code{bar} are @code{None}, @code{BeginBar}, @code{EndBar} (or
+equivalently @code{Bar}), and @code{Bars} (which draws a bar at both
+ends of the path). Each of these bar specifiers (except for
+@code{None}) will accept an optional real argument that denotes the
+length of the bar in @code{PostScript} coordinates. The default
+bar length is @code{barsize(pen)}.
+
+@anchor{arrows}
+@cindex @code{None}
+@cindex @code{Blank}
+@cindex @code{BeginArrow}
+@cindex @code{MidArrow}
+@cindex @code{EndArrow}
+@cindex @code{Arrow}
+@cindex @code{Arrows}
+@cindex @code{FillDraw}
+@cindex @code{Fill}
+@cindex @code{Draw}
+@cindex @code{NoFill}
+@cindex @code{UnFill}
+@cindex @code{BeginArcArrow}
+@cindex @code{MidArcArrow}
+@cindex @code{EndArcArrow}
+@cindex @code{ArcArrow}
+@cindex @code{ArcArrows}
+
+@cindex @code{DefaultHead}
+@cindex @code{SimpleHead}
+@cindex @code{HookHead}
+@cindex @code{TeXHead}
+The possible values of @code{arrow} are @code{None}, @code{Blank}
+(which draws no arrows or path), @code{BeginArrow}, @code{MidArrow},
+@code{EndArrow} (or equivalently @code{Arrow}),
+and @code{Arrows} (which draws an arrow at both ends of the path).
+All of the arrow specifiers except for @code{None} and @code{Blank}
+may be given the optional arguments arrowhead @code{arrowhead} (one of
+the predefined arrowhead styles @code{DefaultHead}, @code{SimpleHead},
+@code{HookHead}, @code{TeXHead}),
+real @code{size} (arrowhead size in @code{PostScript} coordinates),
+real @code{angle} (arrowhead angle
+in degrees), filltype @code{filltype} (one of @code{FillDraw}, @code{Fill},
+@code{NoFill}, @code{UnFill}, @code{Draw})
+and (except for @code{MidArrow} and @code{Arrows}) a
+relative real @code{position} along the path (an @code{arctime}) where
+the tip of the arrow should be placed. The default arrowhead size when drawn
+with a pen @code{p} is @code{arrowsize(p)}. There are also arrow versions with
+slightly modified default values of @code{size} and @code{angle} suitable for
+curved arrows: @code{BeginArcArrow}, @code{EndArcArrow} (or equivalently
+@code{ArcArrow}), @code{MidArcArrow}, and @code{ArcArrows}.
+
+@cindex @code{NoMargin}
+@cindex @code{BeginMargin}
+@cindex @code{EndMargin}
+@cindex @code{Margin}
+@cindex @code{Margins}
+@cindex @code{BeginPenMargin}
+@cindex @code{EndPenMargin}
+@cindex @code{PenMargin}
+@cindex @code{PenMargins}
+@cindex @code{BeginDotMargin}
+@cindex @code{EndDotMargin}
+@cindex @code{DotMargin}
+@cindex @code{DotMargins}
+@cindex @code{Margin}
+@cindex @code{TrueMargin}
+Margins can be used to shrink the visible portion of a path by
+@code{labelmargin(p)} to avoid overlap with other drawn objects.
+Typical values of @code{margin}
+are @code{NoMargin}, @code{BeginMargin}, @code{EndMargin} (or
+equivalently @code{Margin}), and @code{Margins} (which leaves a margin
+at both ends of the path). One may use @code{Margin(real begin, real end)}
+to specify the size of the beginning and ending margin, respectively,
+in multiples of the units @code{labelmargin(p)} used for aligning labels.
+Alternatively, @code{BeginPenMargin}, @code{EndPenMargin}
+(or equivalently @code{PenMargin}), @code{PenMargins},
+@code{PenMargin(real begin, real end)} specify a margin in units of
+the pen line width, taking account of the pen line width when drawing
+the path or arrow. For example, use @code{DotMargin}, an
+abbreviation for @code{PenMargin(-0.5*dotfactor,0.5*dotfactor)},
+to draw from the usual beginning point just up to the boundary of an
+end dot of width @code{dotfactor*linewidth(p)}. The qualifiers
+@code{BeginDotMargin}, @code{EndDotMargin}, and @code{DotMargins} work
+similarly. The qualifier @code{TrueMargin(real begin, real end)} allows one to
+specify a margin directly in @code{PostScript} units, independent of
+the pen line width.
+
+The use of arrows, bars, and margins is illustrated by the examples
+@code{Pythagoras.asy}, @code{sqrtx01.asy}, and @code{triads.asy}.
+
+The legend for a picture @code{pic} can be fit and aligned to a frame
+with the routine:
+@cindex @code{legend}
+@verbatim
+frame legend(picture pic=currentpicture, int perline=1,
+ real xmargin=legendmargin, real ymargin=xmargin,
+ real linelength=legendlinelength,
+ real hskip=legendhskip, real vskip=legendvskip,
+ real maxwidth=0, real maxheight=0,
+ bool hstretch=false, bool vstretch=false, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Here @code{xmargin} and @code{ymargin} specify the surrounding @math{x}
+and @math{y} margins, @code{perline} specifies the number of entries
+per line (default 1; 0 means choose this number automatically),
+@code{linelength} specifies the length of the path lines, @code{hskip}
+and @code{vskip} specify the line skip (as a multiple of the legend entry
+size), @code{maxwidth} and @code{maxheight} specify optional upper limits
+on the width and height of the resulting legend (0 means unlimited),
+@code{hstretch} and @code{vstretch} allow the legend to stretch
+horizontally or vertically, and @code{p} specifies the pen used to draw
+the bounding box. The legend frame can then be added and aligned about a
+point on a picture @code{dest} using @code{add} or @code{attach}
+(@pxref{add about}).
+
+@cindex @code{dot}
+To draw a dot, simply draw a path containing a single point.
+The @code{dot} command defined in the module @code{plain} draws a
+dot having a diameter equal to an explicit pen line width or the
+default line width magnified by @code{dotfactor} (6 by default),
+using the specified filltype (@pxref{filltype}):
+@verbatim
+void dot(picture pic=currentpicture, pair z, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=Fill);
+void dot(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, pair z, align align=NoAlign,
+ string format=defaultformat, pen p=currentpen, filltype filltype=Fill);
+void dot(picture pic=currentpicture, Label[] L=new Label[], pair[] z,
+ align align=NoAlign, string format=defaultformat, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=Fill)
+void dot(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=Fill);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{Label}
+If the variable @code{Label} is given as the @code{Label}
+argument to the second routine, the @code{format} argument will be
+used to format a string based on the dot location (here @code{defaultformat}
+is @code{"$%.4g$"}).
+The third routine draws a dot at every point of a pair array @code{z}.
+One can also draw a dot at every node of a path:
+@verbatim
+void dot(picture pic=currentpicture, Label[] L=new Label[],
+ path g, align align=RightSide, string format=defaultformat,
+ pen p=currentpen, filltype filltype=Fill);
+@end verbatim
+See @ref{pathmarkers} and @ref{markers} for more general
+methods for marking path nodes.
+
+To draw a fixed-sized object (in @code{PostScript} coordinates) about
+the user coordinate @code{origin}, use the routine
+@cindex @code{draw}
+@verbatim
+void draw(pair origin, picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", path g,
+ align align=NoAlign, pen p=currentpen, arrowbar arrow=None,
+ arrowbar bar=None, margin margin=NoMargin, Label legend="",
+ marker marker=nomarker);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{fill}
+@node fill
+@section fill
+@verbatim
+void fill(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+Fill the interior region bounded by the cyclic path @code{g} on the picture
+@code{pic}, using the pen @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{filldraw}
+There is also a convenient @code{filldraw} command, which fills the path
+and then draws in the boundary. One can specify separate pens for each
+operation:
+@verbatim
+void filldraw(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, pen fillpen=currentpen,
+ pen drawpen=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{fill}
+This fixed-size version of @code{fill} allows one to fill an object
+described in @code{PostScript} coordinates about the user coordinate
+@code{origin}:
+@verbatim
+void fill(pair origin, picture pic=currentpicture, path g, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+This is just a convenient abbreviation for the commands:
+@verbatim
+picture opic;
+fill(opic,g,p);
+add(pic,opic,origin);
+@end verbatim
+
+The routine
+@cindex @code{filloutside}
+@verbatim
+void filloutside(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+fills the region exterior to the path @code{g}, out to the current
+boundary of picture @code{pic}.
+
+@anchor{gradient shading}
+@cindex gradient shading
+
+@cindex shading
+@cindex @code{latticeshade}
+Lattice gradient shading varying smoothly over a two-dimensional
+array of pens @code{p}, using fill rule @code{fillrule}, can be produced with
+@verbatim
+void latticeshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, pen[][] p)
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{stroke}
+If @code{stroke=true}, the region filled is the same as the region that
+would be drawn by @code{draw(pic,g,fillrule+zerowinding)}; in this case the path
+@code{g} need not be cyclic.
+The pens in @code{p} must belong to the same color space. One can use the
+functions @code{rgb(pen)} or @code{cmyk(pen)} to promote pens to a
+higher color space, as illustrated in the example file
+@code{latticeshading.asy}.
+
+@cindex @code{axialshade}
+Axial gradient shading varying smoothly from @code{pena} to @code{penb} in the
+direction of the line segment @code{a--b} can be achieved with
+@verbatim
+void axialshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen pena, pair a,
+ pen penb, pair b);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{radialshade}
+Radial gradient shading varying smoothly from
+@code{pena} on the circle with center @code{a} and radius @code{ra} to
+@code{penb} on the circle with center @code{b} and radius @code{rb}
+is similar:
+@verbatim
+void radialshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen pena, pair a, real ra,
+ pen penb, pair b, real rb);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Illustrations of radial shading are provided in the example files
+@code{shade.asy}, @code{ring.asy}, and @code{shadestroke.asy}.
+
+@cindex @code{gouraudshade}
+Gouraud shading using fill rule @code{fillrule} and the vertex colors in the
+pen array @code{p} on a triangular lattice defined by the vertices
+@code{z} and edge flags @code{edges} is implemented with
+@verbatim
+void gouraudshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, pen[] p, pair[] z,
+ int[] edges);
+void gouraudshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, pen[] p, int[] edges);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+In the second form, the elements of @code{z} are taken to be successive
+nodes of path @code{g}. The pens in @code{p} must belong to the same
+color space. Illustrations of Gouraud shading are provided in the example file
+@code{Gouraud.asy} and in the solid geometry module @code{solids.asy}.
+The edge flags used in Gouraud shading are documented here:
+@quotation
+@url{http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/ps/sdk/TN5600.SmoothShading.pdf}.
+@end quotation
+
+@cindex Coons shading
+@cindex tensor product shading
+@cindex @code{tensorshade}
+Tensor product shading using fill rule @code{fillrule} on patches
+bounded by the @math{n} cyclic paths of length 4 in path array @code{b},
+using the vertex colors specified in the @math{n \times 4} pen array
+@code{p} and internal control points in the @math{n \times 4}
+array @code{z}, is implemented with
+@verbatim
+void tensorshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, pen[][] p, path[] b=g,
+ pair[][] z=new pair[][]);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+If the array @code{z} is empty, Coons shading, in which the color
+control points are calculated automatically, is used.
+The pens in @code{p} must belong to the same color space.
+A simpler interface for the case of a single patch (@math{n=1}) is also
+available:
+@verbatim
+void tensorshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, pen[] p, path b=g,
+ pair[] z=new pair[]);
+@end verbatim
+One can also smoothly shade the regions between consecutive paths of a
+sequence using a given array of pens:
+@verbatim
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, path[] g, pen[] p);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Illustrations of tensor product and Coons shading are provided in the
+example files @code{tensor.asy}, @code{Coons.asy}, @code{BezierSurface.asy},
+and @code{rainbow.asy}.
+
+@cindex Function shading
+@cindex function shading
+@cindex @code{functionshade}
+More general shading possibilities are available with the @code{pdflatex},
+@code{xetex}, and @code{pdftex} @TeX{} engines: the routine
+@verbatim
+void functionshade(picture pic=currentpicture, path[] g, bool stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen, string shader);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+shades on picture @code{pic} the interior of path @code{g} according
+to fill rule @code{fillrule} using the @code{PostScript} calculator routine
+specified by the string @code{shader}; this routine takes 2 arguments,
+each in [0,1], and returns @code{colors(fillrule).length} color components.
+Function shading is illustrated in the example @code{functionshading.asy}.
+
+@cindex unfill
+The following routine uses @code{evenodd} clipping together with the
+@code{^^} operator to unfill a region:
+
+@verbatim
+void unfill(picture pic=currentpicture, path g);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{clip}
+@cindex @code{stroke}
+@node clip
+@section clip
+@verbatim
+void clip(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, stroke=false,
+ pen fillrule=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+Clip the current contents of picture @code{pic} to the region bounded
+by the path @code{g}, using fill rule @code{fillrule} (@pxref{fillrule}).
+If @code{stroke=true}, the clipped portion is the same as the region
+that would be drawn with @code{draw(pic,g,fillrule+zerowinding)}; in
+this case the path @code{g} need not be cyclic. For an illustration of
+picture clipping, see the first example in @ref{LaTeX usage}.
+
+@cindex @code{label}
+@node label
+@section label
+@verbatim
+void label(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, pair position,
+ align align=NoAlign, pen p=nullpen, filltype filltype=NoFill)
+@end verbatim
+
+Draw Label @code{L} on picture @code{pic} using pen @code{p}. If
+@code{align} is @code{NoAlign}, the label will be centered at user
+coordinate @code{position}; otherwise it will be aligned in the
+direction of @code{align} and displaced from @code{position} by
+the @code{PostScript} offset @code{align*labelmargin(p)}.
+@cindex @code{Align}
+The constant @code{Align} can be used to align the
+bottom-left corner of the label at @code{position}.
+@cindex @code{nullpen}
+If @code{p} is @code{nullpen}, the pen specified within the
+Label, which defaults to @code{currentpen}, will be used.
+@anchor{Label}
+The Label @code{L} can either be a string or the structure obtained by calling
+one of the functions
+@verbatim
+Label Label(string s="", pair position, align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=nullpen, embed embed=Rotate, filltype filltype=NoFill);
+Label Label(string s="", align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=nullpen, embed embed=Rotate, filltype filltype=NoFill);
+Label Label(Label L, pair position, align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=nullpen, embed embed=L.embed, filltype filltype=NoFill);
+Label Label(Label L, align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=nullpen, embed embed=L.embed, filltype filltype=NoFill);
+@end verbatim
+The text of a Label can be scaled, slanted, rotated, or shifted by
+multiplying it on the left by an affine transform (@pxref{Transforms}).
+For example, @code{rotate(45)*xscale(2)*L} first scales @code{L} in the
+@math{x} direction and then rotates it counterclockwise by 45
+degrees. The final position of a Label can also be shifted by a
+@code{PostScript} coordinate translation: @code{shift(10,0)*L}.
+The @code{embed} argument determines how the Label should transform with the
+embedding picture:
+@table @code
+@item Shift
+@cindex @code{Shift}
+only shift with embedding picture;
+
+@item Rotate
+@cindex @code{Rotate}
+only shift and rotate with embedding picture (default);
+
+@item Rotate(pair z)
+@cindex @code{Rotate(pair z)}
+rotate with (picture-transformed) vector @code{z}.
+
+@item Slant
+@cindex @code{Slant}
+only shift, rotate, slant, and reflect with embedding picture;
+
+@item Scale
+@cindex @code{Scale}
+shift, rotate, slant, reflect, and scale with embedding picture.
+
+@end table
+
+To add a label to a path, use
+@verbatim
+void label(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, path g, align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=nullpen, filltype filltype=NoFill);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{Relative}
+By default the label will be positioned at the midpoint of the path.
+An alternative label location (an @code{arctime} value between 0 and
+@code{length(g)} @pxref{arctime}) may be specified as real value for
+@code{position} in constructing the Label. The position
+@code{Relative(real)} specifies a location relative to the total
+arclength of the path. These convenient abbreviations are predefined:
+@cindex @code{BeginPoint}
+@cindex @code{MidPoint}
+@cindex @code{EndPoint}
+@verbatim
+position BeginPoint=Relative(0);
+position MidPoint=Relative(0.5);
+position EndPoint=Relative(1);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{Relative}
+@cindex @code{LeftSide}
+@cindex @code{Center}
+@cindex @code{RightSide}
+Path labels are aligned in the direction @code{align}, which may
+be specified as an absolute compass direction (pair) or a direction
+@code{Relative(pair)} measured relative to a north axis
+in the local direction of the path. For convenience @code{LeftSide},
+@code{Center}, and @code{RightSide} are defined as @code{Relative(W)},
+@code{Relative((0,0))}, and @code{Relative(E)}, respectively.
+Multiplying @code{LeftSide}, @code{Center}, @code{RightSide} on the
+left by a real scaling factor will move the label further away from or
+closer to the path.
+
+A label with a fixed-size arrow of length @code{arrowlength} pointing
+to @code{b} from direction @code{dir} can be produced with the routine
+@cindex @code{arrow}
+@verbatim
+void arrow(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", pair b, pair dir,
+ real length=arrowlength, align align=NoAlign,
+ pen p=currentpen, arrowbar arrow=Arrow, margin margin=EndMargin);
+@end verbatim
+If no alignment is specified (either in the Label or as an explicit
+argument), the optional Label will be aligned in the direction @code{dir},
+using margin @code{margin}.
+
+@cindex including images
+@cindex @code{graphic}
+@cindex @acronym{EPS}
+The function @code{string graphic(string name, string options="")}
+returns a string that can be used to include an encapsulated
+@code{PostScript} (@acronym{EPS}) file. Here, @code{name} is the name
+of the file to include and @code{options} is a string containing a
+comma-separated list of optional bounding box (@code{bb=llx lly urx
+ury}), width (@code{width=value}), height (@code{height=value}),
+rotation (@code{angle=value}), scaling (@code{scale=factor}), clipping
+(@code{clip=bool}), and draft mode (@code{draft=bool}) parameters. The
+@code{layer()} function can be used to force future objects to be
+drawn on top of the included image:
+@verbatim
+label(graphic("file.eps","width=1cm"),(0,0),NE);
+layer();
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{baseline}
+The @code{string baseline(string s, string template="\strut")}
+function can be used to enlarge the bounding box of labels to match a
+given template, so that their baselines will be typeset on a
+horizontal line. See @code{Pythagoras.asy} for an example.
+
+One can prevent labels from overwriting one another with the
+@code{overwrite} pen attribute (@pxref{overwrite}).
+
+The structure @code{object} defined in @code{plain_Label.asy} allows Labels
+and frames to be treated in a uniform manner.
+A group of objects may be packed together into single frame with the routine
+@cindex @code{pack}
+@verbatim
+frame pack(pair align=2S ... object inset[]);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+To draw or fill a box (or ellipse or other path) around a Label and
+return the bounding object, use one of the routines
+@verbatim
+object draw(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, envelope e,
+ real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+object draw(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, envelope e, pair position,
+ real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Here @code{envelope} is a boundary-drawing routine such as @code{box},
+@code{roundbox}, or @code{ellipse} defined in @code{plain_boxes.asy}
+(@pxref{envelope}).
+
+@cindex @code{texpath}
+The function @code{path[] texpath(Label L)} returns the path array that
+@TeX{} would fill to draw the Label @code{L}.
+
+@cindex @code{minipage}
+The @code{string minipage(string s, width=100pt)} function can be used
+to format string @code{s} into a paragraph of width @code{width}.
+This example uses @code{minipage}, @code{clip}, and @code{graphic} to
+produce a CD label:
+@sp 1
+@center @image{CDlabel}
+@verbatiminclude CDlabel.asy
+@node Programming
+@chapter Programming
+@cindex programming
+
+Here is a short introductory example to the @code{Asymptote} programming
+language that highlights the similarity of its control structures
+with those of C, C++, and Java:
+@cindex declaration
+@cindex assignment
+@cindex conditional
+@cindex loop
+@cindex @code{if}
+@cindex @code{else}
+@cindex @code{for}
+@verbatim
+// This is a comment.
+
+// Declaration: Declare x to be a real variable;
+real x;
+
+// Assignment: Assign the real variable x the value 1.
+x=1.0;
+
+// Conditional: Test if x equals 1 or not.
+if(x == 1.0) {
+ write("x equals 1.0");
+} else {
+ write("x is not equal to 1.0");
+}
+
+// Loop: iterate 10 times
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i) {
+ write(i);
+}
+
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{while}
+@cindex @code{do}
+@cindex @code{break}
+@cindex @code{continue}
+@code{Asymptote} supports @code{while}, @code{do}, @code{break}, and
+@code{continue} statements just as in C/C++. It also supports the Java-style
+shorthand for iterating over all elements of an array:
+
+@cindex array iteration
+@anchor{array iteration}
+@verbatim
+// Iterate over an array
+int[] array={1,1,2,3,5};
+for(int k : array) {
+ write(k);
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+In addition, it supports many features beyond the ones found in those languages.
+
+@menu
+* Data types:: void, bool, int, real, pair, triple, string
+* Paths and guides::
+* Pens:: Colors, line types, line widths, font sizes
+* Transforms:: Affine transforms
+* Frames and pictures:: Canvases for immediate and deferred drawing
+* Files:: Reading and writing your data
+* Variable initializers:: Initialize your variables
+* Structures:: Organize your data
+* Operators:: Arithmetic and logical operators
+* Implicit scaling:: Avoiding those ugly *s
+* Functions:: Traditional and high-order functions
+* Arrays:: Dynamic vectors
+* Casts:: Implicit and explicit casts
+* Import:: Importing external @code{Asymptote} packages
+* Static:: Where to allocate your variable?
+@end menu
+
+@node Data types
+@section Data types
+@cindex data types
+@code{Asymptote} supports the following data types (in addition to
+user-defined types):
+
+@table @code
+
+@item void
+@cindex @code{void}
+The void type is used only by functions that take or return no arguments.
+
+@item bool
+@cindex @code{bool}
+a boolean type that can only take on the values @code{true} or
+@code{false}. For example:
+@verbatim
+bool b=true;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+defines a boolean variable @code{b} and initializes it to the value
+@code{true}. If no initializer is given:
+@verbatim
+bool b;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+the value @code{false} is assumed.
+
+@item bool3
+@cindex @code{bool3}
+an extended boolean type that can take on the values
+@code{true}, @code{default}, or @code{false}. A bool3 type can be cast
+to or from a bool. The default initializer for bool3 is @code{default}.
+
+@item int
+@cindex @code{int}
+@cindex @code{intMin}
+@cindex @code{intMax}
+an integer type; if no initializer is given, the implicit value @code{0}
+is assumed. The minimum allowed value of an integer is @code{intMin} and the
+maximum value is @code{intMax}.
+
+@item real
+@cindex @code{real}
+@cindex @code{realMin}
+@cindex @code{realMax}
+@cindex @code{realEpsilon}
+@cindex @code{realDigits}
+a real number; this should be set to the highest-precision native
+floating-point type on the architecture. The implicit initializer for
+reals is @code{0.0}. Real numbers have precision
+@code{realEpsilon}, with @code{realDigits} significant digits.
+The smallest positive real number is @code{realMin} and the largest
+positive real number is @code{realMax}.
+
+@item pair
+@cindex @code{pair}
+complex number, that is, an ordered pair of real components @code{(x,y)}.
+The real and imaginary parts of a pair @code{z} can read as @code{z.x}
+and @code{z.y}. We say that @code{x} and @code{y} are virtual members of
+the data element pair; they cannot be directly modified, however.
+The implicit initializer for pairs is @code{(0.0,0.0)}.
+
+There are a number of ways to take the complex conjugate of a pair:
+@example
+pair z=(3,4);
+z=(z.x,-z.y);
+z=z.x-I*z.y;
+z=conj(z);
+@end example
+
+Here @code{I} is the pair @code{(0,1)}.
+A number of built-in functions are defined for pairs:
+
+@table @code
+@item pair conj(pair z)
+@cindex @code{conj}
+returns the conjugate of @code{z};
+
+@item real length(pair z)
+@cindex @code{length}
+@cindex @code{abs}
+returns the complex modulus @code{|z|} of its argument @code{z}.
+For example,
+@example
+pair z=(3,4);
+length(z);
+@end example
+returns the result 5. A synonym for @code{length(pair)} is @code{abs(pair)};
+
+@item real angle(pair z)
+@cindex @code{angle}
+returns the angle of @code{z} in radians in the interval
+[-@code{pi},@code{pi}];
+
+@item real degrees(pair z, bool warn=true)
+@cindex @code{degrees}
+returns the angle of @code{z} in degrees in the interval [0,360)
+or @code{0} if @code{warn} is @code{false} and @code{z.x=z.y=0} (rather than
+producing an error);
+
+@item pair unit(pair z)
+@cindex @code{unit}
+returns a unit vector in the direction of the pair @code{z};
+
+@item pair expi(real angle)
+@cindex @code{expi}
+returns a unit vector in the direction @code{angle} measured in radians;
+
+@item pair dir(real degrees)
+@cindex @code{dir}
+returns a unit vector in the direction @code{degrees} measured in degrees;
+
+@item real xpart(pair z)
+@cindex @code{xpart}
+returns @code{z.x};
+
+@item real ypart(pair z)
+@cindex @code{ypart}
+returns @code{z.y};
+
+@item pair realmult(pair z, pair w)
+@cindex @code{realmult}
+returns the element-by-element product @code{(z.x*w.x,z.y*w.y)};
+
+@item real dot(pair z, pair w)
+@cindex @code{dot}
+returns the dot product @code{z.x*w.x+z.y*w.y};
+
+@item pair minbound(pair z, pair w)
+@cindex @code{minbound}
+returns @code{(min(z.x,w.x),min(z.y,w.y))};
+
+@item pair maxbound(pair z, pair w)
+@cindex @code{maxbound}
+returns @code{(max(z.x,w.x),max(z.y,w.y))}.
+
+@end table
+
+@item triple
+@cindex @code{triple}
+an ordered triple of real components @code{(x,y,z)} used for
+three-dimensional drawings. The respective components of a triple
+@code{v} can read as @code{v.x}, @code{v.y}, and @code{v.z}.
+The implicit initializer for triples is @code{(0.0,0.0,0.0)}.
+
+Here are the built-in functions for triples:
+@table @code
+@item real length(triple v)
+@cindex @code{length}
+returns the length @code{|v|} of the vector @code{v}.
+A synonym for @code{length(triple)} is @code{abs(triple)};
+
+@item real polar(triple v)
+@cindex @code{polar}
+returns the colatitude of @code{v} measured from the @math{z} axis in radians;
+
+@item real azimuth(triple v)
+@cindex @code{azimuth}
+returns the longitude of @code{v} measured from the @math{x} axis in radians;
+
+@item real colatitude(triple v)
+@cindex @code{colatitude}
+returns the colatitude of @code{v} measured from the @math{z} axis in degrees;
+
+@item real latitude(triple v)
+@cindex @code{latitude}
+returns the latitude of @code{v} measured from the @math{xy} plane in degrees;
+
+@item real longitude(triple v, bool warn=true)
+@cindex @code{longitude}
+returns the longitude of @code{v} measured from the @math{x} axis in degrees;
+or @code{0} if @code{warn} is @code{false} and @code{v.x=v.y=0} (rather than
+producing an error);
+
+@item triple unit(triple v)
+@cindex @code{unit}
+returns a unit triple in the direction of the triple @code{v};
+
+@item triple expi(real polar, real azimuth)
+@cindex @code{expi}
+returns a unit triple in the direction @code{(polar,azimuth)}
+measured in radians;
+
+@item triple dir(real colatitude, real longitude)
+@cindex @code{dir}
+returns a unit triple in the direction @code{(colatitude,longitude)}
+measured in degrees;
+
+@item real xpart(triple v)
+@cindex @code{xpart}
+returns @code{v.x};
+
+@item real ypart(triple v)
+@cindex @code{ypart}
+returns @code{v.y};
+
+@item real zpart(triple v)
+@cindex @code{zpart}
+returns @code{v.z};
+
+@item real dot(triple u, triple v)
+@cindex @code{dot}
+returns the dot product @code{u.x*v.x+u.y*v.y+u.z*v.z};
+
+@item triple cross(triple u, triple v)
+@cindex @code{cross}
+returns the cross product
+
+@code{(u.y*v.z-u.z*v.y,u.z*v.x-u.x*v.z,u.x*v.y-v.x*u.y)};
+
+@item triple minbound(triple u, triple v)
+@cindex @code{minbound}
+returns @code{(min(u.x,v.x),min(u.y,v.y),min(u.z,v.z))};
+
+@item triple maxbound(triple u, triple v)
+@cindex @code{maxbound}
+returns @code{(max(u.x,v.x),max(u.y,v.y),max(u.z,v.z)}).
+
+@end table
+
+@item string
+@cindex @code{string}
+@cindex @TeX{} string
+a character string, implemented using the STL @code{string} class.
+
+Strings delimited by double quotes (@code{"}) are subject to the
+following mappings to allow the use of double quotes in @TeX{} (e.g.@ for
+using the @code{babel} package, @pxref{babel}):
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item \" maps to "
+@item \\ maps to \\
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex @code{C} string
+Strings delimited by single quotes (@code{'}) have the same mappings as
+character strings in ANSI @code{C}:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item \' maps to '
+@item \" maps to "
+@item \? maps to ?
+@item \\ maps to backslash
+@item \a maps to alert
+@item \b maps to backspace
+@item \f maps to form feed
+@item \n maps to newline
+@item \r maps to carriage return
+@item \t maps to tab
+@item \v maps to vertical tab
+@item \0-\377 map to corresponding octal byte
+@item \x0-\xFF map to corresponding hexadecimal byte
+@end itemize
+
+The implicit initializer for strings is the empty string @code{""}.
+Strings may be concatenated with the @code{+} operator. In the following
+string functions, position @code{0} denotes the start of the string:
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{length}
+@item int length(string s)
+returns the length of the string @code{s};
+
+@cindex @code{find}
+@item int find(string s, string t, int pos=0)
+returns the position of the first occurrence of string @code{t} in string
+@code{s} at or after position @code{pos}, or -1 if @code{t} is not a
+substring of @code{s};
+
+@cindex @code{rfind}
+@item int rfind(string s, string t, int pos=-1)
+returns the position of the last occurrence of string @code{t} in string
+@code{s} at or before position @code{pos} (if @code{pos}=-1, at the end
+of the string @code{s}), or -1 if @code{t} is not a substring of @code{s};
+
+@cindex @code{insert}
+@item string insert(string s, int pos, string t)
+returns the string formed by inserting string @code{t} at position
+@code{pos} in @code{s};
+
+@cindex @code{erase}
+@item string erase(string s, int pos, int n)
+returns the string formed by erasing the string of length @code{n}
+(if @code{n}=-1, to the end of the string @code{s}) at
+position @code{pos} in @code{s};
+
+@cindex @code{substr}
+@item string substr(string s, int pos, int n=-1)
+returns the substring of @code{s} starting at position @code{pos}
+and of length @code{n} (if @code{n}=-1, until the end of the
+string @code{s});
+
+@cindex @code{reverse}
+@item string reverse(string s)
+returns the string formed by reversing string @code{s};
+
+@item string replace(string s, string before, string after)
+@cindex @code{replace}
+returns a string with all occurrences of the string @code{before} in the
+string @code{s} changed to the string @code{after};
+
+@item string replace(string s, string[][] table)
+returns a string constructed by translating in string @code{s} all
+occurrences of the string @code{before} in an array @code{table} of
+string pairs @{@code{before},@code{after}@} to the corresponding
+string @code{after};
+
+@cindex @code{split}
+@item string[] split(string s, string delimiter)
+returns an array of strings obtained by splitting @code{s} into substrings
+delimited by @code{delimiter};
+
+@anchor{format}
+@item string format(string s, int n)
+@cindex @code{format}
+returns a string containing @code{n} formatted according to the C-style
+format string @code{s} using the current locale;
+
+@item string format(string s, real x, string locale="")
+returns a string containing @code{x} formatted according to the C-style format
+string @code{s} using locale @code{locale} (or the current locale if an
+empty string is specified), following the behaviour of the C function
+@code{fprintf}), except that only one data field is allowed, trailing
+zeros are removed by default (unless @code{#} is specified), and @TeX{}
+is used to typeset scientific notation;
+
+@cindex @code{hex}
+@cindex @code{hexidecimal}
+@item int hex(string s);
+casts a hexidecimal string @code{s} to an integer.
+
+@cindex @code{string}
+@item string string(real x, int digits=realDigits)
+casts @code{x} to a string using precision @code{digits} and the C locale;
+
+@cindex @code{locale}
+@item string locale(string s="")
+sets the locale to the given string, if nonempty, and returns the
+current locale.
+
+@item string time(string format="%a %b %d %T %Z %Y")
+@cindex @code{time}
+@cindex @code{date}
+@cindex @code{strftime}
+returns the current time formatted by the ANSI C routine
+@code{strftime} according to the string @code{format} using the current
+locale. Thus
+@verbatim
+time();
+time("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Z %Y");
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+are equivalent ways of returning the current time in the default
+format used by the @code{UNIX} @code{date} command;
+
+@cindex @code{seconds}
+@cindex @code{strptime}
+@item int seconds(string t="", string format="")
+returns the time measured in seconds after the Epoch (Thu Jan 01
+00:00:00 UTC 1970) as determined by the ANSI C routine @code{strptime}
+according to the string @code{format} using the current locale, or the
+current time if @code{t} is the empty string.
+Note that the @code{"%Z"} extension to the POSIX @code{strptime}
+specification is ignored by the current GNU C Library. If an error occurs, the
+value -1 is returned. Here are some examples:
+@verbatim
+seconds("Mar 02 11:12:36 AM PST 2007","%b %d %r PST %Y");
+seconds(time("%b %d %r %z %Y"),"%b %d %r %z %Y");
+seconds(time("%b %d %r %Z %Y"),"%b %d %r "+time("%Z")+" %Y");
+1+(seconds()-seconds("Jan 1","%b %d"))/(24*60*60);
+@end verbatim
+The last example returns today's ordinal date, measured from the
+beginning of the year.
+
+@cindex @code{time}
+@cindex @code{strftime}
+@item string time(int seconds, string format="%a %b %d %T %Z %Y")
+returns the time corresponding to @code{seconds} seconds after the Epoch
+(Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 UTC 1970) formatted by the ANSI C routine
+@code{strftime} according to the string @code{format} using the current
+locale. For example, to return the date corresponding to 24 hours ago:
+@verbatim
+time(seconds()-24*60*60);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{abort}
+@item void abort(string s)
+aborts execution (with a non-zero return code in batch mode); if string
+@code{s} is nonempty, a diagnostic message constructed from the source
+file, line number, and @code{s} is printed;
+
+@cindex @code{exit}
+@item void exit()
+exits with a zero error return code in batch mode;
+
+@cindex @code{sleep}
+@item void sleep(int seconds)
+pauses for the given number of seconds;
+
+@cindex @code{usleep}
+@item void usleep(int microseconds)
+pauses for the given number of microseconds;
+
+@cindex @code{beep}
+@item void beep()
+produces a beep on the console;
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex @code{typedef}
+
+@end table
+
+As in C/C++, complicated types may be abbreviated with @code{typedef}
+(see the example in @ref{Functions}).
+
+@node Paths and guides
+@section Paths and guides
+
+@table @code
+
+@item path
+@cindex @code{path}
+a cubic spline resolved into a fixed path.
+The implicit initializer for paths is @code{nullpath}.
+
+@cindex @code{circle}
+@anchor{circle}
+For example, the routine @code{circle(pair c, real r)}, which returns a
+Bezier curve approximating a circle of radius @code{r} centered on @code{c},
+is based on @code{unitcircle} (@pxref{unitcircle}):
+@verbatim
+path circle(pair c, real r)
+{
+ return shift(c)*scale(r)*unitcircle;
+}
+@end verbatim
+If high accuracy is needed, a true circle may be produced with the
+routine @code{Circle} defined in the module @code{graph.asy}:
+@cindex @code{Circle}
+@verbatim
+import graph;
+path Circle(pair c, real r, int n=nCircle);
+@end verbatim
+
+A circular arc consistent with @code{circle} centered on
+@code{c} with radius @code{r} from @code{angle1} to @code{angle2}
+degrees, drawing counterclockwise if @code{angle2 >= angle1}, can be
+constructed with
+@cindex @code{arc}
+@verbatim
+path arc(pair c, real r, real angle1, real angle2);
+@end verbatim
+One may also specify the direction explicitly:
+@verbatim
+path arc(pair c, real r, real angle1, real angle2, bool direction);
+@end verbatim
+Here the direction can be specified as CCW (counter-clockwise) or CW
+(clockwise). For convenience, an arc centered at @code{c} from pair
+@code{z1} to @code{z2} (assuming @code{|z2-c|=|z1-c|}) in the may also
+be constructed with @verbatim
+path arc(pair c, explicit pair z1, explicit pair z2,
+ bool direction=CCW)
+@end verbatim
+
+If high accuracy is needed, true arcs may be produced with routines
+in the module @code{graph.asy} that produce Bezier curves with @code{n}
+control points:
+@cindex @code{Arc}
+@verbatim
+import graph;
+path Arc(pair c, real r, real angle1, real angle2, bool direction,
+ int n=nCircle);
+path Arc(pair c, real r, real angle1, real angle2, int n=nCircle);
+path Arc(pair c, explicit pair z1, explicit pair z2,
+ bool direction=CCW, int n=nCircle);
+@end verbatim
+
+An ellipse can be drawn with the routine
+@verbatim
+@cindex @code{ellipse}
+path ellipse(pair c, real a, real b)
+{
+ return shift(c)*scale(a,b)*unitcircle;
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+This example illustrates the use of all five guide connectors discussed
+in @ref{Tutorial}:
+@verbatiminclude join.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{join}
+
+Here are some useful functions for paths:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{length}
+@item int length(path p);
+This is the number of (linear or cubic) segments in path @code{p}.
+If @code{p} is cyclic, this is the same as the number of nodes in @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{size}
+@item int size(path p);
+This is the number of nodes in the path @code{p}.
+If @code{p} is cyclic, this is the same as @code{length(p)}.
+
+@cindex @code{cyclic}
+@item bool cyclic(path p);
+returns @code{true} iff path @code{p} is cyclic.
+
+@cindex @code{straight}
+@item bool straight(path p, int i);
+returns @code{true} iff the segment of path @code{p} between node
+@code{i} and node @code{i+1} is straight.
+
+@cindex @code{piecewisestraight}
+@item bool piecewisestraight(path p)
+returns @code{true} iff the path @code{p} is piecewise straight.
+
+@cindex @code{point}
+@item pair point(path p, int t);
+If @code{p} is cyclic, return the coordinates of node @code{t} mod
+@code{length(p)}. Otherwise, return the coordinates of node @code{t},
+unless @code{t} < 0 (in which case @code{point(0)} is returned) or
+@code{t} > @code{length(p)} (in which case @code{point(length(p))}
+is returned).
+
+@item pair point(path p, real t);
+This returns the coordinates of the point between node @code{floor(t)}
+and @code{floor(t)+1} corresponding to the cubic spline parameter
+@code{t-floor(t)} (@pxref{Bezier}). If @code{t} lies outside the range
+[0,@code{length(p)}], it is first reduced modulo @code{length(p)}
+in the case where @code{p} is cyclic or else converted to the corresponding
+endpoint of @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{dir}
+@item pair dir(path p, int t, int sign=0, bool normalize=true);
+If @code{sign < 0}, return the direction (as a pair) of the incoming tangent
+to path @code{p} at node @code{t}; if @code{sign > 0}, return the
+direction of the outgoing tangent. If @code{sign=0}, the mean of these
+two directions is returned.
+
+@item pair dir(path p, real t, bool normalize=true);
+returns the direction of the tangent to path @code{p} at the point
+between node @code{floor(t)} and @code{floor(t)+1} corresponding to the
+cubic spline parameter @code{t-floor(t)} (@pxref{Bezier}).
+
+@cindex @code{accel}
+@item pair accel(path p, int t, int sign=0);
+If @code{sign < 0}, return the acceleration of the incoming path
+@code{p} at node @code{t}; if @code{sign > 0}, return the
+acceleration of the outgoing path. If @code{sign=0}, the mean of these
+two accelerations is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{accel}
+@item pair accel(path p, real t);
+returns the acceleration of the path @code{p} at the point @code{t}.
+
+@cindex @code{radius}
+@item pair radius(path p, real t);
+returns the radius of curvature of the path @code{p} at the point @code{t}.
+
+@cindex @code{precontrol}
+@item pair precontrol(path p, int t);
+returns the precontrol point of @code{p} at node @code{t}.
+
+@item pair precontrol(path p, real t);
+returns the effective precontrol point of @code{p} at parameter @code{t}.
+
+@cindex @code{postcontrol}
+@item pair postcontrol(path p, int t);
+returns the postcontrol point of @code{p} at node @code{t}.
+
+@item pair postcontrol(path p, real t);
+returns the effective postcontrol point of @code{p} at parameter @code{t}.
+
+@cindex @code{arclength}
+@item real arclength(path p);
+returns the length (in user coordinates) of the piecewise linear
+or cubic curve that path @code{p} represents.
+
+@anchor{arctime}
+@cindex @code{arctime}
+@item real arctime(path p, real L);
+returns the path "time", a real number between 0 and the length of
+the path in the sense of @code{point(path p, real t)}, at which the
+cumulative arclength (measured from the beginning of the path) equals @code{L}.
+
+@cindex @code{dirtime}
+@item real dirtime(path p, pair z);
+returns the first "time", a real number between 0 and the length of
+the path in the sense of @code{point(path, real)}, at which the tangent
+to the path has the direction of pair @code{z}, or -1 if this never happens.
+
+@cindex @code{reltime}
+@item real reltime(path p, real l);
+returns the time on path @code{p} at the relative fraction @code{l} of
+its arclength.
+
+@cindex @code{relpoint}
+@item pair relpoint(path p, real l);
+returns the point on path @code{p} at the relative fraction @code{l} of its
+arclength.
+
+@cindex @code{midpoint}
+@item pair midpoint(path p);
+returns the point on path @code{p} at half of its arclength.
+
+@cindex @code{reverse}
+@item path reverse(path p);
+returns a path running backwards along @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{subpath}
+@item path subpath(path p, int a, int b);
+returns the subpath of @code{p} running from node @code{a} to node @code{b}.
+If @code{a} < @code{b}, the direction of the subpath is reversed.
+
+@item path subpath(path p, real a, real b);
+returns the subpath of @code{p} running from path time @code{a} to path
+time @code{b}, in the sense of @code{point(path, real)}. If @code{a} <
+@code{b}, the direction of the subpath is reversed.
+
+@cindex @code{intersect}
+@item real[] intersect(path p, path q, real fuzz=-1);
+If @code{p} and @code{q} have at least one intersection point, return a
+real array of length 2 containing the times representing the respective
+path times along @code{p} and @code{q}, in the sense of
+@code{point(path, real)}, for one such intersection point (as chosen by
+the algorithm described on page 137 of @code{The MetaFontbook}).
+The computations are performed to the absolute error specified by @code{fuzz},
+or, if @code{fuzz < 0}, to machine precision. If the paths do not
+intersect, return a real array of length 0.
+
+@cindex @code{intersections}
+@item real[][] intersections(path p, path q, real fuzz=-1);
+Return all (unless there are infinitely many) intersection times of
+paths @code{p} and @code{q} as a sorted array of real arrays of length 2
+(@pxref{sort}). The computations are performed to the absolute error
+specified by @code{fuzz}, or, if @code{fuzz < 0}, to machine precision.
+
+@cindex @code{intersections}
+@item real[] intersections(path p, explicit pair a, explicit pair b,
+ real fuzz=-1);
+Return all (unless there are infinitely many) intersection times of path
+@code{p} with the (infinite) line through points @code{a} and @code{b}
+as a sorted array. The intersections returned are guaranteed to be
+correct to within the absolute error specified by @code{fuzz}, or, if
+@code{fuzz < 0}, to machine precision.
+
+@cindex @code{times}
+@item real[] times(path p, real x)
+returns all intersection times of path @code{p} with the vertical line
+through @code{(x,0)}.
+
+@cindex @code{times}
+@item real[] times(path p, explicit pair z)
+returns all intersection times of path @code{p} with the horizontal line
+through @code{(0,z.y)}.
+
+@cindex @code{mintimes}
+@item real[] mintimes(path p)
+returns an array of length 2 containing times at which path @code{p}
+reaches its minimal horizontal and vertical extents, respectively.
+
+@cindex @code{maxtimes}
+@item real[] maxtimes(path p)
+returns an array of length 2 containing the times at which path @code{p}
+reaches its maximal horizontal and vertical extents, respectively.
+
+@cindex @code{intersectionpoint}
+@item pair intersectionpoint(path p, path q, real fuzz=-1);
+returns the intersection point @code{point(p,intersect(p,q,fuzz)[0])}.
+
+@cindex @code{intersectionpoints}
+@item pair[] intersectionpoints(path p, path q, real fuzz=-1);
+returns an array containing all intersection points of the paths
+@code{p} and @code{q}.
+
+@anchor{extension}
+@cindex @code{whatever}
+@cindex @code{extension}
+@item pair extension(pair P, pair Q, pair p, pair q);
+returns the intersection point of the extensions of the line segments
+@code{P--Q} and @code{p--q}, or, if the lines are parallel,
+@code{(infinity,infinity)}.
+
+@cindex @code{cut}
+@cindex @code{slice}
+@item slice cut(path p, path knife, int n);
+returns the portions of path @code{p} before and after the @code{n}th
+intersection of @code{p} with path @code{knife} as a structure
+@code{slice} (if no intersection exist is found, the entire path is
+considered to be `before' the intersection):
+@verbatim
+struct slice {
+ path before,after;
+}
+@end verbatim
+The argument @code{n} is treated as modulo the number of intersections.
+
+@cindex @code{firstcut}
+@cindex @code{slice}
+@item slice firstcut(path p, path knife);
+equivalent to @code{cut(p,knife,0);}
+@cindex @code{MetaPost cutbefore}
+Note that @code{firstcut.after} plays the role of the @code{MetaPost
+cutbefore} command.
+
+@cindex @code{lastcut}
+@item slice lastcut(path p, path knife);
+equivalent to @code{cut(p,knife,-1);}
+@cindex @code{MetaPost cutafter}
+Note that @code{lastcut.before} plays the role of the
+@code{MetaPost cutafter} command.
+
+@cindex @code{buildcycle}
+@item path buildcycle(... path[] p);
+This returns the path surrounding a region bounded by a list of two or more
+consecutively intersecting paths, following the behaviour of the
+@code{MetaPost buildcycle} command.
+
+@cindex @code{min}
+@item pair min(path p);
+returns the pair (left,bottom) for the path bounding box of path @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{max}
+@item pair max(path p);
+returns the pair (right,top) for the path bounding box of path @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{windingnumber}
+@cindex @code{undefined}
+@item int windingnumber(path p, pair z);
+returns the winding number of the cyclic path @code{p} relative to the point
+@code{z}. The winding number is positive if the path encircles @code{z} in the
+counterclockwise direction. If @code{z} lies on @code{p} the constant
+@code{undefined} (defined to be the largest odd integer) is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{inside}
+@item bool inside(path p, pair z, pen fillrule=currentpen);
+returns @code{true} iff the point @code{z} is inside or on the edge of
+the region bounded by the cyclic path @code{p} according to the fill
+rule @code{fillrule} (@pxref{fillrule}).
+
+@cindex @code{inside}
+@item int inside(path p, path q, pen fillrule=currentpen);
+returns @code{1} if the cyclic path @code{p} strictly contains @code{q}
+according to the fill rule @code{fillrule} (@pxref{fillrule}), @code{-1}
+if the cyclic path @code{q} strictly contains @code{p}, and @code{0}
+otherwise.
+
+@cindex @code{inside}
+@item pair inside(path p, pen fillrule=currentpen);
+returns an arbitrary point strictly inside a cyclic path @code{p}
+according to the fill rule @code{fillrule} (@pxref{fillrule}).
+
+@cindex @code{strokepath}
+@item path[] strokepath(path g, pen p=currentpen);
+returns the path array that @code{PostScript} would fill in drawing path
+@code{g} with pen @code{p}.
+
+@end table
+
+@item guide
+@cindex @code{guide}
+an unresolved cubic spline (list of cubic-spline nodes and control points).
+The implicit initializer for a guide is @code{nullpath}; this is useful
+for building up a guide within a loop.
+
+A guide is similar to a path except that the computation of the cubic spline is
+deferred until drawing time (when it is resolved into a path); this allows
+two guides with free endpoint conditions to be joined together smoothly.
+The solid curve in the following example is built up incrementally as
+a guide, but only resolved at drawing time; the dashed curve is
+incrementally resolved at each iteration, before the entire set of nodes
+(shown in red) is known:
+
+@verbatiminclude mexicanhat.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{mexicanhat}
+
+We point out an efficiency distinction in the use of guides and paths:
+@verbatim
+guide g;
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i)
+ g=g--(i,i);
+path p=g;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+runs in linear time, whereas
+@verbatim
+path p;
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i)
+ p=p--(i,i);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+runs in quadratic time, as the entire path up to that point is copied at each
+step of the iteration.
+
+The following routines can be used to examine the individual elements of
+a guide without actually resolving the guide to a fixed path (except for
+internal cycles, which are resolved):
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{size}
+@item int size(guide g);
+Analogous to @code{size(path p)}.
+
+@cindex @code{length}
+@item int length(guide g);
+Analogous to @code{length(path p)}.
+
+@cindex @code{cyclic}
+@item bool cyclic(path p);
+Analogous to @code{cyclic(path p)}.
+
+@cindex @code{point}
+@item pair point(guide g, int t);
+Analogous to @code{point(path p, int t)}.
+
+@cindex @code{reverse}
+@item guide reverse(guide g);
+Analogous to @code{reverse(path p)}. If @code{g} is cyclic and
+also contains a secondary cycle, it is first solved to a
+path, then reversed. If @code{g} is not cyclic but contains an internal
+cycle, only the internal cycle is solved before reversal. If there are
+no internal cycles, the guide is reversed but not solved to a path.
+
+@cindex @code{dirSpecifier}
+@item pair[] dirSpecifier(guide g, int i);
+This returns a pair array of length 2 containing the outgoing (in
+element 0) and incoming (in element 1) direction specifiers (or
+@code{(0,0)} if none specified) for the segment of guide @code{g}
+between nodes @code{i} and @code{i+1}.
+
+@cindex @code{controlSpecifier}
+@item pair[] controlSpecifier(guide g, int i);
+If the segment of guide @code{g} between nodes @code{i} and @code{i+1}
+has explicit outgoing and incoming control points, they are returned as
+elements 0 and 1, respectively, of a two-element array. Otherwise, an
+empty array is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{tensionSpecifier}
+@item tensionSpecifier tensionSpecifier(guide g, int i);
+This returns the tension specifier for the segment of guide @code{g} between
+nodes @code{i} and @code{i+1}. The individual components of the
+@code{tensionSpecifier} type can be accessed as the virtual members
+@code{in}, @code{out}, and @code{atLeast}.
+
+@cindex @code{curlSpecifier}
+@item real[] curlSpecifier(guide g);
+This returns an array containing the initial curl specifier (in element 0)
+and final curl specifier (in element 1) for guide @code{g}.
+
+@end table
+
+As a technical detail we note that a direction specifier given to
+@code{nullpath} modifies the node on the other side: the guides
+@verbatim
+a..{up}nullpath..b;
+c..nullpath{up}..d;
+e..{up}nullpath{down}..f;
+@end verbatim
+are respectively equivalent to
+@verbatim
+a..nullpath..{up}b;
+c{up}..nullpath..d;
+e{down}..nullpath..{up}f;
+@end verbatim
+
+@end table
+
+@node Pens
+@section Pens
+
+@cindex @code{pen}
+@cindex @code{currentpen}
+@cindex @code{MetaPost pickup}
+In @code{Asymptote}, pens provide a context for the four basic drawing
+commands (@pxref{Drawing commands}). They are used to specify the
+following drawing attributes: color, line type, line width, line cap,
+line join, fill rule, text alignment, font, font size, pattern,
+overwrite mode, and calligraphic transforms on the pen nib. The
+default pen used by the drawing routines is called
+@code{currentpen}. This provides the same functionality as the
+@code{MetaPost} command @code{pickup}.
+The implicit initializer for pens is @code{defaultpen}.
+
+@cindex @code{+}
+@cindex @code{*}
+Pens may be added together with the nonassociative binary
+operator @code{+}. This will add the colors of the two pens.
+All other non-default attributes of the rightmost pen will
+override those of the leftmost pen. Thus, one can obtain a yellow
+dashed pen by saying @code{dashed+red+green} or @code{red+green+dashed}
+or @code{red+dashed+green}. The binary operator @code{*}
+can be used to scale the color of a pen by a real number, until it
+saturates with one or more color components equal to 1.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item Colors are specified using one of the following colorspaces:
+@cindex color
+@table @code
+@item pen gray(real g);
+@cindex @code{gray}
+@cindex grayscale
+This produces a grayscale color, where the intensity @code{g} lies in the
+interval [0,1], with 0.0 denoting black and 1.0 denoting white.
+
+@item pen rgb(real r, real g, real b);
+@cindex @code{rgb}
+This produces an @acronym{RGB} color, where each of the red, green,
+and blue intensities @code{r}, @code{g}, @code{b}, lies in the interval [0,1].
+
+@item pen cmyk(real c, real m, real y, real k);
+@cindex @code{cmyk}
+This produces a @acronym{CMYK} color, where each of the cyan, magenta,
+yellow, and black intensities @code{c}, @code{m}, @code{y}, @code{k},
+lies in the interval [0,1].
+
+@item pen invisible;
+@cindex @code{invisible}
+This special pen writes in invisible ink, but adjusts the bounding
+box as if something had been drawn (like the @code{\phantom}
+command in @TeX{}). The function @code{bool invisible(pen)} can be used
+to test whether a pen is invisible.
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+The default color is @code{black}; this may be changed with the routine
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}. The function @code{colorspace(pen p)} returns
+the colorspace of pen @code{p} as a string (@code{"gray"}, @code{"rgb"},
+@code{"cmyk"}, or @code{""}).
+
+@cindex @code{colors}
+The function @code{real[] colors(pen)} returns the color components of a pen.
+The functions @code{pen gray(pen)}, @code{pen rgb(pen)}, and
+@code{pen cmyk(pen)} return new pens obtained by converting their
+arguments to the respective color spaces.
+@cindex @code{colorless}
+The function @code{colorless(pen=currentpen)} returns a copy of its argument
+with the color attributes stripped (to avoid color mixing).
+
+A 6-character RGB hexidecimal string can be converted to a pen with
+the routine
+@cindex @code{rgb}
+@cindex @code{hexidecimal}
+@verbatim
+pen rgb(string s);
+@end verbatim
+
+Various shades and mixtures of the grayscale primary colors
+@code{black} and @code{white}, @acronym{RGB} primary colors
+@code{red}, @code{green}, and @code{blue}, and
+@acronym{RGB} secondary colors @code{cyan}, @code{magenta}, and @code{yellow}
+are defined as named colors, along with the @acronym{CMYK} primary
+colors @code{Cyan}, @code{Magenta}, @code{Yellow}, and @code{Black}, in
+the module @code{plain}:
+@sp 1
+@center @image{colors}
+
+The standard 140 @acronym{RGB} @code{X11} colors can be imported with
+the command
+@verbatim
+import x11colors;
+@end verbatim
+and the standard 68 @acronym{CMYK} @TeX{} colors can be imported with
+the command
+@verbatim
+import texcolors;
+@end verbatim
+Note that there is some overlap between these two standards
+and the definitions of some colors (e.g.@ @code{Green}) actually disagree.
+
+@code{Asymptote} also comes with a @code{asycolors.sty} @code{LaTeX} package
+that defines to @code{LaTeX} @acronym{CMYK} versions of
+@code{Asymptote}'s predefined colors, so that they can be used
+directly within @code{LaTeX} strings. Normally, such colors are
+passed to @code{LaTeX} via a pen argument; however, to change the
+color of only a portion of a string, say for a slide presentation,
+(@pxref{slide}) it may be desirable to specify the color directly to
+@code{LaTeX}. This file can be passed to @code{LaTeX} with the
+@code{Asymptote} command
+@verbatim
+usepackage("asycolors");
+@end verbatim
+
+The structure @code{hsv} defined in @code{plain_pens.asy} may be used
+to convert between @acronym{HSV} and @acronym{RGB} spaces, where
+the hue @code{h} is an angle in @math{[0,360)} and the saturation
+@code{s} and value @code{v} lie in @code{[0,1]}:
+@verbatim
+pen p=hsv(180,0.5,0.75);
+write(p); // ([default], red=0.375, green=0.75, blue=0.75)
+hsv q=p;
+write(q.h,q.s,q.v); // 180 0.5 0.75
+@end verbatim
+
+@item Line types are specified with the function
+@code{pen linetype(string s, real offset=0, bool scale=true, bool adjust=true)},
+@cindex @code{solid}
+@cindex @code{dashed}
+@cindex @code{dotted}
+@cindex @code{longdashed}
+@cindex @code{dashdotted}
+@cindex @code{longdashdotted}
+where @code{s} is a string of integer or real numbers separated by spaces.
+The optional parameter @code{offset} specifies where in the pattern
+to begin. The first number specifies how far (if @code{scale} is
+@code{true}, in units of the pen line width; otherwise in
+@code{PostScript} units) to draw with the pen on, the second number
+specifies how far to draw with the pen off, and so on. If
+@code{adjust} is @code{true}, these spacings are automatically
+adjusted by @code{Asymptote} to fit the arclength of the path. Here
+are the predefined line types:
+@verbatim
+pen solid=linetype("");
+pen dotted=linetype("0 4");
+pen dashed=linetype("8 8");
+pen longdashed=linetype("24 8");
+pen dashdotted=linetype("8 8 0 8");
+pen longdashdotted=linetype("24 8 0 8");
+pen Dotted=dotted+1.0;
+pen Dotted(pen p=currentpen) {return dotted+2*linewidth(p);}
+@end verbatim
+@sp 1
+@center @image{linetype}
+
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+The default line type is @code{solid}; this may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}.
+The line type of a pen is returned by @code{int linetype(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{linewidth}
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+@item The pen line width is specified in @code{PostScript} units with
+@code{pen linewidth(real)}. The default line width is 0.5 bp; this value
+may be changed with @code{defaultpen(pen)}. The line width of a pen
+is returned by @code{real linewidth(pen p=currentpen)}.
+For convenience, in the module @code{plain} we define
+@verbatim
+static void defaultpen(real w) {defaultpen(linewidth(w));}
+static pen operator +(pen p, real w) {return p+linewidth(w);}
+static pen operator +(real w, pen p) {return linewidth(w)+p;}
+@end verbatim
+so that one may set the line width like this:
+@verbatim
+defaultpen(2);
+pen p=red+0.5;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{linecap}
+@cindex @code{squarecap}
+@cindex @code{roundcap}
+@cindex @code{extendcap}
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+@item A pen with a specific @code{PostScript} line cap is returned on
+calling @code{linecap} with an integer argument:
+@verbatim
+pen squarecap=linecap(0);
+pen roundcap=linecap(1);
+pen extendcap=linecap(2);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+The default line cap, @code{roundcap}, may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}. The line cap of a pen is returned by
+@code{int linecap(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{linejoin}
+@cindex @code{miterjoin}
+@cindex @code{roundjoin}
+@cindex @code{beveljoin}
+@item A pen with a specific @code{PostScript} join style is returned on
+calling @code{linejoin} with an integer argument:
+@verbatim
+pen miterjoin=linejoin(0);
+pen roundjoin=linejoin(1);
+pen beveljoin=linejoin(2);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+The default join style, @code{roundjoin}, may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}.The join style of a pen is returned by
+@code{int linejoin(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{miterlimit}
+@item A pen with a specific @code{PostScript} miter limit is returned by
+calling @code{miterlimit(real)}.
+The default miterlimit, @code{10.0}, may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}. The miter limit of a pen is returned by
+@code{real miterlimit(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{fillrule}
+@cindex @code{zerowinding}
+@cindex @code{evenodd}
+@anchor{fillrule}
+@item A pen with a specific @code{PostScript} fill rule is returned on
+calling @code{fillrule} with an integer argument:
+@verbatim
+pen zerowinding=fillrule(0);
+pen evenodd=fillrule(1);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+The fill rule, which identifies the algorithm used to determine the
+insideness of a path or array of paths, only affects the @code{clip},
+@code{fill}, and @code{inside} functions. For the @code{zerowinding}
+fill rule, a point @code{z} is outside the region bounded by a path if
+the number of upward intersections of the path with the horizontal
+line @code{z--z+infinity} minus the number of downward intersections
+is zero. For the @code{evenodd} fill rule, @code{z} is considered to
+be outside the region if the total number of such intersections is even.
+The default fill rule, @code{zerowinding}, may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}. The fill rule of a pen is returned by
+@code{int fillrule(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{nobasealign}
+@cindex @code{basealign}
+@anchor{basealign}
+@item A pen with a specific text alignment setting is returned on
+calling @code{basealign} with an integer argument:
+@verbatim
+pen nobasealign=basealign(0);
+pen basealign=basealign(1);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+The default setting, @code{nobasealign},which may be changed with
+@code{defaultpen(pen)}, causes the label alignment routines to use the
+full label bounding box for alignment. In contrast, @code{basealign}
+requests that the @TeX{} baseline be respected.
+The base align setting of a pen is returned by
+@code{int basealigin(pen p=currentpen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{fontsize}
+@cindex @code{lineskip}
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+@cindex @code{fix-cm}
+@item The font size is specified in @TeX{} points (1 pt = 1/72.27 inches) with
+the function @code{pen fontsize(real size, real lineskip=1.2*size)}.
+The default font size, 12pt, may be changed with @code{defaultpen(pen)}.
+Nonstandard font sizes may require inserting
+@verbatim
+import fontsize;
+@end verbatim
+at the beginning of the file (this requires the @code{fix-cm} package
+available from
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/fix-cm}
+@end quotation
+and included in recent @code{LaTeX} distributions). The font size and line
+skip of a pen can be examined with the routines
+@code{real fontsize(pen p=currentpen)} and
+@code{real lineskip(pen p=currentpen)}, respectively.
+
+@cindex @code{font}
+@cindex @code{LaTeX fonts}
+@cindex @code{NFSS}
+@cindex @code{font command}
+@item A pen using a specific @code{LaTeX} @code{NFSS} font is returned
+by calling the function @code{pen font(string encoding, string family,
+string series="m", string shape="n")}. The default setting,
+@code{font("OT1","cmr","m","n")}, corresponds to 12pt Computer Modern Roman;
+this may be changed with @code{defaultpen(pen)}.
+The font setting of a pen is returned by
+@code{string font(pen p=currentpen)}.
+Support for standardized international characters is provided by the
+@code{unicode} package (@pxref{unicode}).
+
+@cindex @code{TeX fonts}
+Alternatively, one may select a fixed-size @TeX{} font (on which
+@code{fontsize} has no effect) like @code{"cmr12"} (12pt Computer Modern
+Roman) or @code{"pcrr"} (Courier) using the function @code{pen font(string
+name)}. An optional size argument can also be given to scale the font
+to the requested size: @code{pen font(string name, real size)}.
+
+@cindex @code{fontcommand}
+A nonstandard font command can be generated with
+@code{pen fontcommand(string)}.
+
+@cindex @code{PostScript fonts}
+A convenient interface to the following standard @code{PostScript}
+fonts is also provided:
+@verbatim
+pen AvantGarde(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen Bookman(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen Courier(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen Helvetica(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen NewCenturySchoolBook(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen Palatino(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen TimesRoman(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen ZapfChancery(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen Symbol(string series="m", string shape="n");
+pen ZapfDingbats(string series="m", string shape="n");
+@end verbatim
+
+@anchor{transparency}
+@cindex transparency
+@cindex @code{opacity}
+@item The transparency of a pen can be changed with the command:
+@verbatim
+pen opacity(real opacity=1, string blend="Compatible");
+@end verbatim
+The opacity can be varied from @code{0} (fully transparent) to the default
+value of @code{1} (opaque), and @code{blend} specifies one of the
+following foreground--background blending operations:
+@verbatim
+"Compatible","Normal","Multiply","Screen","Overlay","SoftLight",
+"HardLight","ColorDodge","ColorBurn","Darken","Lighten","Difference",
+"Exclusion","Hue","Saturation","Color","Luminosity",
+@end verbatim
+as described in
+
+@url{http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/pdf/PDFReference16.pdf}.
+Since @code{PostScript} does not support transparency, this feature is
+only effective with the @code{-f pdf} output format option; other
+formats can be produced from the resulting @acronym{PDF} file with the
+@code{ImageMagick} @code{convert} program.
+Labels are always drawn with an @code{opacity} of 1.
+A simple example of transparent filling is provided in the example file
+@code{transparency.asy}.
+
+@cindex patterns
+@cindex tilings
+@item @code{PostScript} commands within a @code{picture} may be used
+to create a tiling pattern, identified by the string @code{name}, for
+@code{fill} and @code{draw} operations by adding it to the
+global @code{PostScript} frame @code{currentpatterns},
+with optional left-bottom margin @code{lb} and right-top margin @code{rt}.
+@verbatim
+import patterns;
+void add(string name, picture pic, pair lb=0, pair rt=0);
+@end verbatim
+
+To @code{fill} or @code{draw} using pattern @code{name}, use
+the pen @code{pattern("name")}. For example, rectangular tilings
+can be constructed using the routines
+@code{picture tile(real Hx=5mm, real Hy=0, pen p=currentpen,
+filltype filltype=NoFill)},
+@code{picture checker(real Hx=5mm, real Hy=0, pen p=currentpen)}, and
+@code{picture brick(real Hx=5mm, real Hy=0, pen p=currentpen)} defined in
+@code{patterns.asy}:
+@cindex grid
+@cindex tile
+@cindex checker
+@cindex brick
+@verbatiminclude tile.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{tile}
+
+@cindex hatch
+@cindex crosshatch
+Hatch patterns can be generated with the routines
+@code{picture hatch(real H=5mm, pair dir=NE, pen p=currentpen)},
+@code{picture crosshatch(real H=5mm, pen p=currentpen)}:
+@verbatiminclude hatch.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{hatch}
+
+You may need to turn off aliasing in your @code{PostScript} viewer for
+patterns to appear correctly. Custom patterns can easily be constructed,
+following the examples in @code{patterns.asy}. The tiled pattern can
+even incorporate shading (@pxref{gradient shading}), as illustrated
+in this example (not included in the manual because not all printers support
+@code{PostScript} 3):
+@verbatiminclude shadedtiling.asy
+
+@anchor{makepen}
+@cindex @code{makepen}
+@item One can specify a custom pen nib as an arbitrary polygonal path
+with @code{pen makepen(path)}; this path represents the mark to be
+drawn for paths containing a single point. This pen nib path can be
+recovered from a pen with @code{path nib(pen)}. Unlike in
+@code{MetaPost}, the path need not be convex:
+
+@verbatiminclude makepen.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{makepen}
+
+The value @code{nullpath} represents a circular pen nib (the default);
+an elliptical pen can be achieved simply by multiplying the pen by a
+transform: @code{yscale(2)*currentpen}.
+
+@anchor{overwrite}
+@cindex @code{overwrite}
+@item One can prevent labels from overwriting one another by using
+the pen attribute @code{overwrite}, which takes a single argument:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{Allow}
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+@item Allow
+Allow labels to overwrite one another. This is the default behaviour (unless
+overridden with @code{defaultpen(pen)}.
+
+@cindex @code{Suppress}
+@item Suppress
+Suppress, with a warning, each label that would overwrite another label.
+
+@cindex @code{SuppressQuiet}
+@item SuppressQuiet
+Suppress, without warning, each label that would overwrite another label.
+
+@cindex @code{Move}
+@item Move
+Move a label that would overwrite another out of the way and issue a warning.
+As this adjustment is during the final output phase (in @code{PostScript}
+coordinates) it could result in a larger figure than requested.
+
+@cindex @code{MoveQuiet}
+@item MoveQuiet
+Move a label that would overwrite another out of the way, without warning.
+As this adjustment is during the final output phase (in @code{PostScript}
+coordinates) it could result in a larger figure than requested.
+
+@end table
+
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex @code{defaultpen}
+@cindex @code{resetdefaultpen}
+The routine @code{defaultpen()} returns the current default pen attributes.
+Calling the routine @code{resetdefaultpen()} resets all pen default
+attributes to their initial values.
+
+@node Transforms
+@section Transforms
+
+@cindex @code{transform}
+@code{Asymptote} makes extensive use of affine transforms. A pair
+@code{(x,y)} is transformed by the transform
+@code{t=(t.x,t.y,t.xx,t.xy,t.yx,t.yy)} to @code{(x',y')}, where
+@verbatim
+x' = t.x + t.xx * x + t.xy * y
+y' = t.y + t.yx * x + t.yy * y
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+This is equivalent to the @code{PostScript} transformation
+@code{[t.xx t.yx t.xy t.yy t.x t.y]}.
+
+Transforms can be applied to pairs, guides, paths, pens, strings,
+transforms, frames, and pictures by multiplication (via the binary operator
+@code{*}) on the left (@pxref{circle} for an example).
+@cindex @code{inverse}
+Transforms can be composed with one another and inverted with the
+function @code{transform inverse(transform t)}; they can also be raised to any
+integer power with the @code{^} operator.
+
+The built-in transforms are:
+
+@table @code
+@item transform identity();
+@cindex @code{identity}
+the identity transform;
+@item transform shift(pair z);
+@cindex @code{shift}
+translates by the pair @code{z};
+@item transform shift(real x, real y);
+@cindex @code{shift}
+translates by the pair @code{(x,y)};
+@item transform xscale(real x);
+@cindex @code{xscale}
+scales by @code{x} in the @math{x} direction;
+@item transform yscale(real y);
+@cindex @code{yscale}
+scales by @code{y} in the @math{y} direction;
+@item transform scale(real s);
+@cindex @code{scale}
+scale by @code{s} in both @math{x} and @math{y} directions;
+@item transform scale(real x, real y);
+@cindex @code{scale}
+scale by @code{x} in the @math{x} direction and by @code{y} in the
+@math{y} direction;
+@item transform slant(real s);
+@cindex @code{slant}
+maps @code{(x,y)} --> @code{(x+s*y,y)};
+@item transform rotate(real angle, pair z=(0,0));
+rotates by @code{angle} in degrees about @code{z};
+@item transform reflect(pair a, pair b);
+@cindex @code{reflect}
+reflects about the line @code{a--b}.
+@end table
+
+@cindex @code{shift}
+@cindex @code{shiftless}
+The implicit initializer for transforms is @code{identity()}.
+The routines @code{shift(transform t)} and @code{shiftless(transform t)}
+return the transforms @code{(t.x,t.y,0,0,0,0)} and
+@code{(0,0,t.xx,t.xy,t.yx,t.yy)} respectively.
+
+
+@node Frames and pictures
+@section Frames and pictures
+
+@table @code
+
+@item frame
+@cindex @code{frame}
+@cindex @code{newframe}
+@cindex @code{empty}
+@cindex @code{erase}
+@cindex @code{min}
+@cindex @code{max}
+Frames are canvases for drawing in @code{PostScript} coordinates. While working
+with frames directly is occasionally necessary for constructing deferred
+drawing routines, pictures are usually more convenient to work with.
+The implicit initializer for frames is @code{newframe}. The function
+@code{bool empty(frame f)} returns @code{true} only if the frame @code{f}
+is empty. A frame may be erased with the @code{erase(frame)} routine.
+The functions @code{pair min(frame)} and @code{pair max(frame)}
+return the (left,bottom) and (right,top) coordinates of the frame
+bounding box, respectively. The contents of frame @code{src} may be
+appended to frame @code{dest} with the command
+@verbatim
+void add(frame dest, frame src);
+@end verbatim
+or prepended with
+@verbatim
+void prepend(frame dest, frame src);
+@end verbatim
+A frame obtained by aligning frame @code{f} in the direction
+@code{align}, in a manner analogous to the @code{align} argument of
+@code{label} (@pxref{label}), is returned by
+@verbatim
+frame align(frame f, pair align);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{box}
+@cindex @code{ellipse}
+@anchor{envelope}
+@cindex @code{envelope}
+To draw or fill a box or ellipse around a label or frame and return the
+boundary as a path, use one of the predefined @code{envelope} routines
+@verbatim
+path box(frame f, Label L="", real xmargin=0,
+ real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+path roundbox(frame f, Label L="", real xmargin=0,
+ real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+path ellipse(frame f, Label L="", real xmargin=0,
+ real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+
+@item picture
+@cindex @code{picture}
+Pictures are high-level structures (@pxref{Structures}) defined in
+the module @code{plain} that provide canvases for drawing in user coordinates.
+The default picture is called @code{currentpicture}. A new picture
+can be created like this:
+@verbatim
+picture pic;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Anonymous pictures can be made by the expression @code{new picture}.
+
+The @code{size} routine specifies the dimensions of the desired picture:
+
+@anchor{size}
+@cindex @code{size}
+@verbatim
+void size(picture pic=currentpicture, real x, real y=x,
+ bool keepAspect=Aspect);
+@end verbatim
+
+If the @code{x} and @code{y} sizes are both 0, user coordinates will be
+interpreted as @code{PostScript} coordinates. In this case, the transform
+mapping @code{pic} to the final output frame is @code{identity()}.
+
+If exactly one of @code{x} or @code{y} is 0, no size restriction
+is imposed in that direction; it will be scaled the same as the other
+direction.
+
+@cindex @code{Aspect}
+If @code{keepAspect} is set to @code{Aspect} or @code{true},
+the picture will be scaled with its aspect ratio preserved such that
+the final width is no more than @code{x} and the final height is
+no more than @code{y}.
+
+@cindex @code{IgnoreAspect}
+If @code{keepAspect} is set to @code{IgnoreAspect} or @code{false},
+the picture will be scaled in both directions so that the final width
+is @code{x} and the height is @code{y}.
+
+To make the user coordinates of picture @code{pic}
+represent multiples of @code{x} units in the @math{x} direction and
+@code{y} units in the @math{y} direction, use
+@anchor{unitsize}
+@cindex @code{unitsize}
+@verbatim
+void unitsize(picture pic=currentpicture, real x, real y=x);
+@end verbatim
+When nonzero, these @code{x} and @code{y} values override the
+corresponding size parameters of picture @code{pic}.
+
+The routine
+@cindex @code{size}
+@verbatim
+void size(picture pic=currentpicture, real xsize, real ysize,
+ pair min, pair max);
+@end verbatim
+forces the final picture scaling to map the user coordinates
+@code{box(min,max)} to a region of width @code{xsize} and height @code{ysize}
+(when these parameters are nonzero).
+
+Alternatively, calling the routine
+@cindex @code{fixedscaling}
+@verbatim
+transform fixedscaling(picture pic=currentpicture, pair min,
+ pair max, pen p=nullpen, bool warn=false);
+@end verbatim
+will cause picture @code{pic} to use a fixed scaling to map user
+coordinates in @code{box(min,max)} to the (already specified) picture size,
+taking account of the width of pen @code{p}. A warning will be issued if
+the final picture exceeds the specified size.
+
+A picture @code{pic} can be fit to a frame and output to a file
+@code{prefix}.@code{format} using image format @code{format}
+by calling the @code{shipout} function:
+@anchor{shipout}
+@cindex @code{shipout}
+@verbatim
+void shipout(string prefix=defaultfilename, picture pic,
+ orientation orientation=orientation,
+ string format="", bool wait=false, bool view=true);
+void shipout(string prefix=defaultfilename,
+ orientation orientation=orientation,
+ string format="", bool wait=false, bool view=true);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The default output format, @code{PostScript}, may be changed
+with the @code{-f} or @code{-tex} command-line options.
+A @code{shipout()} command is added implicitly at file exit if no
+previous @code{shipout} commands have been executed.
+@cindex @code{orientation}
+@cindex @code{Portrait}
+@cindex @code{Landscape}
+@cindex @code{UpsideDown}
+The default page orientation is @code{Portrait}; this may be modified
+by changing the variable @code{orientation}. To output in landscape
+mode, simply set the variable @code{orientation=Landscape} or issue
+the command
+@verbatim
+shipout(Landscape);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{Seascape}
+To rotate the page by @math{-90} degrees, use the orientation @code{Seascape}.
+@cindex @code{UpsideDown}
+The orientation @code{UpsideDown} rotates the page by 180 degrees.
+
+@cindex subpictures
+@cindex @code{fit}
+A picture @code{pic} can be explicitly fit to a frame by calling
+@verbatim
+frame pic.fit(real xsize=pic.xsize, real ysize=pic.ysize,
+ bool keepAspect=pic.keepAspect);
+@end verbatim
+The default size and aspect ratio settings are those given to the
+@code{size} command (which default to @code{0}, @code{0}, and
+@code{true}, respectively).
+@cindex @code{calculateTransform}
+The transformation that would currently be used to fit a picture
+@code{pic} to a frame is returned by the member function
+@code{pic.calculateTransform()}.
+
+In certain cases (e.g.@ 2D graphs) where only an approximate size
+estimate for @code{pic} is available, the picture fitting routine
+@verbatim
+frame pic.scale(real xsize=this.xsize, real ysize=this.ysize,
+ bool keepAspect=this.keepAspect);
+@end verbatim
+(which scales the resulting frame, including labels and fixed-size
+objects) will enforce perfect compliance with the requested size
+specification, but should not normally be required.
+
+@cindex @code{box}
+To draw a bounding box with margins around a picture, fit the
+picture to a frame using the function
+@verbatim
+frame bbox(picture pic=currentpicture, real xmargin=0,
+ real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill);
+@end verbatim
+@anchor{filltype}
+Here @code{filltype} specifies one of the following fill types:
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{FillDraw}
+@item FillDraw
+Fill the interior and draw the boundary.
+
+@item FillDraw(real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin, pen fillpen=nullpen,
+ @code{pen drawpen=nullpen);}
+@cindex @code{nullpen}
+If @code{fillpen} is @code{nullpen}, fill with the drawing pen;
+otherwise fill with pen @code{fillpen}.
+If @code{drawpen} is @code{nullpen}, draw the boundary with @code{fillpen};
+otherwise with @code{drawpen}. An optional margin of
+@code{xmargin} and @code{ymargin} can be specified.
+
+@cindex @code{Fill}
+@item Fill
+Fill the interior.
+
+@cindex @code{nullpen}
+@item Fill(real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=nullpen)
+If @code{p} is @code{nullpen}, fill with the drawing pen;
+otherwise fill with pen @code{p}. An optional margin of
+@code{xmargin} and @code{ymargin} can be specified.
+
+@cindex @code{NoFill}
+@item NoFill
+Do not fill.
+
+@item Draw
+Draw only the boundary.
+
+@cindex @code{Draw}
+@item Draw(real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin, pen p=nullpen)
+If @code{p} is @code{nullpen}, draw the boundary with the drawing pen;
+otherwise draw with pen @code{p}. An optional margin of
+@code{xmargin} and @code{ymargin} can be specified.
+
+@cindex @code{UnFill}
+@item UnFill
+Clip the region.
+
+@cindex @code{UnFill}
+@item UnFill(real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin)
+Clip the region and surrounding margins @code{xmargin} and @code{ymargin}.
+
+@cindex @code{RadialShade}
+@item RadialShade(pen penc, pen penr)
+Fill varying radially from @code{penc} at the center of the bounding
+box to @code{penr} at the edge.
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex bounding box
+@cindex background color
+For example, to draw a bounding box around a picture with a 0.25 cm
+margin and output the resulting frame, use the command:
+@verbatim
+shipout(bbox(0.25cm));
+@end verbatim
+A @code{picture} may be fit to a frame with the background color of
+pen @code{p} with the function @code{bbox(p,Fill)}.
+
+The functions
+@verbatim
+pair min(picture pic, user=false);
+pair max(picture pic, user=false);
+pair size(picture pic, user=false);
+@end verbatim
+calculate the @code{PostScript} bounds that picture @code{pic} would
+have if it were currently fit to a frame using its default size specification.
+If @code{user} is @code{false} the returned value is in
+@code{PostScript} coordinates, otherwise it is in user coordinates.
+
+The function
+@verbatim
+pair point(picture pic=currentpicture, pair dir, bool user=true);
+@end verbatim
+is a convenient way of determining the point on the bounding box of
+@code{pic} in the direction @code{dir} relative to its center, ignoring
+the contributions from fixed-size objects (such as labels and arrowheads).
+If @code{user} is @code{true} the returned value is in user coordinates,
+otherwise it is in @code{PostScript} coordinates.
+
+The function
+@verbatim
+pair truepoint(picture pic=currentpicture, pair dir, bool user=true);
+@end verbatim
+is identical to @code{point}, except that it also accounts for
+fixed-size objects, using the scaling transform that picture @code{pic}
+would have if currently fit to a frame using its default size
+specification. If @code{user} is @code{true} the returned value is in
+user coordinates, otherwise it is in @code{PostScript} coordinates.
+
+@anchor{add}
+Sometimes it is useful to draw objects on separate pictures and add one
+picture to another using the @code{add} function:
+@cindex @code{add}
+@verbatim
+void add(picture src, bool group=true,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+void add(picture dest, picture src, bool group=true,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The first example adds @code{src} to @code{currentpicture}; the second
+one adds @code{src} to @code{dest}.
+The @code{group} option specifies whether or not the graphical user
+interface @code{xasy} should treat all of the elements of @code{src}
+as a single entity (@pxref{GUI}), @code{filltype} requests optional
+background filling or clipping, and @code{above} specifies
+whether to add @code{src} above or below existing objects.
+
+There are also routines to add a picture or frame @code{src} specified
+in postscript coordinates to another picture @code{dest} (or
+@code{currentpicture}) about the user coordinate
+@code{position}:
+@anchor{add about}
+@cindex @code{add}
+@cindex picture alignment
+@verbatim
+void add(picture src, pair position, bool group=true,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+void add(picture dest, picture src, pair position,
+ bool group=true, filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+void add(picture dest=currentpicture, frame src, pair position=0,
+ bool group=true, filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+void add(picture dest=currentpicture, frame src, pair position,
+ pair align, bool group=true, filltype filltype=NoFill,
+ bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+
+The optional @code{align} argument in the last three forms specifies a
+direction to use for aligning the frame, in a manner analogous to the
+@code{align} argument of @code{label} (@pxref{label}). However, one key
+difference is that when @code{align} is not specified, labels are
+centered, whereas frames and pictures are aligned so that their origin is
+at @code{position}. Illustrations of frame alignment can be found in
+the examples @ref{errorbars} and @ref{image}. If you want to align three
+or more subpictures, group them two at a time:
+
+@verbatiminclude subpictures.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{subpictures}
+
+Alternatively, one can use @code{attach} to automatically increase the
+size of picture @code{dest} to accommodate adding a frame @code{src}
+about the user coordinate @code{position}:
+@verbatim
+void attach(picture dest=currentpicture, frame src,
+ pair position=0, bool group=true,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+void attach(picture dest=currentpicture, frame src,
+ pair position, pair align, bool group=true,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{erase}
+To erase the contents of a picture (but not the size specification), use
+the function
+@verbatim
+void erase(picture pic=currentpicture);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{save}
+To save a snapshot of @code{currentpicture}, @code{currentpen}, and
+@code{currentprojection}, use the function @code{save()}.
+
+@cindex @code{restore}
+To restore a snapshot of @code{currentpicture}, @code{currentpen}, and
+@code{currentprojection}, use the function @code{restore()}.
+
+Many further examples of picture and frame operations are provided in
+the base module @code{plain}.
+
+@cindex verbatim
+@cindex @code{postscript}
+It is possible to insert verbatim @code{PostScript} commands in a picture with
+one of the routines
+@verbatim
+void postscript(picture pic=currentpicture, string s);
+void postscript(picture pic=currentpicture, string s, pair min,
+ pair max)
+@end verbatim
+Here @code{min} and @code{max} can be used to specify explicit bounds
+associated with the resulting @code{PostScript} code.
+
+@anchor{tex}
+@cindex @code{tex}
+Verbatim @TeX{} commands can be inserted in the intermediate
+@code{LaTeX} output file with one of the functions
+@verbatim
+void tex(picture pic=currentpicture, string s);
+void tex(picture pic=currentpicture, string s, pair min, pair max)
+@end verbatim
+Here @code{min} and @code{max} can be used to specify explicit bounds
+associated with the resulting @TeX{} code.
+
+To issue a global @TeX{} command (such as a @TeX{} macro definition) in the
+@TeX{} preamble (valid for the remainder of the top-level module) use:
+@cindex @code{texpreamble}
+@verbatim
+void texpreamble(string s);
+@end verbatim
+
+The @TeX{} environment can be reset to its initial state, clearing all
+macro definitions, with the function
+@cindex @code{texreset}
+@verbatim
+void texreset();
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{usepackage}
+The routine
+@verbatim
+void usepackage(string s, string options="");
+@end verbatim
+provides a convenient abbreviation for
+@verbatim
+texpreamble("\usepackage["+options+"]{"+s+"}");
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+that can be used for importing @code{LaTeX} packages.
+
+@end table
+
+@node Files
+@section Files
+
+@cindex @code{file}
+@code{Asymptote} can read and write text files (including comma-separated
+value) files and portable @acronym{XDR} (External Data Representation)
+binary files.
+
+An input file must first be opened with
+@code{input(string name, bool check=true, string comment="#")};
+reading is then done by assignment:
+@cindex open
+@cindex @code{input}
+@cindex reading
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real a=fin;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex comment character
+@cindex @code{error}
+If the optional boolean argument @code{check} is @code{false}, no check will
+be made that the file exists. If the file does not exist or is not
+readable, the function @code{bool error(file)} will return @code{true}.
+The first character of the string @code{comment} specifies a
+comment character. If this character is encountered in a data file,
+the remainder of the line is ignored. When reading strings, a comment
+character followed immediately by another comment character is treated
+as a single literal comment character.
+
+@anchor{cd}
+@cindex @code{cd}
+@cindex directory
+If the @code{-globalwrite} (or @code{-nosafe}) option is enabled, one can
+change the current working directory to the contents of the string
+@code{s} with the function @code{string cd(string s)}, which returns the
+new working directory. If @code{string s} is empty, the path is reset to
+the value it had at program startup.
+
+@cindex @code{getc}
+When reading pairs, the enclosing parenthesis are optional.
+Strings are also read by assignment, by reading characters up to but not
+including a newline. In addition, @code{Asymptote} provides the function
+@code{string getc(file)} to read the next character (treating the
+comment character as an ordinary character) and return it as a string.
+
+@cindex @code{output}
+@cindex @code{update}
+@cindex append
+A file named @code{name} can be open for output with
+@verbatim
+file output(string name, bool update=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+If @code{update=false}, any existing data in the file will be erased
+and only write operations can be used on the file.
+If @code{update=true}, any existing data will be preserved, the position
+will be set to the end-of-file, and both reading and writing operations
+will be enabled. For security reasons, writing to files in directories
+other than the current directory is allowed only if the @code{-globalwrite}
+(or @code{-nosafe}) command-line option is specified.
+
+@cindex @code{stdin}
+@cindex @code{stdout}
+There are two special files: @code{stdin}, which reads from the keyboard,
+and @code{stdout}, which writes to the terminal. The implicit
+initializer for files is @code{null}.
+
+Data of a built-in type @code{T} can be written to an output file by
+calling one of the functions
+@cindex @code{write}
+@verbatim
+write(string s="", T x, suffix suffix=endl ... T[]);
+write(file file, string s="", T x, suffix suffix=none ... T[]);
+write(file file=stdout, string s="", explicit T[] x ... T[][]);
+write(file file=stdout, T[][]);
+write(file file=stdout, T[][][]);
+write(suffix suffix=endl);
+write(file file, suffix suffix=none);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{none}
+@cindex @code{flush}
+@cindex @code{endl}
+@cindex @code{newl}
+@cindex @code{tab}
+@cindex @code{comma}
+If @code{file} is not specified, @code{stdout} is used and
+terminated by default with a newline. If specified, the optional
+identifying string @code{s} is written before the data @code{x}.
+An arbitrary number of data values may be listed when writing scalars
+or one-dimensional arrays. The @code{suffix} may be one of the following:
+@code{none} (do nothing), @code{flush} (output buffered data),
+@code{endl} (terminate with a newline and flush),
+@code{newl} (terminate with a newline),
+@code{tab} (terminate with a tab), or @code{comma} (terminate with a
+comma). Here are some simple examples of data output:
+@verbatim
+file fout=output("test.txt");
+write(fout,1); // Writes "1"
+write(fout); // Writes a new line
+write(fout,"List: ",1,2,3); // Writes "List: 1 2 3"
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+
+@cindex binary format
+@cindex @code{xinput}
+@cindex @code{xoutput}
+@cindex @code{binput}
+@cindex @code{boutput}
+@cindex @code{single}
+@cindex @code{double}
+A file may also be opened with @code{xinput} or @code{xoutput}, instead of
+@code{input} or @code{output}, to read or write
+double precision (64-bit) real values and single precision (32-bit)
+integer values in Sun Microsystem's @acronym{XDR} (External
+Data Representation) portable binary format (available on all
+@code{UNIX} platforms).
+A file may also be opened with @code{binput} or @code{boutput} to read
+or write double precision values in the native (nonportable)
+machine binary format. The function @code{file single(file,0.0)} may
+be used to set a file to read single precision real @acronym{XDR} or binary
+values; calling @code{file single(file,0.0,false)} sets it back to read
+doubles again. The functions @code{file single(file,0)} and
+@code{file single(file,0,false)} can be used to change the default
+integer precision (single). The functions @code{file
+single(file)} and @code{file single(file,false)} may be used to set the
+precision for both real and integer values.
+
+@cindex @code{eof}
+@cindex @code{eol}
+@cindex @code{error}
+@cindex @code{flush}
+@cindex @code{clear}
+@cindex @code{precision}
+@cindex @code{seek}
+@cindex @code{tell}
+@cindex rewind
+@cindex @code{seekeof}
+One can test a file for end-of-file with the boolean function @code{eof(file)},
+end-of-line with @code{eol(file)}, and for I/O errors with @code{error(file)}.
+One can flush the output buffers with @code{flush(file)}, clear a
+previous I/O error with @code{clear(file)}, and close the file with
+@code{close(file)}. The function
+@code{int precision(file file=stdout, int digits=0)}
+sets the number of digits of output precision for @code{file} to @code{digits},
+provided @code{digits} is nonzero, and returns the previous
+precision setting. The function @code{int tell(file)} returns
+the current position in a file relative to the beginning.
+The routine @code{seek(file file, int pos)} can be used to
+change this position, where a negative value for the position @code{pos}
+is interpreted as relative to the end-of-file. For example, one can
+rewind a file @code{file} with the command @code{seek(file,0)}
+and position to the final character in the file with @code{seek(file,-1)}.
+The command @code{seekeof(file)} sets the position to the end of the file.
+
+@cindex @code{scroll}
+@anchor{scroll}
+Assigning @code{settings.scroll=n} for a positive integer @code{n}
+requests a pause after every @code{n} output lines to @code{stdout}.
+One may then press @code{Enter} to continue to the next @code{n} output lines,
+@code{s} followed by @code{Enter} to scroll without further interruption,
+or @code{q} followed by @code{Enter} to quit the current output
+operation. If @code{n} is negative, the output scrolls a page at a time
+(i.e. by one less than the current number of display lines). The default
+value, @code{settings.scroll=0}, specifies continuous scrolling.
+
+The routines
+@cindex @code{getstring}
+@cindex @code{getreal}
+@cindex @code{getpair}
+@cindex @code{gettriple}
+@verbatim
+string getstring(string name="", string default="", string prompt="",
+ bool store=true);
+int getint(string name="", int default=0, string prompt="",
+ bool store=true);
+real getreal(string name="", real default=0, string prompt="",
+ bool store=true);
+pair getpair(string name="", pair default=0, string prompt="",
+ bool store=true);
+triple gettriple(string name="", triple default=(0,0,0), string prompt="",
+ bool store=true);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+defined in the module @code{plain} may be used to prompt for a value from
+@code{stdin} using the @acronym{GNU} @code{readline} library.
+If @code{store=true}, the history of values for @code{name} is
+stored in the file @code{".asy_history_"+name} (@pxref{history}). The most
+recent value in the history will be used to provide a default value
+for subsequent runs. The default value (initially @code{default}) is
+displayed after @code{prompt}. These functions are based on the internal
+routines
+@cindex @code{readline}
+@cindex @code{saveline}
+@verbatim
+string readline(string prompt="", string name="", bool tabcompletion=false);
+void saveline(string name, string value, bool store=true);
+@end verbatim
+Here, @code{readline} prompts the user with the default value
+formatted according to @code{prompt}, while @code{saveline}
+is used to save the string @code{value} in a local history named
+@code{name}, optionally storing the local history in a file
+@code{".asy_history_"+name}.
+
+@cindex @code{history}
+The routine @code{history(string name, int n=1)} can be used to look up
+the @code{n} most recent values (or all values up to @code{historylines}
+if @code{n=0}) entered for string @code{name}.
+The routine @code{history(int n=0)} returns the interactive history.
+For example,
+@verbatim
+write(output("transcript.asy"),history());
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+outputs the interactive history to the file @code{transcript.asy}.
+
+@cindex @code{delete}
+The function @code{int delete(string s)} deletes the file named by the
+string @code{s}. Unless the @code{-globalwrite} (or @code{-nosafe})
+option is enabled, the file must reside in the current directory.
+@cindex @code{rename}
+The function @code{int rename(string from, string to)} may be used to
+rename file @code{from} to file @code{to}.
+Unless the @code{-globalwrite} (or @code{-nosafe}) option is enabled,
+this operation is restricted to the current directory.
+@cindex @code{convert}
+@cindex @code{animate}
+The functions
+@verbatim
+int convert(string args="", string file="", string format="");
+int animate(string args="", string file="", string format="");
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+call the @code{ImageMagick} commands @code{convert} and @code{animate},
+respectively, with the arguments @code{args} and the file name constructed
+from the strings @code{file} and @code{format}.
+@cindex @code{system}
+If the setting @code{safe} is false, then the function
+@code{int system(string s)} can be used to call the arbitrary system
+command @code{s}.
+
+@node Variable initializers
+@section Variable initializers
+@cindex variable initializers
+@cindex @code{operator init}
+@cindex initializers
+
+A variable can be assigned a value when it is declared, as in
+@code{int x=3;} where the variable @code{x} is assigned the value @code{3}.
+As well as literal constants such as @code{3}, arbitary expressions can be used
+as initializers, as in @code{real x=2*sin(pi/2);}.
+
+A variable is not added to the namespace until after the initializer is
+evaluated, so for example, in
+
+@verbatim
+int x=2;
+int x=5*x;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+the @code{x} in the initializer on the second line refers to the variable
+@code{x} declared on the first line. The second line, then, declares a variable
+@code{x} shadowing the original @code{x} and initializes it to the value
+@code{10}.
+
+Variables of most types can be declared without an explicit initializer and they
+will be initialized by the default initializer of that type:
+
+@itemize
+@item Variables of the numeric types @code{int}, @code{real}, and @code{pair}
+are all initialized to zero; variables of type @code{triple} are
+initialized to @code{O=(0,0,0)}.
+@item @code{boolean} variables are initialized to @code{false}.
+@item @code{string} variables are initialized to the empty string.
+@item @code{transform} variables are initialized to the identity transformation.
+@item @code{path} and @code{guide} variables are initialized to
+@code{nullpath}.
+@item @code{pen} variables are initialized to the default pen.
+@item @code{frame} and @code{picture} variables are initialized to empty
+frames and pictures, respectively.
+@item @code{file} variables are initialized to @code{null}.
+@end itemize
+
+The default initializers for user-defined array, structure, and function types
+are explained in their respective sections. Some types, such as
+@code{code}, do not have default initializers. When a variable of such
+a type is introduced, the user must initialize it by explicitly giving
+it a value.
+
+The default initializer for any type @code{T} can be redeclared by defining the
+function @code{T operator init()}. For instance, @code{int} variables are
+usually initialized to zero, but in
+
+@verbatim
+int operator init() {
+ return 3;
+}
+int y;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+the variable @code{y} is initialized to @code{3}. This example was given for
+illustrative purposes; redeclaring the initializers of built-in types is not
+recommended. Typically, @code{operator init} is used to define sensible
+defaults for user-defined types.
+
+@node Structures
+@section Structures
+@cindex @code{struct}
+@cindex structures
+@cindex @code{public}
+@cindex @code{restricted}
+@cindex @code{private}
+@cindex @code{this}
+@cindex @code{new}
+@cindex @code{null}
+
+Users may also define their own data types as structures, along with
+user-defined operators, much as in C++. By default, structure members
+are @code{public} (may be read and modified anywhere in the code), but may be
+optionally declared @code{restricted} (readable anywhere but writeable
+only inside the structure where they are defined) or @code{private}
+(readable and writable only inside the structure). In a structure definition,
+the keyword @code{this} can be used as an expression to refer to the enclosing
+structure. Any code at the
+top-level scope within the structure is executed on initialization.
+
+Variables hold references to structures. That is, in the example:
+
+@verbatim
+struct T {
+ int x;
+}
+
+T foo=new T;
+T bar=foo;
+bar.x=5;
+@end verbatim
+
+The variable @code{foo} holds a reference to an instance of the structure
+@code{T}. When @code{bar} is assigned the value of @code{foo}, it too
+now holds a reference to the same instance as @code{foo} does. The assignment
+@code{bar.x=5} changes the value of the field @code{x} in that instance, so
+that @code{foo.x} will also be equal to @code{5}.
+
+The expression @code{new T} creates a new instance of the structure @code{T} and
+returns a reference to that instance. In creating the new instance, any code in
+the body of the record definition is executed. For example:
+
+@verbatim
+int Tcount=0;
+struct T {
+ int x;
+ ++Tcount;
+}
+
+T foo=new T;
+@end verbatim
+
+Here, the expression @code{new T} will produce a new instance of the class, but
+will also cause @code{Tcount} to be incremented, so that it keeps track of the
+number of instances produced.
+
+The expression @code{null} can be cast to any structure type to yield a null
+reference, a reference that does not actually refer to any instance of the
+structure. Trying to use a field of a null reference will cause an error.
+
+@cindex alias
+@cindex @code{==}
+@cindex @code{!=}
+The function @code{bool alias(T,T)} checks to see if two structure references
+refer to the same instance of the structure (or both to @code{null}). For
+example, in the example code at the start of the section, @code{alias(foo,bar)}
+would return true, but @code{alias(foo,new T)} would return false, as @code{new
+T} creates a new instance of the structure @code{T}. The boolean operators
+@code{==} and @code{!=} are by default equivalent to @code{alias} and
+@code{!alias} respectively, but may be overwritten for a particular type
+(for example, to do a deep comparison).
+
+After the definition of a structure @code{T}, a variable of type @code{T} is
+initialized to a new instance (@code{new T}) by default. During the definition
+of the structure, however, variables of type @code{T} are initialized to
+@code{null} by default. This special behaviour is to avoid infinite
+recursion of creating new instances in code such as
+
+@verbatim
+struct tree {
+ int value;
+ tree left;
+ tree right;
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+Here is a simple example that illustrates the use of structures:
+
+@verbatim
+struct S {
+ real a=1;
+ real f(real a) {return a+this.a;}
+}
+
+S s; // Initializes s with new S;
+
+write(s.f(2)); // Outputs 3
+
+S operator + (S s1, S s2)
+{
+ S result;
+ result.a=s1.a+s2.a;
+ return result;
+}
+
+write((s+s).f(0)); // Outputs 2
+
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex constructors
+It is often convenient to have functions that construct new instances of a
+structure. Say we have a @code{Person} structure:
+
+@verbatim
+struct Person {
+ string firstname;
+ string lastname;
+}
+
+Person joe=new Person;
+joe.firstname="Joe";
+joe.lastname="Jones";
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Creating a new Person is a chore; it takes three lines to create a new instance
+and to initialize its fields (that's still considerably less effort than
+creating a new person in real life, though).
+
+We can reduce the work by defining a constructor function
+@code{Person(string,string)}:
+
+@verbatim
+struct Person {
+ string firstname;
+ string lastname;
+
+ static Person Person(string firstname, string lastname) {
+ Person p=new Person;
+ p.firstname=firstname;
+ p.lastname=lastname;
+ return p;
+ }
+}
+
+Person joe=Person.Person("Joe", "Jones");
+@end verbatim
+
+While it is now easier than before to create a new instance, we still
+have to refer to the constructor by the qualified name
+@code{Person.Person}. If we add the line
+
+@verbatim
+from Person unravel Person;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+immediately after the structure definition, then the constructor can be used
+without qualification: @code{Person joe=Person("Joe", "Jones");}.
+
+The constructor is now easy to use, but it is quite a hassle to define. If you
+write a lot of constructors, you will find that you are repeating a lot of code
+in each of them. Fortunately, your friendly neighbourhood Asymptote
+developers have devised a way to automate much of the process.
+
+@cindex @code{operator init}
+If, in the body of a structure, Asymptote encounters the definition of
+a function of the form @code{void operator init(@var{args})}, it implicitly
+defines a constructor function of the arguments @code{@var{args}} that
+uses the @code{void operator init} function to initialize a
+new instance of the structure.
+That is, it essentially defines the following constructor (assuming the
+structure is called @code{Foo}):
+
+@example
+static Foo Foo(@var{args}) @{
+ Foo instance=new Foo;
+ instance.operator init(@var{args});
+ return instance;
+@}
+@end example
+
+This constructor is also implicitly copied to the enclosing scope after the end
+of the structure definition, so that it can used subsequently without qualifying
+it by the structure name. Our @code{Person} example can thus be implemented as:
+
+@verbatim
+struct Person {
+ string firstname;
+ string lastname;
+
+ void operator init(string firstname, string lastname) {
+ this.firstname=firstname;
+ this.lastname=lastname;
+ }
+}
+
+Person joe=Person("Joe", "Jones");
+@end verbatim
+
+The use of @code{operator init} to implicitly define constructors should not be
+confused with its use to define default values for variables
+(@pxref{Variable initializers}). Indeed, in the
+first case, the return type of the @code{operator init} must be @code{void}
+while in the second, it must be the (non-@code{void}) type of the variable.
+
+@cindex @code{cputime}
+The function @code{cputime()}
+returns a structure @code{cputime} with cumulative @acronym{CPU} times
+broken down into the fields @code{parent.user}, @code{parent.system},
+@code{child.user}, and @code{child.system}. For convenience, the
+incremental fields @code{change.user} and @code{change.system} indicate
+the change in the corresponding total parent and child @acronym{CPU}
+times since the last call to @code{cputime()}. The function
+@verbatim
+void write(file file=stdout, string s="", cputime c,
+ string format=cputimeformat, suffix suffix=none);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+displays the incremental user cputime followed by ``u'',
+the incremental system cputime followed by ``s'',
+the total user cputime followed by ``U'', and
+the total system cputime followed by ``S''.
+
+@cindex inheritance
+@cindex virtual functions
+Much like in C++, casting (@pxref{Casts}) provides for an elegant
+implementation of structure inheritance, including virtual functions:
+@verbatim
+struct parent {
+ real x=1;
+ void virtual(int) {write (0);}
+ void f() {virtual(1);}
+}
+
+void write(parent p) {write(p.x);}
+
+struct child {
+ parent parent;
+ real y=2;
+ void virtual(int x) {write (x);}
+ parent.virtual=virtual;
+ void f()=parent.f;
+}
+
+parent operator cast(child child) {return child.parent;}
+
+parent p;
+child c;
+
+write(c); // Outputs 1;
+
+p.f(); // Outputs 0;
+c.f(); // Outputs 1;
+
+write(c.parent.x); // Outputs 1;
+write(c.y); // Outputs 2;
+@end verbatim
+
+For further examples of structures, see @code{Legend} and @code{picture} in
+the @code{Asymptote} base module @code{plain}.
+
+@node Operators
+@section Operators
+@cindex operators
+
+@menu
+* Arithmetic & logical:: Basic mathematical operators
+* Self & prefix operators:: Increment and decrement
+* User-defined operators:: Overloading operators
+@end menu
+
+@node Arithmetic & logical
+@subsection Arithmetic & logical operators
+@cindex arithmetic operators
+@cindex binary operators
+@cindex boolean operators
+@cindex logical operators
+@cindex integer division
+@cindex @code{quotient}
+
+@code{Asymptote} uses the standard binary arithmetic operators.
+However, when one integer is divided by another, both arguments are
+converted to real values before dividing and a real quotient is
+returned (since this is usually what is intended). The function
+@code{int quotient(int x, int y)} returns the greatest integer less
+than or equal to @code{x/y}. In all other cases both operands are
+promoted to the same type, which will also be the type of the result:
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{+}
+@item +
+addition
+@cindex @code{-}
+@item -
+subtraction
+@cindex @code{*}
+@item *
+multiplication
+@cindex @code{/}
+@item /
+division
+@cindex @code{%}
+@item %
+modulo; the result always has the same sign as the divisor.
+In particular, this makes @code{q*quotient(p,q)+p%q == p} for all
+integers @code{p} and nonzero integers @code{q}.
+@cindex @code{^}
+@item ^
+@cindex @code{**}
+power; if the exponent (second argument) is an int, recursive
+multiplication is used; otherwise, logarithms and exponentials are used
+(@code{**} is a synonym for @code{^}).
+
+@end table
+
+The usual boolean operators are also defined:
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{==}
+@item ==
+equals
+@cindex @code{!=}
+@item !=
+not equals
+@cindex @code{<}
+@item <
+less than
+@cindex @code{<=}
+@item <=
+less than or equals
+@cindex @code{>=}
+@item >=
+greater than or equals
+@cindex @code{>}
+@item >
+greater than
+@cindex @code{&&}
+@item &&
+and (with conditional evaluation of right-hand argument)
+@cindex @code{&}
+@item &
+and
+@cindex @code{||}
+@item ||
+or (with conditional evaluation of right-hand argument)
+@cindex @code{|}
+@item |
+or
+@cindex @code{^}
+@item ^
+xor
+@cindex @code{!}
+@item !
+not
+@end table
+
+@code{Asymptote} also supports the C-like conditional syntax:
+@cindex @code{:}
+@cindex @code{?}
+@cindex conditional
+@verbatim
+bool positive=(pi >= 0) ? true : false;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{interp}
+The function @code{T interp(T a, T b, real t)} returns @code{(1-t)*a+t*b}
+for nonintegral built-in arithmetic types @code{T}. If @code{a} and
+@code{b} are pens, they are first promoted to the same color space.
+
+@cindex @code{AND}
+@cindex @code{OR}
+@cindex @code{XOR}
+@cindex @code{NOT}
+@code{Asymptote} also defines bitwise functions @code{int AND(int,int)},
+@code{int OR(int,int)}, @code{int XOR(int,int)}, and @code{int NOT(int)}.
+
+@node Self & prefix operators
+@subsection Self & prefix operators
+@cindex self operators
+@cindex prefix operators
+@cindex @code{+=}
+@cindex @code{-=}
+@cindex @code{*=}
+@cindex @code{/=}
+@cindex @code{%=}
+@cindex @code{^=}
+@cindex @code{++}
+@cindex @code{--}
+
+As in C, each of the arithmetic operators @code{+}, @code{-}, @code{*},
+@code{/}, @code{%}, and @code{^} can be used as a self operator.
+The prefix operators @code{++} (increment by one) and @code{--} (decrement
+by one) are also defined.
+For example,
+@verbatim
+int i=1;
+i += 2;
+int j=++i;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+is equivalent to the code
+@verbatim
+int i=1;
+i=i+2;
+int j=i=i+1;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex postfix operators
+However, postfix operators like @code{i++} and @code{i--} are not defined
+(because of the inherent ambiguities that would arise with the @code{--}
+path-joining operator). In the rare instances where @code{i++}
+and @code{i--} are really needed, one can substitute the expressions
+@code{(++i-1)} and @code{(--i+1)}, respectively.
+
+@node User-defined operators
+@subsection User-defined operators
+@cindex user-defined operators
+@cindex @code{operator}
+The following symbols may be used with @code{operator} to define or redefine
+operators on structures and built-in types:
+@verbatim
+- + * / % ^ ! < > == != <= >= & | ^^ .. :: -- --- ++
+<< >> $ $$ @ @@
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The operators on the second line have precedence one higher than the
+boolean operators @code{<}, @code{>}, @code{<=}, and @code{>=}.
+
+Guide operators like @code{..} may be overloaded, say, to write
+a user function that produces a new guide from a given guide:
+@verbatim
+guide dots(... guide[] g)=operator ..;
+
+guide operator ..(... guide[] g) {
+ guide G;
+ if(g.length > 0) {
+ write(g[0]);
+ G=g[0];
+ }
+ for(int i=1; i < g.length; ++i) {
+ write(g[i]);
+ write();
+ G=dots(G,g[i]);
+ }
+ return G;
+}
+
+guide g=(0,0){up}..{SW}(100,100){NE}..{curl 3}(50,50)..(10,10);
+write("g=",g);
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Implicit scaling
+@section Implicit scaling
+@cindex implicit scaling
+
+If a numeric literal is in front of certain types of expressions, then the two
+are multiplied:
+@verbatim
+int x=2;
+real y=2.0;
+real cm=72/2.540005;
+
+write(3x);
+write(2.5x);
+write(3y);
+write(-1.602e-19 y);
+write(0.5(x,y));
+write(2x^2);
+write(3x+2y);
+write(3(x+2y));
+write(3sin(x));
+write(3(sin(x))^2);
+write(10cm);
+@end verbatim
+
+This produces the output
+@verbatim
+6
+5
+6
+-3.204e-19
+(1,1)
+8
+10
+18
+2.72789228047704
+2.48046543129542
+283.464008929116
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Functions
+@section Functions
+@cindex functions
+
+@code{Asymptote} functions are treated as variables with a signature
+(non-function variables have null signatures). Variables with the
+same name are allowed, so long as they have distinct signatures.
+
+Functions arguments are passed by value. To pass an argument by
+reference, simply enclose it in a structure (@pxref{Structures}).
+
+Here are some significant features of @code{Asymptote} functions:
+
+@enumerate
+@item Variables with signatures (functions) and without signatures
+(nonfunction variables) are distinct:
+@verbatim
+int x, x();
+x=5;
+x=new int() {return 17;};
+x=x(); // calls x() and puts the result, 17, in the scalar x
+@end verbatim
+
+@item Traditional function definitions are allowed:
+@verbatim
+int sqr(int x)
+{
+ return x*x;
+}
+sqr=null; // but the function is still just a variable.
+@end verbatim
+
+@item Casting can be used to resolve ambiguities:
+@verbatim
+int a, a(), b, b(); // Valid: creates four variables.
+a=b; // Invalid: assignment is ambiguous.
+a=(int) b; // Valid: resolves ambiguity.
+(int) (a=b); // Valid: resolves ambiguity.
+(int) a=b; // Invalid: cast expressions cannot be L-values.
+
+int c();
+c=a; // Valid: only one possible assignment.
+@end verbatim
+
+@item Anonymous (so-called "high-order") functions are also allowed:
+@cindex @code{typedef}
+@verbatim
+typedef int intop(int);
+intop adder(int m)
+{
+ return new int(int n) {return m+n;};
+}
+intop addby7=adder(7);
+write(addby7(1)); // Writes 8.
+@end verbatim
+
+@item
+@cindex overloading functions
+One may redefine a function @code{f}, even for calls to @code{f} in previously
+declared functions, by assigning another (anonymous or named)
+function to it. However, if @code{f} is overloaded by a
+new function definition, previous calls will still access the original
+version of @code{f}, as illustrated in this example:
+@verbatim
+void f() {
+ write("hi");
+}
+
+void g() {
+ f();
+}
+
+g(); // writes "hi"
+
+f=new void() {write("bye");};
+
+g(); // writes "bye"
+
+void f() {write("overloaded");};
+
+f(); // writes "overloaded"
+g(); // writes "bye"
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex function declarations
+@item Anonymous functions can be used to redefine a function variable
+that has been declared (and implicitly initialized to the null function)
+but not yet explicitly defined:
+@verbatim
+void f(bool b);
+
+void g(bool b) {
+ if(b) f(b);
+ else write(b);
+}
+
+f=new void(bool b) {
+ write(b);
+ g(false);
+};
+
+g(true); // Writes true, then writes false.
+@end verbatim
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@code{Asymptote} is the only language we know of that treats functions
+as variables, but allows overloading by distinguishing variables
+based on their signatures.
+
+@cindex @code{libsigsegv}
+@anchor{stack overflow}
+@cindex recursion
+@cindex stack overflow
+Functions are allowed to call themselves recursively. As in C++, infinite
+nested recursion will generate a stack overflow (reported as a
+segmentation fault, unless a fully working version of the @acronym{GNU}
+library @code{libsigsegv} (e.g.@ 2.4 or later) is installed at
+configuration time).
+
+@menu
+* Default arguments:: Default values can appear anywhere
+* Named arguments:: Assigning function arguments by keyword
+* Rest arguments:: Functions with a variable number of arguments
+* Mathematical functions:: Standard libm functions
+
+@end menu
+
+@node Default arguments
+@subsection Default arguments
+@cindex default arguments
+@cindex arguments
+
+@code{Asymptote} supports a more flexible mechanism for default function
+arguments than C++: they may appear anywhere in the function prototype.
+Because certain data types are implicitly cast to more sophisticated
+types (@pxref{Casts}) one can often avoid ambiguities by ordering
+function arguments from the simplest to the most complicated.
+For example, given
+@verbatim
+real f(int a=1, real b=0) {return a+b;}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+then @code{f(1)} returns 1.0, but @code{f(1.0)} returns 2.0.
+
+The value of a default argument is determined by evaluating the
+given @code{Asymptote} expression in the scope where the called
+function is defined.
+
+@node Named arguments
+@subsection Named arguments
+@cindex keywords
+@cindex named arguments
+
+It is sometimes difficult to remember the order in which arguments
+appear in a function declaration. Named (keyword) arguments make calling
+functions with multiple arguments easier. Unlike in the C and C++
+languages, an assignment in a function argument is interpreted as an
+assignment to a parameter of the same name in the function signature,
+@emph{not within the local scope}. The command-line option @code{-d}
+may be used to check @code{Asymptote} code for cases where a
+named argument may be mistaken for a local assignment.
+
+When matching arguments to signatures, first all of the keywords are
+matched, then the arguments without names are matched against the
+unmatched formals as usual. For example,
+@verbatim
+int f(int x, int y) {
+ return 10x+y;
+}
+write(f(4,x=3));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+outputs 34, as @code{x} is already matched when we try to match the
+unnamed argument @code{4}, so it gets matched to the next item, @code{y}.
+
+For the rare occasions where it is desirable to assign a value to
+local variable within a function argument (generally @emph{not} a good
+programming practice), simply enclose the assignment in
+parentheses. For example, given the definition of @code{f} in the
+previous example,
+@verbatim
+int x;
+write(f(4,(x=3)));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+is equivalent to the statements
+@verbatim
+int x;
+x=3;
+write(f(4,3));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+and outputs 43.
+
+As a technical detail, we point out that, since variables of the same
+name but different signatures are allowed in the same scope, the code
+@verbatim
+int f(int x, int x()) {
+ return x+x();
+}
+int seven() {return 7;}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+is legal in @code{Asymptote}, with @code{f(2,seven)} returning 9.
+A named argument matches the first unmatched formal of the same name, so
+@code{f(x=2,x=seven)} is an equivalent call, but @code{f(x=seven,2)}
+is not, as the first argument is matched to the first formal, and
+@code{int ()} cannot be implicitly cast to @code{int}. Default
+arguments do not affect which formal a named argument is matched to,
+so if @code{f} were defined as
+@verbatim
+int f(int x=3, int x()) {
+ return x+x();
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+then @code{f(x=seven)} would be illegal, even though @code{f(seven)}
+obviously would be allowed.
+
+@node Rest arguments
+@subsection Rest arguments
+@cindex rest arguments
+
+Rest arguments allow one to write functions that take a variable
+number of arguments:
+@verbatim
+// This function sums its arguments.
+int sum(... int[] nums) {
+ int total=0;
+ for(int i=0; i < nums.length; ++i)
+ total += nums[i];
+ return total;
+}
+
+sum(1,2,3,4); // returns 10
+sum(); // returns 0
+
+// This function subtracts subsequent arguments from the first.
+int subtract(int start ... int[] subs) {
+ for(int i=0; i < subs.length; ++i)
+ start -= subs[i];
+ return start;
+}
+
+subtract(10,1,2); // returns 7
+subtract(10); // returns 10
+subtract(); // illegal
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex packing
+Putting an argument into a rest array is called @emph{packing}.
+One can give an explicit list of arguments for the rest
+argument, so @code{subtract} could alternatively be implemented as
+@verbatim
+int subtract(int start ... int[] subs) {
+ return start - sum(... subs);
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+One can even combine normal arguments with rest arguments:
+@verbatim
+sum(1,2,3 ... new int[] {4,5,6}); // returns 21
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@cindex unpacking
+This builds a new six-element array that is passed to @code{sum} as
+@code{nums}. The opposite operation, @emph{unpacking}, is not allowed:
+@verbatim
+subtract(... new int[] {10, 1, 2});
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+is illegal, as the start formal is not matched.
+
+If no arguments are packed, then a zero-length array (as opposed to
+@code{null}) is bound to the rest parameter. Note that default
+arguments are ignored for rest formals and the rest argument is not
+bound to a keyword.
+
+The overloading resolution in @code{Asymptote} is similar to the
+function matching rules used in C++. Every argument match is given a
+score. Exact matches score better than matches with casting, and
+matches with formals (regardless of casting) score better than packing
+an argument into the rest array. A candidate is maximal if all of the
+arguments score as well in it as with any other candidate. If there
+is one unique maximal candidate, it is chosen; otherwise, there is an
+ambiguity error.
+
+@verbatim
+int f(path g);
+int f(guide g);
+f((0,0)--(100,100)); // matches the second; the argument is a guide
+
+int g(int x, real y);
+int g(real x, int x);
+
+g(3,4); // ambiguous; the first candidate is better for the first argument,
+ // but the second candidate is better for the second argument
+
+int h(... int[] rest);
+int h(real x ... int[] rest);
+
+h(1,2); // the second definition matches, even though there is a cast,
+ // because casting is preferred over packing
+
+int i(int x ... int[] rest);
+int i(real x, real y ... int[] rest);
+
+i(3,4); // ambiguous; the first candidate is better for the first argument,
+ // but the second candidate is better for the second one
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Mathematical functions
+@subsection Mathematical functions
+@cindex mathematical functions
+@cindex functions
+@cindex @code{libm} routines
+
+@cindex @code{sin}
+@cindex @code{cos}
+@cindex @code{tan}
+@cindex @code{asin}
+@cindex @code{acos}
+@cindex @code{atan}
+@cindex @code{exp}
+@cindex @code{log}
+@cindex @code{pow10}
+@cindex @code{log10}
+@cindex @code{sinh}
+@cindex @code{cosh}
+@cindex @code{tanh}
+@cindex @code{asinh}
+@cindex @code{acosh}
+@cindex @code{atanh}
+@cindex @code{sqrt}
+@cindex @code{cbrt}
+@cindex @code{fabs}
+@cindex @code{expm1}
+@cindex @code{log1p}
+@cindex @code{identity}
+@cindex @code{J}
+@cindex @code{Y}
+@cindex @code{gamma}
+@cindex @code{erf}
+@cindex @code{erfc}
+@cindex @code{atan2}
+@cindex @code{hypot}
+@cindex @code{fmod}
+@cindex @code{remainder}
+@code{Asymptote} has built-in versions of the standard @code{libm} mathematical
+real(real) functions @code{sin}, @code{cos}, @code{tan}, @code{asin},
+@code{acos}, @code{atan}, @code{exp}, @code{log}, @code{pow10},
+@code{log10}, @code{sinh}, @code{cosh}, @code{tanh}, @code{asinh},
+@code{acosh}, @code{atanh}, @code{sqrt}, @code{cbrt}, @code{fabs}, @code{expm1},
+@code{log1p}, as well as the identity function @code{identity}.
+@code{Asymptote} also defines the order @code{n} Bessel functions of
+the first kind @code{J(int n, real)} and second kind
+@code{Y(int n, real)}, as well as the gamma function @code{gamma},
+the error function @code{erf}, and the complementary error function
+@code{erfc}. The standard real(real, real) functions @code{atan2},
+@code{hypot}, @code{fmod}, @code{remainder} are also included.
+
+@cindex @code{degrees}
+@cindex @code{radians}
+@cindex @code{Degrees}
+The functions @code{degrees(real radians)} and @code{radians(real degrees)}
+can be used to convert between radians and degrees. The function
+@code{Degrees(real radians)} returns the angle in degrees in the
+interval [0,360).
+@cindex @code{Sin}
+@cindex @code{Cos}
+@cindex @code{Tan}
+@cindex @code{aSin}
+@cindex @code{aCos}
+@cindex @code{aTan}
+For convenience, @code{Asymptote} defines variants @code{Sin},
+@code{Cos}, @code{Tan}, @code{aSin}, @code{aCos}, and @code{aTan} of
+the standard trigonometric functions that use degrees rather than radians.
+We also define complex versions of the @code{sqrt}, @code{sin}, @code{cos},
+@code{exp}, @code{log}, and @code{gamma} functions.
+
+@cindex @code{floor}
+@cindex @code{ceil}
+@cindex @code{round}
+@cindex @code{sgn}
+The functions @code{floor}, @code{ceil}, and @code{round} differ from
+their usual definitions in that they all return an int value rather than
+a real (since that is normally what one wants).
+The functions @code{Floor}, @code{Ceil}, and @code{Round} are
+respectively similar, except that if the result cannot be converted
+to a valid int, they return @code{intMax}
+for positive arguments and @code{intMin} for negative arguments,
+rather than generating an integer overflow.
+We also define a function @code{sgn}, which returns the sign of its
+real argument as an integer (-1, 0, or 1).
+
+@cindex @code{abs}
+There is an @code{abs(int)} function, as well as an @code{abs(real)}
+function (equivalent to @code{fabs(real)}), an @code{abs(pair)} function
+(equivalent to @code{length(pair)}).
+
+@cindex @code{srand}
+@cindex @code{rand}
+@cindex @code{randMax}
+@cindex @code{unitrand}
+@cindex @code{Gaussrand}
+@cindex @code{histogram}
+@cindex @code{factorial}
+@cindex @code{choose}
+Random numbers can be seeded with @code{srand(int)} and generated with
+the @code{int rand()} function, which returns a random integer between 0
+and the integer @code{randMax}. The @code{unitrand()} function returns
+a random number uniformly distributed in the interval [0,1].
+A Gaussian random number generator
+@code{Gaussrand} and a collection of statistics routines, including
+@code{histogram}, are provided in the base file @code{stats.asy}.
+The functions @code{factorial(int n)}, which returns @math{n!}, and
+@code{choose(int n, int k)}, which returns @math{n!/(k!(n-k)!)}, are
+also defined.
+
+@cindex @acronym{GNU} Scientific Library
+@cindex @code{gsl}
+@cindex Airy
+@cindex Bessel
+@cindex Legendre
+@cindex elliptic functions
+@cindex exponential integral
+@cindex trigonometric integrals
+@cindex Riemann zeta function
+@cindex @code{Ai}
+@cindex @code{Bi}
+@cindex @code{Ai_deriv}
+@cindex @code{Bi_deriv}
+@cindex @code{zero_Ai}
+@cindex @code{zero_Bi}
+@cindex @code{zero_Ai_deriv}
+@cindex @code{zero_Bi_deriv}
+@cindex @code{J}
+@cindex @code{Y}
+@cindex @code{I}
+@cindex @code{K}
+@cindex @code{i_scaled}
+@cindex @code{k_scaled}
+@cindex @code{zero_J}
+@cindex @code{F}
+@cindex @code{E}
+@cindex @code{P}
+@cindex @code{Ei}
+@cindex @code{Si}
+@cindex @code{Ci}
+@cindex @code{Pl}
+@cindex @code{zeta}
+When configured with the @acronym{GNU} Scientific Library (GSL), available from
+@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/},
+@code{Asymptote} contains an internal module @code{gsl} that
+defines the airy functions @code{Ai(real)},
+@code{Bi(real)}, @code{Ai_deriv(real)}, @code{Bi_deriv(real)},
+@code{zero_Ai(int)}, @code{zero_Bi(int)},
+@code{zero_Ai_deriv(int)}, @code{zero_Bi_deriv(int)}, the Bessel functions
+@code{I(int, real)}, @code{K(int, real)}, @code{j(int, real)},
+@code{y(int, real)}, @code{i_scaled(int, real)}, @code{k_scaled(int, real)},
+@code{J(real, real)}, @code{Y(real, real)}, @code{I(real, real)},
+@code{K(real, real)}, @code{zero_J(real, int)}, the elliptic functions
+@code{F(real, real)}, @code{E(real, real)}, and @code{P(real, real)},
+the exponential/trigonometric integrals @code{Ei}, @code{Si}, and @code{Ci},
+the Legendre polynomials @code{Pl(int, real)}, and the Riemann zeta
+function @code{zeta(real)}. For example, to compute the sine integral
+@code{Si} of 1.0:
+@verbatim
+import gsl;
+write(Si(1.0));
+@end verbatim
+
+@code{Asymptote} also provides a few general purpose numerical routines:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{newton}
+@item @code{real newton(int iterations=100, real f(real), real fprime(real), real x, bool verbose=false);}
+Use Newton-Raphson iteration to solve for a root of a real-valued
+differentiable function @code{f}, given its derivative @code{fprime} and
+an initial guess @code{x}. Diagnostics for
+each iteration are printed if @code{verbose=true}.
+If the iteration fails after the maximum allowed number of loops
+(@code{iterations}), @code{realMax} is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{newton}
+@item @code{real newton(int iterations=100, real f(real), real fprime(real), real x1, real x2, bool verbose=false);}
+Use bracketed Newton-Raphson bisection to solve for a root of a real-valued
+differentiable function @code{f} within an interval
+[@code{x1},@code{x2}] (on which the endpoint values of @code{f} have
+opposite signs), given its derivative @code{fprime}. Diagnostics for
+each iteration are printed if @code{verbose=true}.
+If the iteration fails after the maximum allowed number of loops
+(@code{iterations}), @code{realMax} is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{simpson}
+@item @code{real simpson(real f(real), real a, real b, real acc=realEpsilon, real dxmax=b-a)}
+returns the integral of @code{f} from @code{a} to @code{b} using adaptive Simpson integration.
+
+@end table
+
+@node Arrays
+@section Arrays
+@cindex arrays
+
+@menu
+* Slices:: Python-style array slices
+@end menu
+
+Appending @code{[]} to a built-in or user-defined type yields an array.
+The array element @code{i} of an array @code{A} can be accessed as @code{A[i]}.
+By default, attempts to access or assign to an array element using a negative
+index generates an error. Reading an array element with an index
+beyond the length of the array also generates an error; however,
+assignment to an element beyond the length of the array causes the
+array to be resized to accommodate the new element.
+One can also index an array @code{A} with an integer array @code{B}:
+the array @code{A[B]} is formed by indexing array @code{A} with
+successive elements of array @code{B}.
+A convenient Java-style shorthand exists for iterating over all elements of an
+array; see @ref{array iteration}.
+
+The declaration
+@verbatim
+real[] A;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+initializes @code{A} to be an empty (zero-length) array. Empty arrays should be
+distinguished from null arrays. If we say
+@verbatim
+real[] A=null;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+then @code{A} cannot be dereferenced at all (null arrays have no length
+and cannot be read from or assigned to).
+
+Arrays can be explicitly initialized like this:
+@verbatim
+real[] A={0,1,2};
+@end verbatim
+
+Array assignment in @code{Asymptote} does a shallow copy: only
+the pointer is copied (if one copy if modified, the other will be too).
+The @code{copy} function listed below provides a deep copy of an array.
+
+@cindex @code{length}
+@cindex @code{cyclic}
+@cindex @code{cyclicflag}
+@cindex @code{keys}
+@cindex @code{push}
+@cindex @code{append}
+@cindex @code{pop}
+@cindex @code{insert}
+@cindex @code{delete}
+@cindex @code{initialized}
+Every array @code{A} of type @code{T[]} has the virtual members
+@itemize
+@item @code{int length},
+@item @code{void cyclic(bool b)},
+@item @code{bool cyclicflag},
+@item @code{int[] keys},
+@item @code{T push(T x)},
+@item @code{void append(T[] a)},
+@item @code{T pop()},
+@item @code{void insert(int i ... T[] x)},
+@item @code{void delete(int i, int j=i)},
+@item @code{void delete()}, and
+@item @code{bool initialized(int n)}.
+@end itemize
+
+The member @code{A.length} evaluates to the length of the array.
+Setting @code{A.cyclic(true)} signifies that array indices should be reduced
+modulo the current array length. Reading from or writing to a nonempty
+cyclic array never leads to out-of-bounds errors or array resizing. The member
+@code{A.cyclicflag} returns the current setting of the @code{cyclic} flag.
+
+The member @code{A.keys} evaluates to an array of integers containing the
+indices of initialized entries in the array in ascending order. Hence, for an
+array of length @code{n} with all entries initialized, @code{A.keys} evaluates
+to the array of integers from @code{0} to @code{n-1} inclusive. A new keys
+array is produced each time @code{A.keys} is evaluated.
+
+The functions @code{A.push} and @code{A.append} append their
+arguments onto the end of the array, while @code{A.insert(int i ... T[] x)}
+inserts @code{x} into the array at index @code{i}.
+For convenience @code{A.push} returns the pushed item.
+The function @code{A.pop()} pops and returns the last element,
+while @code{A.delete(int i, int j=i)} deletes elements with indices in
+the range [@code{i},@code{j}], shifting the position of all higher-indexed
+elements down. If no arguments are given, @code{A.delete()} provides a
+convenient way of deleting all elements of @code{A}. The routine
+@code{A.initialized(int n)} can be used to examine whether the element
+at index @code{n} is initialized. Like all @code{Asymptote} functions,
+@code{cyclic}, @code{push}, @code{append}, @code{pop}, @code{insert},
+@code{delete}, and @code{initialized} can be "pulled off" of the array
+and used on their own. For example,
+@verbatim
+int[] A={1};
+A.push(2); // A now contains {1,2}.
+A.append(A); // A now contains {1,2,1,2}.
+int f(int)=A.push;
+f(3); // A now contains {1,2,1,2,3}.
+int g()=A.pop;
+write(g()); // Outputs 3.
+A.delete(0); // A now contains {2,1,2}.
+A.delete(0,1); // A now contains {2}.
+A.insert(1,3); // A now contains {2,3}.
+A.insert(1 ... A); // A now contains {2,2,3,3}
+A.insert(2,4,5); // A now contains {2,2,4,5,3,3}.
+@end verbatim
+
+The @code{[]} suffix can also appear after the variable name; this
+is sometimes convenient for declaring a list of variables and arrays
+of the same type:
+@verbatim
+real a,A[];
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+This declares @code{a} to be @code{real} and implicitly declares @code{A} to
+be of type @code{real[]}.
+
+In the following list of built-in array functions, @code{T} represents a
+generic type. Note that the internal functions @code{alias}, @code{array},
+@code{copy}, @code{concat}, @code{sequence}, @code{map}, and
+@code{transpose}, which depend on type @code{T[]}, are defined only after the
+first declaration of a variable of type @code{T[]}.
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{new}
+@item new T[]
+returns a new empty array of type @code{T[]};
+
+@cindex @code{new}
+@item new T[] @{list@}
+returns a new array of type @code{T[]} initialized with @code{list} (a comma
+delimited list of elements).
+
+@item new T[n]
+returns a new array of @code{n} elements of type @code{T[]}.
+These @code{n} array elements are not initialized unless they are arrays
+themselves (in which case they are each initialized to empty arrays).
+
+@cindex @code{array}
+@item T[] array(int n, T value, int depth=intMax)
+returns an array consisting of @code{n} copies of value. By default, if
+@code{value} is itself an array, a deep copy of that array is made for
+each entry in the new array. If @code{depth} is specified, this deep copying
+only recurses to the number of levels specified.
+
+@cindex @code{sequence}
+@item int[] sequence(int n)
+if @code{n >= 1} returns the array @code{@{0,1,...,n-1@}} (otherwise returns
+a null array);
+
+@item int[] sequence(int n, int m)
+if @code{m >= n} returns an array @code{@{n,n+1,...,m@}} (otherwise
+returns a null array);
+
+@item T[] sequence(T f(int), int n)
+if @code{n >= 1} returns the sequence @code{@{f_i :i=0,1,...n-1@}} given a
+function @code{T f(int)} and integer @code{int n} (otherwise returns a
+null array);
+
+@cindex @code{map}
+@item T[] map(T f(T), T[] a)
+returns the array obtained by applying the function @code{f} to each
+element of the array @code{a}. This is equivalent to
+@code{sequence(new T(int i) @{return f(a[i]);@},a.length)}.
+
+@cindex @code{reverse}
+@item int[] reverse(int n)
+if @code{n >= 1} returns the array @code{@{n-1,n-2,...,0@}} (otherwise
+returns a null array);
+
+@cindex @code{complement}
+@item int[] complement(int[] a, int n)
+returns the complement of the integer array @code{a} in
+@code{@{0,1,2,...,n-1@}}, so that @code{b[complement(a,b.length)]} yields the
+complement of @code{b[a]}.
+
+@cindex @code{uniform}
+@item real[] uniform(real a, real b, int n)
+if @code{n >= 1} returns a uniform partition of @code{[a,b]} into
+@code{n} subintervals (otherwise returns a null array);
+
+@cindex @code{find}
+@item int find(bool[], int n=1)
+returns the index of the @code{n}th @code{true} value or -1 if not found.
+If @code{n} is negative, search backwards from the end of the array for the
+@code{-n}th value;
+
+@cindex @code{search}
+@item int search(T[] a, T key)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, searches a sorted ordered array
+@code{a} of @code{n} elements to find an interval containing
+@code{key}, returning @code{-1} if @code{key} is less than the first
+element, @code{n-1} if @code{key} is greater than or equal to the last
+element, and otherwise the index corresponding to the left-hand
+(smaller) endpoint.
+
+@cindex @code{copy}
+@item T[] copy(T[] a)
+returns a deep copy of the array @code{a};
+
+@cindex @code{copy}
+@item T[][] copy(T[][] a)
+returns a deep copy of the array @code{a};
+
+@cindex @code{copy}
+@item T[][][] copy(T[][][] a)
+returns a deep copy of the array @code{a};
+
+@cindex @code{concat}
+@item T[] concat(... T[][] a)
+returns a new array formed by concatenating the arrays given as arguments;
+
+@cindex @code{alias}
+@item bool alias(T[] a, T[] b)
+returns @code{true} if the arrays @code{a} and @code{b} are identical;
+
+@cindex @code{sort}
+@item T[] sort(T[] a)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, returns a copy of @code{a} sorted in
+ascending order;
+
+@anchor{sort}
+@item T[][] sort(T[][] a)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, returns a copy of @code{a} with the rows
+sorted by the first column, breaking ties with successively higher
+columns. For example:
+@verbatim
+string[][] a={{"bob","9"},{"alice","5"},{"pete","7"},
+ {"alice","4"}};
+// Row sort (by column 0, using column 1 to break ties):
+write(sort(a));
+@end verbatim
+
+produces
+@verbatim
+alice 4
+alice 5
+bob 9
+pete 7
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{sort}
+@item T[] sort(T[] a, bool compare(T i, T j))
+returns a copy of @code{a} stably sorted in ascending order such that
+element @code{i} precedes element @code{j} if @code{compare(i,j)} is true.
+
+@cindex @code{transpose}
+@item T[][] transpose(T[][] a)
+returns the transpose of @code{a}.
+
+@cindex @code{transpose}
+@item T[][][] transpose(T[][][] a, int[] perm)
+returns the 3D transpose of @code{a} obtained by applying the permutation
+@code{perm} of @code{new int[]@{0,1,2@}} to the indices of each entry.
+
+@cindex @code{sum}
+@item T sum(T[] a)
+For arithmetic types @code{T}, returns the sum of @code{a}.
+In the case where @code{T} is @code{bool}, the number of true elements in
+@code{a} is returned.
+
+@cindex @code{min}
+@item T min(T[] a)
+@item T min(T[][] a)
+@item T min(T[][][] a)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, returns the minimum element of @code{a}.
+
+@cindex @code{max}
+@item T max(T[] a)
+@item T max(T[][] a)
+@item T max(T[][][] a)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, returns the maximum element of @code{a}.
+
+@cindex @code{min}
+@item T[] min(T[] a, T[] b)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, and arrays @code{a} and @code{b}
+of the same length, returns an array composed of the minimum of the
+corresponding elements of @code{a} and @code{b}.
+
+@cindex @code{max}
+@item T[] max(T[] a, T[] b)
+For built-in ordered types @code{T}, and arrays @code{a} and @code{b}
+of the same length, returns an array composed of the maximum of the
+corresponding elements of @code{a} and @code{b}.
+
+@cindex @code{pairs}
+@item pair[] pairs(real[] x, real[] y);
+For arrays @code{x} and @code{y} of the same length, returns the pair array
+@code{sequence(new pair(int i) @{return (x[i],y[i]);@},x.length)}.
+
+@cindex @code{fft}
+@item pair[] fft(pair[] a, int sign=1)
+returns the Fast Fourier Transform of @code{a} (if the optional
+@code{FFTW} package is installed), using the given @code{sign}. Here
+is a simple example:
+@verbatim
+int n=4;
+pair[] f=sequence(n);
+write(f);
+pair[] g=fft(f,-1);
+write();
+write(g);
+f=fft(g,1);
+write();
+write(f/n);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{solve}
+@item real dot(real[] a, real[] b)
+returns the dot product of the vectors @code{a} and @code{b}.
+
+@anchor{tridiagonal}
+@cindex @code{tridiagonal}
+@item real[] tridiagonal(real[] a, real[] b, real[] c, real[] f);
+Solve the periodic tridiagonal problem @math{L@code{x}=@code{f}} and return the
+solution @code{x}, where @code{f}
+is an @math{n} vector and @math{L} is the @math{n \times n} matrix
+@verbatim
+[ b[0] c[0] a[0] ]
+[ a[1] b[1] c[1] ]
+[ a[2] b[2] c[2] ]
+[ ... ]
+[ c[n-1] a[n-1] b[n-1] ]
+@end verbatim
+For Dirichlet boundary conditions (denoted here by @code{u[-1]} and
+@code{u[n]}), replace @code{f[0]} by @code{f[0]-a[0]u[-1]} and
+@code{f[n-1]-c[n-1]u[n]}; then set @code{a[0]=c[n-1]=0}.
+
+@cindex @code{solve}
+@item real[] solve(real[][] a, real[] b, bool warn=true)
+Solve the linear equation @math{@code{a}x=@code{b}} by LU decomposition
+and return the solution @math{x}, where @code{a} is an
+@math{n \times n} matrix and @code{b} is an array of length @math{n}.
+For example:
+@verbatim
+import math;
+real[][] a={{1,-2,3,0},{4,-5,6,2},{-7,-8,10,5},{1,50,1,-2}};
+real[] b={7,19,33,3};
+real[] x=solve(a,b);
+write(a); write();
+write(b); write();
+write(x); write();
+write(a*x);
+@end verbatim
+If @code{a} is a singular matrix and @code{warn} is @code{false}, return an
+empty array.
+If the matrix @code{a} is tridiagonal, the routine @code{tridiagonal} provides
+a more efficient algorithm (@pxref{tridiagonal}).
+
+@anchor{solve}
+
+@cindex @code{solve}
+@item real[][] solve(real[][] a, real[][] b, bool warn=true)
+Solve the linear equation @math{@code{a}x=@code{b}} and return the
+solution @math{x}, where @code{a} is an @math{n \times n} matrix and
+@code{b} is an @math{n \times m} matrix. If @code{a} is a singular
+matrix and @code{warn} is @code{false}, return an empty matrix.
+
+@cindex @code{identity}
+@item real[][] identity(int n);
+returns the @math{n \times n} identity matrix.
+
+@cindex @code{diagonal}
+@item real[][] diagonal(... real[] a)
+returns the diagonal matrix with diagonal entries given by a.
+
+@cindex @code{inverse}
+@item real[][] inverse(real[][] a)
+returns the inverse of a square matrix @code{a}.
+
+@cindex @code{quadraticroots}
+@item @code{real[] quadraticroots(real a, real b, real c);}
+This numerically robust solver returns the real roots of the
+quadratic equation @math{ax^2+bx+c=0}, in ascending order. Multiple
+roots are listed separately.
+
+@cindex @code{quadraticroots}
+@item @code{pair[] quadraticroots(explicit pair a, explicit pair b, explicit pair c);}
+This numerically robust solver returns the two complex roots of the
+quadratic equation @math{ax^2+bx+c=0}.
+
+@cindex @code{cubicroots}
+@item @code{real[] cubicroots(real a, real b, real c, real d);}
+This numerically robust solver returns the real roots of the
+cubic equation @math{ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=0}. Multiple roots are listed separately.
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex vectorization
+@code{Asymptote} includes a full set of vectorized array instructions for
+arithmetic (including self) and logical operations. These
+element-by-element instructions are implemented in C++ code for speed. Given
+@verbatim
+real[] a={1,2};
+real[] b={3,2};
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+then @code{a == b} and @code{a >= 2} both evaluate to the vector
+@code{@{false, true@}}.
+@cindex @code{all}
+To test whether all components of @code{a} and @code{b} agree,
+use the boolean function @code{all(a == b)}. One can also use conditionals like
+@code{(a >= 2) ? a : b}, which returns the array @code{@{3,2@}}, or
+@code{write((a >= 2) ? a : null}, which returns the array @code{@{2@}}.
+
+All of the standard built-in @code{libm} functions of signature
+@code{real(real)} also take a real array as an argument, effectively like an
+implicit call to @code{map}.
+
+As with other built-in types, arrays of the basic data types can be read
+in by assignment. In this example, the code
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real[] A=fin;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{eof}
+@cindex @code{eol}
+@cindex @code{line}
+@cindex line mode
+@noindent
+reads real values into @code{A} until the end-of-file is reached (or an
+I/O error occurs). If line mode is set with @code{line(file)}, then
+reading will stop once the end of the line is reached instead
+(line mode may be cleared with @code{line(file,false)}):
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real[] A=line(fin);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex reading string arrays
+@cindex @code{word}
+@cindex white-space string delimiter mode
+Since string reads by default read up to the end of line anyway, line mode
+normally has no effect on string array reads.
+However, there is a white-space delimiter mode for reading strings, set with
+@code{word(file)} and cleared with @code{word(file,false)}, which causes
+string reads to respect white-space delimiters, instead of the default
+end-of-line delimiter:
+@verbatim
+file fin=word(line(input("test.txt")));
+real[] A=fin;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{csv}
+@cindex comma-separated-value mode
+Another useful mode is comma-separated-value mode, set with @code{csv(file)}
+and cleared with @code{csv(file,false)}, which causes reads to respect
+comma delimiters:
+@verbatim
+file fin=csv(input("test.txt"));
+real[] A=fin;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{dimension}
+To restrict the number of values read, use the @code{dimension(file,int)}
+function:
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real[] A=dimension(fin,10);
+@end verbatim
+
+This reads 10 values into A, unless end-of-file (or end-of-line in line mode)
+occurs first. Attempting to read beyond the end of the file will produce a
+runtime error message. Specifying a value of 0 for the integer limit is
+equivalent to the previous example of reading until end-of-file (or
+end-of-line in line mode) is encountered.
+
+Two- and three-dimensional arrays of the basic data types can be read
+in like this:
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real[][] A=dimension(fin,2,3);
+real[][][] B=dimension(fin,2,3,4);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Again, an integer limit of zero means no restriction.
+
+@cindex @code{read1}
+@cindex @code{read2}
+@cindex @code{read3}
+Sometimes the array dimensions are stored with the data as integer
+fields at the beginning of an array. Such arrays can be read in with the
+functions @code{read1}, @code{read2}, and @code{read3}, respectively:
+@verbatim
+file fin=input("test.txt");
+real[] A=read1(fin);
+real[][] B=read2(fin);
+real[][][] C=read3(fin);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{write}
+One, two, and three-dimensional arrays of the basic data types can be
+output with the functions @code{write(file,T[])},
+@code{write(file,T[][])}, @code{write(file,T[][][])}, respectively.
+
+@node Slices
+@subsection Slices
+@cindex slices
+
+Asymptote allows a section of an array to be addressed as a slice
+using a Python-like syntax. If @code{A} is an array, the expression
+@code{A[m:n]} returns a new array consisting of the elements of @code{A} with
+indices from @code{m} up to but not including @code{n}. For example,
+
+@verbatim
+int[] x={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
+int[] y=x[2:6]; // y={2,3,4,5};
+int[] z=x[5:10]; // z={5,6,7,8,9};
+@end verbatim
+
+If the left index is omitted, it is taken be @code{0}. If the right index is
+omitted it is taken to be the length of the array. If both are omitted, the
+slice then goes from the start of the array to the end, producing a non-cyclic
+deep copy of the array. For example:
+
+@verbatim
+int[] x={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
+int[] y=x[:4]; // y={0,1,2,3}
+int[] z=x[5:]; // z={5,6,7,8,9}
+int[] w=x[:]; // w={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, distinct from array x.
+@end verbatim
+
+If A is a non-cyclic array, it is illegal to use negative values for either of
+the indices. If the indices exceed the length of the array, however, they are
+politely truncated to that length.
+
+For cyclic arrays, the slice @code{A[m:n]} still consists of the cells with
+indices in the set [@code{m},@code{n}), but now negative
+values and values beyond the length of the array are allowed. The indices
+simply wrap around. For example:
+
+@verbatim
+int[] x={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
+x.cyclic(true);
+int[] y=x[8:15]; // y={8,9,0,1,2,3,4}.
+int[] z=x[-5:5]; // z={5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4}
+int[] w=x[-3:17]; // w={7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
+@end verbatim
+
+Notice that with cyclic arrays, it is possible to include the same element of
+the original array multiple times within a slice. Regardless of the original
+array, arrays produced by slices are always non-cyclic.
+
+If the left and right indices of a slice are the same, the result is an empty
+array. If the array being sliced is empty, the result is an empty array. Any
+slice with a left index greater than its right index will yield an error.
+
+Slices can also be assigned to, changing the value of the original array. If
+the array being assigned to the slice has a different length than the
+slice itself, elements will be inserted or removed from the array to
+accommodate it. For instance:
+
+@verbatim
+string[] toppings={"mayo", "salt", "ham", "lettuce"};
+toppings[0:2]=new string[] {"mustard", "pepper"};
+ // Now toppings={"mustard", "pepper", "ham", "lettuce"}
+toppings[2:3]=new string[] {"turkey", "bacon" };
+ // Now toppings={"mustard", "pepper", "turkey", "bacon", "lettuce"}
+toppings[0:3]=new string[] {"tomato"};
+ // Now toppings={"tomato", "bacon", "lettuce"}
+@end verbatim
+
+If an array is assigned to a slice of itself, a copy of the original array
+is assigned to the slice. That is, code such as @code{x[m:n]=x} is equivalent
+to @code{x[m:n]=copy(x)}. One can use the shorthand @code{x[m:m]=y} to insert
+the contents of the array @code{y} into the array @code{x} starting at the
+location just before @code{x[m]}.
+
+For a cyclic array, a slice is bridging if it addresses cells up to the end of
+the array and then continues on to address cells at the start of the array.
+For instance, if @code{A} is a cyclic array of length 10, @code{A[8:12]},
+@code{A[-3:1]}, and @code{A[5:25]} are bridging slices whereas @code{A[3:7]},
+@code{A[7:10]}, @code{A[-3:0]} and @code{A[103:107]} are not. Bridging slices
+can only be assigned to if the number of elements in the slice is exactly equal
+to the number of elements we are assigning to it. Otherwise, there is no clear
+way to decide which of the new entries should be @code{A[0]} and an error is
+reported. Non-bridging slices may be assigned an array of any length.
+
+For a cyclic array @code{A} an expression of the form
+@code{A[A.length:A.length]} is equivalent to the expression @code{A[0:0]} and
+so assigning to this slice will insert values at the start of the array.
+@code{A.append()} can be used to insert values at the end of the array.
+
+It is illegal to assign to a slice of a cyclic array that repeats any of the
+cells.
+
+@node Casts
+@section Casts
+@cindex casts
+@cindex implicit casts
+@cindex @code{explicit}
+
+@code{Asymptote} implicitly casts @code{int} to @code{real}, @code{int} to
+@code{pair}, @code{real} to @code{pair}, @code{pair} to @code{path},
+@code{pair} to @code{guide}, @code{path} to @code{guide}, @code{guide}
+to @code{path}, @code{real} to @code{pen},
+@code{pair[]} to @code{guide[]}, @code{pair[]} to @code{path[]},
+@code{path} to @code{path[]}, and @code{guide} to @code{path[]},
+along with various three-dimensional casts defined in @code{three.asy}.
+Implicit casts are automatically attempted on assignment and when
+trying to match function calls with possible function
+signatures. Implicit casting can be inhibited by declaring individual
+arguments @code{explicit} in the function signature, say to avoid an
+ambiguous function call in the following example, which outputs 0:
+
+@verbatim
+int f(pair a) {return 0;}
+int f(explicit real x) {return 1;}
+
+write(f(0));
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex explicit casts
+Other conversions, say @code{real} to @code{int} or
+@code{real} to @code{string}, require an explicit cast:
+@verbatim
+int i=(int) 2.5;
+string s=(string) 2.5;
+
+real[] a={2.5,-3.5};
+int[] b=(int []) a;
+write(stdout,b); // Outputs 2,-3
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex operator cast
+Casting to user-defined types is also possible using @code{operator cast}:
+@verbatim
+struct rpair {
+ real radius;
+ real angle;
+}
+
+pair operator cast(rpair x) {
+ return (x.radius*cos(x.angle),x.radius*sin(x.angle));
+}
+
+rpair x;
+x.radius=1;
+x.angle=pi/6;
+
+write(x); // Outputs (0.866025403784439,0.5)
+@end verbatim
+
+One must use care when defining new cast operators. Suppose that in some
+code one wants all integers to represent multiples of 100. To convert them
+to reals, one would first want to multiply them by 100. However, the
+straightforward implementation
+@verbatim
+real operator cast(int x) {return x*100;}
+@end verbatim
+is equivalent to an infinite recursion, since the result @code{x*100}
+needs itself to be cast from an integer to a real. Instead, we want to
+use the standard conversion of int to real:
+@verbatim
+real convert(int x) {return x*100;}
+real operator cast(int x)=convert;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex operator ecast
+Explicit casts are implemented similarly, with @code{operator ecast}.
+
+@node Import
+@section Import
+@cindex @code{access}
+While @code{Asymptote} provides many features by default,
+some applications require specialized features contained in
+external @code{Asymptote} modules. For instance, the lines
+@verbatim
+access graph;
+graph.axes();
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+draw @math{x} and @math{y} axes on a two-dimensional graph. Here, the
+command looks up the module under the name @code{graph} in a global dictionary
+of modules and puts it in a new variable named @code{graph}.
+The module is a structure, and we can refer to its fields as we usually
+would with a structure.
+
+@cindex @code{from}
+Often, one wants to use module functions without having to specify
+the module name. The code
+@verbatim
+from graph access axes;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+adds the @code{axes} field of @code{graph} into the local name space,
+so that subsequently, one can just write @code{axes()}. If the given name
+is overloaded, all types and variables of that name are added. To add
+more than one name, just use a comma-separated list:
+
+@verbatim
+from graph access axes, xaxis, yaxis;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Wild card notation can be used to add all non-private fields and types of a
+module to the local name space:
+
+@verbatim
+from graph access *;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{unravel}
+Similarly, one can add the non-private fields and types of a structure
+to the local environment with the @code{unravel} keyword:
+
+@verbatim
+struct matrix {
+ real a,b,c,d;
+}
+
+real det(matrix m) {
+ unravel m;
+ return a*d-b*c;
+}
+@end verbatim
+Alternatively, one can unravel selective fields:
+@verbatim
+real det(matrix m) {
+ from m unravel a,b,c as C,d;
+ return a*d-b*C;
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{import}
+The command
+@verbatim
+import graph;
+@end verbatim
+is a convenient abbreviation for the commands
+@verbatim
+access graph;
+unravel graph;
+@end verbatim
+That is, @code{import graph} first loads a module into a structure called
+@code{graph} and then adds its non-private fields and types to the
+local environment. This way, if a member variable (or function) is
+overwritten with a local variable (or function of the same signature),
+the original one can still be accessed by qualifying it with the
+module name.
+
+Wild card importing will work fine in most cases, but one does not usually know
+all of the internal types and variables of a module, which can also
+change as the module writer adds or changes features of the module.
+As such, it is prudent to add @code{import} commands at the start of an
+@code{Asymptote} file, so that imported names won't shadow locally
+defined functions. Still, imported names may shadow other imported
+names, depending on the order in which they were imported, and
+imported functions may cause overloading resolution problems if they
+have the same name as local functions defined later.
+
+@cindex @code{as}
+To rename modules or fields when adding them to the local environment, use
+@code{as}:
+
+@verbatim
+access graph as graph2d;
+from graph access xaxis as xline, yaxis as yline;
+@end verbatim
+
+The command
+@verbatim
+import graph as graph2d;
+@end verbatim
+is a convenient abbreviation for the commands
+@verbatim
+access graph as graph2d;
+unravel graph2d;
+@end verbatim
+
+Except for a few built-in modules, such as @code{settings}, all modules
+are implemented as @code{Asymptote} files. When looking up a module
+that has not yet been loaded, @code{Asymptote} searches the standard
+search paths (@pxref{Search paths}) for the matching file. The file
+corresponding to that name is read and the code within it is interpreted
+as the body of a structure defining the module.
+
+If the file name contains
+nonalphanumeric characters, enclose it with quotation marks:
+
+@noindent
+@code{access "@value{Datadir}/asymptote/graph.asy" as graph;}
+
+@noindent
+@code{from "@value{Datadir}/asymptote/graph.asy" access axes;}
+
+@noindent
+@code{import "@value{Datadir}/asymptote/graph.asy" as graph;}
+
+It is an error if modules import themselves (or each other in a cycle).
+The module name to be imported must be known at compile time.
+
+@cindex runtime imports
+@cindex @code{eval}
+However, you can import an @code{Asymptote} module determined by the
+string @code{s} at runtime like this:
+@verbatim
+eval("import "+s,true);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{asy}
+To conditionally execute an array of asy files, use
+@verbatim
+void asy(string format, bool overwrite ... string[] s);
+@end verbatim
+The file will only be processed, using output format @code{format}, if
+overwrite is @code{true} or the output file is missing.
+
+One can evaluate an @code{Asymptote} expression (without any return
+value, however) contained in the string @code{s} with:
+@cindex @code{eval}
+@verbatim
+void eval(string s, bool embedded=false);
+@end verbatim
+It is not necessary to terminate the string @code{s} with a semicolon.
+If @code{embedded} is @code{true}, the string will be evaluated
+at the top level of the current environment.
+If @code{embedded} is @code{false} (the default), the string
+will be evaluated in an independent environment, sharing the same
+@code{settings} module (@pxref{settings}).
+
+@cindex @code{quote}
+One can evaluate arbitrary @code{Asymptote} code (which may
+contain unescaped quotation marks) with the command
+@verbatim
+void eval(code s, bool embedded=false);
+@end verbatim
+Here @code{code} is a special type used with @code{quote @{@}}
+to enclose @code{Asymptote code} like this:
+@verbatim
+real a=1;
+code s=quote {
+ write(a);
+};
+eval(s,true); // Outputs 1
+@end verbatim
+
+To include the contents of a file @code{graph} verbatim (as if the
+contents of the file were inserted at that point), use one of the forms:
+@verbatim
+include graph;
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+@code{include "@value{Datadir}/asymptote/graph.asy";}
+
+To list all global functions and variables defined in a module named
+by the contents of the string @code{s}, use the function
+@verbatim
+void list(string s, bool imports=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Imported global functions and variables are also listed if
+@code{imports} is @code{true}.
+
+@node Static
+@section Static
+@cindex @code{static}
+
+Static qualifiers allocate the memory address of a variable in a higher
+enclosing level.
+
+For a function body, the variable is allocated in the block where the
+function is defined; so in the code
+@verbatim
+struct s {
+ int count() {
+ static int c=0;
+ ++c;
+ return c;
+ }
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+there is one instance of the variable @code{c} for each
+object @code{s} (as opposed to each call of @code{count}).
+
+Similarly, in
+@verbatim
+int factorial(int n) {
+ int helper(int k) {
+ static int x=1;
+ x *= k;
+ return k == 1 ? x : helper(k-1);
+ }
+ return helper(n);
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+there is one instance of @code{x} for every call to
+@code{factorial} (and not for every call to @code{helper}), so this is
+a correct, but ugly, implementation of factorial.
+
+Similarly, a static variable declared within a structure is allocated in
+the block where the structure is defined. Thus,
+@verbatim
+struct A {
+ struct B {
+ static pair z;
+ }
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+creates one object @code{z} for each object of type @code{A} created.
+
+In this example,
+@verbatim
+int pow(int n, int k) {
+ struct A {
+ static int x=1;
+ void helper() {
+ x *= n;
+ }
+ }
+ for(int i=0; i < k; ++i) {
+ A a;
+ a.helper();
+ }
+ return A.x;
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+there is one instance of @code{x} for each call to @code{pow}, so this
+is an ugly implementation of exponentiation.
+
+Loop constructs allocate a new frame in every iteration. This is so that
+higher-order functions can refer to variables of a specific iteration of a
+loop:
+
+@verbatim
+void f();
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i) {
+ int x=i;
+ if(x==5) {
+ f=new void () { write(x); }
+ }
+}
+f();
+@end verbatim
+
+Here, every iteration of the loop has its own variable @code{x}, so @code{f()}
+will write @code{5}. If a variable in a loop is declared static, it will be
+allocated where the enclosing function or structure was defined (just as if it
+were declared static outside of the loop). For instance, in:
+
+@verbatim
+void f() {
+ static int x;
+ for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i) {
+ static int y;
+ }
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+both @code{x} and @code{y} will be allocated in the same place, which is
+also where @code{f} is also allocated.
+
+Statements may also be declared static, in which case they are run at the place
+where the enclosing function or structure is defined.
+Declarations or statements not enclosed in a function or structure definition
+are already at the top level, so static modifiers are meaningless. A warning is
+given in such a case.
+
+Since structures can have static fields, it is not always clear for a qualified
+name whether the qualifier is a variable or a type. For instance, in:
+
+@verbatim
+struct A {
+ static int x;
+}
+pair A;
+
+int y=A.x;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+does the @code{A} in @code{A.x} refer to the structure or to the pair variable.
+It is the convention in Asymptote that, if there is a non-function variable with
+the same name as the qualifier, the qualifier refers to that variable, and not
+to the type. This is regardless of what fields the variable actually possesses.
+
+@node LaTeX usage
+@chapter @code{LaTeX} usage
+@cindex @code{LaTeX} usage
+@cindex @code{asymptote.sty}
+
+@code{Asymptote} comes with a convenient @code{LaTeX} style file
+@code{asymptote.sty} that makes @code{LaTeX}
+@code{Asymptote}-aware. Entering @code{Asymptote} code
+directly into the @code{LaTeX} source file, at the point where it is
+needed, keeps figures organized and avoids the need to invent new file
+names for each figure. Simply add the line
+@code{\usepackage@{asymptote@}} at the beginning of your file
+and enclose your @code{Asymptote} code within a
+@code{\begin@{asy@}...\end@{asy@}} environment. As with the
+@code{LaTeX} @code{comment} environment, the @code{\end@{asy@}} command
+must appear on a line by itself, with no leading spaces or trailing
+commands/comments.
+
+The sample @code{LaTeX} file below, named @code{latexusage.tex}, can
+be run as follows:
+@verbatim
+latex latexusage
+asy latexusage
+latex latexusage
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+or
+
+@verbatim
+pdflatex latexusage
+asy latexusage
+pdflatex latexusage
+@end verbatim
+
+To switch between using @code{latex} and @code{pdflatex} you may first
+need to remove the files @code{latexusage-*}, @code{latexusage_.pre}, and
+@code{latexusage.aux}.
+
+@cindex @code{width}
+@cindex @code{height}
+@cindex @code{viewportwidth}
+@cindex @code{viewportheight}
+@cindex @code{attach}
+One can specify @code{width}, @code{height},
+@code{viewportwidth}, @code{viewportheight}, and @code{attach}
+@code{keyval}-style options to the @code{asy} environment.
+The current version (1.06) of @code{asymptote.sty} supports the
+embedding of 3D @acronym{PRC} files, either inline or, using the
+@code{attach} option with the @code{attachfile2} (or older
+@code{attachfile}) @code{LaTeX} package,
+as annotated (but printable) attachments. For many applications, the
+annotated attachment method tends to be more convenient.
+The default value of @code{viewportwidth} is @code{\the\linewidth} for
+inline 3D figures and @code{0} for attachments.
+
+If the @code{inline} option is given to the
+@code{asymptote.sty} package, inline @code{LaTeX} code is generated instead of
+@acronym{EPS} or @acronym{PDF} files. This makes LaTeX symbols visible to the
+@code{\begin@{asy@}...\end@{asy@}} environment. In this mode,
+Asymptote correctly aligns LaTeX symbols defined outside of
+@code{\begin@{asy@}...\end@{asy@}}, but treats their size as zero; an
+optional second string can be given to @code{Label} to provide an
+estimate of the unknown label size.
+
+Note that if @code{latex} is used with the @code{inline} option,
+the labels might not show up in @acronym{DVI} viewers that cannot
+handle raw @code{PostScript} code. One can use @code{dvips}/@code{dvipdf} to
+produce @code{PostScript}/@acronym{PDF} output (we recommend using the
+modified version of @code{dvipdf} in the @code{Asymptote} patches
+directory, which accepts the @code{dvips -z} hyperdvi option).
+
+An excellent tutorial by Dario Teixeira on integrating @code{Asymptote} and
+@code{LaTeX} is available at @url{http://dario.dse.nl/projects/asylatex/}.
+
+Here now is @code{latexusage.tex}:
+@verbatiminclude latexusage.tex
+@page
+@image{latexusage,,25cm}
+
+@node Base modules
+@chapter Base modules
+@cindex base modules
+
+@code{Asymptote} currently ships with the following base modules:
+
+@menu
+* plain:: Default @code{Asymptote} base file
+* simplex:: Linear programming: simplex method
+* math:: Extend @code{Asymptote}'s math capabilities
+* interpolate:: Interpolation routines
+* geometry:: Geometry routines
+* trembling:: Wavy lines
+* stats:: Statistics routines and histograms
+* patterns:: Custom fill and draw patterns
+* markers:: Custom path marker routines
+* tree:: Dynamic binary search tree
+* binarytree:: Binary tree drawing module
+* drawtree:: Tree drawing module
+* syzygy:: Syzygy and braid drawing module
+* feynman:: Feynman diagrams
+* roundedpath:: Round the sharp corners of paths
+* animation:: Embedded @acronym{PDF} and @acronym{MPEG} movies
+* embed:: Embedding movies, sounds, and 3D objects
+* slide:: Making presentations with @code{Asymptote}
+* MetaPost:: @code{MetaPost} compatibility routines
+* unicode:: Accept @code{unicode} (UTF-8) characters
+* latin1:: Accept @code{ISO 8859-1} characters
+* babel:: Interface to @code{LaTeX} @code{babel} package
+* labelpath:: Drawing curved labels
+* labelpath3:: Drawing curved labels in 3D
+* annotate:: Annotate your @acronym{PDF} files
+* CAD:: 2D CAD pen and measurement functions (DIN 15)
+* graph:: 2D linear & logarithmic graphs
+* palette:: Color density images and palettes
+* three:: 3D vector graphics
+* obj:: 3D obj files
+* graph3:: 3D linear & logarithmic graphs
+* grid3:: 3D grids
+* solids:: 3D solid geometry
+* tube:: 3D rotation minimizing tubes
+* flowchart:: Flowchart drawing routines
+* contour:: Contour lines
+* contour3:: Contour surfaces
+* slopefield:: Slope fields
+
+@end menu
+
+@node plain
+@section @code{plain}
+@cindex @code{plain}
+
+This is the default @code{Asymptote} base file, which defines key parts of the
+drawing language (such as the @code{picture} structure).
+
+By default, an implicit @code{private import plain;} occurs before
+translating a file and before the first command given in interactive
+mode. This also applies when translating files for module definitions
+(except when translating @code{plain}, of course). This means that
+the types and functions defined in @code{plain} are accessible in
+almost all @code{Asymptote} code. Use the @code{-noautoplain} command-line
+option to disable this feature.
+
+@node simplex
+@section @code{simplex}
+@cindex @code{simplex}
+@cindex @code{deferred drawing}
+This package solves the two-variable linear programming problem using the
+simplex method. It is used by the module @code{plain} for automatic
+sizing of pictures.
+
+@node math
+@section @code{math}
+@cindex @code{math}
+This package extends @code{Asymptote}'s mathematical capabilities with
+intersection algorithms and matrix arithmetic:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{drawline}
+@item void drawline(picture pic=currentpicture, pair P, pair Q, pen p=currentpen);
+draw the visible portion of the (infinite) line going through
+@code{P} and @code{Q}, without altering the size of picture @code{pic},
+using pen @code{p}.
+
+@cindex @code{intersect}
+@item real intersect(triple P, triple Q, triple n, triple Z);
+returns the intersection time of the extension of the line segment @code{PQ}
+with the plane perpendicular to @code{n} and passing through @code{Z}.
+
+@cindex @code{intersectionpoint}
+@item triple intersectionpoint(triple n0, triple P0, triple n1, triple P1);
+Return any point on the intersection of the two planes with normals
+@code{n0} and @code{n1} passing through points @code{P0} and @code{P1},
+respectively. If the planes are parallel, return
+@code{(infinity,infinity,infinity)}.
+
+@cindex @code{quarticroots}
+@item @code{pair[] quarticroots(real a, real b, real c, real d, real e);}
+returns the four complex roots of the quartic equation
+@math{ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e=0}.
+
+@end table
+
+@node interpolate
+@section @code{interpolate}
+@cindex @code{interpolate}
+This module implements Lagrange, Hermite, and standard cubic spline
+interpolation in @code{Asymptote}, as illustrated in the example
+@code{interpolate1.asy}.
+
+@node geometry
+@section @code{geometry}
+@cindex @code{geometry}
+@cindex @code{triangle}
+@cindex @code{perpendicular}
+This module, written by Philippe Ivaldi, provides an extensive set of
+geometry routines, including @code{perpendicular} symbols and a @code{triangle}
+structure. It is documented here:
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/geometry_en.pdf},
+including an extensive set of examples,
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/travaux/}, and an index:
+@quotation
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/travaux/modules/geometry_dev.asy.index.type.html}
+@end quotation
+
+@node trembling
+@section @code{trembling}
+@cindex @code{trembling}
+This module, written by Philippe Ivaldi and illustrated in the example
+@code{floatingdisk.asy}, allows one to draw wavy lines, as if drawn by
+hand. Further examples are posted at
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/modules}
+
+@node stats
+@section @code{stats}
+@cindex @code{stats}
+@cindex @code{leastsquares}
+This package implements a Gaussian random number generator
+and a collection of statistics routines, including @code{histogram}
+and @code{leastsquares}.
+
+@node patterns
+@section @code{patterns}
+@cindex @code{patterns}
+This package implements @code{Postscript} tiling patterns and includes
+several convenient pattern generation routines.
+
+@node markers
+@section @code{markers}
+@cindex @code{markers}
+This package implements specialized routines for marking paths and angles.
+The principal mark routine provided by this package is
+@verbatim
+markroutine markinterval(int n=1, frame f, bool rotated=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+which centers @code{n} copies of frame @code{f} within uniformly space
+intervals in arclength along the path, optionally rotated by the angle of the
+local tangent.
+
+The @code{marker} (@pxref{marker}) routine can be used to construct new
+markers from these predefined frames:
+
+@cindex @code{stickframe}
+@verbatim
+frame stickframe(int n=1, real size=0, pair space=0, real angle=0,
+ pair offset=0, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{circlebarframe}
+@verbatim
+frame circlebarframe(int n=1, real barsize=0,
+ real radius=0,real angle=0,
+ pair offset=0, pen p=currentpen,
+ filltype filltype=NoFill, bool above=false);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{crossframe}
+@verbatim
+frame crossframe(int n=3, real size=0, pair space=0,
+ real angle=0, pair offset=0, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{tildeframe}
+@verbatim
+frame tildeframe(int n=1, real size=0, pair space=0,
+ real angle=0, pair offset=0, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+For convenience, this module also constructs the markers
+@code{StickIntervalMarker}, @code{CrossIntervalMarker},
+@code{CircleBarIntervalMarker}, and @code{TildeIntervalMarker}
+from the above frames. The example @code{markers1.asy} illustrates the
+use of these markers:
+
+@sp 1
+@center @image{markers1}
+
+This package also provides a routine for marking an angle @math{AOB}:
+@cindex @code{markangle}
+@verbatim
+void markangle(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="",
+ int n=1, real radius=0, real space=0,
+ pair A, pair O, pair B, arrowbar arrow=None,
+ pen p=currentpen, margin margin=NoMargin,
+ marker marker=nomarker);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+as illustrated in the example @code{markers2.asy}.
+
+@sp 1
+@center @image{markers2}
+
+@node tree
+@section @code{tree}
+@cindex @code{tree}
+This package implements an example of a dynamic binary search tree.
+
+@node binarytree
+@section @code{binarytree}
+@cindex @code{binarytree}
+This module can be used to draw an arbitrary binary tree and includes an
+input routine for the special case of a binary search tree, as
+illustrated in the example @code{binarytreetest.asy}:
+@verbatiminclude binarytreetest.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{binarytreetest}
+
+@node drawtree
+@section @code{drawtree}
+@cindex @code{drawtree}
+This is a simple tree drawing module used by the example @code{treetest.asy}.
+
+@node syzygy
+@section @code{syzygy}
+@cindex @code{syzygy}
+This module automates the drawing of braids, relations, and syzygies,
+along with the corresponding equations, as illustrated in the example
+@code{knots.asy}.
+
+@node feynman
+@section @code{feynman}
+@cindex @code{feynman}
+This package, contributed by Martin Wiebusch, is useful for drawing
+Feynman diagrams, as illustrated by the examples @code{eetomumu.asy}
+and @code{fermi.asy}.
+
+@node roundedpath
+@section @code{roundedpath}
+@cindex @code{roundedpath}
+This package, contributed by Stefan Knorr, is useful for rounding the
+sharp corners of paths, as illustrated in the example file @code{roundpath.asy}.
+
+@node animation
+@section @code{animation}
+@cindex @code{animation}
+@cindex @code{merge}
+@cindex @code{convert}
+@cindex animation
+@cindex @code{ImageMagick}
+This module allows one to generate animations, as illustrated by the
+files @code{wheel.asy}, @code{wavelet.asy}, and @code{cube.asy} in
+the @code{animations} subdirectory of the examples directory. These
+animations use the @code{ImageMagick} @code{convert} program to
+@code{merge} multiple images into a @acronym{GIF} or @acronym{MPEG}
+movie.
+
+@cindex @code{animate}
+@anchor{animate}
+The related @code{animate} module, derived from the @code{animation}
+module, generates higher-quality portable clickable @acronym{PDF} movies, with
+optional controls. This requires installing the package
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/animate/animate.sty}
+@noindent
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+(version 2007/11/30 or later) in a new directory @code{animate} in the
+local @code{LaTeX} directory (for example, in
+@code{/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/animate}). On @code{UNIX} systems,
+one must then execute the command @code{texhash}.
+
+The example @code{pdfmovie.asy} in the @code{animations}
+directory, along with the slide presentations @code{slidemovies.asy}
+and @code{intro.asy}, illustrate the use of embedded @acronym{PDF} movies.
+The examples @code{inlinemovie.tex} and @code{inlinemovie3.tex}
+show how to generate and embed @acronym{PDF} movies directly within a
+@code{LaTeX} file (@pxref{LaTeX usage}).
+The member function
+@verbatim
+string pdf(fit fit=NoBox, real delay=animationdelay, string options="",
+ bool keep=settings.keep, bool multipage=true);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+of the @code{animate} structure accepts any of the @code{animate.sty} options,
+as described here:
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/animate/doc/animate.pdf}
+@end quotation
+
+@node embed
+@section @code{embed}
+@cindex @code{embed}
+This module provides an interface to the @code{LaTeX} package
+(included with @code{MikTeX})
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/movie15}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+for embedding movies, sounds, and 3D objects into a @acronym{PDF} document.
+@noindent
+@cindex @code{XeLaTeX}
+However, @code{XeLaTeX} users need to rename the modified version
+@code{movie15_dvipdfmx.sty} from
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/asymptote/trunk/asymptote/patches/}
+@end quotation
+to @code{movie15.sty} and place it in their @code{LaTeX} path.
+
+The latest version (2008/10/08) of the @code{movie15} package requires both
+@code{pdflatex} version 1.20 or later and the file
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ifdraft.dtx}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+which can be installed by placing it in a directory @code{ifdraft} in
+the local @code{LaTeX} directory
+(e.g.@ @code{/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/ifdraft}) and executing in that
+directory the commands:
+@verbatim
+tex ifdraft.dtx
+texhash
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{external}
+An example of embedding @code{U3D} code is provided in the file
+@code{embeddedu3d.asy}.
+As of version 7.0.8, @code{Adobe Reader} supports the @code{U3D} format
+under Linux.
+
+Unfortunately, Adobe has not yet made available an embedded movie plugin
+for the Linux version of @code{Adobe Reader}. A portable method for
+embedding movie files, which should work on any platform and does not require
+the @code{movie15} or @code{ifdraft} packages, is provided by using the
+@code{external} module instead of @code{embed}. An example of these
+interfaces is provided in the file @code{embeddedmovie.asy} and
+@code{externalmovie.asy} in the @code{animations} subdirectory of the
+examples directory. For a higher quality movie generated directly by
+@code{Asymptote}, use the @code{animate} module along with the
+@code{animate.sty} package to embed a portable @acronym{PDF} animation
+(@pxref{animate}).
+
+@node slide
+@section @code{slide}
+@cindex @code{slide}
+This package provides a simple yet high-quality facility for making
+presentation slides, including portable embedded @acronym{PDF} animations (see
+the file @code{slidemovies.asy}). A simple example is provided in the file
+@code{slidedemo.asy}.
+
+@node MetaPost
+@section @code{MetaPost}
+@cindex @code{MetaPost}
+This package provides some useful routines to help @code{MetaPost} users
+migrate old @code{MetaPost} code to @code{Asymptote}. Further
+contributions here are welcome.
+
+@cindex @code{implicit linear solver}
+@cindex @code{MetaPost whatever}
+@cindex @code{extension}
+Unlike @code{MetaPost}, @code{Asymptote} does not implicitly solve
+linear equations and therefore does not have the notion of a
+@code{whatever} unknown. The routine @code{extension} (@pxref{extension})
+provides a useful replacement for a common use of @code{whatever}: finding the
+intersection point of the lines through @code{P}, @code{Q} and
+@code{p}, @code{q}. For less common occurrences of @code{whatever}, one
+can use the built-in explicit linear equation solver @code{solve} instead.
+
+@node unicode
+@section @code{unicode}
+@cindex @code{unicode}
+@cindex international characters
+Import this package at the beginning of the file to instruct
+@code{LaTeX} to accept @code{unicode} (UTF-8) standardized international
+characters.
+@noindent
+@cindex Cyrillic
+@cindex Russian
+To use Cyrillic fonts, you will need to change the font encoding:
+@verbatim
+import unicode;
+texpreamble("\usepackage{mathtext}\usepackage[russian]{babel}");
+defaultpen(font("T2A","cmr"));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@cindex Chinese
+@cindex Japanese
+@cindex Korean
+@cindex CJK
+Support for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean fonts is provided by the
+CJK package:
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/languages/chinese/CJK/}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+The following commands enable the CJK song family (within a label, you
+can also temporarily switch to another family, say kai, by prepending
+@code{"\CJKfamily@{kai@}"} to the label string):
+@verbatim
+texpreamble("\usepackage{CJK}
+\AtBeginDocument{\begin{CJK*}{GBK}{song}}
+\AtEndDocument{\clearpage\end{CJK*}}");
+@end verbatim
+
+@node latin1
+@section @code{latin1}
+@cindex @code{latin1}
+If you don't have @code{LaTeX} support for @code{unicode} installed,
+you can enable support for Western European languages (ISO 8859-1) by
+importing the module @code{latin1}. This module can be used as a
+template for providing support for other ISO 8859 alphabets.
+
+@node babel
+@section @code{babel}
+@cindex @code{babel}
+This module implements the @code{LaTeX} @code{babel} package in
+@code{Asymptote}. For example:
+@verbatim
+import babel;
+babel("german");
+@end verbatim
+
+@node labelpath
+@section @code{labelpath}
+@cindex @code{labelpath}
+This module uses the @code{PSTricks} @code{pstextpath} macro to fit labels
+along a path (properly kerned, as illustrated in the example file
+@code{curvedlabel.asy}), using the command
+@verbatim
+void labelpath(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L, path g,
+ string justify=Centered, pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Here @code{justify} is one of @code{LeftJustified}, @code{Centered}, or
+@code{RightJustified}. The @math{x} component of a shift transform
+applied to the Label is interpreted as a shift along the curve, whereas
+the @math{y} component is interpreted as a shift away from the curve.
+All other Label transforms are ignored. This package requires the
+@code{latex} tex engine and inherits the limitations of the
+@code{PSTricks} @code{\pstextpath} macro.
+
+@node labelpath3
+@section @code{labelpath3}
+@cindex @code{labelpath3}
+This module, contributed by Jens Schwaiger, implements a 3D version of
+@code{labelpath} that does not require the @code{PSTricks} package.
+An example is provided in @code{curvedlabel3.asy}.
+
+@node annotate
+@section @code{annotate}
+@cindex @code{annotate}
+This module supports @acronym{PDF} annotations for viewing with
+@code{Adobe Reader}, via the function
+@verbatim
+void annotate(picture pic=currentpicture, string title, string text,
+ pair position);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Annotations are illustrated in the example file @code{annotation.asy}.
+Currently, annotations are only implemented for the @code{latex}
+(default) and @code{tex} @TeX{} engines.
+
+@node CAD
+@section @code{CAD}
+@cindex @code{CAD}
+This package, contributed by Mark Henning, provides basic pen
+definitions and measurement functions for simple 2D CAD drawings
+according to DIN 15. It is documented separately, in the file
+@code{CAD.pdf}.
+
+@node graph
+@section @code{graph}
+@cindex @code{graph}
+@cindex 2D graphs
+This package implements two-dimensional linear and logarithmic graphs,
+including automatic scale and tick selection (with the ability to
+override manually). A graph is a @code{guide} (that can be drawn with
+the draw command, with an optional legend) constructed with one of
+the following routines:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+@verbatim
+guide graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real f(real), real a, real b,
+ int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+guide[] graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real f(real), real a, real b,
+ int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity, bool3 cond(real),
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a graph using the scaling information for picture @code{pic}
+(@pxref{automatic scaling}) of the function @code{f} on the interval
+[@code{T}(@code{a}),@code{T}(@code{b})], sampling at @code{n} points
+evenly spaced in [@code{a},@code{b}], optionally restricted by the
+bool3 function @code{cond} on [@code{a},@code{b}]. If @code{cond} is:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item @code{true}, the point is added to the existing guide;
+@item @code{default}, the point is added to a new guide;
+@item @code{false}, the point is omitted and a new guide is begun.
+@end itemize
+Th points are connected using the interpolation specified by @code{join}:
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@cindex @code{operator --}
+@cindex @code{Straight}
+@item @code{operator --} (linear interpolation; the abbreviation
+@code{Straight} is also accepted);
+
+@cindex @code{operator ..}
+@cindex @code{Spline}
+@item @code{operator ..} (piecewise Bezier cubic spline interpolation;
+the abbreviation @code{Spline} is also accepted);
+
+@cindex @code{Hermite}
+@cindex @code{Hermite(splinetype splinetype}
+@item @code{Hermite} (standard cubic spline interpolation using boundary
+condition @code{notaknot}, @code{natural}, @code{periodic},
+@code{clamped(real slopea, real slopeb)}), or @code{monotonic}.
+The abbreviation @code{Hermite} is equivalent to
+@code{Hermite(notaknot)} for nonperiodic data and
+@code{Hermite(periodic)} for periodic data).
+
+@end itemize
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+guide graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real x(real), real y(real),
+ real a, real b, int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+guide[] graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real x(real), real y(real),
+ real a, real b, int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity,
+ bool3 cond(real), interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a graph using the scaling information for picture @code{pic}
+of the parametrized function
+(@code{x}(@math{t}),@code{y}(@math{t})) for @math{t} in the interval
+[@code{T}(@code{a}),@code{T}(@code{b})], sampling at @code{n} points
+evenly spaced in [@code{a},@code{b}], optionally restricted by the
+bool3 function @code{cond} on [@code{a},@code{b}], using the given
+interpolation type.
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+guide graph(picture pic=currentpicture, pair z(real), real a, real b,
+ int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+guide[] graph(picture pic=currentpicture, pair z(real), real a, real b,
+ int n=ngraph, real T(real)=identity, bool3 cond(real),
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a graph using the scaling information for picture @code{pic}
+of the parametrized function
+@code{z}(@math{t}) for @math{t} in the interval
+[@code{T}(@code{a}),@code{T}(@code{b})], sampling at @code{n} points
+evenly spaced in [@code{a},@code{b}], optionally restricted by the
+bool3 function @code{cond} on [@code{a},@code{b}], using the given
+interpolation type.
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+guide graph(picture pic=currentpicture, pair[] z,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+guide[] graph(picture pic=currentpicture, pair[] z, bool3[] cond,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a graph using the scaling information for picture @code{pic}
+of the elements of the array @code{z}, optionally restricted to
+those indices for which the elements of the boolean array @code{cond} are
+@code{true}, using the given interpolation type.
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+guide graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] x, real[] y,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+guide[] graph(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] x, real[] y,
+ bool3[] cond, interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a graph using the scaling information for picture @code{pic}
+of the elements of the arrays (@code{x},@code{y}), optionally
+restricted to those indices for which the elements of the boolean
+array @code{cond} are @code{true}, using the given interpolation type.
+
+@item
+@cindex @code{polargraph}
+@verbatim
+guide polargraph(picture pic=currentpicture, real f(real), real a,
+ real b, int n=ngraph, interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+Returns a polar-coordinate graph using the scaling information for
+picture @code{pic} of the function @code{f} on the interval
+[@code{a},@code{b}], sampling at @code{n} evenly spaced points, with
+the given interpolation type.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@verbatim
+
+
+@end verbatim
+
+An axis can be drawn on a picture with one of the following commands:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+void xaxis(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", axis axis=YZero,
+ real xmin=-infinity, real xmax=infinity, pen p=currentpen,
+ ticks ticks=NoTicks, arrowbar arrow=None, bool above=false);
+@end verbatim
+
+Draw an @math{x} axis on picture @code{pic} from @math{x}=@code{xmin} to
+@math{x}=@code{xmax} using pen @code{p}, optionally labelling it with
+Label @code{L}. The relative label location along the axis (a real number from
+[0,1]) defaults to 1 (@pxref{Label}), so that the label is drawn at the
+end of the axis. An infinite value of @code{xmin}
+or @code{xmax} specifies that the corresponding axis limit will be
+automatically determined from the picture limits.
+The optional @code{arrow} argument takes the same values as in the
+@code{draw} command (@pxref{arrows}). The axis is drawn before any
+existing objects in the current picture unless @code{above=true}.
+The axis placement is determined by one of the following @code{axis} types:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{YZero}
+@item YZero(bool extend=true)
+Request an @math{x} axis at @math{y}=0 (or @math{y}=1 on a logarithmic axis)
+extending to the full dimensions of the picture, unless @code{extend}=false.
+
+@cindex @code{YEquals}
+@item YEquals(real Y, bool extend=true)
+Request an @math{x} axis at @math{y}=@code{Y} extending to the full
+dimensions of the picture, unless @code{extend}=false.
+
+@cindex @code{Bottom}
+@item Bottom(bool extend=false)
+Request a bottom axis.
+
+@cindex @code{Top}
+@item Top(bool extend=false)
+Request a top axis.
+
+@cindex @code{BottomTop}
+@item BottomTop(bool extend=false)
+Request a bottom and top axis.
+
+@end table
+
+@cindex custom axis types
+Custom axis types can be created by following the examples in @code{graph.asy}.
+One can easily override the default values for the standard axis types:
+@verbatim
+import graph;
+
+YZero=new axis(bool extend=true) {
+ return new void(picture pic, axisT axis) {
+ real y=pic.scale.x.scale.logarithmic ? 1 : 0;
+ axis.value=I*pic.scale.y.T(y);
+ axis.position=1;
+ axis.side=right;
+ axis.align=2.5E;
+ axis.value2=Infinity;
+ axis.extend=extend;
+ };
+};
+YZero=YZero();
+
+@end verbatim
+
+@anchor{ticks}
+@cindex @code{ticks}
+@cindex @code{NoTicks}
+@cindex @code{LeftTicks}
+@cindex @code{RightTicks}
+@cindex @code{Ticks}
+The default tick option is @code{NoTicks}.
+The options @code{LeftTicks}, @code{RightTicks}, or @code{Ticks} can be
+used to draw ticks on the left, right, or both sides of the path,
+relative to the direction in which the path is drawn.
+These tick routines accept a number of optional arguments:
+@verbatim
+ticks LeftTicks(Label format="", ticklabel ticklabel=null,
+ bool beginlabel=true, bool endlabel=true,
+ int N=0, int n=0, real Step=0, real step=0,
+ bool begin=true, bool end=true, tickmodifier modify=None,
+ real Size=0, real size=0, bool extend=false,
+ pen pTick=nullpen, pen ptick=nullpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+If any of these parameters are omitted, reasonable defaults will
+be chosen:
+@table @code
+@item Label format
+@cindex @code{defaultformat}
+@cindex @code{trailingzero}
+override the default tick label format (@code{defaultformat}, initially
+"$%.4g$"), rotation, pen, and alignment (for example, @code{LeftSide},
+@code{Center}, or @code{RightSide}) relative to the axis. To enable
+@code{LaTeX} math mode fonts, the format string should begin and
+end with @code{$} @pxref{format}. If the format string is @code{trailingzero},
+trailing zeros will be added to the tick labels; if the format string is
+@code{"%"}, the tick label will be suppressed;
+@item ticklabel
+is a function @code{string(real x)} returning the label (by default,
+format(format.s,x)) for each major tick value @code{x};
+@item bool beginlabel
+include the first label;
+@item bool endlabel
+include the last label;
+@item int N
+when automatic scaling is enabled (the default; @pxref{automatic scaling}),
+divide a linear axis evenly into this many intervals, separated by major ticks;
+for a logarithmic axis, this is the number of decades between labelled ticks;
+@item int n
+divide each interval into this many subintervals, separated by minor ticks;
+@item real Step
+the tick value spacing between major ticks
+(if @code{N}=@code{0});
+@item real step
+the tick value spacing between minor ticks (if @code{n}=@code{0});
+@item bool begin
+include the first major tick;
+@item bool end
+include the last major tick;
+@item tickmodifier modify;
+an optional function that takes and returns a @code{tickvalue} structure having
+real[] members @code{major} and @code{minor} consisting of the tick values
+(to allow modification of the automatically generated tick values);
+@item real Size
+the size of the major ticks (in @code{PostScript} coordinates);
+@item real size
+the size of the minor ticks (in @code{PostScript} coordinates);
+@item bool extend;
+extend the ticks between two axes (useful for drawing a grid on the graph);
+@item pen pTick
+an optional pen used to draw the major ticks;
+@item pen ptick
+an optional pen used to draw the minor ticks.
+
+@end table
+
+For convenience, the predefined tickmodifier @code{OmitTick(... real[] x)}
+tickmodifier can be used to remove specific auto-generated ticks and
+their labels. The @code{OmitFormat(string s=defaultformat ... real[] x)}
+ticklabel can be used to remove specific tick labels but not the
+corresponding ticks. The tickmodifier @code{NoZero} is an abbreviation for
+@code{OmitTick(0)} and the ticklabel @code{NoZeroFormat} is an
+abbrevation for @code{OmitFormat(0)}.
+
+@cindex custom tick locations
+@cindex @code{LeftTicks}
+@cindex @code{RightTicks}
+@cindex @code{Ticks}
+It is also possible to specify custom tick locations with
+@code{LeftTicks}, @code{RightTicks}, and @code{Ticks} by passing explicit real
+arrays @code{Ticks} and (optionally) @code{ticks} containing the
+locations of the major and minor ticks, respectively:
+@verbatim
+ticks LeftTicks(Label format="", ticklabel ticklabel=null,
+ bool beginlabel=true, bool endlabel=true,
+ real[] Ticks, real[] ticks=new real[],
+ real Size=0, real size=0, bool extend=false,
+ pen pTick=nullpen, pen ptick=nullpen)
+@end verbatim
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+void yaxis(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", axis axis=XZero,
+ real ymin=-infinity, real ymax=infinity, pen p=currentpen,
+ ticks ticks=NoTicks, arrowbar arrow=None, bool above=false);
+@end verbatim
+
+Draw a @math{y} axis on picture @code{pic} from @math{y}=@code{ymin} to
+@math{y}=@code{ymax} using pen @code{p}, optionally labelling it with
+Label @code{L}. The relative location of the label (a real number from
+[0,1]) defaults to 1 (@pxref{Label}). An infinite value of @code{ymin}
+or @code{ymax} specifies that the corresponding axis limit will be
+automatically determined from the picture limits.
+The optional @code{arrow} argument takes the same values as in the
+@code{draw} command (@pxref{arrows}). The axis is drawn before any
+existing objects in the current picture unless @code{above=true}.
+The tick type is specified by @code{ticks} and the axis placement is
+determined by one of the following @code{axis} types:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{XZero}
+@item XZero(bool extend=true)
+Request a @math{y} axis at @math{x}=0 (or @math{x}=1 on a logarithmic axis)
+extending to the full dimensions of the picture, unless @code{extend}=false.
+
+@cindex @code{XEquals}
+@item XEquals(real X, bool extend=true)
+Request a @math{y} axis at @math{x}=@code{X} extending to the full
+dimensions of the picture, unless @code{extend}=false.
+
+@cindex @code{Left}
+@item Left(bool extend=false)
+Request a left axis.
+
+@cindex @code{Right}
+@item Right(bool extend=false)
+Request a right axis.
+
+@cindex @code{LeftRight}
+@item LeftRight(bool extend=false)
+Request a left and right axis.
+
+@end table
+
+@item
+@cindex @code{xequals}
+@cindex @code{yequals}
+For convenience, the functions
+@verbatim
+void xequals(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real x,
+ bool extend=false, real ymin=-infinity, real ymax=infinity,
+ pen p=currentpen, ticks ticks=NoTicks, bool above=true,
+ arrowbar arrow=None);
+@end verbatim
+and
+@verbatim
+void yequals(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real y,
+ bool extend=false, real xmin=-infinity, real xmax=infinity,
+ pen p=currentpen, ticks ticks=NoTicks, bool above=true,
+ arrowbar arrow=None);
+@end verbatim
+can be respectively used to call @code{yaxis} and
+@code{xaxis} with the appropriate axis types @code{XEquals(x,extend)} and
+@code{YEquals(y,extend)}. This is the recommended way of drawing vertical
+or horizontal lines and axes at arbitrary locations.
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+void axes(picture pic=currentpicture, Label xlabel="", Label ylabel="",
+ pair min=(-infinity,-infinity), pair max=(infinity,infinity),
+ pen p=currentpen, arrowbar arrow=None, bool above=false);
+@end verbatim
+This convenience routine draws both @math{x} and @math{y} axes
+on picture @code{pic} from @code{min} to @code{max},
+with optional labels @code{xlabel} and @code{ylabel}
+and any arrows specified by @code{arrow}. The axes are drawn on top of
+existing objects in the current picture only if @code{above=true}.
+
+@item
+@verbatim
+void axis(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", path g,
+ pen p=currentpen, ticks ticks, ticklocate locate,
+ arrowbar arrow=None, int[] divisor=new int[],
+ bool above=false, bool opposite=false);
+@end verbatim
+
+This routine can be used to draw on picture @code{pic} a general axis
+based on an arbitrary path @code{g}, using pen @code{p}.
+One can optionally label the axis with Label @code{L} and add an arrow
+@code{arrow}. The tick type is given by @code{ticks}.
+The optional integer array @code{divisor} specifies what tick divisors
+to try in the attempt to produce uncrowded tick labels. A @code{true}
+value for the flag @code{opposite} identifies an unlabelled secondary
+axis (typically drawn opposite a primary axis). The axis is drawn before
+any existing objects in the current picture unless @code{above=true}.
+The tick locator @code{ticklocate} is constructed by the routine
+@verbatim
+ticklocate ticklocate(real a, real b, autoscaleT S=defaultS,
+ real tickmin=-infinity, real tickmax=infinity,
+ real time(real)=null, pair dir(real)=zero);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+where @code{a} and @code{b} specify the respective tick values at
+@code{point(g,0)} and @code{point(g,length(g))}, @code{S} specifies
+the autoscaling transformation, the function @code{real time(real v)}
+returns the time corresponding to the value @code{v}, and
+@code{pair dir(real t)} returns the absolute tick direction as a
+function of @code{t} (zero means draw the tick perpendicular to the axis).
+
+@item These routines are useful for manually putting ticks and labels on axes
+(if the variable @code{Label} is given as the @code{Label}
+argument, the @code{format} argument will be used to format a string based on
+the tick location):
+@cindex xtick
+@cindex ytick
+@cindex labelx
+@cindex labely
+@cindex tick
+@cindex Label
+@verbatim
+void xtick(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", explicit pair z,
+ pair dir=N, string format="",
+ real size=Ticksize, pen p=currentpen);
+void xtick(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real x,
+ pair dir=N, string format="",
+ real size=Ticksize, pen p=currentpen);
+void ytick(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", explicit pair z,
+ pair dir=E, string format="",
+ real size=Ticksize, pen p=currentpen);
+void ytick(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real y,
+ pair dir=E, string format="",
+ real size=Ticksize, pen p=currentpen);
+void tick(picture pic=currentpicture, pair z,
+ pair dir, real size=Ticksize, pen p=currentpen);
+void labelx(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", explicit pair z,
+ align align=S, string format="", pen p=nullpen);
+void labelx(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real x,
+ align align=S, string format="", pen p=nullpen);
+void labelx(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L,
+ string format="", explicit pen p=currentpen);
+void labely(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", explicit pair z,
+ align align=W, string format="", pen p=nullpen);
+void labely(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", real y,
+ align align=W, string format="", pen p=nullpen);
+void labely(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L,
+ string format="", explicit pen p=nullpen);
+@end verbatim
+@end itemize
+
+Here are some simple examples of two-dimensional graphs:
+
+@enumerate
+
+@cindex textbook graph
+@item This example draws a textbook-style graph of
+@math{y=} exp@math{(x)}, with the @math{y} axis starting at @math{y=0}:
+@verbatiminclude exp.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{exp}
+
+
+@item The next example draws a scientific-style graph with a legend.
+The position of the legend can be adjusted either explicitly or by using the
+graphical user interface @code{xasy} (@pxref{GUI}). If an
+@code{UnFill(real xmargin=0, real ymargin=xmargin)} or
+@code{Fill(pen)} option is specified to @code{add}, the legend will obscure
+any underlying objects. Here we illustrate how to clip the portion of
+the picture covered by a label:
+
+@cindex scientific graph
+@verbatiminclude lineargraph0.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{lineargraph0}
+
+@cindex @code{attach}
+To specify a fixed size for the graph proper, use @code{attach}:
+@verbatiminclude lineargraph.asy
+
+@cindex @code{legend}
+A legend can have multiple entries per line:
+@verbatiminclude legend.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{legend}
+
+@item This example draws a graph of one array versus another (both of
+the same size) using custom tick locations and a smaller font size for
+the tick labels on the @math{y} axis.
+@verbatiminclude datagraph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{datagraph}
+
+@item This example shows how to graph columns of data read from a file.
+@verbatiminclude filegraph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{filegraph}
+
+@cindex @code{polygon}
+@cindex @code{cross}
+@cindex @code{errorbars}
+@cindex @code{marker}
+@cindex @code{marknodes}
+@cindex @code{markuniform}
+@cindex @code{mark}
+@anchor{pathmarkers}
+@item The next example draws two graphs of an array of coordinate pairs,
+using frame alignment and data markers. In the left-hand graph, the
+markers, constructed with
+@verbatim
+marker marker(path g, markroutine markroutine=marknodes,
+ pen p=currentpen, filltype filltype=NoFill,
+ bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+using the path @code{unitcircle} (@pxref{filltype}), are drawn
+below each node. Any frame can be converted to a marker, using
+@anchor{marker}
+@verbatim
+marker marker(frame f, markroutine markroutine=marknodes,
+ bool above=true);
+@end verbatim
+In the right-hand graph, the unit @math{n}-sided regular polygon
+@code{polygon(int n)} and the unit @math{n}-point cyclic cross
+@code{cross(int n, bool round=true, real r=0)} (where @code{r} is an
+optional ``inner'' radius) are used to build a custom marker frame.
+@anchor{markuniform}
+Here @code{markuniform(bool centered=false, int n, bool rotated=false)}
+adds this frame at @code{n} uniformly spaced points along the arclength
+of the path, optionally rotated by the angle of the local tangent to the path
+(if centered is true, the frames will be centered within @code{n} evenly
+spaced arclength intervals). Alternatively, one can use
+markroutine @code{marknodes} to request that the marks be placed at each
+Bezier node of the path, or
+markroutine @code{markuniform(pair z(real t), real a, real b, int n)}
+to place marks at points @code{z(t)} for n evenly spaced values of
+@code{t} in @code{[a,b]}.
+
+These markers are predefined:
+@verbatim
+marker[] Mark={
+ marker(scale(circlescale)*unitcircle),
+ marker(polygon(3)),marker(polygon(4)),
+ marker(polygon(5)),marker(invert*polygon(3)),
+ marker(cross(4)),marker(cross(6))
+};
+
+marker[] MarkFill={
+ marker(scale(circlescale)*unitcircle,Fill),marker(polygon(3),Fill),
+ marker(polygon(4),Fill),marker(polygon(5),Fill),
+ marker(invert*polygon(3),Fill)
+};
+@end verbatim
+
+The example also illustrates the @code{errorbar} routines:
+
+@verbatim
+void errorbars(picture pic=currentpicture, pair[] z, pair[] dp,
+ pair[] dm={}, bool[] cond={}, pen p=currentpen,
+ real size=0);
+
+void errorbars(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] x, real[] y,
+ real[] dpx, real[] dpy, real[] dmx={}, real[] dmy={},
+ bool[] cond={}, pen p=currentpen, real size=0);
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+Here, the positive and negative extents of the error are given by the
+absolute values of the elements of the pair array @code{dp} and the
+optional pair array @code{dm}. If @code{dm} is not specified, the
+positive and negative extents of the error are assumed to be equal.
+@anchor{errorbars}
+@verbatiminclude errorbars.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{errorbars}
+
+@cindex custom mark routine
+@item A custom mark routine can be also be specified:
+@verbatiminclude graphmarkers.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{graphmarkers}
+
+@item This example shows how to label an axis with arbitrary strings.
+@verbatiminclude monthaxis.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{monthaxis}
+
+@item The next example draws a graph of a parametrized curve.
+@cindex parametrized curve
+@cindex cropping graphs
+@cindex @code{xlimits}
+@cindex @code{ylimits}
+@cindex @code{limits}
+@cindex @code{crop}
+The calls to
+@verbatim
+xlimits(picture pic=currentpicture, real min=-infinity,
+ real max=infinity, bool crop=NoCrop);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+and the analogous function @code{ylimits} can be uncommented
+to set the respective axes limits for picture @code{pic} to the
+specified @code{min} and @code{max} values. Alternatively, the function
+@verbatim
+void limits(picture pic=currentpicture, pair min, pair max, bool crop=NoCrop);
+@end verbatim
+can be used to limit the axes to the box having opposite vertices at
+the given pairs). Existing objects in picture @code{pic} will be cropped to lie
+within the given limits if @code{crop}=@code{Crop}. The function
+@code{crop(picture pic)} can be used to crop a graph to the current
+graph limits.
+@verbatiminclude parametricgraph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{parametricgraph}
+
+@cindex scaled graph
+The next example illustrates how one can extract a common axis scaling
+factor.
+@verbatiminclude scaledgraph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{scaledgraph}
+
+@anchor{automatic scaling}
+@cindex @code{scale}
+@cindex @code{Linear}
+@cindex @code{Log}
+@cindex automatic scaling
+Axis scaling can be requested and/or automatic selection of the
+axis limits can be inhibited with one of these @code{scale} routines:
+@verbatim
+void scale(picture pic=currentpicture, scaleT x, scaleT y);
+
+void scale(picture pic=currentpicture, bool xautoscale=true,
+ bool yautoscale=xautoscale, bool zautoscale=yautoscale);
+@end verbatim
+
+This sets the scalings for picture @code{pic}. The @code{graph} routines
+accept an optional @code{picture} argument for determining the appropriate
+scalings to use; if none is given, it uses those set for
+@code{currentpicture}.
+
+Two frequently used scaling routines
+@code{Linear} and @code{Log} are predefined in @code{graph}.
+
+All picture coordinates (including those in paths and those given
+to the @code{label} and @code{limits} functions) are always treated as linear
+(post-scaled) coordinates. Use
+@cindex @code{Scale}
+@verbatim
+pair Scale(picture pic=currentpicture, pair z);
+@end verbatim
+to convert a graph coordinate into a scaled picture coordinate.
+
+The @math{x} and @math{y} components can be individually scaled using
+the analogous routines
+@verbatim
+real ScaleX(picture pic=currentpicture, real x);
+real ScaleY(picture pic=currentpicture, real y);
+@end verbatim
+
+The predefined scaling routines can be given two optional boolean arguments:
+@code{automin=false} and @code{automax=automin}. These default to
+@code{false} but can be respectively set to @code{true} to enable
+automatic selection of "nice" axis minimum and maximum values. The
+@code{Linear} scaling can also take as optional final arguments a
+multiplicative scaling factor and intercept (e.g.@ for a depth axis,
+@code{Linear(-1)} requests axis reversal).
+
+@cindex logarithmic graph
+@cindex log-log graph
+For example, to draw a log/log graph of a function, use @code{scale(Log,Log)}:
+@verbatiminclude loggraph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{loggraph}
+
+@cindex grid
+By extending the ticks, one can easily produce a logarithmic grid:
+@verbatiminclude loggrid.asy
+
+@sp 1
+@center @image{loggrid}
+
+One can also specify custom tick locations and formats for logarithmic axes:
+@verbatiminclude logticks.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{logticks}
+
+@cindex @code{log2} graph
+It is easy to draw logarithmic graphs with respect to other bases:
+@verbatiminclude log2graph.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{log2graph}
+
+@cindex broken axis
+Here is an example of "broken" linear @math{x} and logarithmic
+@math{y} axes that omit the segments [3,8] and [100,1000], respectively.
+In the case of a logarithmic axis, the break endpoints are automatically
+rounded to the nearest integral power of the base.
+@verbatiminclude brokenaxis.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{brokenaxis}
+
+@cindex secondary axis
+@cindex @code{secondaryX}
+@cindex @code{secondaryY}
+@item @code{Asymptote} can draw secondary axes with the routines
+@verbatim
+picture secondaryX(picture primary=currentpicture, void f(picture));
+picture secondaryY(picture primary=currentpicture, void f(picture));
+@end verbatim
+
+In this example, @code{secondaryY} is used to draw a secondary linear
+@math{y} axis against a primary logarithmic @math{y} axis:
+@verbatiminclude Bode.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{Bode}
+
+A secondary logarithmic @math{y} axis can be drawn like this:
+@verbatiminclude secondaryaxis.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{secondaryaxis}
+
+@item Here is a histogram example, which uses the @code{stats} module.
+@cindex @code{axis}
+@verbatiminclude histogram.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{histogram}
+
+@item Here is an example of reading column data in from a file and a
+least-squares fit, using the @code{stats} module.
+@cindex @code{leastsquares}
+@verbatiminclude leastsquares.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{leastsquares}
+
+@item Here is an example that illustrates the general @code{axis} routine.
+@cindex @code{axis}
+@verbatiminclude generalaxis.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{generalaxis}
+
+@item To draw a vector field of @code{n} arrows evenly spaced along the arclength of a path, use the routine
+@cindex @code{vectorfield}
+@verbatim
+picture vectorfield(path vector(real), path g, int n, bool truesize=false,
+ pen p=currentpen, arrowbar arrow=Arrow);
+@end verbatim
+as illustrated in this simple example of a flow field:
+@verbatiminclude flow.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{flow}
+
+@item To draw a vector field of @code{nx}@math{\times}@code{ny} arrows in @code{box(a,b)}, use the routine
+@cindex @code{vectorfield}
+@verbatim
+picture vectorfield(path vector(pair), pair a, pair b,
+ int nx=nmesh, int ny=nx,
+ bool autoscale=true, bool truesize=false,
+ pen p=currentpen, arrowbar arrow=Arrow);
+@end verbatim
+as illustrated in this example:
+@verbatiminclude vectorfield.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{vectorfield}
+
+@item The following scientific graphs, which illustrate many features of
+@code{Asymptote}'s graphics routines, were generated from the examples
+@code{diatom.asy} and @code{westnile.asy}, using the comma-separated
+data in @code{diatom.csv} and @code{westnile.csv}.
+@page
+
+@sp 1
+@center @image{diatom}
+@sp 1
+@center @image{westnile,,7.5cm}
+@end enumerate
+
+@page
+@node palette
+@section @code{palette}
+@anchor{images}
+@code{Asymptote} can also generate color density images
+and palettes. The following palettes are predefined in
+@code{palette.asy}:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{Grayscale}
+@item pen[] Grayscale(int NColors=256)
+a grayscale palette;
+
+@cindex @code{Rainbow}
+@item pen[] Rainbow(int NColors=32766)
+a rainbow spectrum;
+
+@cindex @code{BWRainbow}
+@item pen[] BWRainbow(int NColors=32761)
+a rainbow spectrum tapering off to black/white at the ends;
+
+@cindex @code{BWRainbow2}
+@item pen[] BWRainbow2(int NColors=32761)
+a double rainbow palette tapering off to black/white at the ends, with
+a linearly scaled intensity.
+
+@cindex @code{Wheel}
+@item pen[] Wheel(int NColors=32766)
+a full color wheel palette;
+
+@cindex @code{Gradient}
+@item pen[] Gradient(int NColors=256 ... pen[] p)
+a palette varying linearly over the specified array of pens, using
+NColors in each interpolation interval;
+
+@end table
+
+The function @code{cmyk(pen[] Palette)} may be used to convert any
+of these palettes to the @acronym{CMYK} colorspace.
+
+A color density plot using palette @code{palette} can be generated from
+a function @code{f}(@math{x},@math{y}) and added to a picture @code{pic}:
+@cindex @code{image}
+@verbatim
+bounds image(picture pic=currentpicture, real f(real,real),
+ range range=Full, pair initial, pair final,
+ int nx=ngraph, int ny=nx, pen[] palette, bool antialias=false)
+@end verbatim
+The function @code{f} will be sampled at @code{nx} and @code{ny}
+evenly spaced points over a rectangle defined by the points
+@code{initial} and @code{final}, respecting the current graphical
+scaling of @code{pic}. The color space is scaled according to the
+@math{z} axis scaling (@pxref{automatic scaling}). A bounds structure
+for the function values is returned:
+@verbatim
+struct bounds {
+ real min;
+ real max;
+ // Possible tick intervals:
+ int[] divisor;
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+This information can be used for generating an optional palette bar.
+The palette color space corresponds to a range of values specified by
+the argument @code{range}, which can be @code{Full}, @code{Automatic},
+or an explicit range @code{Range(real min, real max)}.
+Here @code{Full} specifies a range varying from the
+minimum to maximum values of the function over the sampling interval,
+while @code{Automatic} selects "nice" limits.
+The example @code{imagecontour.asy} illustrates how level sets
+(contour lines) can be drawn on a color density plot (@pxref{contour}).
+
+A color density plot can also be generated from an explicit real[][]
+array @code{data}:
+@cindex @code{image}
+@verbatim
+bounds image(picture pic=currentpicture, real[][] f, range range=Full,
+ pair initial, pair final, pen[] palette,
+ bool transpose=(initial.x < final.x && initial.y < final.y),
+ bool copy=true, bool antialias=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+If the initial point is to the left and below the final point,
+by default the array indices are interpreted according to the
+Cartesian convention (first index: @math{x}, second index: @math{y})
+rather than the usual matrix convention (first index: @math{-y},
+second index: @math{x}).
+
+To construct an image from an array of irregularly spaced points
+and an array of values @code{f} at these points, use one of the routines
+@verbatim
+bounds image(picture pic=currentpicture, pair[] z, real[] f,
+ range range=Full, pen[] palette)
+bounds image(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] x, real[] y, real[] f,
+ range range=Full, pen[] palette)
+@end verbatim
+
+An optionally labelled palette bar may be generated with the routine
+@verbatim
+void palette(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", bounds bounds,
+ pair initial, pair final, axis axis=Right, pen[] palette,
+ pen p=currentpen, paletteticks ticks=PaletteTicks,
+ bool copy=true, bool antialias=false);
+@end verbatim
+The color space of @code{palette} is taken to be over bounds @code{bounds} with
+scaling given by the @math{z} scaling of @code{pic}.
+The palette orientation is specified by @code{axis}, which may be one of
+@code{Right}, @code{Left}, @code{Top}, or @code{Bottom}.
+The bar is drawn over the rectangle from @code{initial} to @code{final}.
+The argument @code{paletteticks} is a special tick type (@pxref{ticks})
+that takes the following arguments:
+@verbatim
+paletteticks PaletteTicks(Label format="", ticklabel ticklabel=null,
+ bool beginlabel=true, bool endlabel=true,
+ int N=0, int n=0, real Step=0, real step=0,
+ pen pTick=nullpen, pen ptick=nullpen);
+@end verbatim
+
+The image and palette bar can be fit to a frame and added and
+optionally aligned to a picture at the desired location:
+
+@anchor{image}
+@verbatiminclude image.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{image}
+
+Here is an example that uses logarithmic scaling of the function values:
+
+@anchor{logimage}
+@verbatiminclude logimage.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{logimage}
+
+One can also draw an image directly from a two-dimensional pen array:
+@verbatim
+void image(picture pic=currentpicture, pen[][] data,
+ pair initial, pair final,
+ bool transpose=(initial.x < final.x && initial.y < final.y),
+ bool copy=true, bool antialias=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+as illustrated in the following example:
+
+@anchor{penimage}
+@verbatiminclude penimage.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{penimage}
+
+For convenience, the module @code{palette} also defines functions
+that may be used to construct a pen array from a given function and palette:
+@verbatim
+pen[] palette(real[] f, pen[] palette);
+pen[][] palette(real[][] f, pen[] palette);
+@end verbatim
+
+@node three
+@section @code{three}
+@cindex @code{three}
+@cindex @code{guide3}
+@cindex @code{path3}
+@cindex @code{cycle}
+@cindex @code{curl}
+@cindex @code{tension}
+@cindex @code{controls}
+This module fully extends the notion of guides and paths in @code{Asymptote}
+to three dimensions. It introduces the new types guide3, path3, and surface.
+Guides in three dimensions are specified with the same syntax as in two
+dimensions except that triples @code{(x,y,z)} are used in place of pairs
+@code{(x,y)} for the nodes and direction specifiers. This
+generalization of John Hobby's spline algorithm is shape-invariant under
+three-dimensional rotation, scaling, and shifting, and reduces in the
+planar case to the two-dimensional algorithm used in @code{Asymptote},
+@code{MetaPost}, and @code{MetaFont} [cf.@ J. C. Bowman, Proceedings in
+Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 7:1, 2010021-2010022 (2007)].
+
+For example, a unit circle in the @math{XY} plane may be filled and
+drawn like this:
+@verbatiminclude unitcircle3.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{unitcircle3}
+@noindent
+and then distorted into a saddle:
+@verbatiminclude saddle.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{saddle}
+@noindent
+
+Module @code{three} provides constructors for converting two-dimensional
+paths to three-dimensional ones, and vice-versa:
+@cindex @code{path3}
+@cindex @code{path}
+@verbatim
+path3 path3(path p, triple plane(pair)=XYplane);
+path path(path3 p, pair P(triple)=xypart);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{surface}
+A Bezier surface, the natural two-dimensional generalization of Bezier
+curves, is defined in @code{three_surface.asy} as a structure
+containing an array of Bezier patches. Surfaces may drawn with one of
+the routines
+@verbatim
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, surface s, int nu=1, int nv=1,
+ material surfacepen=currentpen, pen meshpen=nullpen,
+ light light=currentlight, light meshlight=light);
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, surface s, int nu=1, int nv=1,
+ material[] surfacepen, pen meshpen,
+ light light=currentlight, light meshlight=light);
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, surface s, int nu=1, int nv=1,
+ material[] surfacepen, pen[] meshpen=nullpens,
+ light light=currentlight, light meshlight=light);
+@end verbatim
+The parameters @code{nu} and @code{nv} specify the number of subdivisions
+for drawing optional mesh lines for each Bezier patch.
+Here material is a structure defined in @code{three_light.asy}:
+@verbatim
+struct material {
+ pen[] p; // diffusepen,ambientpen,emissivepen,specularpen
+ real opacity;
+ real shininess;
+ real granularity;
+...
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+These material properties are used to implement @code{OpenGL}-style lighting,
+based on the Phong-Blinn specular model. Sample Bezier surfaces are
+contained in the example files @code{BezierSurface.asy}, @code{teapot.asy},
+and @code{parametricsurface.asy}.
+
+@cindex patch-dependent colors
+@cindex vertex-dependent colors
+The examples
+@code{elevation.asy} and @code{sphericalharmonic.asy}
+illustrate how to draw a surface with patch-dependent colors.
+The examples @code{vertexshading} and @code{smoothelevation} illustrate
+vertex-dependent colors, which is supported for both
+@code{Asymptote}'s native @code{OpenGL} renderer and two-dimensional
+projections. Since the @acronym{PRC} output format does not currently support
+vertex shading of Bezier surfaces, @acronym{PRC} patches are shaded
+with the mean of the four vertex colors.
+
+@cindex @code{surface}
+@cindex @code{planar}
+A surface can be constructed from a cyclic @code{path3} with the constructor
+@verbatim
+surface surface(path3 external, triple[] internal=new triple[],
+ triple[] normals=new triple[], pen[] colors=new pen[],
+ bool3 planar=default);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+and then filled:
+@verbatim
+draw(surface(path3(polygon(5))),red);
+draw(surface(unitcircle3),red);
+draw(surface(unitcircle3,new pen[] {red,green,blue,black}));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The last example constructs a patch with vertex-specific colors.
+A three-dimensional planar surface in the plane @code{plane} can be
+constructed from a two-dimensional cyclic path @code{g} with the constructor
+@cindex @code{surface}
+@verbatim
+surface surface(path p, triple plane(pair)=XYplane);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+and then filled:
+@verbatim
+draw(surface((0,0)--E+2N--2E--E+N..0.2E..cycle),red);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@cindex @code{bezulate}
+Planar Bezier surfaces patches are constructed using Orest Shardt's
+@code{bezulate} routine, which decomposes (possibly nonsimply
+connected) regions bounded by nonselfintersecting cyclic paths
+(according to the @code{zerowinding} fill rule) into subregions
+bounded by cyclic paths of length @code{4} or less.
+
+@cindex @code{thin}
+@cindex @code{thick}
+@cindex @code{tube}
+Arbitrary thick three-dimensional curves and line caps (which the
+@code{OpenGL} standard does not require implementations to provide) are
+constructed with the routine
+@verbatim
+surface tube(path3 g, real width);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+which returns a tube of diameter @code{width} centered on @code{g}.
+This can make files slow to render,
+especially with the @code{Adobe Reader} renderer. The setting
+@code{thick=false} can be used to disable this feature and force all
+lines to be drawn with @code{linewidth(0)} (one pixel wide, regardless
+of the resolution). By default mesh and contour lines in three-dimensions
+are always drawn thin, unless an explicit line width is given in the pen
+parameter or the setting @code{thin} is set to @code{false}. The pens
+@code{thin()} and @code{thick()} defined in plain_pens.asy can also be used
+to override these defaults for specific draw commands.
+
+@noindent
+There are four choices for viewing 3D @code{Asymptote} output:
+@enumerate
+@cindex @code{OpenGL}
+@cindex @code{render}
+@cindex @code{outformat}
+@cindex @code{multisample}
+@item Use the native @code{Asymptote} adaptive @code{OpenGL}-based
+renderer (with the command-line option @code{-V} and the default settings
+@code{outformat=""} and @code{render=-1}). If you encounter warnings
+from your graphics card driver, try specifying @code{-glOptions=-indirect}
+on the command line. On @code{UNIX} systems with graphics support for
+multisampling, we recommend installing the latest SVN (antialiased)
+version of the @code{freeglut} library
+(@pxref{multisampling}); the sample width can be
+controlled with the setting @code{multisample}. An initial screen
+position can be specified with the pair setting @code{position}, where
+negative values are interpreted as relative to the corresponding
+maximum screen dimension. The mouse bindings are:
+@cindex mouse bindings
+@itemize
+@item Left: rotate
+@item shift Left: zoom
+@item ctrl Left: shift
+@item Middle: menu
+@item Wheel: zoom
+@item Right: zoom
+@item Right double click: menu
+@item shift Right: rotate about the X axis
+@item ctrl Right: rotate about the Y axis
+@item alt Right: rotate about the Z axis
+@end itemize
+The keyboard shortcuts are:
+@cindex keyboard bindings:
+@itemize
+@item h: home
+@item f: toggle fitscreen
+@item x: spin about the X axis
+@item y: spin about the Y axis
+@item z: spin about the Z axis
+@item s: stop spinning
+@item m: rendering mode (solid/mesh/patch)
+@item e: export
+@item c: show camera parameters
+@item +: expand
+@item =: expand
+@item -: shrink
+@item _: shrink
+@item q: exit
+@item Ctrl-q: exit
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex @code{antialias}
+@cindex @code{maxviewport}
+@cindex @code{maxtile}
+@cindex @code{glOptions}
+@cindex @code{iconic}
+@item Render the scene to a specified rasterized format @code{outformat}
+at the resolution of @code{n} pixels per @code{bp}, as specified by the
+setting @code{render=n}. A negative value of @code{n} is interpreted
+as @code{|2n|} for @acronym{EPS} and @acronym{PDF} formats and
+@code{|n|} for other formats. The default value of @code{render} is -1.
+By default, the scene is internally rendered at twice the specified
+resolution; this can be disabled by setting @code{antialias=1}.
+High resolution rendering is done by tiling the image. If your
+graphics card allows it, the rendering can be made more efficient by
+increasing the maximum tile size @code{maxtile} beyond the screen
+dimensions (indicated by @code{maxtile=(0,0)}. The tile size is also
+limited by the setting @code{maxviewport}, which restricts the maximum
+width and height of the viewport. On @code{UNIX} systems some graphics
+drivers support batch mode (@code{-noV}) rendering in an
+iconified window; this can be enabled with the setting @code{iconify=true}.
+Other @code{UNIX} graphics drivers may require the command line setting
+@code{-glOptions=-indirect}.
+
+@cindex @code{prc}
+@cindex @code{views}
+@item Embed the 3D @acronym{PRC} format in a @acronym{PDF} file
+and view the resulting @acronym{PDF} file with
+version @code{8.0} or later of @code{Adobe Reader}.
+In addition to the default @code{settings.prc=true}, this requires
+@code{settings.outformat="pdf"}, which can be specified by the command
+line option @code{-f pdf}, put in the @code{Asymptote} configuration
+file (@pxref{configuration file}), or specified in the script before
+@code{three.asy} (or @code{graph3.asy}) is imported.
+Version 2008/10/08 or later of the @code{movie15} package is also
+required (@pxref{embed}). The example @code{pdb.asy} illustrates
+how one can generate a list of predefined views (see @code{100d.views}).
+A stationary preview image with a resolution of @code{n} pixels per
+@code{bp} can be embedded with the setting @code{render=n}; this allows
+the file to be viewed with other @code{PDF} viewers. Alternatively, the
+file @code{externalprc.tex} illustrates how the resulting @acronym{PRC} and
+rendered image files can be extracted and processed in a separate
+@code{LaTeX} file. However, see @ref{LaTeX usage} for an easier way
+to embed three-dimensional @code{Asymptote} pictures within @code{LaTeX}.
+The open-source @acronym{PRC} specification is available from
+@url{http://livedocs.adobe.com/acrobat_sdk/9/Acrobat9_HTMLHelp/API_References/PRCReference/PRC_Format_Specification/}.
+
+@item Project the scene to a two-dimensional vector (@acronym{EPS} or
+@acronym{PDF}) format with @code{render=0}. Only limited hidden surface
+removal facilities are currently available with this approach
+(@pxref{PostScript3D}).
+
+@end enumerate
+
+@cindex @code{double deferred drawing}
+Automatic picture sizing in three dimensions is accomplished with double
+deferred drawing. The maximal desired dimensions of the scene in each of
+the three dimensions can optionally be specified with the routine
+@cindex @code{size3}
+@verbatim
+void size3(picture pic=currentpicture, real x, real y=x, real z=y,
+ bool keepAspect=pic.keepAspect);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@cindex margins
+@cindex @code{viewportmargin}
+@cindex @code{viewportsize}
+The resulting simplex linear programming problem is then solved to
+produce a 3D version of a frame (actually implemented as a 3D picture).
+The result is then fit with another application of deferred drawing
+to the viewport dimensions corresponding to the usual two-dimensional
+picture @code{size} parameters. The global pair @code{viewportmargin}
+may be used to add horizontal and vertical margins to the viewport
+dimensions. Alternatively, a minimum @code{viewportsize} may be specified.
+
+@cindex @code{O}
+@cindex @code{X}
+@cindex @code{Y}
+@cindex @code{Z}
+@cindex @code{unitcircle}
+For convenience, the @code{three} module defines @code{O=(0,0,0)},
+@code{X=(1,0,0)}, @code{Y=(0,1,0)}, and @code{Z=(0,0,1)}, along with a
+unitcircle in the XY plane:
+@verbatim
+path3 unitcircle3=X..Y..-X..-Y..cycle;
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{circle}
+A general (approximate) circle can be drawn perpendicular to the direction
+@code{normal} with the routine
+@verbatim
+path3 circle(triple c, real r, triple normal=Z);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{arc}
+A circular arc centered at @code{c} with radius @code{r} from
+@code{c+r*dir(theta1,phi1)} to @code{c+r*dir(theta2,phi2)},
+drawing counterclockwise relative to the normal vector
+@code{cross(dir(theta1,phi1),dir(theta2,phi2))} if @code{theta2 > theta1}
+or if @code{theta2 == theta1} and @code{phi2 >= phi1}, can be constructed with
+@verbatim
+path3 arc(triple c, real r, real theta1, real phi1, real theta2, real phi2,
+ triple normal=O);
+@end verbatim
+The normal must be explicitly specified if @code{c} and the endpoints
+are colinear. If @code{r} < 0, the complementary arc of radius
+@code{|r|} is constructed.
+For convenience, an arc centered at @code{c} from triple @code{v1} to
+@code{v2} (assuming @code{|v2-c|=|v1-c|}) in the direction CCW
+(counter-clockwise) or CW (clockwise) may also be constructed with
+@verbatim
+path3 arc(triple c, triple v1, triple v2, triple normal=O,
+ bool direction=CCW);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+When high accuracy is needed, the routines @code{Circle} and
+@code{Arc} defined in @code{graph3} may be used instead.
+See @ref{GaussianSurface} for an example of a three-dimensional circular arc.
+
+@cindex @code{plane}
+The representation @code{O--O+u--O+u+v--O+v--cycle}
+of the plane passing through point @code{O} with normal
+@code{cross(u,v)} is returned by
+@verbatim
+path3 plane(triple u, triple v, triple O=O);
+@end verbatim
+A three-dimensional box with opposite vertices at triples @code{v1}
+and @code{v2} may be drawn with the function
+@cindex @code{box}
+@verbatim
+path3[] box(triple v1, triple v2);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+For example, a unit box is predefined as
+@cindex @code{box}
+@cindex @code{unitbox}
+@verbatim
+path3[] unitbox=box(O,(1,1,1));
+@end verbatim
+@code{Asymptote} also provides optimized definitions for the
+three-dimensional paths @code{unitsquare3} and @code{unitcircle3},
+along with the surfaces @code{unitdisk}, @code{unitplane}, @code{unitcube},
+@code{unitcylinder}, @code{unitcone}, @code{unitsolidcone},
+@code{unitfrustum(real t1, real t2)}, @code{unitsphere}, and
+@code{unithemisphere}.
+
+@noindent
+These projections to two dimensions are predefined:
+@table @code
+@item oblique
+@item oblique(real angle);
+@cindex @code{oblique}
+@cindex @code{obliqueZ}
+The point @code{(x,y,z)} is projected to @code{(x-0.5z,y-0.5z)}.
+If an optional real argument is given, the
+negative @math{z} axis is drawn at this angle in degrees.
+The projection @code{obliqueZ} is a synonym for @code{oblique}.
+
+@item obliqueX
+@item obliqueX(real angle)
+@cindex @code{obliqueX}
+The point @code{(x,y,z)} is projected to @code{(y-0.5x,z-0.5x)}.
+If an optional real argument is given, the
+negative @math{x} axis is drawn at this angle in degrees.
+
+@item obliqueY
+@item obliqueY(real angle)
+@cindex @code{obliqueY}
+The point @code{(x,y,z)} is projected to @code{(x+0.5y,z+0.5y)}.
+If an optional real argument is given, the
+positive @math{y} axis is drawn at this angle in degrees.
+
+@cindex @code{orthographic}
+@cindex @code{up}
+@cindex @code{target}
+@cindex @code{showtarget}
+@cindex @code{autoadjust}
+@cindex @code{center}
+@item orthographic(triple camera, triple up=Z, triple target=O, @*@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bool showtarget=true, bool autoadjust=true, bool center=false)
+This projects from three to two dimensions using the view as seen at a point
+infinitely far away in the direction @code{unit(camera)}, orienting the camera
+so that, if possible, the vector @code{up} points upwards. Parallel
+lines are projected to parallel lines. The bounding volume is expanded
+to include @code{target} if @code{showtarget=true}. If @code{autoadjust=true},
+the camera will automatically be adjusted to lie outside the bounding volume
+for all possible interactive rotations about @code{target}.
+If @code{center=true}, the target will be adjusted to the center of the
+bounding volume.
+
+@item orthographic(real x, real y, real z, triple up=Z, triple target=O, @*@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bool showtarget=true, bool autoadjust=true, bool center=false)
+This is equivalent to
+@code{orthographic((x,y,z),up,target,showtarget,autoadjust,
+center)}.
+
+@item perspective(triple camera, triple up=Z, triple target=O, @*@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bool showtarget=true, bool autoadjust=true, bool center=false)
+@cindex @code{perspective}
+@cindex @code{NURBS}
+This projects from three to two dimensions, taking account of
+perspective, as seen from the location @code{camera} looking at @code{target},
+orienting the camera so that, if possible, the vector @code{up} points upwards.
+If @code{render=0}, projection of three-dimensional cubic Bezier splines
+is implemented by approximating a two-dimensional nonuniform rational B-spline
+(@acronym{NURBS}) with a two-dimensional Bezier curve containing
+additional nodes and control points. If @code{autoadjust=true},
+the camera will automatically be adjusted to lie outside the bounding volume
+for all possible interactive rotations about @code{target}.
+If @code{center=true}, the target will be adjusted to the center of the
+bounding volume.
+
+@item perspective(real x, real y, real z, triple up=Z, triple target=O, @*@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bool showtarget=true, bool autoadjust=true, bool center=false)
+This is equivalent to @code{perspective((x,y,z),up,target,showtarget,
+autoadjust,center)}.
+@end table
+
+@cindex @code{currentprojection}
+@noindent
+The default projection, @code{currentprojection}, is initially set to
+@code{perspective(5,4,2)}.
+
+A triple or path3 can be projected to a pair or path,
+with @code{project(triple, projection P=currentprojection)} or
+@code{project(path3, projection P=currentprojection)}.
+
+It is occasionally useful to be able to invert a projection, sending
+a pair @code{z} onto the plane perpendicular to @code{normal} and passing
+through @code{point}:
+@cindex @code{invert}
+@verbatim
+triple invert(pair z, triple normal, triple point,
+ projection P=currentprojection);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+A pair @code{z} on the projection plane can be inverted to a triple
+with the routine
+@verbatim
+triple invert(pair z, projection P=currentprojection);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+A pair direction @code{dir} on the projection plane can be inverted to
+a triple direction relative to a point @code{v} with the routine
+@verbatim
+triple invert(pair dir, triple v, projection P=currentprojection).
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{transform3}
+Three-dimensional objects may be transformed with one of the following
+built-in transform3 types:
+
+@table @code
+@item shift(triple v)
+@cindex @code{shift}
+translates by the triple @code{v};
+@item xscale3(real x)
+@cindex @code{xscale3}
+scales by @code{x} in the @math{x} direction;
+@item yscale3(real y)
+@cindex @code{yscale3}
+scales by @code{y} in the @math{y} direction;
+@item zscale3(real z)
+@cindex @code{zscale3}
+scales by @code{z} in the @math{z} direction;
+@item scale3(real s)
+@cindex @code{scale3}
+scales by @code{s} in the @math{x}, @math{y}, and @math{z} directions;
+@item scale(real x, real y, real z)
+@cindex @code{scale}
+scales by @code{x} in the @math{x} direction,
+by @code{y} in the @math{y} direction, and by @code{z} in the @math{z}
+direction;
+@item rotate(real angle, triple v)
+rotates by @code{angle} in degrees about an axis @code{v} through the origin;
+@item rotate(real angle, triple u, triple v)
+rotates by @code{angle} in degrees about the axis @code{u--v};
+@item reflect(triple u, triple v, triple w)
+reflects about the plane through @code{u}, @code{v}, and @code{w}.
+@end table
+
+@cindex @code{transform}
+Three-dimensional @TeX{} Labels, which are by default drawn as
+Bezier surfaces directly on the projection plane, can be transformed
+from the @code{XY} plane by any of the above transforms or mapped to a
+specified two-dimensional plane with the transform3 types @code{XY},
+@code{YZ}, @code{ZX}, @code{YX}, @code{ZY}, @code{ZX}. There are also
+modified versions of these transforms that take an optional argument
+@code{projection P=currentprojection} that rotate and/or flip the
+label so that it is more readable from the initial viewpoint.
+
+@cindex @code{planeproject}
+A transform3 that projects in the direction @code{dir} onto the plane
+with normal @code{n} through point @code{O} is returned by
+@verbatim
+transform3 planeproject(triple n, triple O=O, triple dir=n);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+One can use
+@cindex @code{normal}
+@verbatim
+triple normal(path3 p);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+to find the unit normal vector to a planar three-dimensional path @code{p}.
+As illustrated in the example @code{planeproject.asy}, a transform3
+that projects in the direction @code{dir} onto the plane defined by a
+planar path @code{p} is returned by
+@verbatim
+transform3 planeproject(path3 p, triple dir=normal(p));
+@end verbatim
+
+The functions
+@cindex @code{extrude}
+@verbatim
+surface extrude(path p, triple axis=Z);
+surface extrude(Label L, triple axis=Z);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+return the surface obtained by extruding path @code{p} or
+Label @code{L} along @code{axis}.
+
+@cindex @code{length}
+@cindex @code{size}
+@cindex @code{point}
+@cindex @code{dir}
+@cindex @code{accel}
+@cindex @code{radius}
+@cindex @code{precontrol}
+@cindex @code{postcontrol}
+@cindex @code{arclength}
+@cindex @code{arctime}
+@cindex @code{reverse}
+@cindex @code{subpath}
+@cindex @code{intersect}
+@cindex @code{intersections}
+@cindex @code{intersectionpoint}
+@cindex @code{intersectionpoints}
+@cindex @code{min}
+@cindex @code{max}
+@cindex @code{cyclic}
+@cindex @code{straight}
+Three-dimensional versions of the path functions @code{length},
+@code{size}, @code{point}, @code{dir}, @code{accel}, @code{radius},
+@code{precontrol}, @code{postcontrol},
+@code{arclength}, @code{arctime}, @code{reverse}, @code{subpath},
+@code{intersect}, @code{intersections}, @code{intersectionpoint},
+@code{intersectionpoints}, @code{min}, @code{max}, @code{cyclic}, and
+@code{straight} are also defined.
+
+Here is an example showing all five guide3 connectors:
+@verbatiminclude join3.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{join3}
+
+@cindex @code{BeginBar3}
+@cindex @code{EndBar3}
+@cindex @code{Bar3}
+@cindex @code{Bars3}
+@cindex @code{BeginArrow3}
+@cindex @code{MidArrow3}
+@cindex @code{EndArrow3}
+@cindex @code{Arrow3}
+@cindex @code{Arrows3}
+@cindex @code{BeginArcArrow3}
+@cindex @code{MidArcArrow3}
+@cindex @code{EndArcArrow3}
+@cindex @code{ArcArrow3}
+@cindex @code{ArcArrows3}
+@cindex @code{DefaultHead3}
+@cindex @code{HookHead3}
+@cindex @code{TeXHead3}
+Three-dimensional versions of bars or arrows can be drawn with one of
+the specifiers @code{None}, @code{Blank},
+@code{BeginBar3}, @code{EndBar3} (or equivalently @code{Bar3}), @code{Bars3},
+@code{BeginArrow3}, @code{MidArrow3},
+@code{EndArrow3} (or equivalently @code{Arrow3}), @code{Arrows3},
+@code{BeginArcArrow3}, @code{EndArcArrow3} (or equivalently
+@code{ArcArrow3}), @code{MidArcArrow3}, and @code{ArcArrows3}.
+Three-dimensional bars accept the optional arguments @code{(real size=0,
+triple dir=O)}. If @code{size=O}, the default bar length is used; if
+@code{dir=O}, the bar is drawn perpendicular to the path
+and the initial viewing direction. The predefined three-dimensional
+arrowhead styles are @code{DefaultHead3}, @code{HookHead3}, @code{TeXHead3}.
+Versions of the two-dimensional arrowheads lifted to three-dimensional
+space and aligned according to the initial viewpoint (or an optionally
+specified @code{normal} vector) are also defined:
+@code{DefaultHead2(triple normal=O)}, @code{HookHead2(triple normal=O)},
+@code{TeXHead2(triple normal=O)}. These are illustrated in the example
+@code{arrows3.asy}.
+
+@cindex @code{NoMargin3}
+@cindex @code{BeginMargin3}
+@cindex @code{EndMargin3}
+@cindex @code{Margin3}
+@cindex @code{Margins3}
+@cindex @code{BeginPenMargin2}
+@cindex @code{EndPenMargin2}
+@cindex @code{PenMargin2}
+@cindex @code{PenMargins2}
+@cindex @code{BeginPenMargin3}
+@cindex @code{EndPenMargin3}
+@cindex @code{PenMargin3}
+@cindex @code{PenMargins3}
+@cindex @code{BeginDotMargin3}
+@cindex @code{EndDotMargin3}
+@cindex @code{DotMargin3}
+@cindex @code{DotMargins3}
+@cindex @code{Margin3}
+@cindex @code{TrueMargin3}
+Module @code{three} also defines the three-dimensional margins
+@code{NoMargin3}, @code{BeginMargin3}, @code{EndMargin3},
+@code{Margin3}, @code{Margins3},
+@code{BeginPenMargin2}, @code{EndPenMargin2}, @code{PenMargin2},
+@code{PenMargins2},
+@code{BeginPenMargin3}, @code{EndPenMargin3}, @code{PenMargin3},
+@code{PenMargins3},
+@code{BeginDotMargin3}, @code{EndDotMargin3}, @code{DotMargin3},
+@code{DotMargins3}, @code{Margin3}, and @code{TrueMargin3}.
+
+Further three-dimensional examples are provided in the files
+@code{near_earth.asy}, @code{conicurv.asy}, and (in the @code{animations}
+subdirectory) @code{cube.asy}.
+
+@anchor{PostScript3D}
+Limited support for projected vector graphics (effectively three-dimensional
+nonrendered @code{PostScript}) is available with the setting
+@code{render=0}. This currently only works for piecewise planar
+surfaces, such as those produced by the parametric @code{surface}
+routines in the @code{graph3} module. Surfaces produced by the
+@code{solids} package will also be properly rendered if the parameter
+@code{nslices} is sufficiently large.
+
+@cindex hidden surface removal
+@cindex @code{face}
+In the module @code{bsp}, hidden surface removal of planar pictures is
+implemented using a binary space partition and picture clipping.
+A planar path is first converted to a structure @code{face} derived from
+@code{picture}. A @code{face} may be given to a two-dimensional drawing
+routine in place of any @code{picture} argument. An array of such faces
+may then be drawn, removing hidden surfaces:
+@verbatim
+void add(picture pic=currentpicture, face[] faces,
+ projection P=currentprojection);
+@end verbatim
+Labels may be projected to two dimensions, using projection @code{P},
+onto the plane passing through point @code{O} with normal
+@code{cross(u,v)} by multiplying it on the left by the transform
+@verbatim
+transform transform(triple u, triple v, triple O=O,
+ projection P=currentprojection);
+@end verbatim
+
+Here is an example that shows how a binary space partition may be used to draw a
+two-dimensional vector graphics projection of three orthogonal
+intersecting planes:
+@verbatiminclude planes.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{planes}
+
+@node obj
+@section @code{obj}
+@cindex @code{obj}
+This module allows one to construct surfaces from simple obj files,
+as illustrated in the example files @code{galleon.asy} and
+@code{triceratops.asy}.
+
+@node graph3
+@section @code{graph3}
+@cindex @code{graph3}
+@cindex 3D graphs
+This module implements three-dimensional versions of the
+functions in @code{graph.asy}.
+@cindex @code{xaxis}
+@cindex @code{yaxis}
+@cindex @code{zaxis}
+@noindent
+To draw an @math{x} axis in three dimensions, use the routine
+@verbatim
+void xaxis3(picture pic=currentpicture, Label L="", axis axis=YZZero,
+ real xmin=-infinity, real xmax=infinity, pen p=currentpen,
+ ticks3 ticks=NoTicks3, arrowbar3 arrow=None, bool above=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Analogous routines @code{yaxis} and @code{zaxis} can be used to draw
+@math{y} and @math{z} axes in three dimensions.
+There is also a routine for drawing all three axis:
+@verbatim
+void axes3(picture pic=currentpicture,
+ Label xlabel="", Label ylabel="", Label zlabel="",
+ triple min=(-infinity,-infinity,-infinity),
+ triple max=(infinity,infinity,infinity),
+ pen p=currentpen, arrowbar3 arrow=None);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{YZEquals}
+@cindex @code{XZEquals}
+@cindex @code{XYEquals}
+@cindex @code{YZZero}
+@cindex @code{XZZero}
+@cindex @code{XYZero}
+@cindex @code{Bounds}
+@noindent
+The predefined three-dimensional axis types are
+@verbatim
+axis YZEquals(real y, real z, triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis XZEquals(real x, real z, triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis XYEquals(real x, real y, triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis YZZero(triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis XZZero(triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis XYZero(triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+axis Bounds(int type=Both, int type2=Both, triple align=O, bool extend=false);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The optional @code{align} parameter to these routines can be used to
+specify the default axis and tick label alignments. The @code{Bounds}
+axis accepts two type parameters, each of which must be one of
+@code{Min}, @code{Max}, or @code{Both}. These parameters specify which
+of the four possible three-dimensional bounding box edges should be drawn.
+
+@cindex @code{NoTicks3}
+@cindex @code{InTicks}
+@cindex @code{OutTicks}
+@cindex @code{InOutTicks}
+The three-dimensional tick options are @code{NoTicks3}, @code{InTicks},
+@code{OutTicks}, and @code{InOutTicks}. These specify the tick
+directions for the @code{Bounds} axis type; other axis types inherit
+the direction that would be used for the @code{Bounds(Min,Min)} axis.
+
+Here is an example of a helix and bounding box axes with ticks
+and axis labels, using orthographic projection:
+@verbatiminclude helix.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{helix}
+
+The next example illustrates three-dimensional @math{x}, @math{y}, and
+@math{z} axes, without autoscaling of the axis limits:
+@cindex @code{axis}
+@verbatiminclude axis3.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{axis3}
+
+One can also place ticks along a general three-dimensional axis:
+@cindex @code{axis}
+@verbatiminclude generalaxis3.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{generalaxis3}
+
+Surface plots of matrices and functions over the region
+@code{box(a,b)} in the @math{XY} plane are also implemented:
+@verbatim
+surface surface(real[][] f, pair a, pair b, bool[][] cond={});
+surface surface(real[][] f, pair a, pair b, splinetype splinetype,
+ bool[][] cond={});
+surface surface(real[][] f, real[] x, real[] y,
+ splinetype splinetype=null, bool[][] cond={})
+surface surface(triple[][] f, bool[][] cond={});
+surface surface(real f(pair z), pair a, pair b, int nx=nmesh, int ny=nx,
+ bool cond(pair z)=null);
+surface surface(real f(pair z), pair a, pair b, int nx=nmesh, int ny=nx,
+ splinetype splinetype, bool cond(pair z)=null);
+surface surface(triple f(pair z), pair a, pair b, int nu=nmesh, int nv=nu,
+ bool cond(pair z)=null);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The final version draws a parametric surface for a function
+@math{f(u,v)} over the parameter space @code{box(a,b)},
+as illustrated in the example @code{parametricsurface.asy}.
+The boolean array or function @code{cond} can be used to control which
+surface mesh cells are actually drawn (by default all mesh cells over
+@code{box(a,b)} are drawn).
+Surface lighting is illustrated in the example files
+@code{parametricsurface.asy} and @code{sinc.asy}.
+Lighting can be disabled by setting @code{light=nolight}, as in this example
+of a Gaussian surface:
+@anchor{GaussianSurface}
+@verbatiminclude GaussianSurface.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{GaussianSurface}
+@noindent
+A mesh can be drawn without surface filling by specifying @code{nullpen}
+for the surfacepen.
+
+@node grid3
+@section @code{grid3}
+@cindex @code{grid3}
+@cindex 3D grids
+
+This module, contributed by Philippe Ivaldi, can be used for drawing
+3D grids. Here is an example (further examples can be found in
+@code{grid3.asy} and at @url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/grid3/}):
+@verbatiminclude grid3xyz.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{grid3xyz}
+
+@node solids
+@section @code{solids}
+@cindex @code{solids}
+This solid geometry package defines a structure @code{revolution} that
+can be used to fill and draw surfaces of revolution. The following example
+uses it to display the outline of a circular cylinder of radius 1
+with axis @code{O--1.5unit(Y+Z)} with perspective projection:
+@verbatiminclude cylinderskeleton.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{cylinderskeleton}
+
+Further illustrations are provided in the example files @code{cylinder.asy},
+@code{cones.asy}, @code{hyperboloid.asy}, and @code{torus.asy}.
+
+The structure @code{skeleton} contains the three-dimensional wireframe
+used to visualize a volume of revolution:
+@verbatim
+struct skeleton {
+ struct curve {
+ path3[] front;
+ path3[] back;
+ }
+ // transverse skeleton (perpendicular to axis of revolution)
+ curve transverse;
+ // longitudinal skeleton (parallel to axis of revolution)
+ curve longitudinal;
+}
+@end verbatim
+
+@node tube
+@section @code{tube}
+@cindex @code{tube}
+This package extends the routine @code{tube} defined in @code{three_arrows.asy}
+to arbitrary cross sections, colors, and spine transformations.
+The routine
+@verbatim
+surface tube(path3 g, coloredpath section,
+ transform T(real)=new transform(real t) {return identity();},
+ real corner=1, real relstep=0);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+draws a tube along @code{g} with cross section @code{section}, after
+applying the transformation @code{T(t)} at @code{relpoint(g,t)}.
+The parameter @code{corner} controls the number of elementary tubes at
+the angular points of @code{g}. A nonzero value of @code{relstep}
+specifies a fixed relative time step (in the sense of
+@code{relpoint(g,t)}) to use in constructing elementary tubes along @code{g}.
+The type @code{coloredpath} is a generalization of @code{path} to
+which a @code{path} can be cast:
+@cindex @code{coloredpath}
+@verbatim
+struct coloredpath
+{
+ path p;
+ pen[] pens(real);
+ int colortype=coloredSegments;
+}
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+@cindex @code{coloredSegments}
+@cindex @code{coloredNodes}
+Here @code{p} defines the cross section and
+the method @code{pens(real t)} returns an array of pens (interpreted
+as a cyclic array) used for shading the tube patches at
+@code{relpoint(g,t)}. If @code{colortype=coloredSegments}, the tube patches
+are filled as if each segment of the section was colored with the pen
+returned by @code{pens(t)}, whereas if @code{colortype=coloredNodes}, the
+tube components are vertex shaded as if the nodes of the section were colored.
+
+A @code{coloredpath} can be constructed with one of the routines:
+@verbatim
+coloredpath coloredpath(path p, pen[] pens(real),
+ int colortype=coloredSegments);
+coloredpath coloredpath(path p, pen[] pens=new pen[] {currentpen},
+ int colortype=coloredSegments);
+coloredpath coloredpath(path p, pen pen(real));
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+In the second case, the pens are independent of the relative time.
+In the third case, the array of pens contains only one pen, which
+depends of the relative time.
+
+The casting of @code{path} to @code{coloredpath} allows the
+use of a @code{path} instead of a @code{coloredpath}; in this case the
+shading behaviour is the default shading behavior for a surface.
+
+An example of @code{tube} is provided in the file
+@code{trefoilknot.asy}. Further examples can be found at
+@url{http://piprim.tuxfamily.org/asymptote/tube/}.
+
+@node flowchart
+@section @code{flowchart}
+@cindex @code{flowchart}
+This package provides routines for drawing flowcharts. The primary
+structure is a @code{block}, which represents a single block on the
+flowchart. The following eight functions return a position on the appropriate
+edge of the block, given picture transform @code{t}:
+
+@verbatim
+pair block.top(transform t=identity());
+pair block.left(transform t=identity());
+pair block.right(transform t=identity());
+pair block.bottom(transform t=identity());
+pair block.topleft(transform t=identity());
+pair block.topright(transform t=identity());
+pair block.bottomleft(transform t=identity());
+pair block.bottomright(transform t=identity());
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{block.top}
+@cindex @code{block.left}
+@cindex @code{block.right}
+@cindex @code{block.bottom}
+@cindex @code{block.topleft}
+@cindex @code{block.topright}
+@cindex @code{block.bottomleft}
+@cindex @code{block.bottomright}
+
+@noindent
+To obtain an arbitrary position along the boundary of the block in user
+coordinates, use:
+@verbatim
+pair block.position(real x, transform t=identity());
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{block.position}
+
+@noindent
+@cindex @code{block.center}
+The center of the block in user coordinates is stored in
+@code{block.center} and the block size in @code{PostScript} coordinates
+is given by @code{block.size}.
+
+@noindent
+A frame containing the block is returned by
+@verbatim
+frame block.draw(pen p=currentpen);
+@end verbatim
+@cindex @code{block.draw}
+
+The following block generation routines accept a Label, string, or
+frame for their object argument:
+
+@table @dfn
+@item rectangular block with an optional header (and padding @code{dx} around header and body):
+@cindex @code{rectangle}
+@verbatim
+block rectangle(object header, object body, pair center=(0,0),
+ pen headerpen=mediumgray, pen bodypen=invisible,
+ pen drawpen=currentpen,
+ real dx=3, real minheaderwidth=minblockwidth,
+ real minheaderheight=minblockwidth,
+ real minbodywidth=minblockheight,
+ real minbodyheight=minblockheight);
+block rectangle(object body, pair center=(0,0),
+ pen fillpen=invisible, pen drawpen=currentpen,
+ real dx=3, real minwidth=minblockwidth,
+ real minheight=minblockheight);
+@end verbatim
+
+@item diamond-shaped flowchart block:
+@cindex @code{diamond}
+@verbatim
+block diamond(object body, pair center=(0,0),
+ pen fillpen=invisible, pen drawpen=currentpen,
+ real ds=5, real dw=1,
+ real height=20, real minwidth=minblockwidth,
+ real minheight=minblockheight);
+@end verbatim
+
+@item circular flowchart block:
+@cindex @code{circle}
+@verbatim
+block circle(object body, pair center=(0,0), pen fillpen=invisible,
+ pen drawpen=currentpen, real dr=3,
+ real mindiameter=mincirclediameter);
+@end verbatim
+
+@item rectangular flowchart block with rounded corners:
+@cindex @code{roundrectangle}
+@verbatim
+block roundrectangle(object body, pair center=(0,0),
+ pen fillpen=invisible, pen drawpen=currentpen,
+ real ds=5, real dw=0, real minwidth=minblockwidth,
+ real minheight=minblockheight);
+@end verbatim
+
+@item rectangular flowchart block with beveled edges:
+@cindex @code{bevel}
+@verbatim
+block bevel(object body, pair center=(0,0), pen fillpen=invisible,
+ pen drawpen=currentpen, real dh=5, real dw=5,
+ real minwidth=minblockwidth, real minheight=minblockheight);
+@end verbatim
+
+@end table
+
+To draw paths joining the pairs in @code{point} with right-angled lines,
+use the routine:
+@cindex @code{path}
+@cindex @code{Horizontal}
+@cindex @code{Vertical}
+@verbatim
+path path(pair point[] ... flowdir dir[]);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The entries in @code{dir} identify whether successive
+segments between the pairs specified by @code{point} should be drawn
+in the @code{Horizontal} or @code{Vertical} direction.
+
+Here is a simple flowchart example:
+
+@verbatiminclude flowchartdemo.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{flowchartdemo}
+
+@node contour
+@section @code{contour}
+@cindex @code{contour}
+This package draws contour lines.
+To construct contours corresponding to the values in an array @code{c}
+for a function @code{f} on @code{box(a,b)}, use
+@verbatim
+guide[][] contour(real f(real, real), pair a, pair b,
+ real[] c, int nx=ngraph, int ny=nx,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The integers @code{nx} and @code{ny} define the resolution.
+The default resolution, @code{ngraph x ngraph} (here @code{ngraph}
+defaults to @code{100}), can be increased for greater accuracy. The
+default interpolation operator is @code{operator --} (linear). Spline
+interpolation (@code{operator ..}) may produce smoother
+contours but it can also lead to overshooting.
+
+To construct contours for an array of data values on a uniform
+two-dimensional lattice on @code{box(a,b)}, use
+@verbatim
+guide[][] contour(real[][] f, real[][] midpoint=new real[][],
+ pair a, pair b, real[] c,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+
+To construct contours for an array of data values on a nonoverlapping
+regular mesh specified by the two-dimensional array @code{z}, optionally
+specifying the values of @code{f} at the mesh midpoints, use
+@verbatim
+guide[][] contour(pair[][] z, real[][] f,
+ real[][] midpoint=new real[][], real[] c,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+To construct contours for an array of values @code{f} specified at
+irregularly positioned points @code{z}, use the routine
+@verbatim
+guide[][] contour(pair[] z, real[] f, real[] c,
+ interpolate join=operator --);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The contours themselves can be drawn with one of the routines
+@verbatim
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, Label[] L=new Label[],
+ guide[][] g, pen p=currentpen)
+
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, Label[] L=new Label[],
+ guide[][] g, pen[] p)
+@end verbatim
+
+The following simple example draws the contour at value @code{1}
+for the function @math{z=x^2+y^2}, which is a unit circle:
+@verbatiminclude onecontour.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{onecontour}
+
+The next example draws and labels multiple contours for the function
+@math{z=x^2-y^2} with the resolution @code{100 x 100}, using a dashed
+pen for negative contours and a solid pen for positive (and zero) contours:
+@verbatiminclude multicontour.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{multicontour}
+
+The next example illustrates how contour lines can be drawn on color
+density images:
+@verbatiminclude imagecontour.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{imagecontour}
+
+Finally, here is an example that illustrates the construction of contours
+from irregularly spaced data:
+@verbatiminclude irregularcontour.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{irregularcontour}
+
+In the above example, the contours of irregularly spaced data are constructed by
+first creating a triangular mesh from an array @code{z} of pairs:
+
+@cindex @code{triangulate}
+@verbatim
+int[][] triangulate(pair[] z);
+@end verbatim
+
+@verbatiminclude triangulate.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{triangulate}
+
+The example @code{Gouraudcontour} illustrates how to produce color
+density images over such irregular triangular meshes.
+@code{Asymptote} uses a robust version of Paul Bourke's Delaunay triangulation
+algorithm based on the public-domain exact arithmetic predicates written by
+Jonathan Shewchuk.
+
+@node contour3
+@section @code{contour3}
+@cindex @code{contour3}
+This package draws surfaces described as the null space of real-valued
+functions of @math{(x,y,z)} or real[][][] matrices.
+Its usage is illustrated in the example file @code{magnetic.asy}.
+
+@node slopefield
+@section @code{slopefield}
+@cindex @code{slopefield}
+To draw a slope field for the differential equation @math{dy/dx=f(x,y)} (or
+@math{dy/dx=f(x)}), use:
+@verbatim
+picture slopefield(real f(real,real), pair a, pair b,
+ int nx=nmesh, int ny=nx,
+ real tickfactor=0.5, pen p=currentpen,
+ arrowbar arrow=None);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+Here, the points @code{a} and @code{b} are the lower left and upper
+right corners of the rectangle in which the slope field is to be drawn,
+@code{nx} and @code{ny} are the respective number of ticks in the
+@math{x} and @math{y} directions, @code{tickfactor} is the fraction of
+the minimum cell dimension to use for drawing ticks, and @code{p} is
+the pen to use for drawing the slope fields.
+The return value is a picture that can be added to
+@code{currentpicture} via the @code{add(picture)} command.
+
+The function
+@cindex @code{curve}
+@verbatim
+path curve(pair c, real f(real,real), pair a, pair b);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+takes a point (@code{c}) and a slope field-defining function @code{f}
+and returns, as a path, the curve passing through that point. The points
+@code{a} and @code{b} represent the rectangular boundaries over which
+the curve is interpolated.
+
+Both @code{slopefield} and @code{curve} alternatively accept a function
+@code{real f(real)} that depends on @math{x} only, as seen in this example:
+
+@verbatiminclude slopefield1.asy
+@sp 1
+@center @image{slopefield1}
+
+@node Options
+@chapter Options
+@cindex options
+@cindex command-line options
+Type @code{asy -h} to see the full list of command-line options
+supported by @code{Asymptote}:
+@verbatiminclude options
+
+All boolean options can be negated by prepending @code{no} to the option name.
+
+If no arguments are given, @code{Asymptote} runs in interactive mode
+(@pxref{Interactive mode}). In this case, the default output file
+is @code{out.eps}.
+
+If @code{-} is given as the file argument, @code{Asymptote} reads from
+standard input.
+
+If multiple files are specified, they are treated as separate
+@code{Asymptote} runs.
+
+@cindex @code{autoimport}
+If the string @code{autoimport} is nonempty, a module with this name is
+automatically imported for each run as the final step in loading module
+@code{plain}.
+
+@anchor{configuration file}
+@cindex @code{ASYMPTOTE_CONFIG}
+@cindex @code{config}
+@cindex @code{settings}
+@anchor{settings}
+Default option values may be entered as @code{Asymptote} code in a
+configuration file named @code{config.asy} (or the file specified by
+the environment variable @code{ASYMPTOTE_CONFIG} or @code{-config} option).
+@code{Asymptote} will look for this file in its usual search path.
+Typically the configuration file is placed in the
+@code{.asy} directory in the user's home directory
+(@code{%USERPROFILE%\.asy} under @code{MSDOS}).
+Configuration variables are accessed using the long form of the option names:
+@verbatim
+import settings;
+outformat="pdf";
+batchView=false;
+interactiveView=true;
+batchMask=false;
+interactiveMask=true;
+@end verbatim
+Command-line options override these defaults. Most configuration
+variables may also be changed at runtime.
+@cindex @code{dvipsOptions}
+@cindex @code{convertOptions}
+@cindex @code{gsOptions}
+@cindex @code{psviewerOptions}
+@cindex @code{pdfviewerOptions}
+@cindex @code{glOptions}
+The advanced configuration variables @code{dvipsOptions}, @code{convertOptions},
+@code{gsOptions}, @code{psviewerOptions}, @code{pdfviewerOptions}, and
+@code{glOptions} allow specialized options to be passed as a string to
+the respective applications or libraries.
+
+If you insert
+@verbatim
+import plain;
+settings.autoplain=true;
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+at the beginning of the configuration file, it can contain arbitrary
+@code{Asymptote} code.
+
+@cindex @code{convert}
+@cindex @code{output}
+@cindex @code{format}
+@cindex @code{ImageMagick}
+@cindex @code{render}
+@cindex @code{antialias}
+@cindex @code{size}
+@anchor{convert}
+The default output format is @acronym{EPS} for the (default)
+@code{latex} tex engine and @acronym{PDF} for the @code{pdflatex} and
+@code{xelatex} tex engines.
+Alternative output formats may be produced using the @code{-f} option
+(or @code{outformat} setting). The optional setting @code{-render n} requests
+an output resolution of @code{n} pixels per @code{bp}. Antialiasing is
+controlled by the parameter @code{antialias}, which by default
+specifies a sampling width of 2 pixels.
+@code{Asymptote} can produce any output format supported
+by the @code{ImageMagick} @code{convert} program (version 6.3.5 or
+later recommended; an @code{Invalid Parameter} error message indicates
+that the @code{MSDOS} utility @code{convert} is being used instead of
+the one that comes with @code{ImageMagick}).
+To give specific options to @code{convert}, use the
+@code{convertOptions} setting or call convert manually. This example
+emulates how @code{Asymptote} produces antialiased @code{tiff} output at
+one pixel per @code{bp}:
+@verbatim
+asy -o - venn | convert -alpha Off -density 144x144 -geometry 50%x eps:- venn.tiff
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{nosafe}
+@cindex @code{safe}
+@cindex @code{system}
+If the option @code{-nosafe} is given, @code{Asymptote} runs
+in unsafe mode. This enables the @code{int system(string s)} call, allowing one
+to execute arbitrary shell commands. The default mode, @code{-safe},
+disables this call.
+
+@cindex offset
+@cindex @code{align}
+A @code{PostScript} offset may be specified as a pair (in @code{bp}
+units) with the @code{-O} option:
+@verbatim
+asy -O 0,0 file
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The default offset is zero. The default value of the page alignment
+setting @code{align} is @code{Center}.
+
+@cindex @code{-c}
+The @code{-c} (@code{command}) option may be used to execute arbitrary
+@code{Asymptote} code on the command line as a string. It is not
+necessary to terminate the string with a semicolon. Multiple @code{-c}
+options are executed in the order they are given. For example
+@verbatim
+asy -c 2+2 -c "sin(1)" -c "size(100); draw(unitsquare)"
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+produces the output
+@verbatim
+4
+0.841470984807897
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+and draws a unitsquare of size @code{100}.
+
+@cindex @code{-u}
+The @code{-u} (@code{user}) option may be used to specify arbitrary
+@code{Asymptote} settings on the command line as a string. It is not
+necessary to terminate the string with a semicolon. Multiple @code{-u}
+options are executed in the order they are given. Command-line code like
+@code{-u x=sqrt(2)} can be executed within a module like this:
+@verbatim
+real x;
+usersetting();
+write(x);
+@end verbatim
+
+@cindex @code{-l}
+When the @code{-l} (@code{listvariables}) option is used with file
+arguments, only global functions and variables defined in the specified
+file(s) are listed.
+
+Additional debugging output is produced with each additional @code{-v} option:
+@table @code
+@item -v
+Display top-level module and final output file names.
+@item -vv
+Also display imported and included module names and final @code{LaTeX} and
+@code{dvips} processing information.
+@item -vvv
+Also output @code{LaTeX} bidirectional pipe diagnostics.
+@item -vvvv
+Also output knot guide solver diagnostics.
+@item -vvvvv
+Also output @code{Asymptote} traceback diagnostics.
+@end table
+
+@node Interactive mode
+@chapter Interactive mode
+@cindex interactive mode
+Interactive mode is entered by executing the command @code{asy} with
+no file arguments. When the @code{-multiline} option is disabled (the default),
+each line must be a complete @code{Asymptote} statement (unless
+explicitly continued by a final backslash character @code{\});
+it is not necessary to terminate input lines with a semicolon.
+If one assigns @code{settings.multiline=true}, interactive code can be
+entered over multiple lines; in this mode, the automatic termination of
+interactive input lines by a semicolon is inhibited. Multiline mode is useful
+for cutting and pasting @code{Asymptote} code directly into the
+interactive input buffer.
+
+Interactive mode can be conveniently used as a calculator: expressions
+entered at the interactive prompt (for which a corresponding @code{write}
+function exists) are automatically evaluated and written to @code{stdout}.
+
+The following special commands are supported only in interactive mode
+and must be entered immediately after the prompt:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{help}
+@item help
+view the manual;
+@item reset
+reset the @code{Asymptote} environment to its initial state, except for
+changes to the settings module (@pxref{settings}), the current directory
+(@pxref{cd}), and breakpoints (@pxref{Debugger});
+@cindex @code{input}
+@item input FILE
+does an interactive reset, followed by the command
+@code{include FILE}. If the file name @code{FILE} contains
+nonalphanumeric characters, enclose it with quotation marks.
+A trailing semi-colon followed by optional @code{Asymptote} commands may
+be entered on the same line.
+@cindex @code{quit}
+@cindex @code{exit}
+@anchor{history}
+@item quit
+exit interactive mode (@code{exit} is a synonym; the abbreviation
+@code{q} is also accepted unless there exists a top-level variable named
+@code{q}).
+@cindex @code{historylines}
+A history of the most recent 1000 (this number can be changed with the
+@code{historylines} configuration variable) previous commands will be retained
+in the file @code{.asy/history} in the user's home directory (unless
+the command-line option @code{-localhistory} was specified, in which case
+the history will be stored in the file @code{.asy_history} in the
+current directory).
+
+@end table
+
+Typing @code{ctrl-C} interrupts the execution of @code{Asymptote} code
+and returns control to the interactive prompt.
+
+Interactive mode is implemented with the @acronym{GNU} @code{readline} library,
+with command history and auto-completion. To customize the key bindings, see:
+@url{http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html}
+
+@cindex @code{Python} usage
+The file @code{asymptote.py} in the @code{Asymptote} system directory
+provides an alternative way of entering @code{Asymptote} commands
+interactively, coupled with the full power of @code{Python}. Copy this
+file to your @code{Python path} and then execute from within
+@code{Python} the commands
+@verbatim
+from asymptote import *
+g=asy()
+g.size(200)
+g.draw("unitcircle")
+g.send("draw(unitsquare)")
+g.fill("unitsquare, blue")
+g.clip("unitcircle")
+g.label("\"$O$\", (0,0), SW")
+@end verbatim
+
+@node GUI
+@chapter Graphical User Interface
+@cindex graphical user interface
+@cindex @acronym{GUI}
+@cindex mouse
+@cindex wheel mouse
+@cindex @code{Button-1}
+@cindex @code{Button-2}
+@cindex @code{xasy}
+
+In the event that adjustments to the final figure are required, the
+preliminary Graphical User Interface (@acronym{GUI}) @code{xasy} included with
+@code{Asymptote} allows you to move graphical objects and draw new ones.
+The modified figure can then be saved as a normal @code{Asymptote} file.
+
+@menu
+* GUI Installation:: Installing @code{xasy}
+* GUI Usage::
+@end menu
+
+@node GUI Installation
+@section GUI Installation
+@cindex GUI installation
+
+As @code{xasy} is written in the interactive scripting language
+@code{Python/TK}, it requires @code{Python}
+(@url{http://www.python.org}), the Python Imaging Library
+(@url{http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/}), and the @code{tkinter}
+package (included with s@code{Python} under @code{Microsoft Windows}) be
+installed. @code{Fedora Linux} users can either install
+@code{tkinter} with the commands
+@verbatim
+yum install tkinter
+yum install tk-devel
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+or manually install the @code{tkinter}, @code{tix}, @code{tk},
+and @code{tk-devel} packages.
+
+Pictures are deconstructed into the @acronym{PNG} image format, which
+supports full alpha channel transparency. Under @code{Microsoft
+Windows}, this requires @code{Python 2.5 (or 2.5.1)} and the
+@code{Python Imaging Library}:
+@quotation
+@url{http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.5.1/python-2.5.1.msi}
+@end quotation
+@quotation
+@url{http://effbot.org/downloads/PIL-1.1.6.win32-py2.5.exe}.
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+On @code{UNIX} systems, place
+@url{http://effbot.org/downloads/Imaging-1.1.6.tar.gz} in the
+@code{Asymptote} source directory, and type (as the root user):
+@verbatim
+tar -zxf Imaging-1.1.6.tar.gz
+cd Imaging-1.1.6
+patch -p1 < ../patches/TkAlpha-Imaging-1.1.6.patch
+python setup.py install
+@end verbatim
+
+Alternatively, @code{xasy} can deconstruct pictures into the @acronym{GIF}
+image format (not recommended as this is very slow), using white as the
+transparent color. This requires the lines
+@verbatim
+import settings;
+xformat="gif";
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+in the @code{Asymptote} configuration file (@pxref{configuration file}),
+along with the @code{ImageMagick} (@pxref{convert}) program.
+
+@node GUI Usage
+@section GUI Usage
+@cindex GUI usage
+@cindex @code{deconstruct}
+
+A wheel mouse is convenient for raising and lowering objects within
+@code{xasy}, to expose the object to be moved. If a wheel mouse is not
+available, mouse @code{Button-2} can be used to repeatedly lower an
+object instead. When run from the command line, @code{xasy} accepts
+a command line option @code{-x n}, which sets the initial magnification
+to @code{n}.
+
+Deconstruction of compound objects (such as arrows) can be prevented
+by enclosing them within the commands
+@verbatim
+void begingroup(picture pic=currentpicture);
+void endgroup(picture pic=currentpicture);
+@end verbatim
+By default, the elements of a picture or frame will be grouped
+together on adding them to a picture. However, the elements of a frame
+added to another frame are not grouped together by default: their
+elements will be individually deconstructed (@pxref{add}).
+
+@node PostScript to Asymptote
+@chapter @code{PostScript} to @code{Asymptote}
+@cindex @code{pstoedit}
+The excellent @code{PostScript} editor @code{pstoedit} (version 3.45 or later;
+available from @url{http://pstoedit.net}) includes an
+@code{Asymptote} backend. Unlike virtually all other @code{pstoedit}
+backends, this driver includes native clipping, even-odd fill rule,
+@code{PostScript} subpath, and full image support.
+
+For full functionality, the patch @code{pstoedit-3.45asy.patch}
+in the @code{patches} directory should be applied. On @code{UNIX} systems, as
+the root user, place
+@quotation
+@url{http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/pstoedit/pstoedit-3.45.tar.gz}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+in the @code{Asymptote} source directory, and type:
+
+@verbatim
+tar -zxf pstoedit-3.45.tar.gz
+cd pstoedit-3.45
+patch -p1 < ../patches/pstoedit-3.45asy.patch
+autoconf
+./configure --prefix=/usr
+make install
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+Then try:
+
+@noindent
+@code{asy -V @value{Datadir}/doc/asymptote/examples/venn.asy}
+@noindent
+@verbatim
+pstoedit -f asy venn.eps test.asy
+asy -V test
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+If the line widths aren't quite correct, try giving @code{pstoedit} the
+@code{-dis} option.
+If the fonts aren't typeset correctly, try giving @code{pstoedit} the
+@code{-dt} option.
+
+@node Help
+@chapter Help
+@cindex help
+@cindex forum
+
+A list of frequently asked questions (@acronym{FAQ}) is maintained at
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/FAQ}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Questions on installing and using @code{Asymptote} that are not
+addressed in the @acronym{FAQ} should be sent to the
+@code{Asymptote} forum:
+@quotation
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=409349}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+Including an example that illustrates what you are trying to do will help
+you get useful feedback.
+@code{LaTeX} problems can often be diagnosed with the @code{-vv} or
+@code{-vvv} command-line options.
+Contributions in the form of patches or @code{Asymptote} modules can be
+posted here:
+@quotation
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?atid=685685&group_id=120000}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+To receive announcements of upcoming releases, please subscribe to
+@code{Asymptote} at
+@quotation
+@url{http://freshmeat.net/projects/asy}
+@end quotation
+@cindex bug reports
+@noindent
+If you find a bug in @code{Asymptote}, please check (if possible)
+whether the bug is still present in the latest @acronym{Subversion}
+developmental code (@pxref{Subversion}) before submitting a bug
+report. New bugs can be submitted using the Bug Tracking System at
+@quotation
+@url{http://sourceforge.net/projects/asymptote}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+To see if the bug has already been fixed,
+check bugs with Status @code{Closed} and recent lines in
+@quotation
+@url{http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/ChangeLog}
+@end quotation
+@noindent
+
+@cindex stack overflow
+@cindex segmentation fault
+@cindex @code{libsigsegv}
+@code{Asymptote} can be configured with the optional @acronym{GNU} library
+@code{libsigsegv}, available from
+@url{http://libsigsegv.sourceforge.net}, which allows one to distinguish
+user-generated @code{Asymptote} stack overflows (@pxref{stack overflow})
+from true segmentation faults (due to internal C++ programming errors;
+please submit the @code{Asymptote} code that generates such segmentation
+faults along with your bug report).
+
+@node Debugger
+@chapter Debugger
+@cindex debugger
+Asymptote now includes a line-based (as opposed to code-based)
+debugger that can assist the user in following flow control. To set a
+break point in file @code{file} at line @code{line}, use the command
+
+@cindex @code{stop}
+@verbatim
+void stop(string file, int line, code s=quote{});
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+The optional argument @code{s} may be used to conditionally set the variable
+@code{ignore} in @code{plain_debugger.asy} to @code{true}. For example, the
+first 10 instances of this breakpoint will be ignored (the
+variable @code{int count=0} is defined in @code{plain_debugger.asy}):
+@verbatim
+stop("test",2,quote{ignore=(++count <= 10);});
+@end verbatim
+
+To set a break point in file @code{file} at the first line containing
+the string @code{text}, use
+
+@verbatim
+void stop(string file, string text, code s=quote{});
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+To list all breakpoints, use:
+@cindex @code{breakpoints}
+@verbatim
+void breakpoints();
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+To clear a breakpoint, use:
+@cindex @code{clear}
+@verbatim
+void clear(string file, int line);
+@end verbatim
+@noindent
+To clear all breakpoints, use:
+@verbatim
+void clear();
+@end verbatim
+
+The following commands may be entered at the debugging prompt:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{help}
+@item @code{h}
+help;
+@cindex @code{continue}
+@item @code{c}
+continue execution;
+
+@cindex @code{inst}
+@item @code{i}
+step to the next instruction;
+
+@cindex @code{step}
+@item @code{s}
+step to the next executable line;
+
+@cindex @code{next}
+@item @code{n}
+step to the next executable line in the current file;
+
+@cindex @code{file}
+@item @code{f}
+step to the next file;
+
+@cindex @code{return}
+@item @code{r}
+return to the file associated with the most recent breakpoint;
+
+@cindex @code{trace}
+@item @code{t}
+toggle tracing (@code{-vvvvv}) mode;
+
+@cindex @code{quit}
+@item @code{q}
+quit debugging and end execution;
+
+@cindex @code{exit}
+@item @code{x}
+exit the debugger and run to completion.
+
+@end table
+@noindent
+Arbitrary @code{Asymptote} code may also be entered at the debugging prompt;
+however, since the debugger is implemented with @code{eval}, currently
+only top-level (global) variables can be displayed or modified.
+
+The debugging prompt may be entered manually with the call
+@verbatim
+void breakpoint(code s=quote{});
+@end verbatim
+
+@node Credits
+@chapter Acknowledgments
+@cindex acknowledgments
+
+Financial support for the development of @code{Asymptote} was generously
+provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
+Canada, the Pacific Institute for Mathematical Sciences, and the
+University of Alberta Faculty of Science.
+
+We also would like to acknowledge the previous work of John D. Hobby,
+author of the program @code{MetaPost} that inspired the development of
+@code{Asymptote}, and Donald E. Knuth, author of @TeX{} and
+@code{MetaFont} (on which @code{MetaPost} is based).
+
+The authors of @code{Asymptote} are Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and
+Tom Prince. Sean Healy designed the @code{Asymptote} logo. Other
+contributors include Radoslav Marinov, Orest Shardt, Chris Savage,
+Philippe Ivaldi, Olivier Guib@'e, Jacques Pienaar, Mark Henning, Steve
+Melenchuk, Martin Wiebusch, and Stefan Knorr.
+
+@node Index
+@unnumbered Index
+
+@printindex cp
+
+@bye
+
+@c LocalWords: randMax Gaussrand asy cindex indices resized LaTeX TK latin au
+@c LocalWords: latexusage tex bbox PostScript subdirectory gcc emacs ASYDIR
+@c LocalWords: documentclass usepackage subpath shipout sqrt xN Mx bw AcroRd
+@c LocalWords: xscale xaxis yaxis BeginBar GIF postprocessing fpu de rpair xy
+@c LocalWords: nomask noplain ImageMagick defaultfontsize defaultlinewidth cd
+@c LocalWords: startup natively xasy tkinter VxN yingyang currentpicture toc
+@c LocalWords: MetaPost MetaFont Hammerlindl Healy texinfo autoload setq setf
+@c LocalWords: printindex setfilename settitle dircategory direntry titlepage
+@c LocalWords: vskip filll insertcopying ifnottex detailmenu alist augroup PQ
+@c LocalWords: bool behaviour facto zxf login Debian dev filetypedetect SVN
+@c LocalWords: FFTW bp readline gv eps args Boehm gc evenoddoverlap png joe
+@c LocalWords: boolean initializer expi dir xpart ypart STL substring rfind
+@c LocalWords: pos substr strftime typedef pxref unitcircle yscale Bezier iff
+@c LocalWords: postcontrol precontrol atleast nullpath arclength arctime rgb
+@c LocalWords: dirtime currentpen colorspaces grayscale cmyk defaultpen x cx
+@c LocalWords: linetype longdashed dashdotted longdashdotted linewidth y XP
+@c LocalWords: fontsize defaultfilename keepAspect IgnoreAspect ise flushleft
+@c LocalWords: src dest XDR txt getc fout stdin stdout endl xinput eof js prc
+@c LocalWords: xoutput Microsystem's eol exponentials postfix sayhi th Ubuntu
+@c LocalWords: sqr intop addby libm asin acos atan sinh tanh asinh acosh cbrt
+@c LocalWords: atanh fabs hypot fmod ceil srand dereferenced alice pete sqrtx
+@c LocalWords: eval fft csv runtime nonalphanumeric labely LeftTicks NoTicks
+@c LocalWords: RightTicks BottomTop LeftRight Ticksize UTF BufNewFile BufRead
+@c LocalWords: ticksize subintervals xlimits filetype plugin setlocal makeprg
+@c LocalWords: ylimits uncommented automin automax cp uninstall reals ecast
+@c LocalWords: scaleT unicode RightSide yx yy NoAlign legendmargin opic CCW
+@c LocalWords: arrowbar LeftSide EndBar BeginArrow lly feynman isi showtarget
+@c LocalWords: EndArrow BeginArcArrow EndArcArrow ArcArrow ArcArrows NoFill
+@c LocalWords: filldraw fillpen drawpen errorformat bigsquare bezier darkblue
+@c LocalWords: quartercircle darkgreen lightblue urx ury texpreamble sgn texi
+@c LocalWords: lineargraph datagraph vertices parametricgraph uncomment ggv
+@c LocalWords: loggraph generalaxis texhash arrowsize arrowangle arrowlength
+@c LocalWords: SuppressQuiet MoveQuiet LIBREADLINE config MacOS prebuilt svn
+@c LocalWords: ghostview gsview SIGHUP PDF acroread xpdf cutbefore strptime
+@c LocalWords: libsigsegv intersectionpoint dotfactor vv firstcut pq logticks
+@c LocalWords: Unisys dvips vvv vvvv vvvvv traceback lastcut cutafter infodir
+@c LocalWords: zxvf xargs cond polargraph xmin xmax plabel YZero labelling ln
+@c LocalWords: ymin ymax XZero xequals tickmin tickmax unlabelled se pq pena
+@c LocalWords: yequals Nobre Barbarosie Schwaiger nearearth conicurv Wiebusch
+@c LocalWords: unfill posterSize ngraph interpolatetype ctrl dt pic getint Ai
+@c LocalWords: NNE jxf linecap linejoin unitsquare shadedtiling ei nomarker
+@c LocalWords: westnile minipage ra penb paletteticks drawline nV FillDraw uv
+@c LocalWords: susceptibleM flushright secondaryX secondaryY secondaryaxis tt
+@c LocalWords: titlelabel columnlabel rb xtick ytick labelx XEquals YEquals
+@c LocalWords: treetest eetomumu fermi backend pstoedit drawtree xFF MSDOS gz
+@c LocalWords: vimrc CFLAGS verbatiminclude online noindent bezier superpath
+@c LocalWords: evenodd squarecap roundcap extendcap miterjoin roundjoin NFSS
+@c LocalWords: beveljoin fillrule zerowinding insideness lineskip cmr pcrr Hx
+@c LocalWords: AvantGarde Bookman Helvetica NewCenturySchoolBook minbound pdf
+@c LocalWords: Palatino TimesRoman ZapfChancery ZapfDingbats german basealign
+@c LocalWords: nondeconstructed backends usr venn labelsquare nobasealign dp
+@c LocalWords: NoMargin BeginMargin EndMargin BeginPenMargin EndPenMargin dm
+@c LocalWords: PenMargin PenMargins TrueMargin labelmargin errorbars errorbar
+@c LocalWords: dpx dpy dmx dmy barsize arrowsize BeginDotMargin DotMargin acc
+@c LocalWords: EndDotMargin DotMargins NColors BWRainbow colorspace labelled
+@c LocalWords: PaletteTicks defaultformat leastsquares bjam fprintf endgroup
+@c LocalWords: begingroup xmargin ymargin pbox box ellipse wget exe Gouraud
+@c LocalWords: multithreaded newframe init emph nums concat xline yline zpart
+@c LocalWords: colatitude zscale cosh nullpen MetaFontbook cyclicflag FreeBSD
+@c LocalWords: nodeps Ghostgum beginlabel endlabel pTick ptick loggrid SAS dy
+@c LocalWords: currentprojection latticeshading subpictures colinear unitcube
+@c LocalWords: Autoscaling solveQuadratic MidArrow MidArcArrow Prebuilt url
+@c LocalWords: pdftex comment getstring getstringprefix getreal defaultS hsv
+@c LocalWords: ticklocate autoscaleT autoscaling vectorfield autolimits dvi
+@c LocalWords: zlimits inline dvipdf hyperdvi autoconf gui zerowindingoverlap
+@c LocalWords: prepended intMax quadraticroots cubicroots filltype prepend dx
+@c LocalWords: ticklabel popup UnFill markroutine marknodes markuniform erf
+@c LocalWords: intersectpoint cyrillic mathtext russian brokenaxis Datadir ds
+@c LocalWords: resetdefaultpen latticeshade axialshade radialshade erfc det
+@c LocalWords: gouraudshade unescaped nmesh surfacepen getpair MikTeX dw YZ
+@c LocalWords: meshpen localhistory axisT roundedpath unitsize aSin accel pre
+@c LocalWords: fontcommand makepen aCos aTan Knorr roundpath BeginPoint nView
+@c LocalWords: MidPoint EndPoint nmask antialiasing autoplain batchMask libgc
+@c LocalWords: batchView clearGUI ignoreGUI interactiveMask interactiveView
+@c LocalWords: listvariables outformat parseonly prepending psviewer nCircle
+@c LocalWords: pdfviewer papertype tabcompletion noautoplain plugins Teixeira
+@c LocalWords: embeddedmovie historylines RadialShade penc penr CJK tgz GPL
+@c LocalWords: legendlinelength legendskip USERPROFILE LDFLAGS currentlight
+@c LocalWords: subsampled sinc kai AtBeginDocument GBK clearpage lasy texpath
+@c LocalWords: AtEndDocument zaxis maxbound truepoint paperwidth paperheight
+@c LocalWords: GSL deriv texcolors fixedscaling UpsideDown texreset slidedemo
+@c LocalWords: subitem newslide realMin realMax realEpsilon realDigits gsl dh
+@c LocalWords: obliqueX asycolors monthaxis xautoscale yautoscale zautoscale
+@c LocalWords: obliqueZ obliqueY cylinderskeleton block llcorner dr py nx CPU
+@c LocalWords: loc topleft topright bottomleft bottomright flowrectangle UTC
+@c LocalWords: chartblock flowdiamond flowcircle xlabel BezierSurface el xyz
+@c LocalWords: flowroundrectangle flowbevel flowpath drawflow blocks ny cpu
+@c LocalWords: multipleView usersetting mediumgray flowchartdemo ylabel nv xf
+@c LocalWords: zlabel slopefields cputime roundrectangle slopefield libgccpp
+@c LocalWords: tickfactor USERNAME writeable imagecontour logimage Dumoulin's
+@c LocalWords: NoCrop parametricsurface realmult SoftLight HardLight interp
+@c LocalWords: ColorDodge ColorBurn Ivaldi buildcycle autorotate mexicanhat
+@c LocalWords: Gouraudcontour pdflatex preconfigured perline linelength hskip
+@c LocalWords: penimage filloutside legendhskip legendvskip maxwidth CDlabel
+@c LocalWords: tensorshade MPEG framepoint nonfunction Radoslav Marinov Mepis
+@c LocalWords: Pienaar Melenchuk finalout Linspire Dpkg sudo dpkg dtx Tcount
+@c LocalWords: windingnumber clickable pdfmovie dfn du animationdelay fprime
+@c LocalWords: slidemovies ifdraft embeddedu externalmovie headerpen bodypen
+@c LocalWords: GaussianSurface multiline binarytree tridiagonal portably AIX
+@c LocalWords: binarytreetest Henning subsample breakpoint locator wireframe
+@c LocalWords: labelpath intersectionpoints PSTricks pstextpath curvedlabel
+@c LocalWords: LeftJustified RightJustified tickmodifier gunzip gmake IRIX dv
+@c LocalWords: texcommand RET SITEDIR filegraph pathmarkers POSIX binput AOB
+@c LocalWords: boutput nonportable markinterval stickframe circlebarframe tix
+@c LocalWords: crossframe tildeframe markangle StickIntervalMarker gswin expm
+@c LocalWords: CrossIntervalMarker CircleBarIntervalMarker Ghostscript syzygy
+@c LocalWords: TildeIntervalMarker autoimport calculateTransform bitwise tk
+@c LocalWords: headersize bodysize minheaderwidth minheaderheight minwidth ZX
+@c LocalWords: minbodywidth minbodyheight minheight mindiameter reltime PNG
+@c LocalWords: relpoint Syzygy syzygies seekeof splinetype notaknot slopea ZY
+@c LocalWords: slopeb nonperiodic circlescale MarkFill ScaleX ScaleY xformat
+@c LocalWords: onecontour multicontour irregularcontour dvipsOptions saveline
+@c LocalWords: dirSpecifier controlSpecifier tensionSpecifier atleastflag bsp
+@c LocalWords: curlSpecifier cputimeformat initializers arbitary redeclaring
+@c LocalWords: firstname lastname multdiagonal Raphson OmitTick OmitFormat sp
+@c LocalWords: NoZero NoZeroFormat abbrevation gsOptions namespace redeclared
+@c LocalWords: atLeast intMin globalwrite quarticroots deconsruct substrings
+@c LocalWords: usleep currentpatterns trailingzero Orest Shardt DefaultHead
+@c LocalWords: SimpleHead HookHead TeXHead multipage NURBS inlinemovie dxmax
+@c LocalWords: simpson NoBox truesize autoscale shadestroke recurses mintimes
+@c LocalWords: nonoverlapping texdvicommand texengine maxtimes maxheight pdb
+@c LocalWords: piecewisestraight unitrand graphmarkers antialias nolight newl
+@c LocalWords: Delaunay Shewchuk convertOptions APPDATA pdfreload tempFile
+@c LocalWords: pdfreloadOptions deferred OpenGL Phong Blinn renderer unitbox
+@c LocalWords: bezulate Shardt's rasterized viewport unitdisk unitplane devel
+@c LocalWords: unitcylinder unitcone solidcone unitfrustum unitsphere nslices
+@c LocalWords: DPostScript YZZero freeglut externalprc nonrendered nosafe
+@c LocalWords: unithemisphere versa XYplane xypart unitsolidcone YZEquals
+@c LocalWords: XZEquals XYEquals XZZero XYZero InTicks OutTicks InOutTicks
+@c LocalWords: fitscreen planeproject strokepath meshlight nullpens arrowdir
+@c LocalWords: diffusepen ambientpen emissivepen specularpen arrowbarb keyval
+@c LocalWords: hstretch vstretch roundbox nonconvex miterlimit basealigin
+@c LocalWords: maxviewport maxtile antialiased sphericalharmonic attachfile
+@c LocalWords: vertexshading smoothelevation glOptions iconified iconify
+@c LocalWords: psviewerOptions pdfviewerOptions viewportmargin asyattach
+@c LocalWords: multisampling autogen multisample coloredpath relstep flowdir
+@c LocalWords: colortype coloredSegments coloredNodes trefoilknot scaledgraph
+@c LocalWords: minblockwidth minblockheight mincirclediameter nonassociative
+@c LocalWords: nonintegral gettriple enablerepo hexidecimal XeLaTeX xelatex
+@c LocalWords: dvipdfmx autoadjust viewportsize viewportwidth viewportheight
+@c LocalWords: subregions nonsimply functionshade xetex shader floatingdisk
+@c LocalWords: functionshading nonselfintersecting
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/axis3.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/axis3.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..90cbdc6ad09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/axis3.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import graph3;
+
+size(0,200);
+size3(200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+currentprojection=perspective(5,2,2);
+
+scale(Linear,Linear,Log);
+
+xaxis3("$x$",0,1,red,OutTicks(2,2));
+yaxis3("$y$",0,1,red,OutTicks(2,2));
+zaxis3("$z$",1,30,red,OutTicks(beginlabel=false));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1c168042c05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier.asy
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+label("$(1-t)^3z_0+3t(1-t)^2c_0+3t^2(1-t)c_1+t^3z_1\qquad 0\le t\le 1$.",(0,0));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier2.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier2.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..745fb649dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bezier2.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import beziercurve;
+
+pair midpoint(pair a, pair b) {return interp(a,b,0.5);}
+
+pair m0=midpoint(z0,c0);
+pair m1=midpoint(c0,c1);
+pair m2=midpoint(c1,z1);
+
+draw(m0--m1--m2,dashed);
+dot("$m_0$",m0,NW,red);
+dot("$m_1$",m1,N,red);
+dot("$m_2$",m2,red);
+
+pair m3=midpoint(m0,m1);
+pair m4=midpoint(m1,m2);
+pair m5=midpoint(m3,m4);
+
+draw(m3--m4,dashed);
+dot("$m_3$",m3,NW,red);
+dot("$m_4$",m4,NE,red);
+dot("$m_5$",m5,N,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/beziercurve.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/beziercurve.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..338109bbd6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/beziercurve.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+size(400);
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair c0=(1,1);
+pair c1=(2,1);
+pair z1=(3,0);
+draw(z0..controls c0 and c1 .. z1,blue);
+
+draw(z0--c0--c1--z1,dashed);
+dot("$z_0$",z0,W,red);
+dot("$c_0$",c0,NW,red);
+dot("$c_1$",c1,NE,red);
+dot("$z_1$",z1,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bigsquare.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bigsquare.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b917dfc42cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/bigsquare.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+size(0,3cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/binarytreetest.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/binarytreetest.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0078bb749e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/binarytreetest.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import binarytree;
+
+picture pic,pic2;
+
+binarytree bt=binarytree(1,2,4,nil,5,nil,nil,0,nil,nil,3,6,nil,nil,7);
+draw(pic,bt);
+
+binarytree st=searchtree(10,5,2,1,3,4,7,6,8,9,15,13,12,11,14,17,16,18,19);
+draw(pic2,st,blue);
+
+add(pic.fit(),(0,0),10N);
+add(pic2.fit(),(0,0),10S);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/brokenaxis.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/brokenaxis.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9de9fa414d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/brokenaxis.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(200,150,IgnoreAspect);
+
+// Break the x axis at 3; restart at 8:
+real a=3, b=8;
+
+// Break the y axis at 100; restart at 1000:
+real c=100, d=1000;
+
+scale(Broken(a,b),BrokenLog(c,d));
+
+real[] x={1,2,4,6,10};
+real[] y=x^4;
+
+draw(graph(x,y),red,MarkFill[0]);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks(Break(a,b)));
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(Break(c,d)));
+
+label(rotate(90)*Break,(a,point(S).y));
+label(rotate(90)*Break,(a,point(N).y));
+label(Break,(point(W).x,ScaleY(c)));
+label(Break,(point(E).x,ScaleY(c)));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colons.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colons.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3cdb6b42962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colons.asy
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+draw((0,0){up}::(100,25){right}::(200,0){down});
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colors.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colors.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ea576379deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/colors.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+int i=0;
+int j=0;
+
+bool components=false;
+
+pen p;
+
+void col(bool fill=false ... string[] s) {
+ for(int n=0; n < s.length; ++n) {
+ j -= 10;
+ string s=s[n];
+ eval("p="+s+";",true);
+ if(components) {
+ real[] a=colors(p);
+ for(int i=0; i < a.length; ++i)
+ s += " "+(string) a[i];
+ }
+ if(fill) label(s,(i+10,j),E,p,Fill(gray));
+ else label(s,(i+10,j),E,p);
+ fill(box((i,j-5),(i+10,j+5)),p);
+ }
+}
+
+col("palered");
+col("lightred");
+col("mediumred");
+col("red");
+col("heavyred");
+col("brown");
+col("darkbrown");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("palegreen");
+col("lightgreen");
+col("mediumgreen");
+col("green");
+col("heavygreen");
+col("deepgreen");
+col("darkgreen");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("paleblue");
+col("lightblue");
+col("mediumblue");
+col("blue");
+col("heavyblue");
+col("deepblue");
+col("darkblue");
+j -= 10;
+
+i += 150;
+j=0;
+
+col("palecyan");
+col("lightcyan");
+col("mediumcyan");
+col("cyan");
+col("heavycyan");
+col("deepcyan");
+col("darkcyan");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("pink");
+col("lightmagenta");
+col("mediummagenta");
+col("magenta");
+col("heavymagenta");
+col("deepmagenta");
+col("darkmagenta");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("paleyellow");
+col("lightyellow");
+col("mediumyellow");
+col("yellow");
+col("lightolive");
+col("olive");
+col("darkolive");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("palegray");
+col("lightgray");
+col("mediumgray");
+col("gray");
+col("heavygray");
+col("deepgray");
+col("darkgray");
+j -= 10;
+
+i += 150;
+j=0;
+
+col("black");
+col("white",fill=true);
+j -= 10;
+
+col("orange");
+col("fuchsia");
+j -= 10;
+col("chartreuse");
+col("springgreen");
+j -= 10;
+col("purple");
+col("royalblue");
+j -= 10;
+
+col("Cyan");
+col("Magenta");
+col("Yellow");
+col("Black");
+
+j -= 10;
+
+col("cmyk(red)");
+col("cmyk(blue)");
+col("cmyk(green)");
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cube.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cube.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..436e1e2729f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cube.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import three;
+dotgranularity=0; // Render dots as spheres.
+
+currentprojection=orthographic(5,4,2,center=true);
+
+size(5cm);
+size3(3cm,5cm,8cm);
+
+draw(unitbox);
+
+dot(unitbox,red);
+
+label("$O$",(0,0,0),NW);
+label("(1,0,0)",(1,0,0),S);
+label("(0,1,0)",(0,1,0),E);
+label("(0,0,1)",(0,0,1),Z);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cylinderskeleton.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cylinderskeleton.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7dcd1c81190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/cylinderskeleton.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import solids;
+
+size(0,100);
+
+revolution r=cylinder(O,1,1.5,Y+Z);
+draw(r,heavygreen);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/datagraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/datagraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..299b1594a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/datagraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(200,150,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real[] x={0,1,2,3};
+real[] y=x^2;
+
+draw(graph(x,y),red);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,
+ RightTicks(Label(fontsize(8)),new real[]{0,4,9}));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diagonal.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diagonal.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..32f3fc04be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diagonal.asy
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+draw((0,0)--(100,100));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..905b432c90d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(15cm,12cm,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real minpercent=20;
+real ignorebelow=0;
+string data="diatom.csv";
+string[] group;
+int[] begin,end;
+
+defaultpen(fontsize(8)+overwrite(MoveQuiet));
+
+file in=line(csv(input(data)));
+
+string depthlabel=in;
+string yearlabel=in;
+string[] taxa=in;
+group=in;
+begin=in;
+real[] depth;
+int[] year;
+real[][] percentage;
+
+while(true) {
+ real d=in;
+ if(eof(in)) break;
+ depth.push(d);
+ year.push(in);
+ percentage.push(in);
+}
+
+percentage=transpose(percentage);
+real depthmin=-min(depth);
+real depthmax=-max(depth);
+
+int n=percentage.length;
+
+int final;
+for(int taxon=0; taxon < n; ++taxon) {
+ real[] P=percentage[taxon];
+ if(max(P) < ignorebelow) continue;
+ final=taxon;
+}
+
+real angle=45;
+real L=3cm;
+pair Ldir=L*dir(angle);
+real ymax=-infinity;
+real margin=labelmargin();
+
+real location=0;
+
+for(int i=0; i < begin.length-1; ++i) end[i]=begin[i+1]-1;
+end[begin.length-1]=n-1;
+
+typedef void drawfcn(frame f);
+drawfcn[] draw=new drawfcn[begin.length];
+
+pair z0;
+
+for(int taxon=0; taxon < n; ++taxon) {
+ real[] P=percentage[taxon];
+ real maxP=max(P);
+ if(maxP < ignorebelow) continue;
+ picture pic;
+ real x=1;
+ if(maxP < minpercent) x=minpercent/maxP;
+ if(maxP > 100) x=50/maxP;
+ scale(pic,Linear(true,x),Linear(-1));
+ filldraw(pic,(0,depthmin)--graph(pic,P,depth)--(0,depthmax)--cycle,
+ gray(0.9));
+ xaxis(pic,Bottom,LeftTicks("$%.3g$",beginlabel=false,0,2),above=true);
+ xaxis(pic,Top,above=true);
+
+ frame label;
+ label(label,rotate(angle)*TeXify(taxa[taxon]),(0,0),N);
+
+ pair z=point(pic,N);
+ pair v=max(label);
+ int taxon=taxon;
+ pic.add(new void(frame f, transform t) {
+ pair z1=t*z+v;
+ ymax=max(ymax,z1.y+margin);
+ });
+
+ for(int i=0; i < begin.length; ++i) {
+ pair z=point(pic,N);
+ pair v=max(label);
+ if(taxon == begin[i]) {
+ pic.add(new void(frame f, transform t) {
+ pair Z=t*z+v;
+ z0=Z;
+ pair w0=Z+Ldir;
+ });
+ } else if(taxon == end[i]) {
+ int i=i;
+ pair align=2N;
+ pic.add(new void(frame, transform t) {
+ pair z0=z0;
+ pair z1=t*z+v;
+ pair w1=z1+Ldir;
+ draw[i]=new void(frame f) {
+ path g=z0--(z0.x+(ymax-z0.y)/Tan(angle),ymax)--
+ (z1.x+(ymax-z1.y)/Tan(angle),ymax)--z1;
+ draw(f,g);
+ label(f,group[i],point(g,1.5),align);
+ };
+ });
+ }
+ }
+
+ add(pic,label,point(pic,N));
+
+ if(taxon == 0) yaxis(pic,depthlabel,Left,RightTicks(0,10),above=true);
+ if(taxon == final) yaxis(pic,Right,LeftTicks("%",0,10),above=true);
+
+ add(shift(location,0)*pic);
+ location += pic.userMax.x;
+}
+
+add(new void(frame f, transform) {
+ for(int i=0; i < draw.length; ++i)
+ draw[i](f);
+ });
+
+for(int i=0; i < year.length; ++i)
+ if(year[i] != 0) label((string) year[i],(location,-depth[i]),E);
+
+label("\%",(0.5*location,point(S).y),5*S);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.csv b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d05c3f4bc9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/diatom.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"sediment depth (cm)","year","Achnanthes minutissima Kuetzing","Anomoeoneis vitrea (Grunow) Ross","Asterionella formosa Hassall","Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kuetzing","Fragilaria cf. tenera","Chaetoceros muelleri/elmorei cysts","Aulacoseira spp. ","Fragilaria capucina var. vaucheriae (Kuetzing)","Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton"
+"A","B","C"
+0,4,6
+0,2000,11.6959064327485,9.55165692007797,49.6101364522417,1.364522417154,0,0.974658869395711,0,2.14424951267057,4.09356725146199
+10,1998,20.2676864244742,11.2810707456979,34.7992351816444,2.39005736137667,0,0.191204588910134,0.573613766730402,0.382409177820268,7.55258126195029
+20,1996,21.1282051282051,33.6410256410256,24,2.35897435897436,0.615384615384615,0,0.205128205128205,0.615384615384615,2.56410256410256
+30,1994,25.7620452310718,21.0422812192724,31.3667649950836,2.16322517207473,0.393313667649951,0.393313667649951,0.196656833824975,1.76991150442478,3.73647984267453
+40,1992,21.0422812192724,16.5191740412979,42.9695181907571,0.589970501474926,0,0.983284169124877,0.589970501474926,0.393313667649951,1.96656833824975
+50,1990,23.1067961165049,24.0776699029126,29.126213592233,1.35922330097087,0,0.970873786407767,0.388349514563107,0.58252427184466,3.30097087378641
+60,1988,35.0738916256158,33.3004926108374,4.33497536945813,1.37931034482759,0.591133004926108,1.97044334975369,1.18226600985222,0.985221674876847,2.75862068965517
+70,1986,42.2090729783037,33.7278106508876,2.26824457593688,1.38067061143984,0.788954635108481,1.18343195266272,0.591715976331361,1.38067061143984,3.25443786982249
+90,1984,34.5098039215686,41.9607843137255,0.196078431372549,2.15686274509804,0.588235294117647,2.74509803921569,0.588235294117647,2.15686274509804,0
+95,1982,38.0487804878049,45.4634146341463,0.487804878048781,0.975609756097561,0.975609756097561,0,0.390243902439024,0.390243902439024,0
+110,1980,40.1860465116279,41.4883720930233,1.30232558139535,0.837209302325581,0,0.930232558139535,0.372093023255814,0.372093023255814,1.3953488372093
+130,1978,39.6501457725948,42.1768707482993,0.291545189504373,0.194363459669582,2.72108843537415,1.55490767735666,0,1.36054421768707,0.777453838678329
+150,1972,32.6298701298701,31.4935064935065,1.86688311688312,1.78571428571429,0.162337662337662,13.961038961039,0.162337662337662,1.94805194805195,1.86688311688312
+170,1970,30.7692307692308,47.534516765286,0.986193293885602,3.35305719921105,0.19723865877712,1.38067061143984,0,1.18343195266272,0.591715976331361
+190,1965,40.5268490374873,37.8926038500507,1.82370820668693,2.63424518743668,0,1.21580547112462,0.405268490374873,1.21580547112462,1.01317122593718
+260,1961,40.4494382022472,26.0299625468165,0.468164794007491,1.31086142322097,0.561797752808989,8.05243445692884,0,3.74531835205992,0.374531835205993
+280,1950,44.946025515211,11.9725220804711,0.294406280667321,0.785083415112856,16.48675171737,1.96270853778214,0.392541707556428,2.35525024533857,0
+290,1942,41.2818096135721,8.29406220546654,0.188501413760603,0.282752120640905,28.6522148916117,0.942507068803016,0.377002827521206,4.33553251649387,0
+300,1940,18.0995475113122,12.3076923076923,0,0.180995475113122,40.3619909502262,5.61085972850679,0,2.35294117647059,0
+310,1920,28.6844708209693,11.2759643916914,0.593471810089021,3.26409495548961,13.0563798219585,13.2542037586548,0.19782393669634,9.89119683481701,0.989119683481701
+320,1915,6.17977528089888,1.31086142322097,4.30711610486891,6.74157303370787,32.7715355805243,34.4569288389513,1.31086142322097,2.62172284644195,0
+330,1910,4.03846153846154,0.769230769230769,14.5192307692308,36.4423076923077,5,0.769230769230769,11.1538461538462,0,2.11538461538462
+340,1888,7.37148399612027,1.1639185257032,9.40834141610087,31.8137730358875,1.1639185257032,0.969932104752667,14.3549951503395,0.193986420950533,0.969932104752667
+400,1763,2.69749518304432,0.192678227360308,24.8554913294798,26.7822736030829,0.385356454720617,2.69749518304432,20.0385356454721,0,1.54142581888247
+450,1726,2.37859266600595,0.396432111000991,9.71258671952428,28.5431119920714,0.198216055500496,0.594648166501487,30.5252725470763,0,0.792864222001982
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/dots.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/dots.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..49acfce341f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/dots.asy
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+draw((0,0){up}..(100,25){right}..(200,0){down});
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/eetomumu.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/eetomumu.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..309547d1455
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/eetomumu.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import feynman;
+
+
+// set default line width to 0.8bp
+currentpen = linewidth(0.8);
+
+// scale all other defaults of the feynman module appropriately
+fmdefaults();
+
+// define vertex and external points
+
+real L = 50;
+
+pair zl = (-0.75*L,0);
+pair zr = (+0.75*L,0);
+
+pair xu = zl + L*dir(+120);
+pair xl = zl + L*dir(-120);
+
+pair yu = zr + L*dir(+60);
+pair yl = zr + L*dir(-60);
+
+
+// draw propagators and vertices
+
+drawFermion(xu--zl);
+drawFermion(zl--xl);
+
+drawPhoton(zl--zr);
+
+drawFermion(yu--zr);
+drawFermion(zr--yl);
+
+drawVertex(zl);
+drawVertex(zr);
+
+
+// draw momentum arrows and momentum labels
+
+drawMomArrow(xl--zl, Relative(left));
+label(Label("$k'$",2RightSide), xl--zl);
+
+label(Label("$k$",2LeftSide), xu--zl);
+
+drawMomArrow(zl--zr, Relative(left));
+label(Label("$q$",2RightSide), zl--zr);
+
+drawMomArrow(zr--yu, Relative(right));
+label(Label("$p'$",2LeftSide), zr--yu);
+
+label(Label("$p$",2RightSide), zr--yl);
+
+
+// draw particle labels
+
+label("$e^-$", xu, left);
+label("$e^+$", xl, left);
+
+label("$\mu^+$", yu, right);
+label("$\mu^-$", yl, right);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/elliptic.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/elliptic.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..728508f0110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/elliptic.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+struct curve {
+ real a=0;
+ real b=8;
+
+ real y2(real x) {
+ return x^3+a*x+b;
+ }
+
+ real disc() {
+ return -16*(4*a*a*a+27*b*b);
+ }
+
+ real lowx () {
+ return sqrt(-a/3);
+ }
+
+ int comps() {
+ if (a < 0) {
+ real x=sqrt(-a/3);
+ return y2(x) < 0 ? 2 : 1;
+ }
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ void locus(picture pic=currentpicture, real m, real M, int n=100,
+ pen p=currentpen) {
+ path flip(path p, bool close) {
+ path pp=reverse(yscale(-1)*p)..p;
+ return close ? pp..cycle : pp;
+ }
+ path section(real m, real M, int n) {
+ guide g;
+ real width=(M-m)/n;
+ for(int i=0; i <= n; ++i) {
+ real x=m+width*i;
+ real yy=y2(x);
+ if (yy > 0)
+ g=g..(x,sqrt(yy));
+ }
+ return g;
+ }
+
+ if (comps() == 1) {
+ draw(pic,flip(section(m,M,n),false),p);
+ }
+ else {
+ real x=lowx(); // The minimum on x^3+ax+b
+ if (m < x)
+ draw(pic,flip(section(m,min(x,M),n),true),p);
+ if (x < M)
+ draw(pic,flip(section(max(x,m),M,n),false),p);
+ }
+ }
+
+ pair neg(pair P) {
+ return finite(P.y) ? yscale(-1)*P : P;
+ }
+
+ pair add(pair P, pair Q) {
+ if (P.x == Q.x && P.x != Q.x)
+ return (0,infinity);
+ else {
+ real lambda=P == Q ? (3*P.x^2+a)/(2*P.y) : (Q.y-P.y)/(Q.x-P.x);
+ real Rx=lambda^2-P.x-Q.x;
+ return (Rx,(P.x-Rx)*lambda-P.y);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+import graph;
+import math;
+
+size(0,200);
+
+curve c; c.a=-1; c.b=4;
+
+pair oncurve(real x)
+{
+ return (x,sqrt(c.y2(x)));
+}
+
+picture output;
+
+axes();
+c.locus(-4,3,.3red+.7blue);
+
+pair P=oncurve(-1),Q=oncurve(1.2);
+pair PP=c.add(P,P),sum=c.add(P,Q);
+
+save();
+
+drawline(P,Q,dashed);
+drawline(c.neg(sum),sum,dashed);
+dot("$P$", P, NW);
+dot("$Q$", Q, SSE);
+dot(c.neg(sum));
+dot("$P+Q$", sum, 2SW);
+
+add(output,currentpicture.fit(),(-0.5cm,0),W);
+
+restore();
+
+save();
+
+drawline(P,c.neg(PP),dashed);
+drawline(c.neg(PP),PP,dashed);
+dot("$P$", P, NW);
+dot(c.neg(PP));
+dot("$2P$", PP, SW);
+
+add(output,currentpicture.fit(),(0.5cm,0),E);
+
+shipout(output);
+
+restore();
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/errorbars.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/errorbars.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a8707b24972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/errorbars.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import graph;
+
+picture pic;
+real xsize=200, ysize=140;
+size(pic,xsize,ysize,IgnoreAspect);
+
+pair[] f={(5,5),(50,20),(90,90)};
+pair[] df={(0,0),(5,7),(0,5)};
+
+errorbars(pic,f,df,red);
+draw(pic,graph(pic,f),"legend",
+ marker(scale(0.8mm)*unitcircle,red,FillDraw(blue),above=false));
+
+scale(pic,true);
+
+xaxis(pic,"$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis(pic,"$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+add(pic,legend(pic),point(pic,NW),20SE,UnFill);
+
+picture pic2;
+size(pic2,xsize,ysize,IgnoreAspect);
+
+frame mark;
+filldraw(mark,scale(0.8mm)*polygon(6),green,green);
+draw(mark,scale(0.8mm)*cross(6),blue);
+
+draw(pic2,graph(pic2,f),marker(mark,markuniform(5)));
+
+scale(pic2,true);
+
+xaxis(pic2,"$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis(pic2,"$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+
+yequals(pic2,55.0,red+Dotted);
+xequals(pic2,70.0,red+Dotted);
+
+// Fit pic to W of origin:
+add(pic.fit(),(0,0),W);
+
+// Fit pic2 to E of (5mm,0):
+add(pic2.fit(),(5mm,0),E);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/exp.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/exp.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2c4eed90d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/exp.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import graph;
+size(150,0);
+
+real f(real x) {return exp(x);}
+pair F(real x) {return (x,f(x));}
+
+xaxis("$x$");
+yaxis("$y$",0);
+
+draw(graph(f,-4,2,operator ..),red);
+
+labely(1,E);
+label("$e^x$",F(1),SE);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/external-proposal.html b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/external-proposal.html
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3dcc97d95bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/external-proposal.html
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <meta http-equiv='Content-Type' content='text/html; charset=UTF-8' />
+ <title>Asymptote Proposal - External Modules</title>
+ <style><!--
+ --></style>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <h1>Asymptote Proposal &mdash External Modules</h1>
+ <h2>Overview</h2>
+ <p>External modules allow users to extend Asymptote by calling functions
+ written in another programming language.</p>
+ <p>Users do this by writing a .asyc file, which contains a mix of
+ Asymptote code and code from another language, say C++. Then, a program
+ is run which produces a .asy file and a C++ source file. The C++ file is
+ compiled to produce a shared library file. Then, the .asy file can be
+ imported in Asymptote to use the externally defined features.</p>
+ <p>This spec is describes a proposed feature that has not yet been
+ implemented. It is incomplete, and does not address all of the issues
+ involved in implementing the feature.</p>
+ <h2>Example</h2>
+ <p>Let&#8217;s look at a simple example that shows off the main features.
+ Asymptote currently doesn&#8217;t offer a way to read the contents of a
+ directory. This would be useful if, say, we wanted to make a series of
+ graphs for every .csv file in a directory.</p>
+ <pre>
+/*****
+ * dir.asyc
+ * Andy Hammerlindl 2007/09/11
+ *
+ * An example for the proposed external module support in Asymptote. This reads
+ * the contents of a directory via the POSIX commands.
+ *
+ * Example usage in asymptote:
+ * access dir;
+ * dir.entry[] entries= dir.open('.');
+ * for (dir.entry e : entries)
+ * write(e.name);
+ *****/
+
+// Verbatim code will appear in the c++ or asy file (as specified) interleaved
+// in the same order as it appears here.
+verbatim c++ {
+ #include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
+ #include &lt;dirent.h&gt;
+ #include &lt;errno.h&gt;
+
+ // asy.h is included by default (needed for hidden code, anyway).
+ // Asymptote-specific types, such as array below, are in the asy namespace.
+ using namespace asy;
+}
+
+// Define a new opaque type in asy which is internally represented by struct
+// dirent *. This is too messy to expose to users of the module, so define
+// everything as private.
+private asytype const struct dirent *entry_t;
+
+private int entry_d_ino(entry_t e) {
+ return (Int)e-&gt;d_ino;
+}
+
+private int entry_d_off(entry_t e) {
+ return (Int)e-&gt;d_off;
+}
+
+private int entry_d_reclen(entry_t e) {
+ return (Int)e-&gt;reclen;
+}
+
+private string entry_d_type(entry_t e) {
+ return string( /*length*/ 1, e-&gt;d_type);
+}
+
+private string entry_d_name(entry_t e) {
+ return string(e-&gt;d_name);
+}
+
+// Define an asy structure to expose the information. These steps are annoying,
+// but straightforward, and not too hard to plow through.
+verbatim asy {
+ struct entry {
+ restricted int ino;
+ restricted int off;
+ restricted int reclen;
+ restricted int type;
+ restricted string name;
+
+ void operator init(entry_t e) {
+ ino=entry_d_ino(e);
+ off=entry_d_off(e);
+ reclen=entry_d_reclen(e);
+ type=entry_d_type(e);
+ name=entry_d_name(e);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+
+// Given the name of a directory, return an array of entries. Return 0
+// (a null array) on error.
+private entry_t[] base_read(string name)
+{
+ DIR *dir=opendir(name.c_str());
+
+ // TODO: Add standard style of error reporting.
+ if (dir == NULL)
+ return 0;
+
+ // Create the array structure.
+ // array is derived from gc, so will be automatically memory-managed.
+ array *a=new array();
+
+ struct dirent *entry;
+ while (entry=readdir(dir))
+ a-&gt;push&lt;struct dirent *&gt;(entry);
+
+ // The loop has exited, either by error, or after reading the entire
+ // directory. Check before closedir(), in case that call resets errno.
+ if (errno != 0) {
+ closedir(dir);
+ return 0;
+ }
+
+ closedir(dir);
+ return a;
+}
+
+verbatim asy {
+ private entry[] cleanEntries(entry_t[] raw_entries) {
+ if (raw_entries) {
+ entry[] entries;
+ for (entry_t e : raw_entries)
+ entries.push(entry(e));
+ return entries;
+ }
+ return null;
+ }
+
+ entry[] read(string name) {
+ return cleanEntries(base_read(name));
+ }
+}
+
+</pre>
+ <h2>Type Mappings</h2>
+ <p>Types in Asymptote do not directly relate to types in C++, but there
+ is a partial mapping between them. The header file
+ <code>asymptote.h</code> provides typedefs for the primitive asymptote
+ types. For instance <code>string</code> in Asymptote maps to the C++
+ class <code>asy::string</code> which is a variant of
+ <code>std::string</code> and <code>real</code> to <code>asy::real</code>
+ which is a basic floating point type (probably <code>double</code>).
+ Because <code>int</code> is a reserved word in C++, the Asymptote type
+ <code>int</code> is mapped to <code>asy::Int</code> which is one of the
+ basic signed numeric types in C++ (currently 64 bit).
+ <code>asy::pair</code> is a class that implements complex numbers. In
+ the first version of the external module implementation, these will be
+ the only primitive types with mappings, but eventually all of them will
+ be added.</p>
+
+ <p>All Asymptote arrays, regardless of the cell type, are mapped to
+ <code>asy::array *</code> where <code>asy::array</code> is a C++ class.
+ The cells of the array are of the type <code>asy::item</code> which can
+ hold any Asymptote data type. Items can be constructed from any C++
+ type. Once constructed, the value of an item can be retrieved by the
+ function <code>template&lt;typename T&gt; T get(const item&amp;)</code>.
+ Calling <code>get</code> on an item using the wrong type generates a
+ runtime error. </p>
+<pre>
+// Examples of using item.
+item x((asy::Int)2);
+item y(3.4);
+item z=new array;
+item w=(asy::real)3.4;
+
+cout &lt;&lt; get&lt;asy::Int&gt;(x);
+cout &lt;&lt; get&lt;double&gt;(y);
+
+x=y; // x now stores a double.
+cout &lt;&lt; get&lt;double&gt;(x);
+
+cout &lt;&lt; get&lt;asy::real&gt;(w);
+</pre>
+
+ <p>The <code>asy::array</code> class implements, at a minimum, the
+ methods:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><code>size_t size()</code>
+ which returns the number of elements,</li>
+ <li><code>template &lt;typename T&gt; T read(size_t i) const</code>
+ which returns the i-th element, interpreted as being of type t.</li>
+ <li><code>template &lt;typename T&gt; void push(item i)</code>
+ adds the item to the end of the array.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>It allows access to elements of the array as items by
+ <code>operator[]</code>. We may specify that <code>asy::array</code>
+ be a model of the Random Access Container in the C++ Standard Template
+ Library. It is currently implemented as a subclass of an STL
+ vector.</p>
+<pre>
+// Example of a C++ function that doubles the entries in an array of integers.
+using namespace asy;
+
+void doubler(array *a) {
+ assert(a);
+ size_t length=a-&gt;size();
+ for (size_t i=0; i&lt;length; ++i) {
+ Int x=a-&gt;read&lt;Int&gt;(i); // This is shorthand for get&lt;Int&gt;((*a)[i]).
+ a[i]=2*x; // The type of 2*x is also Int, so this will enter
+ // the item as the proper type.
+ }
+}
+</pre>
+ <p>Users can map new Asymptote types to their own custom C++ types using
+ Opaque Type Declarations, explained below.</p>
+
+ <h2>Syntactic Features</h2>
+ <p>A .asyc file is neither an asy file with some C++ in it, nor a C++
+ with some asy code in it. It can only contain a small number of
+ specific constructs:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li>Comments</li>
+ <li>Function Definitions</li>
+ <li>Verbatim Code Block</li>
+ <li>Opaque Type Declaration</li>
+ </ul>
+ <!-- Move to after constructs -->
+ <p>Each component may produce code for either the .asy file, the .cc
+ file, or both. The pieces of code produced by each construct appears in
+ the output file in the same order as the constructs in the .asyc. For
+ example, if a function definition occurs before a verbatim Asymptote
+ code block, we can be sure that the function is defined and can be used
+ in that block. Similarly, if a verbatim C++ block occurs before a
+ function definition, then the body of the function can use features
+ declared in the verbatim section.</p>
+
+ <h3>Comments</h3>
+ <p>C++/Asymptote style comments using <code>/* */</code> or
+ <code>//</code> are allowed at the top level. These do not affect the
+ definition of the module, but the implementation may copy them into the
+ .asy and .cc to help explain the resulting code.</p>
+
+ <h3>Verbatim Code Blocks</h3>
+ <p>Verbatim code, ie. code to be copied directly into the either
+ the output .asy or .cc file can be specified in the .asyc file by
+ enclosing it in a verbatim code block. This starts with the special
+ identifier <code>verbatim</code> followed by either <code>c++</code>
+ or <code>asy</code> to specify into which file the code will be copied,
+ and then a block of code in braces. When the .asyc file is parsed,
+ the parser keeps track of matching open and close braces inside the
+ verbatim code block, so that the brace at the start of the block can
+ be matched with the one at the end. This matching process will ignore
+ braces occuring in comments and string and character literals.</p>
+ <h4>Open issue</h4>
+ <p>It may prove to be impractical to walk through the code, matching
+ braces. Also, this plan precludes having a verbatim block with an
+ unbalanced number of braces which might be useful, say to start a
+ namespace at the beginning of the C++ file, and end it at the end of the
+ file. As such, it may be useful to have another technique. A really
+ simple idea (with obvious drawbacks) would be to use the first closing
+ braces that occur at the same indentation level as the verbatim keyword
+ (assuming that the code block itself will be indented). Other
+ alternatives are to use more complicated tokens such as <code>%{</code>
+ and <code>%}</code>, or the shell style <code>&lt;&lt;EOF</code>.</p>
+
+ <h3>Function Definitions</h3>
+ <p>A function definition given at the top level of the file (and not
+ inside a verbatim block) looks much like a function definition in
+ Asymptote or C++, but is actually a mix of both. The header of the
+ function is given in Asymptote code, and defines how the function will
+ look in the resulting Asymptote module. The body, on the other hand, is
+ given in C++, and defines how the function is implemented in C++. As a
+ simple example, consider:
+ <pre>real sum(real x, real y=0.0) {
+ return x+y;
+}</pre>
+ <h4>Header</h4>
+ <p> The header of the definition gives
+ the name, permission, return type, and parameters of the function.
+ Because the function is defined for use in Asymptote, all of the types
+ are given as Asymptote types.</p>
+ <h5>Permissions</h5>
+ <p>As in pure Asymptote, the function can optionally be given a
+ <code>private</code>, <code>restricted</code> or <code>public</code>
+ permission. If not specified, the permission is <code>public</code> by
+ default. This is the permission that the function will have when it is
+ part of the Asymptote module. The example of <code>sum</code> above
+ specifies no permission, so it is public.</p>
+ <p>Just as public methods such as <code>plain.draw</code> can be
+ re-assigned by scripts that import the <code>plain</code> module, the
+ current plan is to allow Asymptote code to modify public members of any
+ module, including ones defined using native code. This is in contrast
+ to builtin functions bindings, which cannot be modified.</p>
+ <h5>Return Type</h5>
+ <p>This gives the Asymptote return type of the function. This cannot be
+ an arbitrary Asymptote type, but must one which maps to a C++ type as
+ explained in the type mapping section above. Our example of <code>sum</code> gives
+ <code>real</code> as a return type, which maps to the C++ type
+ <code>asy::real</code>.</p>
+ <h5>Function Name</h5>
+ <p>This gives the name of the function as it will appear in the
+ Asymptote module. In our example, the Asymptote name is
+ <code>sum</code>. The name can be any Asymptote identifier, including
+ operator names, such as <code>operator +</code>.</p>
+ <p>It is important to note that the Asymptote name has no relation to
+ the C++ name of the function, which may be something strange, such as
+ <code>_asy_func_modulename162</code>. Also, the actual signature and
+ return type of the C++ function may bear no relation to the Asymptote
+ signature. That said, the C++ name of the function may be defined by
+ giving the function name as <code>asyname:cname</code>. Then it can be
+ referred to by other C++ code. The function will be defined with C
+ calling convention, so that its name is not mangled.</p>
+ <h5>Formal Parameters</h5>
+ <p>The function header takes a list of formal parameters. Just as in
+ pure Asymptote code, these can include <code>explicit</code>
+ keywords, type declarations with array and functional types, and rest
+ parameters. Just as with the return type of the function, the type of
+ each of the parameters must map to a C++ type.</p>
+ <p>Parameters may be given an optional Asymptote name and an optional
+ C++ name. These may be declared in one of six ways as in the following
+ examples:</p>
+ <pre>void f(int)
+void f(int name)
+void f(int :)
+void f(int asyname:)
+void f(int :cname)
+void f(int asyname:cname)
+</pre>
+ <p>If the parameter just contains a type, with no identifier,
+ then it has no Asymptote name and no C++ name. If it contains a single
+ name (with no colon), then that name is both the Asymptote and the C++
+ name. If it contains a colon in the place of an identifier, with an
+ optional name in front of the colon and an optional name behind the
+ colon, than the name in front (if given) is the Asymptote name, and the
+ name behind (if given) is the C++ name.</p>
+ <p>The Asymptote name can be any Asymptote identifier, including
+ operator names, but the C++ name must be a valid C++ identifier. For
+ instance <code>void f(int operator +)</code> is not allowed, as the
+ parameter would not have a valid C++ name. The examples
+ <code>void f(int operator +:)</code> and
+ <code>void f(int operator +:addop)</code> are allowed.</p>
+ <p>When called by Asymptote code, named arguments are only matched to
+ the Asymptote names, so for example a function defined by
+ <code>void f(int :x, string x:y)</code> could be called by
+ <code>f(x="hi mom", 4)</code>, but one defined by
+ <code>void f(int x, string x:y)</code> could not.</p>
+ <p>Each formal parameter may take a piece of code as a default value.
+ Because the function is implemented in C++, this code must be given as
+ C++ code. More akin to Asymptote than C++, default arguments may occur
+ for any non-rest parameters, not just those at the end of the list, and
+ may refer to earlier parameters in the list. Earlier parameters are
+ refered to by their C++ names. Example:
+<pre>void drawbox(pair center, real width, real height=2*width, pen p)</pre>
+ Default arguments are parsed by finding the next comma that is not part
+ of a comment, string literal, or character constant, and is not nested
+ inside parentheses. The C++ code between the equals-sign and the comma
+ is taken as the expression for the default argument.</p>
+ <h4>Body</h4>
+ <p>The body of the function is written as C++ code. When the .asyc
+ file is processed, this C++ code is copied verbatim into an actual C++
+ function providing the implementation. However, the actual body of the
+ resultant C++ function may contain code other than the body provided by
+ the user. This auxillary code could include instruction to retrieve the
+ arguments of the function from their representation in the Asymptote
+ virtual machine and bind them to local variables with their C++ names.
+ It could also include initialization and finalization code for the
+ function.</p>
+ <p>In writing code for the function body, one can be assured that all
+ function arguments with C++ names have been bound and are therefore
+ usable in the code. Since all parameters must have Asymptote types that
+ map to C++ types, the types of the paramaters in the body have the type
+ resulting from that mapping.</p>
+ <p>The <code>return</code> keyword can be used to return the result of
+ the function (or without an expression, if the return type was declared
+ as void). The Asymptote return type must map to a C++ type, and the
+ expression given in the return statement will be implicitly cast to that
+ type.</p>
+ <p>Since the implementation will likely not use an actual return
+ statement to return the value of the function back to the Asymptote
+ virtual machine, the interpreter of the .asyc file may walk through the
+ code converting return expressions into a special format in the actual
+ implementation of the function.<p>
+
+ <h3>Opaque Type Declarations</h3>
+ <p>There are a number of mappings between Asymptote and C++ types
+ builtin to the facility. For instance <code>int</code> maps to
+ <code>asy::Int</code> and <code>real</code> to <code>asy::real</code>.
+ Users, however, may want to reference other C++ objects in Asymptote
+ code. This done though opaque type declarations.</p>
+
+ <p>An opaque type declaration is given by an optional permission
+ modifier, the keyword <code>asytype</code>, a C++ type, and an Asymptote
+ identifier; in that order.</p>
+<pre>
+// Examples
+asytype char char;
+public asytype const std::list&lt;asy::Int&gt; *intList;
+private asytype const struct dirert *entry_t;
+</pre>
+ <p>This declaration mapping the Asymptote identifier to the C++ type
+ within the module. The permission of the Asymptote type is given by the
+ permission modifier (or public if the modifier is omitted). The type is
+ opaque, in that none of its internal structure is revealed in the
+ Asymptote code. Like any other type, however, objects of this new type
+ can be returned from functions, given as an arguments to functions, and
+ stored in variables, structures and arrays.</p>
+ <p>In many cases, such as the directory listing example at the start, it
+ will be practical to declare the type as private, and use an Asymptote
+ structure as a wrapper hiding the C++ implementation.</p>
+ </body>
+</html>
+
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/externalprc.tex b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/externalprc.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..96643d7cebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/externalprc.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+% Generate inline PRC images for latex with
+% asy -inlineimage teapot -render=4
+%
+% Generate inline PRC images for pdflatex with
+% asy -inlineimage teapot -render=4 -tex pdflatex
+%
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+\input teapot_.pre
+\RequirePackage{color,graphicx}
+\begin{document}
+\input teapot_.tex
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f19f51b286d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+// Introduction to Asymptote
+
+orientation=Landscape;
+
+settings.tex="pdflatex";
+
+import slide;
+import three;
+import animate;
+
+usersetting();
+
+viewportsize=pagewidth-2pagemargin;
+
+// To generate bibliographic references:
+// asy -k goysr
+// bibtex goysr_
+bibliographystyle("alpha");
+
+itempen=fontsize(22pt);
+
+titlepage("Asymptote: The Vector Graphics Language",
+ "Andy Hammerlindl and John Bowman",
+ "University of Toronto and University of Alberta","August 16, 2007",
+ "http://asymptote.sf.net");
+
+title("History");
+item("\TeX\ and METAFONT (Knuth, 1979)");
+item("MetaPost (Hobby, 1989): 2D Bezier Control Point Selection");
+item("Asymptote (Hammerlindl, Bowman, Prince, 2004): 2D \& 3D Graphics");
+
+title("Statistics (as of April, 2007)");
+item("Runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, etc.");
+item("1800 downloads a month from {\tt asymptote.sourceforge.net}.");
+item("33\ 000 lines of C++ code.");
+item("18\ 000 lines of Asymptote code.");
+
+title("Vector Graphics");
+item("Raster graphics assign colors to a grid of pixels.");
+figure("pixel.pdf");
+item("Vector graphics are graphics which still maintain their look when
+ inspected at arbitrarily small scales.");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+picture pic;
+
+path zoombox(real h) {
+ return box((-h,-h/2),(min(10,h),min(10,h)/2));
+}
+
+frame zoom(real h, real next=0) {
+ frame f;
+ draw(f, (0,-100){W}..{E}(0,0), Arrow);
+ clip(f, zoombox(h));
+ if(next > 0)
+ draw(f, zoombox(next));
+
+ return scale(100/h)*f;
+}
+
+add(zoom(100), (0,0));
+add(zoom(10), (200,0));
+add(zoom(1), (400,0));
+"));
+
+title("Cartesian Coordinates");
+asyfilecode("diagonal");
+item("units are {\tt PostScript} {\it big points\/} (1 {\tt bp} =
+1/72 {\tt inch})");
+item("{\tt --} means join the points with a linear segment to create
+a {\it path}");
+
+item("cyclic path:");
+
+asyfilecode("square");
+
+
+title("Scaling to a Given Size");
+
+item("{\tt PostScript} units are often inconvenient.");
+
+item("Instead, scale user coordinates to a specified final size:");
+
+code("
+size(101,101);
+draw((0,0)--(1,0)--(1,1)--(0,1)--cycle);
+");
+asyfigure("square");
+
+item("One can also specify the size in {\tt cm}:");
+
+asyfilecode("bigsquare");
+
+
+title("Labels");
+
+item("Adding and aligning \LaTeX\ labels is easy:");
+
+asyfilecode("labelsquare","height=6cm");
+
+
+title("2D Bezier Splines");
+
+item("Using {\tt ..} instead of {\tt --} specifies a {\it Bezier cubic
+spline}:");
+
+code("
+draw(z0 .. controls c0 and c1 .. z1,blue);
+");
+asyfigure("beziercurve","height=7cm");
+
+equation("(1-t)^3 z_0+3t(1-t)^2 c_0+3t^2(1-t) c_1+t^3 z_1, \qquad t\in [0,1].");
+
+title("Smooth Paths");
+
+item("Asymptote can choose control points for you, using the algorithms of
+Hobby and Knuth \cite{Hobby86,Knuth86b}:");
+
+string bean="
+pair[] z={(0,0), (0,1), (2,1), (2,0), (1,0)};
+";
+
+asycode(preamble="size(130,0);",bean+"
+draw(z[0]..z[1]..z[2]..z[3]..z[4]..cycle,
+ grey+linewidth(5));
+dot(z,linewidth(7));
+");
+
+item("First, linear equations involving the curvature are solved to find the
+ direction through each knot. Then, control points along those directions
+ are chosen:");
+
+asyfigure(asywrite(preamble="size(130,0);",bean+"
+path p=z[0]..z[1]..z[2]..z[3]..z[4]..cycle;
+
+dot(z);
+draw(p,lightgrey+linewidth(5));
+dot(z);
+
+picture output;
+save();
+for (int i=0; i<length(p); ++i) {
+ pair z=point(p,i), dir=dir(p,i);
+ draw((z-0.3dir)--(z+0.3dir), Arrow);
+}
+add(output, currentpicture.fit(), (-0.5inch, 0), W);
+restore();
+
+save();
+guide g;
+for (int i=0; i<length(p); ++i) {
+ dot(precontrol(p,i));
+ dot(postcontrol(p,i));
+ g=g--precontrol(p,i)--point(p,i)--postcontrol(p,i);
+}
+draw(g--cycle,dashed);
+add(output, currentpicture.fit(), (+0.5inch, 0), E);
+restore();
+
+shipout(output);
+"));
+
+title("Filling");
+item("Use {\tt fill} to fill the inside of a path:");
+asycode(preamble="size(0,200);","
+path star;
+for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
+ star=star--dir(90+144i);
+star=star--cycle;
+fill(shift(-1,0)*star,orange+zerowinding);
+draw(shift(-1,0)*star,linewidth(3));
+fill(shift(1,0)*star,blue+evenodd);
+draw(shift(1,0)*star,linewidth(3));
+");
+
+title("Filling");
+item("Use a list of paths to fill a region with holes:");
+asycode(preamble="size(0,300);","
+path[] p={scale(2)*unitcircle, reverse(unitcircle)};
+fill(p,green+zerowinding);
+");
+
+title("Clipping");
+item("Pictures can be clipped to lie inside a path:");
+asycode(preamble="
+size(0,200);
+guide star;
+for (int i=0; i<5; ++i)
+ star=star--dir(90+144i);
+star=star--cycle;","
+fill(star,orange+zerowinding);
+clip(scale(0.7)*unitcircle);
+draw(scale(0.7)*unitcircle);
+");
+item("All of Asymptote's graphical capabilities are based on four primitive
+ commands: {\tt draw}, {\tt fill}, {\tt clip}, and {\tt label}.");
+
+title("Affine Transforms");
+
+item("Affine transformations: shifts, rotations, reflections, and scalings.");
+code("
+transform t=rotate(90);
+write(t*(1,0)); // Writes (0,1).
+");
+
+item("Pairs, paths, pens, strings, and whole pictures can be transformed.");
+code("
+fill(P,blue);
+fill(shift(2,0)*reflect((0,0),(0,1))*P, red);
+fill(shift(4,0)*rotate(30)*P, yellow);
+fill(shift(6,0)*yscale(0.7)*xscale(2)*P, green);
+");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+size(500,0);
+real bw=0.15;
+real sw=0.2;
+real r=0.15;
+
+path outside=(0,0)--(0,1)--
+ (bw+sw,1)..(bw+sw+r+bw,1-(r+bw))..(bw+sw,1-2(r+bw))--
+ (bw,1-2(r+bw))--(bw,0)--cycle;
+path inside=(bw,1-bw-2r)--(bw,1-bw)--
+ (bw+sw,1-bw)..(bw+sw+r,1-bw-r)..(bw+sw,1-bw-2r)--cycle;
+//fill(new path[] {outside, reverse(inside)},yellow);
+
+path[] P={outside, reverse(inside)};
+
+fill(P,blue);
+fill(shift(2,0)*reflect((0,0),(0,1))*P, red);
+fill(shift(4,0)*rotate(30)*P, yellow);
+fill(shift(6,0)*yscale(0.7)*xscale(2)*P, green);
+"));
+
+title("C++/Java-like Programming Syntax");
+
+code("// Declaration: Declare x to be real:
+real x;
+
+// Assignment: Assign x the value 1.
+x=1.0;
+
+// Conditional: Test if x equals 1 or not.
+if(x == 1.0) {
+ write(\"x equals 1.0\");
+} else {
+ write(\"x is not equal to 1.0\");
+}
+
+// Loop: iterate 10 times
+for(int i=0; i < 10; ++i) {
+ write(i);
+}");
+
+title("Helpful Math Notation");
+
+item("Integer division returns a {\tt real}. Use {\tt quotient} for an integer
+ result:");
+code("3/4==0.75 quotient(3,4)==0");
+
+item("Caret for real and integer exponentiation:");
+code("2^3 2.7^3 2.7^3.2");
+
+item("Many expressions can be implicitly scaled by a numeric constant:");
+code("2pi 10cm 2x^2 3sin(x) 2(a+b)");
+
+item("Pairs are complex numbers:");
+code("(0,1)*(0,1)==(-1,0)");
+
+title("Function Calls");
+
+item("Functions can take default arguments in any position. Arguments are
+ matched to the first possible location:");
+string unitsize="unitsize(0.65cm);";
+string preamble="void drawEllipse(real xsize=1, real ysize=xsize, pen p=blue) {
+ draw(xscale(xsize)*yscale(ysize)*unitcircle, p);
+}
+";
+
+asycode(preamble=unitsize,preamble+"
+drawEllipse(2);
+drawEllipse(red);
+");
+
+item("Arguments can be given by name:");
+asycode(preamble=unitsize+preamble,"
+drawEllipse(xsize=2, ysize=1);
+drawEllipse(ysize=2, xsize=3, green);
+");
+
+title("Rest Arguments");
+item("Rest arguments allow one to write a function that takes an arbitrary
+ number of arguments:");
+code("
+int sum(... int[] nums) {
+ int total=0;
+ for (int i=0; i < nums.length; ++i)
+ total += nums[i];
+ return total;
+}
+
+sum(1,2,3,4); // returns 10
+sum(); // returns 0
+sum(1,2,3 ... new int[] {4,5,6}); // returns 21
+
+int subtract(int start ... int[] subs) {
+ return start - sum(... subs);
+}
+");
+
+title("Higher-Order Functions");
+
+item("Functions are first-class values. They can be passed to other
+ functions:");
+code("real f(real x) {
+ return x*sin(10x);
+}
+draw(graph(f,-3,3,300),red);");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+import graph;
+size(300,0);
+real f(real x) {
+ return x*sin(10x);
+}
+draw(graph(f,-3,3,300),red);
+"));
+
+title("Higher-Order Functions");
+item("Functions can return functions:");
+equation("f_n(x)=n\sin\left(\frac{x}{n}\right).");
+skip();
+string preamble="
+import graph;
+size(300,0);
+";
+string graphfunc2="
+typedef real func(real);
+func f(int n) {
+ real fn(real x) {
+ return n*sin(x/n);
+ }
+ return fn;
+}
+
+func f1=f(1);
+real y=f1(pi);
+
+for (int i=1; i<=5; ++i)
+ draw(graph(f(i),-10,10),red);
+";
+code(graphfunc2);
+string name=asywrite(graphfunc2,preamble=preamble);
+asy(nativeformat(),name+".asy");
+label(graphic(name+"."+nativeformat()),(0.5,0),
+ Fill(figureborder,figuremattpen));
+
+title("Anonymous Functions");
+
+item("Create new functions with {\tt new}:");
+code("
+path p=graph(new real (real x) { return x*sin(10x); },-3,3,red);
+
+func f(int n) {
+ return new real (real x) { return n*sin(x/n); };
+}");
+
+item("Function definitions are just syntactic sugar for assigning function
+objects to variables.");
+code("
+real square(real x) {
+ return x^2;
+}
+");
+
+remark("is equivalent to");
+code("
+real square(real x);
+square=new real (real x) {
+ return x^2;
+};
+");
+
+title("Structures");
+
+item("As in other languages, structures group together data.");
+code("
+struct Person {
+ string firstname, lastname;
+ int age;
+}
+Person bob=new Person;
+bob.firstname=\"Bob\";
+bob.lastname=\"Chesterton\";
+bob.age=24;
+");
+
+item("Any code in the structure body will be executed every time a new structure
+ is allocated...");
+code("
+struct Person {
+ write(\"Making a person.\");
+ string firstname, lastname;
+ int age=18;
+}
+Person eve=new Person; // Writes \"Making a person.\"
+write(eve.age); // Writes 18.
+");
+
+title("Object-Oriented Programming");
+item("Functions are defined for each instance of a structure.");
+code("
+struct Quadratic {
+ real a,b,c;
+ real discriminant() {
+ return b^2-4*a*c;
+ }
+ real eval(real x) {
+ return a*x^2 + b*x + c;
+ }
+}
+");
+
+item("This allows us to construct ``methods'' which are just normal functions
+ declared in the environment of a particular object:");
+code("
+Quadratic poly=new Quadratic;
+poly.a=-1; poly.b=1; poly.c=2;
+
+real f(real x)=poly.eval;
+real y=f(2);
+draw(graph(poly.eval, -5, 5));
+");
+
+title("Specialization");
+
+item("Can create specialized objects just by redefining methods:");
+code("
+struct Shape {
+ void draw();
+ real area();
+}
+
+Shape rectangle(real w, real h) {
+ Shape s=new Shape;
+ s.draw = new void () {
+ fill((0,0)--(w,0)--(w,h)--(0,h)--cycle); };
+ s.area = new real () { return w*h; };
+ return s;
+}
+
+Shape circle(real radius) {
+ Shape s=new Shape;
+ s.draw = new void () { fill(scale(radius)*unitcircle); };
+ s.area = new real () { return pi*radius^2; }
+ return s;
+}
+");
+
+title("Overloading");
+item("Consider the code:");
+code("
+int x1=2;
+int x2() {
+ return 7;
+}
+int x3(int y) {
+ return 2y;
+}
+
+write(x1+x2()); // Writes 9.
+write(x3(x1)+x2()); // Writes 11.
+");
+
+title("Overloading");
+item("{\tt x1}, {\tt x2}, and {\tt x3} are never used in the same context, so
+ they can all be renamed {\tt x} without ambiguity:");
+code("
+int x=2;
+int x() {
+ return 7;
+}
+int x(int y) {
+ return 2y;
+}
+
+write(x+x()); // Writes 9.
+write(x(x)+x()); // Writes 11.
+");
+
+item("Function definitions are just variable definitions, but variables are
+ distinguished by their signatures to allow overloading.");
+
+title("Operators");
+item("Operators are just syntactic sugar for functions, and can be addressed or
+ defined as functions with the {\tt operator} keyword.");
+code("
+int add(int x, int y)=operator +;
+write(add(2,3)); // Writes 5.
+
+// Don't try this at home.
+int operator +(int x, int y) {
+ return add(2x,y);
+}
+write(2+3); // Writes 7.
+");
+item("This allows operators to be defined for new types.");
+
+title("Operators");
+item("Operators for constructing paths are also functions:");
+code("a.. controls b and c .. d--e");
+remark("is equivalent to");
+code(
+ "operator --(operator ..(a, operator controls(b,c), d), e)");
+item("This allowed us to redefine all of the path operators for 3D paths.");
+asyfigure("helix","height=10cm");
+
+title("Packages");
+
+item("Function and structure definitions can be grouped into packages:");
+code("
+// powers.asy
+real square(real x) { return x^2; }
+real cube(real x) { return x^3; }
+");
+remark("and imported:");
+code("
+import powers;
+real eight=cube(2.0);
+draw(graph(powers.square, -1, 1));
+");
+
+title("Packages");
+
+item("There are packages for Feynman diagrams,");
+asyfigure("eetomumu","height=6cm");
+remark("data structures,");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+import binarytree;
+
+binarytree bt=binarytree(1,2,4,nil,5,nil,nil,0,nil,nil,3,6,nil,nil,7);
+draw(bt);
+"),"height=6cm");
+newslide();
+remark("algebraic knot theory:");
+asyfigure("knots");
+equations("\Phi\Phi(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5)
+ = &\rho_{4b}(x_1+x_4,x_2,x_3,x_5) + \rho_{4b}(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4) \\
+ + &\rho_{4a}(x_1,x_2+x_3,x_4,x_5) - \rho_{4b}(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4+x_5) \\
+ - &\rho_{4a}(x_1+x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5) - \rho_{4a}(x_1,x_2,x_4,x_5).");
+
+title("Textbook Graph");
+asy(nativeformat(),"exp");
+filecode("exp.asy");
+label(graphic("exp."+nativeformat(),"height=10cm"),(0.5,0),
+ Fill(figureborder,figuremattpen));
+
+title("Scientific Graph");
+asyfilecode("lineargraph","height=13cm",newslide=true);
+
+title("Data Graph");
+asyfilecode("datagraph","height=13cm",newslide=true);
+
+title("Imported Data Graph");
+asyfilecode("filegraph","height=15cm",newslide=true);
+
+title("Logarithmic Graph");
+asyfilecode("loggraph","height=15cm",newslide=true);
+
+title("Secondary Axis");
+asyfigure("secondaryaxis","height=15cm");
+
+title("Images");
+asyfigure("imagecontour","height=17cm");
+
+title("Multiple Graphs");
+asyfigure("diatom","height=17cm");
+
+title("Hobby's 2D Direction Algorithm");
+item("A tridiagonal system of linear equations is solved to determine any unspecified directions $\theta_k$ and $\phi_k$ through each knot $z_k$:");
+
+equation("\frac{\theta_{k-1}-2\phi_k}{\ell_k}=
+\frac{\phi_{k+1}-2\theta_k}{\ell_{k+1}}.");
+
+asyfigure("Hobbydir","height=9cm");
+
+item("The resulting shape may be adjusted by modifying optional {\it tension\/} parameters and {\it curl\/} boundary conditions.");
+
+//involving the curvature
+
+title("Hobby's 2D Control Point Algorithm");
+item("Having prescribed outgoing and incoming path directions $e^{i\theta}$
+at node~$z_0$ and $e^{i\phi}$ at node $z_1$ relative to the
+vector $z_1-z_0$, the control points are determined as:");
+
+equations("u&=&z_0+e^{i\theta}(z_1-z_0)f(\theta,-\phi),\nonumber\\
+v&=&z_1-e^{i\phi}(z_1-z_0)f(-\phi,\theta),");
+
+remark("where the relative distance function $f(\theta,\phi)$ is given by Hobby [1986].");
+
+asyfigure("Hobbycontrol","height=9cm");
+
+title("Bezier Curves in 3D");
+
+item("Apply an affine transformation");
+
+equation("x'_i=A_{ij} x_j+C_i");
+
+remark("to a Bezier curve:");
+
+equation("x(t)=\sum_{k=0}^3 B_k(t) P_k, \qquad t\in [0,1].");
+
+item("The resulting curve is also a Bezier curve:");
+
+equations("x'_i(t)&=&\sum_{k=0}^3 B_k(t) A_{ij}(P_k)_j+C_i\nonumber\\
+&=&\sum_{k=0}^3 B_k(t) P'_k,");
+
+remark("where $P'_k$ is the transformed $k^{\rm th}$ control point, noting
+$\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^3 B_k(t)=1.$");
+
+title("3D Generalization of Hobby's algorithm");
+
+item("Must reduce to 2D algorithm in planar case.");
+
+item("Determine directions by applying Hobby's algorithm in the plane containing $z_{k-1}$, $z_k$, $z_{k+1}$.");
+
+// Reformulate Hobby's equations in terms of the angle $\psi_k=$
+item("The only ambiguity that can arise is the overall sign of the angles, which relates to viewing each 2D plane from opposing normal directions.");
+
+item("A reference vector based on the mean unit normal of successive segments can be used to resolve such ambiguities.");
+
+title("3D Control Point Algorithm");
+
+item("Hobby's control point algorithm can be generalized to 3D by expressing it in terms of the absolute directions $\omega_0$ and $\omega_1$:");
+
+equation("u=z_0+\omega_0\left|z_1-z_0\right|f(\theta,-\phi),");
+equation("v=z_1-\omega_1\left|z_1-z_0\right|f(-\phi,\theta),");
+
+asyfigure("Hobbycontrol");
+
+remark("interpreting $\theta$ and $\phi$ as the angle between the corresponding path direction vector and $z_1-z_0$.");
+
+item("In this case there is an unambiguous reference vector for determining the relative sign of the angles $\phi$ and $\theta$.");
+
+viewportmargin=(0,0.5cm);
+defaultpen(1.0);
+title("Interactive 3D Saddle");
+item("A unit circle in the $X$--$Y$ plane may be filled and drawn with:
+(1,0,0)..(0,1,0)..(-1,0,0)..(0,-1,0)..cycle");
+asyinclude("unitcircle3",8cm);
+remark("and then distorted into a saddle:\\ (1,0,0)..(0,1,1)..(-1,0,0)..(0,-1,1)..cycle");
+asyinclude("saddle",8cm);
+
+viewportmargin=(0,2cm);
+title("Smooth 3D surfaces");
+asyinclude("GaussianSurface",15cm);
+defaultpen(0.5);
+
+title("Slide Presentations");
+item("Asymptote has a package for preparing slides.");
+item("It even supports embedded high-resolution PDF movies.");
+
+code('
+title("Slide Presentations");
+item("Asymptote has a package for preparing slides.");
+item("It even supports embedded high-resolution PDF movies.");
+');
+remark("\quad\ldots");
+
+import graph;
+
+pen p=linewidth(1);
+pen dotpen=linewidth(5);
+
+pair wheelpoint(real t) {return (t+cos(t),-sin(t));}
+
+guide wheel(guide g=nullpath, real a, real b, int n)
+{
+ real width=(b-a)/n;
+ for(int i=0; i <= n; ++i) {
+ real t=a+width*i;
+ g=g--wheelpoint(t);
+ }
+ return g;
+}
+
+real t1=0;
+real t2=t1+2*pi;
+
+picture base;
+draw(base,circle((0,0),1),p);
+draw(base,wheel(t1,t2,100),p+linetype("0 2"));
+yequals(base,Label("$y=-1$",1.0),-1,extend=true,p+linetype("4 4"));
+xaxis(base,Label("$x$",align=3SW),0,p);
+yaxis(base,"$y$",0,1.3,p);
+pair z1=wheelpoint(t1);
+pair z2=wheelpoint(t2);
+dot(base,z1,dotpen);
+dot(base,z2,dotpen);
+
+animation a;
+
+int n=25;
+real dt=(t2-t1)/n;
+for(int i=0; i <= n; ++i) {
+ picture pic;
+ size(pic,24cm);
+ real t=t1+dt*i;
+ add(pic,base);
+ draw(pic,circle((t,0),1),p+red);
+ dot(pic,wheelpoint(t),dotpen);
+ a.add(pic);
+}
+
+display(a.pdf(delay=150,"controls"));
+
+title("Automatic Sizing");
+item("Figures can be specified in user coordinates, then
+ automatically scaled to the desired final size.");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+import graph;
+
+size(0,100);
+
+frame cardsize(real w=0, real h=0, bool keepAspect=Aspect) {
+ picture pic;
+ pic.size(w,h,keepAspect);
+
+ real f(real t) {return 1+cos(t);}
+
+ guide g=polargraph(f,0,2pi,operator ..)--cycle;
+ filldraw(pic,g,pink);
+
+ xaxis(pic,\"$x$\");
+ yaxis(pic,\"$y$\");
+
+ dot(pic,\"$(a,0)$\",(1,0),N);
+ dot(pic,\"$(2a,0)$\",(2,0),N+E);
+
+ frame f=pic.fit();
+ label(f,\"{\tt size(\"+string(w)+\",\"+string(h)+\");}\",point(f,S),align=S);
+ return f;
+}
+
+add(cardsize(0,50), (0,0));
+add(cardsize(0,100), (230,0));
+add(cardsize(0,200), (540,0));
+"));
+
+title("Deferred Drawing");
+item("We can't draw a graphical object until we know the scaling
+ factors for the user coordinates.");
+item("Instead, store a function that when given the scaling information, draws
+ the scaled object.");
+code("
+void draw(picture pic=currentpicture, path g, pen p=currentpen) {
+ pic.add(new void(frame f, transform t) {
+ draw(f,t*g,p);
+ });
+ pic.addPoint(min(g),min(p));
+ pic.addPoint(max(g),max(p));
+}
+");
+
+title("Coordinates");
+item("Store bounding box information as the sum of user and true-size
+ coordinates:");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+size(0,150);
+
+path q=(0,0){dir(70)}..{dir(70)}(100,50);
+pen p=rotate(30)*yscale(0.7)*(lightblue+linewidth(20));
+draw(q,p);
+draw((90,10),p);
+
+currentpicture.add(new void(frame f, transform t) {
+ draw(f,box(min(t*q)+min(p),max(t*q)+max(p)), dashed);
+ });
+
+draw(box(min(q),max(q)));
+
+frame f;
+draw(f,box(min(p),max(p)));
+
+add(f,min(q));
+add(f,max(q));
+
+draw(q);
+"));
+
+code("pic.addPoint(min(g),min(p));
+pic.addPoint(max(g),max(p));");
+item("Filling ignores the pen width:");
+code("pic.addPoint(min(g),(0,0));
+pic.addPoint(max(g),(0,0));");
+item("Communicate with \LaTeX\ to determine label sizes:");
+
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+size(0,100);
+
+pen p=fontsize(30pt);
+frame f;
+label(f, \"$E=mc^2$\", p);
+draw(f, box(min(f),max(f)));
+shipout(f);
+"));
+
+title("Sizing");
+
+item("When scaling the final figure to a given size $S$, we first need to
+ determine a scaling factor $a>0$ and a shift $b$ so that all of the
+ coordinates when transformed will lie in the interval $[0,S]$. That is, if
+ $u$ and $t$ are the user and truesize components:");
+equation("0\le au+t+b \le S.");
+
+item("We are maximizing the variable $a$ subject to a number of inequalities.
+ This is a linear programming problem that can be solved by the simplex
+ method.");
+
+title("Sizing");
+item("Every addition of a coordinate $(t,u)$ adds two restrictions");
+equation("au+t+b\ge 0,");
+equation("au+t+b\le S,");
+remark("and each drawing component adds two coordinates.");
+item("A figure could easily produce thousands of restrictions, making the
+ simplex method impractical.");
+
+item("Most of these restrictions are redundant, however. For instance, with
+ concentric circles, only the largest circle needs to be accounted for.");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+import palette;
+size(160,0);
+pen[] p=Rainbow(NColors=11);
+for (int i=1; i<10; ++i) {
+ draw(scale(i)*unitcircle, p[i]+linewidth(2));
+}
+"));
+
+title("Redundant Restrictions");
+item("In general, if $u\le u'$ and $t\le t'$ then");
+equation("au+t+b\le au'+t'+b");
+remark("for all choices of $a>0$ and $b$, so");
+equation("0\le au+t+b\le au'+t'+b\le S.");
+item("This defines a partial ordering on coordinates. When sizing a picture,
+ the program first computes which coordinates are maximal (or minimal) and
+ only sends effective constraints to the simplex algorithm.");
+item("In practice, the linear programming problem will have less than a dozen
+ restraints.");
+item("All picture sizing is implemented in Asymptote code.");
+
+title("Infinite Lines");
+item("Deferred drawing allows us to draw infinite lines.");
+code("drawline(P, Q);");
+
+asyfigure("elliptic","height=12cm");
+
+title("A Final Example: Quilting");
+asyfigure(asywrite("
+import math;
+
+int n=8, skip=3;
+
+pair r(int k) { return unityroot(n,k); }
+
+pen col=blue, col2=purple;
+
+guide square=box((1,1),(-1,-1));
+
+guide step(int mult)
+{
+ guide g;
+ for (int k=0; k<n; ++k)
+ g=g--r(mult*k);
+ g=g--cycle;
+ return g;
+}
+
+guide oct=step(1), star=step(skip);
+
+guide wedge(pair z, pair v, real r, real a)
+{
+ pair w=expi(a/2.0);
+ v=unit(v)*r;
+ return shift(z)*((0,0)--v*w--v*conj(w)--cycle);
+}
+
+filldraw(square, col);
+filldraw(oct, yellow);
+
+// The interior angle of the points of the star.
+real intang=pi*(1-((real)2skip)/((real)n));
+
+for (int k=0; k<n; ++k) {
+ pair z=midpoint(r(k)--r(k+1));
+ guide g=wedge(z,-z,1,intang);
+ filldraw(g,col2);
+}
+
+fill(star,yellow);
+filldraw(star,evenodd+col);
+
+size(5inch,0);
+"));
+
+bibliography("refs");
+
+viewportsize=viewportmargin=0;
+title("\mbox{Asymptote: 2D \& 3D Vector Graphics Language}");
+asyinclude("../examples/logo3");
+skip();
+center("\tt http://asymptote.sf.net");
+center("(freely available under the GNU public license)");
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro_.bbl b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro_.bbl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b3e55e47eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/extra/intro_.bbl
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+\begin{thebibliography}{Knu86}
+
+\bibitem[Hob86]{Hobby86}
+John~D. Hobby.
+\newblock Smooth, easy to compute interpolating splines.
+\newblock {\em Discrete Comput. Geom.}, 1:123--140, 1986.
+
+\bibitem[Knu86]{Knuth86b}
+Donald~E. Knuth.
+\newblock {\em The METAFONTbook}.
+\newblock Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986.
+
+\end{thebibliography}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c56dd0234f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(200,150,IgnoreAspect);
+
+file in=line(input("filegraph.dat"));
+real[][] a=dimension(in,0,0);
+a=transpose(a);
+
+real[] x=a[0];
+real[] y=a[1];
+
+draw(graph(x,y),red);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.dat b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.dat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f69ffe330de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/filegraph.dat
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# x y
+ 50 0
+100 0.5
+125 2
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flow.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flow.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aba6c5aa055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flow.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import graph;
+defaultpen(1.0);
+
+size(0,150,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real arrowsize=4mm;
+real arrowlength=2arrowsize;
+
+typedef path vector(real);
+
+// Return a vector interpolated linearly between a and b.
+vector vector(pair a, pair b) {
+ return new path(real x) {
+ return (0,0)--arrowlength*interp(a,b,x);
+ };
+}
+
+real f(real x) {return 1/x;}
+
+real epsilon=0.5;
+path g=graph(f,epsilon,1/epsilon);
+
+int n=3;
+draw(g);
+xaxis("$x$");
+yaxis("$y$");
+
+add(vectorfield(vector(W,W),g,n,true));
+add(vectorfield(vector(NE,NW),(0,0)--(point(E).x,0),n,true));
+add(vectorfield(vector(NE,NE),(0,0)--(0,point(N).y),n,true));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flowchartdemo.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flowchartdemo.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..74940d92f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/flowchartdemo.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+size(0,300);
+
+import flowchart;
+
+block block1=rectangle(Label("Example",magenta),
+ pack(Label("Start:",heavygreen),"",Label("$A:=0$",blue),
+ "$B:=1$"),(-0.5,3),palegreen,paleblue,red);
+block block2=diamond(Label("Choice?",blue),(0,2),palegreen,red);
+block block3=roundrectangle("Do something",(-1,1));
+block block4=bevel("Don't do something",(1,1));
+block block5=circle("End",(0,0));
+
+draw(block1);
+draw(block2);
+draw(block3);
+draw(block4);
+draw(block5);
+
+add(new void(picture pic, transform t) {
+ draw(pic,path(new pair[]{block1.right(t),block2.top(t)},Horizontal),
+ Arrow,PenMargin);
+ draw(pic,Label("Yes",0.5),path(new pair[]{block2.left(t),block3.top(t)},
+ Horizontal),Arrow,PenMargin);
+ draw(pic,Label("No",0.5,N),path(new pair[]{block2.right(t),block4.top(t)},
+ Horizontal),Arrow,PenMargin);
+ draw(pic,path(new pair[]{block3.bottom(t),block5.left(t)},Vertical),
+ Arrow,PenMargin);
+ draw(pic,path(new pair[]{block4.bottom(t),block5.right(t)},Vertical),
+ Arrow,PenMargin);
+ });
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dfe1000838e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import graph;
+size(0,100);
+
+path g=ellipse((0,0),1,2);
+
+scale(true);
+
+axis(Label("C",align=10W),g,LeftTicks(endlabel=false,8,end=false),
+ ticklocate(0,360,new real(real v) {
+ path h=(0,0)--max(abs(max(g)),abs(min(g)))*dir(v);
+ return intersect(g,h)[0];}));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis3.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis3.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..68a01c8ce28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/generalaxis3.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import graph3;
+
+size(0,100);
+
+path3 g=yscale3(2)*unitcircle3;
+currentprojection=perspective(10,10,10);
+
+axis(Label("C",position=0,align=15X),g,InTicks(endlabel=false,8,end=false),
+ ticklocate(0,360,new real(real v) {
+ path3 h=O--max(abs(max(g)),abs(min(g)))*dir(90,v);
+ return intersect(g,h)[0];},
+ new triple(real t) {return cross(dir(g,t),Z);}));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/graphmarkers.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/graphmarkers.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f40f00d9ff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/graphmarkers.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(200,100,IgnoreAspect);
+
+markroutine marks() {
+ return new void(picture pic=currentpicture, frame f, path g) {
+ path p=scale(1mm)*unitcircle;
+ for(int i=0; i <= length(g); ++i) {
+ pair z=point(g,i);
+ frame f;
+ if(i % 4 == 0) {
+ fill(f,p);
+ add(pic,f,z);
+ } else {
+ if(z.y > 50) {
+ pic.add(new void(frame F, transform t) {
+ path q=shift(t*z)*p;
+ unfill(F,q);
+ draw(F,q);
+ });
+ } else {
+ draw(f,p);
+ add(pic,f,z);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ };
+}
+
+pair[] f={(5,5),(40,20),(55,51),(90,30)};
+
+draw(graph(f),marker(marks()));
+
+scale(true);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/grid3xyz.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/grid3xyz.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..888b9202eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/grid3xyz.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import grid3;
+
+size(8cm,0,IgnoreAspect);
+currentprojection=orthographic(0.5,1,0.5);
+
+scale(Linear, Linear, Log);
+
+limits((-2,-2,1),(0,2,100));
+
+grid3(XYZgrid);
+
+xaxis3(Label("$x$",position=EndPoint,align=S),Bounds(Min,Min),
+ OutTicks());
+yaxis3(Label("$y$",position=EndPoint,align=S),Bounds(Min,Min),OutTicks());
+zaxis3(Label("$z$",position=EndPoint,align=(-1,0.5)),Bounds(Min,Min),
+ OutTicks(beginlabel=false));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/hatch.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/hatch.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..126b5bec13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/hatch.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+size(0,100);
+import patterns;
+
+add("hatch",hatch());
+add("hatchback",hatch(NW));
+add("crosshatch",crosshatch(3mm));
+
+real s=1.25;
+filldraw(unitsquare,pattern("hatch"));
+filldraw(shift(s,0)*unitsquare,pattern("hatchback"));
+filldraw(shift(2s,0)*unitsquare,pattern("crosshatch"));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/helix.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/helix.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..768add3481a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/helix.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import graph3;
+
+size(0,200);
+size3(200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+currentprojection=orthographic(4,6,3);
+
+real x(real t) {return cos(2pi*t);}
+real y(real t) {return sin(2pi*t);}
+real z(real t) {return t;}
+
+path3 p=graph(x,y,z,0,2.7,operator ..);
+
+draw(p,Arrow3);
+
+scale(true);
+
+xaxis3(XZ()*"$x$",Bounds(),red,InTicks(Label,2,2));
+yaxis3(YZ()*"$y$",Bounds(),red,InTicks(beginlabel=false,Label,2,2));
+zaxis3(XZ()*"$z$",Bounds(),red,InTicks);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/histogram.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/histogram.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ec00d6638d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/histogram.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import graph;
+import stats;
+
+size(400,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+int n=10000;
+real[] a=new real[n];
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) a[i]=Gaussrand();
+
+draw(graph(Gaussian,min(a),max(a)),blue);
+
+// Optionally calculate "optimal" number of bins a la Shimazaki and Shinomoto.
+int N=bins(a);
+
+histogram(a,min(a),max(a),N,normalize=true,low=0,lightred,black,bars=false);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$dP/dx$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/icon.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/icon.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1701fe0f32e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/icon.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(30,30,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real f(real t) {return t < 0 ? -1/t : -0.5/t;}
+
+picture logo(pair s=0, pen q)
+{
+ picture pic;
+ pen p=linewidth(3)+q;
+ real a=-0.5;
+ real b=1;
+ real eps=0.1;
+ draw(pic,shift((eps,-f(a)))*graph(f,a,-eps),p);
+ real c=0.5*a;
+ pair z=(0,f(c)-f(a));
+ draw(pic,z+c+eps--z,p);
+ yaxis(pic,p);
+ return shift(s)*pic;
+}
+
+add(logo(red));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/image.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/image.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3270c06e31e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/image.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+size(12cm,12cm);
+
+import graph;
+import palette;
+
+int n=256;
+real ninv=2pi/n;
+real[][] v=new real[n][n];
+
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i)
+ for(int j=0; j < n; ++j)
+ v[i][j]=sin(i*ninv)*cos(j*ninv);
+
+pen[] Palette=BWRainbow();
+
+picture bar;
+
+bounds range=image(v,(0,0),(1,1),Palette);
+palette(bar,"$A$",range,(0,0),(0.5cm,8cm),Right,Palette,
+ PaletteTicks("$%+#.1f$"));
+add(bar.fit(),point(E),30E);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/imagecontour.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/imagecontour.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..25fdb3f6ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/imagecontour.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import graph;
+import palette;
+import contour;
+
+size(10cm,10cm,IgnoreAspect);
+
+pair a=(0,0);
+pair b=(2pi,2pi);
+
+real f(real x, real y) {return cos(x)*sin(y);}
+
+int N=200;
+int Divs=10;
+int divs=2;
+
+defaultpen(1bp);
+pen Tickpen=black;
+pen tickpen=gray+0.5*linewidth(currentpen);
+pen[] Palette=BWRainbow();
+
+scale(false);
+
+bounds range=image(f,Automatic,a,b,N,Palette);
+
+// Major contours
+
+real[] Cvals=uniform(range.min,range.max,Divs);
+draw(contour(f,a,b,Cvals,N,operator --),Tickpen);
+
+// Minor contours
+real[] cvals;
+for(int i=0; i < Cvals.length-1; ++i)
+ cvals.append(uniform(Cvals[i],Cvals[i+1],divs)[1:divs]);
+draw(contour(f,a,b,cvals,N,operator --),tickpen);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks,above=true);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks,above=true);
+
+palette("$f(x,y)$",range,point(NW)+(0,0.5),point(NE)+(0,1),Top,Palette,
+ PaletteTicks(N=Divs,n=divs,Tickpen,tickpen));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/install-sh b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/install-sh
new file mode 120000
index 00000000000..255ee584656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/install-sh
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../install-sh \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/irregularcontour.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/irregularcontour.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b72ddd0e08b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/irregularcontour.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import contour;
+
+size(200);
+
+int n=100;
+
+pair[] points=new pair[n];
+real[] values=new real[n];
+
+real f(real a, real b) {return a^2+b^2;}
+
+real r() {return 1.1*(rand()/randMax*2-1);}
+
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) {
+ points[i]=(r(),r());
+ values[i]=f(points[i].x,points[i].y);
+}
+
+draw(contour(points,values,new real[]{0.25,0.5,1},operator ..),blue);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..75fa14f36ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+size(300,0);
+pair[] z=new pair[10];
+
+z[0]=(0,100); z[1]=(50,0); z[2]=(180,0);
+
+for(int n=3; n <= 9; ++n)
+ z[n]=z[n-3]+(200,0);
+
+path p=z[0]..z[1]---z[2]::{up}z[3]
+&z[3]..z[4]--z[5]::{up}z[6]
+&z[6]::z[7]---z[8]..{up}z[9];
+
+draw(p,grey+linewidth(4mm));
+
+dot(z);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join3.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join3.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..62d5faaaee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/join3.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import graph3;
+
+size(200);
+
+currentprojection=orthographic(500,-500,500);
+
+triple[] z=new triple[10];
+
+z[0]=(0,100,0); z[1]=(50,0,0); z[2]=(180,0,0);
+
+for(int n=3; n <= 9; ++n)
+ z[n]=z[n-3]+(200,0,0);
+
+path3 p=z[0]..z[1]---z[2]::{Y}z[3]
+&z[3]..z[4]--z[5]::{Y}z[6]
+&z[6]::z[7]---z[8]..{Y}z[9];
+
+draw(p,grey+linewidth(4mm)+opacity(0.5));
+
+xaxis3(Label(XY()*"$x$",align=-3Y),red,above=true);
+yaxis3(Label(XY()*"$y$",align=-3X),red,above=true);
+
+dot(z);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/knots.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/knots.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..48881459d05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/knots.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import syzygy;
+
+Braid initial;
+initial.n = 4;
+initial.add(bp,1);
+initial.add(bp,0);
+initial.add(bp,2);
+initial.add(bp,1);
+initial.add(phi,2);
+initial.add(phi,0);
+
+Syzygy pp;
+pp.lsym="\Phi\Phi"; pp.codename="PhiAroundPhi";
+
+pp.number=true;
+pp.initial=initial;
+pp.apply(r4b,2,1);
+pp.apply(r4b,0,0);
+pp.apply(r4a,1,0);
+pp.swap(0,1);
+pp.apply(-r4b,1,0);
+pp.apply(-r4a,0,1);
+pp.apply(-r4a,2,0);
+pp.swap(4,5);
+
+pp.draw();
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/labelsquare.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/labelsquare.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..193314ae4d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/labelsquare.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+size(0,3cm);
+draw(unitsquare);
+label("$A$",(0,0),SW);
+label("$B$",(1,0),SE);
+label("$C$",(1,1),NE);
+label("$D$",(0,1),NW);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/latexusage.tex b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/latexusage.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c10c4f83d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/latexusage.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+\documentclass[12pt]{article}
+
+% Use this form to include EPS (latex) or PDF (pdflatex) files:
+\usepackage{asymptote}
+
+% Use this form with latex or pdflatex to include inline LaTeX code:
+%\usepackage[inline]{asymptote}
+
+% Enable this line to support PDF hyperlinks:
+%\usepackage[setpagesize=false]{hyperref}
+
+% Enable this line for PDF attachments with asy environment option attach=true:
+%\usepackage[dvips]{attachfile2}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{asydef}
+// Global Asymptote definitions can be put here.
+usepackage("bm");
+texpreamble("\def\V#1{\bm{#1}}");
+// One can globally override the default toolbar settings here:
+// settings.toolbar=true;
+\end{asydef}
+
+Here is a venn diagram produced with Asymptote, drawn to width 4cm:
+
+\def\A{A}
+\def\B{\V{B}}
+
+%\begin{figure}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{asy}
+size(4cm,0);
+pen colour1=red;
+pen colour2=green;
+
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair z1=(-1,0);
+pair z2=(1,0);
+real r=1.5;
+path c1=circle(z1,r);
+path c2=circle(z2,r);
+fill(c1,colour1);
+fill(c2,colour2);
+
+picture intersection=new picture;
+fill(intersection,c1,colour1+colour2);
+clip(intersection,c2);
+
+add(intersection);
+
+draw(c1);
+draw(c2);
+
+//draw("$\A$",box,z1); // Requires [inline] package option.
+//draw(Label("$\B$","$B$"),box,z2); // Requires [inline] package option.
+draw("$A$",box,z1);
+draw("$\V{B}$",box,z2);
+
+pair z=(0,-2);
+real m=3;
+margin BigMargin=Margin(0,m*dot(unit(z1-z),unit(z0-z)));
+
+draw(Label("$A\cap B$",0),conj(z)--z0,Arrow,BigMargin);
+draw(Label("$A\cup B$",0),z--z0,Arrow,BigMargin);
+draw(z--z1,Arrow,Margin(0,m));
+draw(z--z2,Arrow,Margin(0,m));
+
+shipout(bbox(0.25cm));
+\end{asy}
+%\caption{Venn diagram}\label{venn}
+\end{center}
+%\end{figure}
+
+Each graph is drawn in its own environment. One can specify the width
+and height to \LaTeX\ explicitly. This 3D example can be viewed
+interactively either with Adobe Reader or Asymptote's fast OpenGL-based
+renderer. It is often desirable to embed such files as annotated attachments;
+this requires the optional \verb+\usepackage{attachfile2}+ package and
+the \verb+{attach=true}+ option:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{asy}[height=4cm,attach=false]
+import three;
+draw(unitcube,blue);
+label("$V-E+F=2$",(0,1,0.5),3Y,blue+fontsize(17));
+\end{asy}
+\end{center}
+
+One can also scale the figure to the full line width:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{asy}[width=\the\linewidth]
+pair z0=(0,0);
+pair z1=(2,0);
+pair z2=(5,0);
+pair zf=z1+0.75*(z2-z1);
+
+draw(z1--z2);
+dot(z1,red+0.15cm);
+dot(z2,darkgreen+0.3cm);
+label("$m$",z1,1.2N,red);
+label("$M$",z2,1.5N,darkgreen);
+label("$\hat{\ }$",zf,0.2*S,fontsize(24)+blue);
+
+pair s=-0.2*I;
+draw("$x$",z0+s--z1+s,N,red,Arrows,Bars,PenMargins);
+s=-0.5*I;
+draw("$\bar{x}$",z0+s--zf+s,blue,Arrows,Bars,PenMargins);
+s=-0.95*I;
+draw("$X$",z0+s--z2+s,darkgreen,Arrows,Bars,PenMargins);
+\end{asy}
+\end{center}
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c2f3e027aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+size(400,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+import graph;
+import stats;
+
+file fin=line(input("leastsquares.dat"));
+
+real[][] a=dimension(fin,0,0);
+a=transpose(a);
+
+real[] t=a[0], rho=a[1];
+
+// Read in parameters from the keyboard:
+//real first=getreal("first");
+//real step=getreal("step");
+//real last=getreal("last");
+
+real first=100;
+real step=50;
+real last=700;
+
+// Remove negative or zero values of rho:
+t=rho > 0 ? t : null;
+rho=rho > 0 ? rho : null;
+
+scale(Log(true),Linear(true));
+
+int n=step > 0 ? ceil((last-first)/step) : 0;
+
+real[] T,xi,dxi;
+
+for(int i=0; i <= n; ++i) {
+ real first=first+i*step;
+ real[] logrho=(t >= first & t <= last) ? log(rho) : null;
+ real[] logt=(t >= first & t <= last) ? -log(t) : null;
+
+ if(logt.length < 2) break;
+
+ // Fit to the line logt=L.m*logrho+L.b:
+ linefit L=leastsquares(logt,logrho);
+
+ T.push(first);
+ xi.push(L.m);
+ dxi.push(L.dm);
+}
+
+draw(graph(T,xi),blue);
+errorbars(T,xi,dxi,red);
+
+crop();
+
+ylimits(0);
+
+xaxis("$T$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$\xi$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.dat b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.dat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a4d63d6e100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/leastsquares.dat
@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
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diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/legend.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/legend.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..09a31868ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/legend.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import graph;
+size(8cm,6cm,IgnoreAspect);
+
+typedef real realfcn(real);
+realfcn F(real p) {
+ return new real(real x) {return sin(p*x);};
+};
+
+for(int i=1; i < 5; ++i)
+ draw(graph(F(i*pi),0,1),Pen(i),
+ "$\sin("+(i == 1 ? "" : (string) i)+"\pi x)$");
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+
+attach(legend(2),(point(S).x,truepoint(S).y),10S,UnFill);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c352311ee72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(250,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real Sin(real t) {return sin(2pi*t);}
+real Cos(real t) {return cos(2pi*t);}
+
+draw(graph(Sin,0,1),red,"$\sin(2\pi x)$");
+draw(graph(Cos,0,1),blue,"$\cos(2\pi x)$");
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+
+label("LABEL",point(0),UnFill(1mm));
+
+attach(legend(),truepoint(E),20E,UnFill);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph0.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph0.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fc344181d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/lineargraph0.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(400,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real Sin(real t) {return sin(2pi*t);}
+real Cos(real t) {return cos(2pi*t);}
+
+draw(graph(Sin,0,1),red,"$\sin(2\pi x)$");
+draw(graph(Cos,0,1),blue,"$\cos(2\pi x)$");
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+
+label("LABEL",point(0),UnFill(1mm));
+
+add(legend(),point(E),20E,UnFill);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/linetype.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/linetype.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dc4762c2478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/linetype.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+void testline(real y) {
+ draw((0,y)--(100,y),currentpen+solid);
+ draw((0,y-10)--(100,y-10),currentpen+dotted);
+ draw((0,y-20)--(100,y-20),currentpen+dashed);
+ draw((0,y-30)--(100,y-30),currentpen+longdashed);
+ draw((0,y-40)--(100,y-40),currentpen+dashdotted);
+ draw((0,y-50)--(100,y-50),currentpen+longdashdotted);
+ draw((0,y-60)--(100,y-60),currentpen+Dotted);
+}
+
+currentpen=linewidth(0.5);
+testline(100);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/log2graph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/log2graph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..238f4126274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/log2graph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import graph;
+size(200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+// Base-2 logarithmic scale on y-axis:
+
+real log2(real x) {static real log2=log(2); return log(x)/log2;}
+real pow2(real x) {return 2^x;}
+
+scaleT yscale=scaleT(log2,pow2,logarithmic=true);
+scale(Linear,yscale);
+
+real f(real x) {return 1+x^2;}
+
+draw(graph(f,-4,4));
+
+yaxis("$y$",ymin=1,ymax=f(5),RightTicks(Label(Fill(white))),EndArrow);
+xaxis("$x$",xmin=-5,xmax=5,LeftTicks,EndArrow);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9dee2ffbbff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(200,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real f(real t) {return 1/t;}
+
+scale(Log,Log);
+
+draw(graph(f,0.1,10));
+
+//xlimits(1,10);
+//ylimits(0.1,1);
+
+dot(Label("(3,5)",align=S),Scale((3,5)));
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggrid.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggrid.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bb48a1e4ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/loggrid.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import graph;
+size(200,200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real f(real t) {return 1/t;}
+
+scale(Log,Log);
+draw(graph(f,0.1,10),red);
+pen thin=linewidth(0.5*linewidth());
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks(begin=false,end=false,extend=true,
+ ptick=thin));
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(begin=false,end=false,extend=true,
+ ptick=thin));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logimage.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logimage.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..65d6bb53111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logimage.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import graph;
+import palette;
+
+size(10cm,10cm,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real f(real x, real y) {
+ return 0.9*pow10(2*sin(x/5+2*y^0.25)) + 0.1*(1+cos(10*log(y)));
+}
+
+scale(Linear,Log,Log);
+
+pen[] Palette=BWRainbow();
+
+bounds range=image(f,Automatic,(0,1),(100,100),nx=200,Palette);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks,above=true);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks,above=true);
+
+palette("$f(x,y)$",range,(0,200),(100,250),Top,Palette,
+ PaletteTicks(ptick=linewidth(0.5*linewidth())));
+
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logo.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logo.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3cd20a573f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logo.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+size(140,80,IgnoreAspect);
+
+picture logo(pair s=0, pen q)
+{
+ picture pic;
+ pen p=linewidth(2)+fontsize(24)+q;
+ real a=-0.4;
+ real b=0.95;
+ real y1=-5;
+ real y2=-3y1/2;
+ path A=(a,0){dir(10)}::{dir(89.5)}(0,y2);
+ draw(pic,A,p);
+ draw(pic,(0,y1){dir(88.3)}::{dir(20)}(b,0),p);
+ real c=0.5*a;
+ pair z=(0,2.5);
+ label(pic,"{\it symptote}",z,0.25*E+0.169S,p);
+ pair w=(0,1.7);
+ draw(pic,intersectionpoint(A,w-1--w)--w,p);
+ draw(pic,(0,y1)--(0,y2),p);
+ draw(pic,(a,0)--(b,0),p);
+ return shift(s)*pic;
+}
+
+pair z=(-0.015,0.08);
+for(int x=0; x < 10; ++x)
+ add(logo(0.1*x*z,gray(0.04*x)));
+
+add(logo(red));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logticks.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logticks.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..bdd14411692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/logticks.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(300,175,IgnoreAspect);
+scale(Log,Log);
+draw(graph(identity,5,20));
+xlimits(5,20);
+ylimits(1,100);
+xaxis("$M/M_\odot$",BottomTop,LeftTicks(DefaultFormat,
+ new real[] {6,10,12,14,16,18}));
+yaxis("$\nu_{\rm upp}$ [Hz]",LeftRight,RightTicks(DefaultFormat));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/makepen.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/makepen.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7c7868a0901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/makepen.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+size(200);
+pen convex=makepen(scale(10)*polygon(8))+grey;
+draw((1,0.4),convex);
+draw((0,0)---(1,1)..(2,0)--cycle,convex);
+
+pen nonconvex=scale(10)*
+ makepen((0,0)--(0.25,-1)--(0.5,0.25)--(1,0)--(0.5,1.25)--cycle)+red;
+draw((0.5,-1.5),nonconvex);
+draw((0,-1.5)..(1,-0.5)..(2,-1.5),nonconvex);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers1.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers1.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a3af424616d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers1.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+size(12cm,0);
+import markers;
+
+pair A=(0,0), B=(1,0), C=(2,0), D=(3,0);
+path p=A--B--C--D;
+transform T=shift(-4,-1);
+transform t=shift(4,0);
+
+//line 1 **********
+draw(p,marker(markinterval(3,dotframe,true)));
+label("$1$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 2 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,marker(stickframe,markuniform(4)));
+label("$2$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 3 **********
+p=T*p;
+draw(p,marker(stickframe(red),markinterval(3,dotframe(blue),true)));
+label("$3$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 4 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,StickIntervalMarker(3,2,blue,dotframe(red)));
+label("$4$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 5 **********
+p=T*p;
+pen pn=linewidth(4bp);
+draw(p,pn,StickIntervalMarker(3,3,angle=25,pn,dotframe(red+pn)));
+label("$5$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 6 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,StickIntervalMarker(3,5,angle=25,size=4mm,space=2mm,offset=I*2mm,
+ scale(2)*dotframe(red)));
+label("$6$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 7 **********
+p=T*p;
+draw(p,StickIntervalMarker(n=3,angle=45,size=10mm,space=3mm,dotframe));
+label("$7$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 8 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,CircleBarIntervalMarker(n=2,dotframe));
+label("$8$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 9 **********
+p=T*p;
+draw(p,CircleBarIntervalMarker(n=3,angle=30,barsize=8mm,radius=2mm,
+ FillDraw(.8red),
+ dotframe));
+label("$9$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 10 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,CircleBarIntervalMarker(n=3,angle=30,barsize=8mm,radius=2mm,
+ FillDraw(.8red),circleabove=true,dotframe));
+label("$10$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 11 **********
+p=T*p;
+draw(p,CircleBarIntervalMarker(n=3,angle=30,barsize=8mm,radius=2mm,
+ FillDraw(.8red),circleabove=true,dotframe,
+ above=false));
+label("$11$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 12 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,TildeIntervalMarker(i=3,dotframe));
+label("$12$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 13 **********
+p=T*p;
+draw(p,TildeIntervalMarker(i=3,n=2,angle=-20,dotframe));
+label("$13$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 14 **********
+p=t*p;
+draw(p,CrossIntervalMarker(3,3,dotframe));
+label("$14$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 15 **********
+p=shift(.25S)*T*p;
+path cle=shift(relpoint(p,.5))*scale(abs(A-D)/4)*unitcircle;
+draw(cle,StickIntervalMarker(5,3,dotframe(6bp+red)));
+label("$15$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+//line 16 **********
+cle=t*cle;
+p=t*p;
+frame a;
+label(a,"$a$",(0,-2labelmargin()));
+draw(cle,marker(dotframe(6bp+red),markinterval(5,a,true)));
+label("$16$",point(p,0),3W);
+
+// line 17 **********
+p=T*shift(relpoint(p,.5)+.65S)*scale(.5)*shift(-relpoint(p,.5))*rotate(45,relpoint(p,.5))*p;
+draw(p,TildeIntervalMarker(size=5mm,rotated=false,dotframe));
+label("$17$",point(p,0),3W);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers2.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers2.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b9c8ac21894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/markers2.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+size(10cm,0);
+import markers;
+import geometry;
+import math;
+
+pair A=0, B=(1,0), C=(0.7,1), D=(-0.5,0), F=rotate(-90)*(C-B)/2+B;
+
+draw(A--B);
+draw(A--C);
+pen p=linewidth(1mm);
+draw(B--C,p);
+draw(A--D);
+draw(B--F,p);
+label("$A$",A,SW);
+label("$B$",B,S);
+label("$C$",C,N);
+dot(Label("$D$",D,S));
+dot(Label("$F$",F,N+NW));
+
+markangle(A,C,B);
+
+markangle(scale(1.5)*"$\theta$",radius=40,C,B,A,ArcArrow(2mm),1mm+red);
+markangle(scale(1.5)*"$-\theta$",radius=-70,A,B,C,ArcArrow,green);
+
+markangle(Label("$\gamma$",Relative(0.25)),n=2,radius=-30,A,C,B,p=0.7blue+2);
+
+markangle(n=3,B,A,C,marker(markinterval(stickframe(n=2),true)));
+
+pen RedPen=0.7red+1bp;
+markangle(C,A,D,RedPen,marker(markinterval(2,stickframe(3,4mm,RedPen),true)));
+drawline(A,A+dir(A--D,A--C),dotted);
+
+perpendicular(B,NE,F-B,size=10mm,1mm+red,
+ TrueMargin(linewidth(p)/2,linewidth(p)/2),Fill(yellow));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/mexicanhat.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/mexicanhat.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d55b127ae5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/mexicanhat.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+size(200);
+
+real mexican(real x) {return (1-8x^2)*exp(-(4x^2));}
+
+int n=30;
+real a=1.5;
+real width=2a/n;
+
+guide hat;
+path solved;
+
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) {
+ real t=-a+i*width;
+ pair z=(t,mexican(t));
+ hat=hat..z;
+ solved=solved..z;
+}
+
+draw(hat);
+dot(hat,red);
+draw(solved,dashed);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/monthaxis.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/monthaxis.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d2c8bf3298f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/monthaxis.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(400,150,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real[] x=sequence(12);
+real[] y=sin(2pi*x/12);
+
+scale(false);
+
+string[] month={"Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun",
+ "Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"};
+
+draw(graph(x,y),red,MarkFill[0]);
+
+xaxis(BottomTop,LeftTicks(new string(real x) {
+ return month[round(x % 12)];}));
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(4));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/multicontour.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/multicontour.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5e4ea0c06f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/multicontour.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import contour;
+
+size(200);
+
+real f(real x, real y) {return x^2-y^2;}
+int n=10;
+real[] c=new real[n];
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) c[i]=(i-n/2)/n;
+
+pen[] p=sequence(new pen(int i) {
+ return (c[i] >= 0 ? solid : dashed)+fontsize(6);
+ },c.length);
+
+Label[] Labels=sequence(new Label(int i) {
+ return Label(c[i] != 0 ? (string) c[i] : "",Relative(unitrand()),(0,0),
+ UnFill(1bp));
+ },c.length);
+
+draw(Labels,contour(f,(-1,-1),(1,1),c),p);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/onecontour.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/onecontour.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0d7f247fd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/onecontour.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import contour;
+size(75);
+
+real f(real a, real b) {return a^2+b^2;}
+draw(contour(f,(-1,-1),(1,1),new real[] {1}));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/options b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/options
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..48d821dfa40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/options
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Usage: ../asy [options] [file ...]
+
+Options (negate by replacing - with -no):
+
+-V,-View View output; command-line only
+-a,-align C|B|T|Z Center, Bottom, Top, or Zero page alignment [Center]
+-antialias n Antialiasing width for rasterized output [2]
+-auto3D Automatically activate 3D scene [true]
+-autoimport string Module to automatically import
+-autoplain Enable automatic importing of plain [true]
+-autorotate Enable automatic PDF page rotation [false]
+-batchMask Mask fpu exceptions in batch mode [false]
+-batchView View output in batch mode [false]
+-bw Convert all colors to black and white [false]
+-cd directory Set current directory; command-line only
+-cmyk Convert rgb colors to cmyk [false]
+-c,-command string Command to autoexecute
+-compact Conserve memory at the expense of speed [false]
+-d,-debug Enable debugging messages [false]
+-divisor n Garbage collect using purge(divisor=n) [2]
+-embed Embed rendered preview image [true]
+-exitonEOF Exit interactive mode on EOF [true]
+-fitscreen Fit rendered image to screen [true]
+-globalwrite Allow write to other directory [false]
+-gray Convert all colors to grayscale [false]
+-h,-help Show summary of options; command-line only
+-historylines n Retain n lines of history [1000]
+-iconify Iconify rendering window [false]
+-inlineimage Generate inline embedded image [false]
+-inlinetex Generate inline TeX code [false]
+-interactiveMask Mask fpu exceptions in interactive mode [true]
+-interactiveView View output in interactive mode [true]
+-interactiveWrite Write expressions entered at the prompt to stdout [true]
+-k,-keep Keep intermediate files [false]
+-keepaux Keep intermediate LaTeX .aux files [false]
+-level n Postscript level [3]
+-l,-listvariables List available global functions and variables [false]
+-localhistory Use a local interactive history file [false]
+-m,-mask Mask fpu exceptions; command-line only
+-maxtile pair Maximum rendering tile size [(0,0)]
+-maxviewport pair Maximum viewport size [(2048,2048)]
+-multiline Input code over multiple lines at the prompt [false]
+-multipleView View output from multiple batch-mode files [false]
+-multisample n Multisampling width for screen images [4]
+-O,-offset pair PostScript offset [(0,0)]
+-f,-outformat format Convert each output file to specified format
+-o,-outname name Alternative output directory/filename
+-p,-parseonly Parse file [false]
+-pdfreload Automatically reload document in pdfviewer [false]
+-pdfreloaddelay usec Delay before attempting initial pdf reload [750000]
+-position pair Initial 3D rendering screen position [(0,0)]
+-prc Embed 3D PRC graphics in PDF output [true]
+-prompt string Prompt [> ]
+-prompt2 string Continuation prompt for multiline input [..]
+-q,-quiet Suppress welcome message [false]
+-render n Render 3D graphics using n pixels per bp (-1=auto) [-1]
+-rgb Convert cmyk colors to rgb [false]
+-safe Disable system call [true]
+-scroll n Scroll standard output n lines at a time [0]
+-tabcompletion Interactive prompt auto-completion [true]
+-tex engine latex|pdflatex|xelatex|tex|pdftex|none [latex]
+-thick Render thick 3D lines [true]
+-thin Render thin 3D lines [true]
+-threads Use POSIX threads for 3D rendering [true]
+-toolbar Show 3D toolbar in PDF output [true]
+-s,-translate Show translated virtual machine code [false]
+-twice Run LaTeX twice (to resolve references) [false]
+-twosided Use two-sided 3D lighting model for rendering [true]
+-u,-user string General purpose user string
+-v,-verbose Increase verbosity level [0]
+-version Show version; command-line only
+-wait Wait for child processes to finish before exiting [false]
+-where Show where listed variables are declared [false]
+-xformat format GUI deconstruction format [png]
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/parametricgraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/parametricgraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a5688a6f9dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/parametricgraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(0,200);
+
+real x(real t) {return cos(2pi*t);}
+real y(real t) {return sin(2pi*t);}
+
+draw(graph(x,y,0,1));
+
+//xlimits(0,1,Crop);
+//ylimits(-1,0,Crop);
+
+xaxis("$x$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/penimage.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/penimage.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2aef9f9ebe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/penimage.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+size(200);
+
+import palette;
+
+int n=256;
+real ninv=2pi/n;
+pen[][] v=new pen[n][n];
+
+for(int i=0; i < n; ++i)
+ for(int j=0; j < n; ++j)
+ v[i][j]=rgb(0.5*(1+sin(i*ninv)),0.5*(1+cos(j*ninv)),0);
+
+image(v,(0,0),(1,1));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/pixel.pdf b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/pixel.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..de3d0820da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/pixel.pdf
Binary files differ
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/planes.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/planes.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..da859200f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/planes.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+size(6cm,0);
+import bsp;
+
+real u=2.5;
+real v=1;
+
+currentprojection=oblique;
+
+path3 y=plane((2u,0,0),(0,2v,0),(-u,-v,0));
+path3 l=rotate(90,Z)*rotate(90,Y)*y;
+path3 g=rotate(90,X)*rotate(90,Y)*y;
+
+face[] faces;
+filldraw(faces.push(y),project(y),yellow);
+filldraw(faces.push(l),project(l),lightgrey);
+filldraw(faces.push(g),project(g),green);
+
+add(faces);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dba4da51890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+ASYFILES = $(notdir $(wildcard ../*.asy)) latexusage.asy
+SOURCE = ../asymptote.texi ../version.texi ../options
+ASY = ../asy -dir ../base -config "" -render=0
+
+docdir = $(DESTDIR)/usr/local/share/doc/asymptote
+infodir = $(DESTDIR)${datarootdir}/info
+datarootdir = ${prefix}/share
+INSTALL = /usr/bin/ginstall -c
+
+all: html info
+
+%.png: ../%.asy
+ cd ..; $(ASY) -f png -o png/ $(notdir $<)
+
+latexusage.png: ../latexusage.eps
+ convert -alpha Off -density 144x144 +antialias -geometry 50%x \
+ ../latexusage.eps latexusage.png
+
+index.html: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.png)
+ makeinfo --html ../asymptote -o .
+
+asymptote.info: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.png)
+ makeinfo ../asymptote
+
+html: index.html
+
+info: asymptote.info
+
+clean: FORCE
+ -rm -f *.png *.html asymptote.info* texput.aux texput.log
+
+distclean:
+ -rm -f Makefile
+
+install:
+ ${INSTALL} -d -m 755 $(infodir)
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asymptote.info $(infodir)
+ -${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asymptote.info-* $(infodir)
+ -if test -z "$(DESTDIR)"; then \
+ install-info --infodir=$(infodir) asymptote.info; \
+ fi
+
+uninstall:
+ -install-info --remove --infodir=$(infodir) asymptote.info
+ -rm -f $(infodir)/asymptote.info $(infodir)/asymptote.info-*
+FORCE:
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile.in b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d49c9813578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/png/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+ASYFILES = $(notdir $(wildcard ../*.asy)) latexusage.asy
+SOURCE = ../asymptote.texi ../version.texi ../options
+ASY = ../asy -dir ../base -config "" -render=0
+
+docdir = $(DESTDIR)@docdir@
+infodir = $(DESTDIR)@infodir@
+datarootdir = @datarootdir@
+INSTALL = @INSTALL@
+
+all: html info
+
+%.png: ../%.asy
+ cd ..; $(ASY) -f png -o png/ $(notdir $<)
+
+latexusage.png: ../latexusage.eps
+ convert -alpha Off -density 144x144 +antialias -geometry 50%x \
+ ../latexusage.eps latexusage.png
+
+index.html: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.png)
+ makeinfo --html ../asymptote -o .
+
+asymptote.info: $(SOURCE) $(ASYFILES:.asy=.png)
+ makeinfo ../asymptote
+
+html: index.html
+
+info: asymptote.info
+
+clean: FORCE
+ -rm -f *.png *.html asymptote.info* texput.aux texput.log
+
+distclean:
+ -rm -f Makefile
+
+install:
+ ${INSTALL} -d -m 755 $(infodir)
+ ${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asymptote.info $(infodir)
+ -${INSTALL} -p -m 644 asymptote.info-* $(infodir)
+ -if test -z "$(DESTDIR)"; then \
+ install-info --infodir=$(infodir) asymptote.info; \
+ fi
+
+uninstall:
+ -install-info --remove --infodir=$(infodir) asymptote.info
+ -rm -f $(infodir)/asymptote.info $(infodir)/asymptote.info-*
+FORCE:
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/quartercircle.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/quartercircle.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5c584a10e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/quartercircle.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+size(100,0);
+draw((1,0){up}..{left}(0,1));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/reloadpdf.tex b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/reloadpdf.tex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f203af1699b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/reloadpdf.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+% Tex file for generating the reloadpdf.pdf utility to force Adobe Reader
+% to reload all currently loaded documents. Usage:
+%
+% pdflatex reloadpdf
+% acroread reloadpdf.pdf
+%
+\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+\ \pdfannot width 0pt height 0pt { /AA << /PO << /S /JavaScript /JS
+ (try{reload();} catch(e) {} closeDoc(this);) >> >> }
+\end{document}
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/saddle.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/saddle.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0180bf125a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/saddle.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import three;
+
+size(100,0);
+path3 g=(1,0,0)..(0,1,1)..(-1,0,0)..(0,-1,1)..cycle;
+draw(g);
+draw(((-1,-1,0)--(1,-1,0)--(1,1,0)--(-1,1,0)--cycle));
+dot(g,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/scaledgraph.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/scaledgraph.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..408c10cc582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/scaledgraph.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import graph;
+
+axiscoverage=0.9;
+size(200,IgnoreAspect);
+
+real[] x={-1e-11,1e-11};
+real[] y={0,1e6};
+
+real xscale=round(log10(max(x)));
+real yscale=round(log10(max(y)))-1;
+
+draw(graph(x*10^(-xscale),y*10^(-yscale)),red);
+
+xaxis("$x/10^{"+(string) xscale+"}$",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis("$y/10^{"+(string) yscale+"}$",LeftRight,RightTicks(trailingzero));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..527675f2f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(9cm,6cm,IgnoreAspect);
+string data="secondaryaxis.csv";
+
+file in=line(csv(input(data)));
+
+string[] titlelabel=in;
+string[] columnlabel=in;
+
+real[][] a=dimension(in,0,0);
+a=transpose(a);
+real[] t=a[0], susceptible=a[1], infectious=a[2], dead=a[3], larvae=a[4];
+real[] susceptibleM=a[5], exposed=a[6],infectiousM=a[7];
+
+scale(true);
+
+draw(graph(t,susceptible,t >= 10 & t <= 15));
+draw(graph(t,dead,t >= 10 & t <= 15),dashed);
+
+xaxis("Time ($\tau$)",BottomTop,LeftTicks);
+yaxis(Left,RightTicks);
+
+picture secondary=secondaryY(new void(picture pic) {
+ scale(pic,Linear(true),Log(true));
+ draw(pic,graph(pic,t,infectious,t >= 10 & t <= 15),red);
+ yaxis(pic,Right,red,LeftTicks(begin=false,end=false));
+ });
+
+add(secondary);
+label(shift(5mm*N)*"Proportion of crows",point(NW),E);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.csv b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..082d45a0e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/secondaryaxis.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,1003 @@
+,"Proportion of crows",,,"Mosquitoes per crow",,,
+Time,Susceptible,Infectious,Dead,Larvae,Susceptible,Exposed,Infectious
+0,1,0,0,,30,0.000,0.001
+0.1,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.794,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.2,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.794,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.3,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.4,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.5,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.6,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.7,1.000,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.8,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,30.000,0.000,0.001
+0.9,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.1,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.2,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.3,0.999,0.000,0.000,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.4,0.999,0.000,0.001,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.5,0.999,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.6,0.999,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.999,0.001,0.001
+1.7,0.999,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.001,0.001
+1.8,0.999,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.001,0.001
+1.9,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.001,0.002
+2,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.001,0.002
+2.1,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.002,0.002
+2.2,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.998,0.002,0.002
+2.3,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.997,0.002,0.002
+2.4,0.998,0.001,0.001,12.795,29.997,0.002,0.002
+2.5,0.998,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.997,0.002,0.002
+2.6,0.997,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.997,0.002,0.002
+2.7,0.997,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.996,0.002,0.003
+2.8,0.997,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.996,0.002,0.003
+2.9,0.997,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.996,0.002,0.003
+3,0.997,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.995,0.003,0.003
+3.1,0.996,0.001,0.002,12.795,29.995,0.003,0.003
+3.2,0.996,0.001,0.003,12.795,29.995,0.003,0.003
+3.3,0.996,0.001,0.003,12.795,29.994,0.003,0.004
+3.4,0.996,0.001,0.003,12.795,29.994,0.003,0.004
+3.5,0.995,0.002,0.003,12.795,29.994,0.003,0.004
+3.6,0.995,0.002,0.003,12.795,29.993,0.004,0.004
+3.7,0.995,0.002,0.004,12.795,29.993,0.004,0.004
+3.8,0.994,0.002,0.004,12.795,29.992,0.004,0.005
+3.9,0.994,0.002,0.004,12.795,29.992,0.004,0.005
+4,0.994,0.002,0.004,12.795,29.991,0.005,0.005
+4.1,0.993,0.002,0.005,12.795,29.991,0.005,0.006
+4.2,0.993,0.002,0.005,12.795,29.990,0.005,0.006
+4.3,0.992,0.002,0.005,12.795,29.989,0.005,0.006
+4.4,0.992,0.003,0.006,12.795,29.989,0.006,0.007
+4.5,0.991,0.003,0.006,12.795,29.988,0.006,0.007
+4.6,0.991,0.003,0.006,12.795,29.987,0.006,0.008
+4.7,0.990,0.003,0.007,12.795,29.986,0.007,0.008
+4.8,0.990,0.003,0.007,12.795,29.985,0.007,0.008
+4.9,0.989,0.003,0.008,12.795,29.984,0.008,0.009
+5,0.988,0.004,0.008,12.795,29.984,0.008,0.009
+5.1,0.988,0.004,0.009,12.795,29.982,0.008,0.010
+5.2,0.987,0.004,0.009,12.795,29.981,0.009,0.011
+5.3,0.986,0.004,0.010,12.795,29.980,0.010,0.011
+5.4,0.985,0.005,0.010,12.795,29.979,0.010,0.012
+5.5,0.984,0.005,0.011,12.795,29.978,0.011,0.013
+5.6,0.983,0.005,0.012,12.795,29.976,0.011,0.013
+5.7,0.982,0.005,0.012,12.795,29.975,0.012,0.014
+5.8,0.981,0.006,0.013,12.795,29.973,0.013,0.015
+5.9,0.980,0.006,0.014,12.795,29.972,0.013,0.016
+6,0.979,0.006,0.015,12.795,29.970,0.014,0.017
+6.1,0.978,0.007,0.016,12.795,29.968,0.015,0.018
+6.2,0.976,0.007,0.016,12.795,29.966,0.016,0.019
+6.3,0.975,0.008,0.017,12.795,29.964,0.017,0.020
+6.4,0.973,0.008,0.019,12.795,29.962,0.018,0.021
+6.5,0.972,0.008,0.020,12.795,29.960,0.019,0.022
+6.6,0.970,0.009,0.021,12.795,29.957,0.020,0.024
+6.7,0.968,0.009,0.022,12.795,29.955,0.021,0.025
+6.8,0.967,0.010,0.023,12.795,29.952,0.022,0.026
+6.9,0.965,0.011,0.025,12.795,29.949,0.024,0.028
+7,0.963,0.011,0.026,12.795,29.946,0.025,0.030
+7.1,0.960,0.012,0.028,12.795,29.943,0.026,0.031
+7.2,0.958,0.013,0.029,12.795,29.940,0.028,0.033
+7.3,0.956,0.013,0.031,12.795,29.936,0.029,0.035
+7.4,0.953,0.014,0.033,12.795,29.933,0.031,0.037
+7.5,0.950,0.015,0.035,12.795,29.929,0.033,0.039
+7.6,0.947,0.016,0.037,12.795,29.925,0.035,0.042
+7.7,0.944,0.016,0.039,12.795,29.920,0.037,0.044
+7.8,0.941,0.017,0.041,12.795,29.916,0.039,0.046
+7.9,0.938,0.018,0.044,12.795,29.911,0.041,0.049
+8,0.934,0.019,0.046,12.795,29.906,0.043,0.052
+8.1,0.931,0.020,0.049,12.795,29.900,0.046,0.055
+8.2,0.927,0.021,0.052,12.795,29.895,0.048,0.058
+8.3,0.923,0.023,0.055,12.795,29.889,0.051,0.061
+8.4,0.918,0.024,0.058,12.795,29.883,0.054,0.065
+8.5,0.914,0.025,0.061,12.795,29.876,0.056,0.069
+8.6,0.909,0.026,0.065,12.795,29.869,0.059,0.072
+8.7,0.904,0.028,0.068,12.795,29.862,0.063,0.076
+8.8,0.899,0.029,0.072,12.795,29.854,0.066,0.081
+8.9,0.893,0.031,0.076,12.795,29.846,0.070,0.085
+9,0.887,0.032,0.080,12.795,29.838,0.073,0.090
+9.1,0.881,0.034,0.085,12.795,29.829,0.077,0.095
+9.2,0.875,0.036,0.090,12.795,29.820,0.081,0.100
+9.3,0.868,0.037,0.095,12.795,29.810,0.085,0.106
+9.4,0.861,0.039,0.100,12.795,29.800,0.090,0.112
+9.5,0.854,0.041,0.105,12.795,29.789,0.094,0.118
+9.6,0.846,0.043,0.111,12.795,29.778,0.099,0.124
+9.7,0.838,0.045,0.117,12.795,29.766,0.104,0.131
+9.8,0.830,0.047,0.123,12.795,29.754,0.109,0.138
+9.9,0.821,0.049,0.130,12.795,29.742,0.114,0.145
+10,0.812,0.052,0.136,12.795,29.729,0.120,0.153
+10.1,0.802,0.054,0.144,12.795,29.715,0.126,0.161
+10.2,0.793,0.056,0.151,12.795,29.701,0.132,0.169
+10.3,0.782,0.059,0.159,12.795,29.686,0.138,0.178
+10.4,0.772,0.061,0.167,12.795,29.670,0.144,0.187
+10.5,0.761,0.064,0.175,12.795,29.654,0.150,0.196
+10.6,0.750,0.066,0.184,12.795,29.638,0.157,0.206
+10.7,0.738,0.069,0.193,12.795,29.621,0.164,0.216
+10.8,0.726,0.072,0.203,12.795,29.603,0.171,0.227
+10.9,0.713,0.074,0.212,12.795,29.585,0.178,0.238
+11,0.700,0.077,0.223,12.795,29.566,0.185,0.250
+11.1,0.687,0.080,0.233,12.795,29.547,0.193,0.261
+11.2,0.674,0.082,0.244,12.795,29.527,0.200,0.274
+11.3,0.660,0.085,0.255,12.795,29.507,0.208,0.286
+11.4,0.645,0.088,0.267,12.795,29.486,0.215,0.300
+11.5,0.631,0.090,0.279,12.795,29.465,0.223,0.313
+11.6,0.616,0.093,0.291,12.795,29.443,0.231,0.327
+11.7,0.601,0.095,0.304,12.795,29.421,0.238,0.341
+11.8,0.585,0.098,0.317,12.795,29.399,0.246,0.356
+11.9,0.570,0.100,0.330,12.795,29.376,0.254,0.371
+12,0.554,0.102,0.344,12.795,29.353,0.261,0.386
+12.1,0.538,0.104,0.358,12.795,29.330,0.269,0.402
+12.2,0.521,0.106,0.372,12.795,29.307,0.276,0.418
+12.3,0.505,0.108,0.387,12.795,29.283,0.283,0.434
+12.4,0.489,0.110,0.401,12.795,29.260,0.290,0.451
+12.5,0.472,0.112,0.416,12.795,29.236,0.297,0.468
+12.6,0.456,0.113,0.432,12.795,29.213,0.303,0.485
+12.7,0.439,0.114,0.447,12.795,29.190,0.309,0.502
+12.8,0.423,0.115,0.462,12.795,29.167,0.315,0.519
+12.9,0.406,0.116,0.478,12.795,29.144,0.320,0.536
+13,0.390,0.116,0.494,12.795,29.122,0.325,0.554
+13.1,0.374,0.117,0.509,12.795,29.100,0.329,0.571
+13.2,0.358,0.117,0.525,12.795,29.079,0.333,0.588
+13.3,0.343,0.117,0.541,12.795,29.059,0.337,0.606
+13.4,0.327,0.116,0.557,12.795,29.039,0.340,0.623
+13.5,0.312,0.116,0.572,12.795,29.020,0.342,0.639
+13.6,0.297,0.115,0.588,12.795,29.001,0.344,0.656
+13.7,0.283,0.114,0.603,12.795,28.984,0.345,0.672
+13.8,0.269,0.113,0.618,12.795,28.967,0.346,0.688
+13.9,0.255,0.111,0.634,12.795,28.952,0.346,0.704
+14,0.242,0.109,0.648,12.795,28.937,0.345,0.719
+14.1,0.229,0.108,0.663,12.795,28.924,0.344,0.733
+14.2,0.217,0.106,0.677,12.795,28.912,0.342,0.747
+14.3,0.205,0.103,0.692,12.795,28.900,0.340,0.761
+14.4,0.194,0.101,0.705,12.795,28.891,0.337,0.774
+14.5,0.183,0.099,0.719,12.795,28.882,0.333,0.786
+14.6,0.172,0.096,0.732,12.795,28.874,0.329,0.797
+14.7,0.162,0.093,0.745,12.795,28.868,0.325,0.808
+14.8,0.153,0.090,0.757,12.795,28.863,0.320,0.818
+14.9,0.143,0.087,0.769,12.795,28.860,0.314,0.827
+15,0.135,0.084,0.781,12.795,28.857,0.308,0.836
+15.1,0.127,0.081,0.792,12.795,28.856,0.302,0.843
+15.2,0.119,0.078,0.803,12.795,28.856,0.295,0.850
+15.3,0.112,0.075,0.813,12.795,28.857,0.288,0.856
+15.4,0.105,0.072,0.823,12.795,28.859,0.281,0.861
+15.5,0.098,0.069,0.833,12.795,28.863,0.273,0.865
+15.6,0.092,0.066,0.842,12.795,28.867,0.266,0.868
+15.7,0.086,0.063,0.850,12.795,28.873,0.258,0.870
+15.8,0.081,0.060,0.859,12.795,28.879,0.250,0.872
+15.9,0.076,0.058,0.867,12.795,28.887,0.242,0.873
+16,0.071,0.055,0.874,12.795,28.895,0.233,0.873
+16.1,0.066,0.052,0.882,12.795,28.904,0.225,0.872
+16.2,0.062,0.049,0.888,12.795,28.914,0.217,0.870
+16.3,0.058,0.047,0.895,12.795,28.925,0.209,0.867
+16.4,0.055,0.044,0.901,12.795,28.936,0.201,0.864
+16.5,0.051,0.042,0.907,12.795,28.948,0.192,0.860
+16.6,0.048,0.040,0.912,12.795,28.961,0.185,0.856
+16.7,0.045,0.037,0.918,12.795,28.974,0.177,0.850
+16.8,0.042,0.035,0.922,12.795,28.988,0.169,0.844
+16.9,0.040,0.033,0.927,12.795,29.002,0.161,0.838
+17,0.037,0.031,0.931,12.795,29.016,0.154,0.831
+17.1,0.035,0.029,0.936,12.795,29.031,0.147,0.823
+17.2,0.033,0.028,0.939,12.795,29.046,0.140,0.815
+17.3,0.031,0.026,0.943,12.795,29.061,0.133,0.807
+17.4,0.029,0.024,0.946,12.795,29.077,0.126,0.798
+17.5,0.028,0.023,0.950,12.795,29.093,0.120,0.788
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+99.8,0.002,0.000,0.998,12.795,30.001,0.000,0.000
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diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/shadedtiling.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/shadedtiling.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4d3b8ae894b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/shadedtiling.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+size(0,100);
+import patterns;
+
+real d=4mm;
+picture tiling;
+path square=scale(d)*unitsquare;
+axialshade(tiling,square,white,(0,0),black,(d,d));
+fill(tiling,shift(d,d)*square,blue);
+add("shadedtiling",tiling);
+
+filldraw(unitcircle,pattern("shadedtiling"));
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/slopefield1.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/slopefield1.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fd60de4f632
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/slopefield1.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import slopefield;
+
+size(200);
+
+real func(real x) {return 2x;}
+add(slopefield(func,(-3,-3),(3,3),20,Arrow));
+draw(curve((0,0),func,(-3,-3),(3,3)),red);
+
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/square.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/square.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f3f34a4c628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/square.asy
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+draw((0,0)--(100,0)--(100,100)--(0,100)--cycle);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/subpictures.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/subpictures.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1ace23f5678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/subpictures.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+picture pic1;
+real size=50;
+size(pic1,size);
+fill(pic1,(0,0)--(50,100)--(100,0)--cycle,red);
+
+picture pic2;
+size(pic2,size);
+fill(pic2,unitcircle,green);
+
+picture pic3;
+size(pic3,size);
+fill(pic3,unitsquare,blue);
+
+picture pic;
+add(pic,pic1.fit(),(0,0),N);
+add(pic,pic2.fit(),(0,0),10S);
+
+add(pic.fit(),(0,0),N);
+add(pic3.fit(),(0,0),10S);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/superpath.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/superpath.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ec2787a9ce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/superpath.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+size(0,100);
+path unitcircle=E..N..W..S..cycle;
+path g=scale(2)*unitcircle;
+filldraw(unitcircle^^g,evenodd+yellow,black);
+
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/tile.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/tile.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fe9cbc523c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/tile.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+size(0,90);
+import patterns;
+
+add("tile",tile());
+add("filledtilewithmargin",tile(6mm,4mm,red,Fill),(1mm,1mm),(1mm,1mm));
+add("checker",checker());
+add("brick",brick());
+
+real s=2.5;
+filldraw(unitcircle,pattern("tile"));
+filldraw(shift(s,0)*unitcircle,pattern("filledtilewithmargin"));
+filldraw(shift(2s,0)*unitcircle,pattern("checker"));
+filldraw(shift(3s,0)*unitcircle,pattern("brick"));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/triangulate.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/triangulate.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..56ad347b53d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/triangulate.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+size(200);
+int np=100;
+pair[] points;
+
+real r() {return 1.2*(rand()/randMax*2-1);}
+
+for(int i=0; i < np; ++i)
+ points.push((r(),r()));
+
+int[][] trn=triangulate(points);
+
+for(int i=0; i < trn.length; ++i) {
+ draw(points[trn[i][0]]--points[trn[i][1]]);
+ draw(points[trn[i][1]]--points[trn[i][2]]);
+ draw(points[trn[i][2]]--points[trn[i][0]]);
+}
+
+for(int i=0; i < np; ++i)
+ dot(points[i],red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/unitcircle3.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/unitcircle3.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..be282011dca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/unitcircle3.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import three;
+
+size(100);
+
+path3 g=(1,0,0)..(0,1,0)..(-1,0,0)..(0,-1,0)..cycle;
+draw(g);
+draw(O--Z,red+dashed,Arrow3);
+draw(((-1,-1,0)--(1,-1,0)--(1,1,0)--(-1,1,0)--cycle));
+dot(g,red);
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/vectorfield.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/vectorfield.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..12de66e49c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/vectorfield.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import graph;
+size(100);
+
+pair a=(0,0);
+pair b=(2pi,2pi);
+
+path vector(pair z) {return (0,0)--(sin(z.x),cos(z.y));}
+
+add(vectorfield(vector,a,b));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.asy b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.asy
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eaef31e1e87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.asy
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import graph;
+
+size(9cm,8cm,IgnoreAspect);
+string data="westnile.csv";
+
+file in=line(csv(input(data)));
+
+string[] columnlabel=in;
+
+real[][] A=dimension(in,0,0);
+A=transpose(A);
+real[] number=A[0], survival=A[1];
+
+path g=graph(number,survival);
+draw(g);
+
+scale(true);
+
+xaxis("Initial no.\ of mosquitoes per bird ($S_{M_0}/N_{B_0}$)",
+ Bottom,LeftTicks);
+xaxis(Top);
+yaxis("Susceptible bird survival",Left,RightTicks(trailingzero));
+yaxis(Right);
+
+real a=number[0];
+real b=number[number.length-1];
+
+real S1=0.475;
+path h1=(a,S1)--(b,S1);
+real M1=interp(a,b,intersect(h1,g)[0]);
+
+real S2=0.9;
+path h2=(a,S2)--(b,S2);
+real M2=interp(a,b,intersect(h2,g)[0]);
+
+labelx("$M_1$",M1);
+labelx("$M_2$",M2);
+
+draw((a,S2)--(M2,S2)--(M2,0),Dotted);
+draw((a,S1)--(M1,S1)--(M1,0),dashed);
+
+pen p=fontsize(10);
+
+real y3=0.043;
+path reduction=(M1,y3)--(M2,y3);
+draw(reduction,Arrow,TrueMargin(0,0.5*(linewidth(Dotted)+linewidth())));
+
+arrow(shift(-20,5)*Label(minipage("\flushleft{\begin{itemize}\item[1.]
+Estimate proportion of birds surviving at end of season\end{itemize}}",100),
+ align=NNE),
+ (M1,S1),NNE,1cm,p,Arrow(NoFill));
+
+arrow(shift(-24,5)*Label(minipage("\flushleft{\begin{itemize}\item[2.]
+Read off initial mosquito abundance\end{itemize}}",80),align=NNE),
+ (M1,0),NE,2cm,p,Arrow(NoFill));
+
+arrow(shift(20,0)*Label(minipage("\flushleft{\begin{itemize}\item[3.]
+Determine desired bird survival for next season\end{itemize}}",90),align=SW),
+ (M2,S2),SW,arrowlength,p,Arrow(NoFill));
+
+arrow(shift(8,-15)*Label(minipage("\flushleft{\begin{itemize}\item[4.]
+Calculate required proportional reduction in mosquitoes\end{itemize}}",90),
+ align=NW),
+ point(reduction,0.5),NW,1.5cm,p,Arrow(NoFill));
diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.csv b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.csv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..cfc8493ed22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/westnile.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+sm0,0.001(T14)
+0.0,0.9973
+0.1,0.9973
+0.2,0.9972
+0.3,0.9972
+0.4,0.9971
+0.5,0.9971
+0.6,0.9970
+0.7,0.9970
+0.8,0.9969
+0.9,0.9968
+1.0,0.9968
+1.1,0.9967
+1.2,0.9966
+1.3,0.9966
+1.4,0.9965
+1.5,0.9964
+1.6,0.9963
+1.7,0.9963
+1.8,0.9962
+1.9,0.9961
+2.0,0.9960
+2.1,0.9959
+2.2,0.9958
+2.3,0.9957
+2.4,0.9957
+2.5,0.9956
+2.6,0.9955
+2.7,0.9954
+2.8,0.9952
+2.9,0.9951
+3.0,0.9950
+3.1,0.9949
+3.2,0.9948
+3.3,0.9947
+3.4,0.9945
+3.5,0.9944
+3.6,0.9943
+3.7,0.9941
+3.8,0.9940
+3.9,0.9939
+4.0,0.9937
+4.1,0.9936
+4.2,0.9934
+4.3,0.9932
+4.4,0.9931
+4.5,0.9929
+4.6,0.9927
+4.7,0.9926
+4.8,0.9924
+4.9,0.9922
+5.0,0.9920
+5.1,0.9918
+5.2,0.9916
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diff --git a/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/xasy.1x b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/xasy.1x
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e882db25212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Build/source/utils/asymptote/doc/xasy.1x
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+.\" Hey, EMACS: -*- nroff -*-
+.TH XASY 1x "27 Nov 2007"
+.SH NAME
+asy \- script-based vector graphics language
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B xasy
+.RI " [-x magnification] [filename]"
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+\fBAsymptote\fP is a powerful descriptive vector graphics language for
+technical drawing, inspired by MetaPost but with an improved C++\-like syntax.
+Asymptote provides for figures the same high\-quality level of typesetting that
+LaTeX does for scientific text.
+.PP
+\fBxasy\fP is a GUI for Asymptote that allows for final figure adjustments.
+
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.B \-x magnification
+Initial zoom.
+
+.SH SEE ALSO
+Asymptote and xasy are documented fully in the Asymptote Info page.
+.SH AUTHOR
+Asymptote was written by Andy Hammerlindl, John Bowman, and Tom Prince.
+.PP
+This manual page was written by Hubert Chan for the Debian project (but may
+be used by others).