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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-03-03 01:29:22 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2008-03-03 01:29:22 +0000
commitd7c545c466114d9a1ccd5a5928c26590a43a9c7c (patch)
tree76540bbb0ee618093c29be1ce04dbc1fa4a34a89 /Build/source/texk/tetex
parent09b5c48bfb4c33842a0bc1737853643c72704345 (diff)
remove unofficial latex manual, it will become a separate manual
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@6813 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Build/source/texk/tetex')
-rw-r--r--Build/source/texk/tetex/ChangeLog6
-rw-r--r--Build/source/texk/tetex/Makefile.in8
-rw-r--r--Build/source/texk/tetex/latex.info4309
-rw-r--r--Build/source/texk/tetex/latex2e.texi5259
4 files changed, 7 insertions, 9575 deletions
diff --git a/Build/source/texk/tetex/ChangeLog b/Build/source/texk/tetex/ChangeLog
index e1d5fd5d0a2..53777decea5 100644
--- a/Build/source/texk/tetex/ChangeLog
+++ b/Build/source/texk/tetex/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+2008-03-03 Karl Berry <karl@tug.org>
+
+ * latex.info, latex2e.texi: remove; this will become a separate
+ package.
+ * Makefile.in: remove info-related stuff.
+
2008-03-02 Karl Berry <karl@tug.org>
* Makefile.in: more doc
diff --git a/Build/source/texk/tetex/Makefile.in b/Build/source/texk/tetex/Makefile.in
index f5adaabf5de..1c432d1f241 100644
--- a/Build/source/texk/tetex/Makefile.in
+++ b/Build/source/texk/tetex/Makefile.in
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ manpgs = \
ovf2ovp ovp2ovf ps2frag pslatex rubibtex rumakeindex texconfig texdoc \
texdoctk thumbpdf ttf2afm updmap
-INFOFILES= latex.info
all: $(SCRIPTS) $(PDFSCRIPTS)
default: all
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ install: install-data install-exec
check:
# Auxiliary files.
-install-data:: $(INFOFILES)
+install-data::
$(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/../mkinstalldirs $(man1dir) $(man5dir) $(texpooldir) $(texmf)/doc/tetex
for p in $(manpgs); do \
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/$$p.man $(man1dir)/$$p.$(manext); \
@@ -74,11 +73,6 @@ install-data:: $(INFOFILES)
ln -s updmap.$(manext) $(man1dir)/updmap-sys.$(manext)
ln -s fmtutil.$(manext) $(man1dir)/mktexfmt.$(manext)
ln -s fmtutil.$(manext) $(man1dir)/fmtutil-sys.$(manext)
- test -r ./latex.info || cd $(srcdir) && for i in latex.info*; do \
- $(INSTALL_DATA) $$i $(infodir)/$$i; done
- if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
- install-info --info-dir=$(infodir) $(infodir)/latex.info; \
- else true; fi
for p in TETEXDOC.pdf TETEXDOC.ps TETEXDOC.dvi teTeX-FAQ; do \
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/doc/$$p $(texmf)/doc/tetex; \
done
diff --git a/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex.info b/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex.info
deleted file mode 100644
index 05e8a79a75c..00000000000
--- a/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex.info
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4309 +0,0 @@
-This is latex.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 from latex2e.texi.
-
-INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* LaTeX2e: (latex). LaTeXe help 1.6.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-
- This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e
-is a macro package for TeX.
-
- This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the
-Texinfo that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses
-version 2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file.
-
- This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The
-pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam
-Houston State University.
-
- The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore
-<stg@dcs.ed.ac.uk>.
-
- The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen
-<bullestock@dk-online.dk>.
-
- Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright
-1994-1996 Torsten Martinsen.
-
- Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
-preserved on all copies.
-
- Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
-this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
-the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-
- Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
-manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
-versions, except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General
-Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author
-instead of in the original English.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
-
- LaTeX2e is a document preparation system implemented as a macro
-package for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program.
-
- LaTeX was originally conceived by Leslie Lamport.
-
- This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation.
-
-* Menu:
-
-
-* Overview:: What is LaTeX?
-* Commands:: Commands within a LaTeX document.
-* Parameters:: The command line.
-* Command Index:: An alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
-* Concept Index:: An alphabetical list of concepts.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Overview, Next: Commands, Prev: Top, Up: Top
-
-1 Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide
-***********************************
-
-The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
-LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input
-file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
-describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three
-files as output:
-
- 1. A "Device Independent", or `.dvi' file. This contains commands that
- can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices.
- You can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such as `xdvi',
- which actually uses the `.dvi' file.
-
- 2. A "transcript" or `.log' file that contains summary information and
- diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
-
- 3. An "auxiliary" or `.aux' file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
- things such as sectioning.
-
- For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult
-`The TeXbook' by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly
-by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing
-Company.
-
- For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:
-
- `LaTeX: A Document Preparation System', by Leslie Lamport,
-Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 1994.
-
- `The LaTeX Companion', by Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and
-Alexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Commands, Next: Parameters, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
-
-2 Commands
-**********
-
-A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a `\'
-followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
-Arguments contained in square brackets, `[]', are optional while
-arguments contained in braces, `{}', are required.
-
- NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower
-case unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX.
-* Cross References:: Automatic referencing.
-* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc.
-* Document Classes:: Some of the various classes available.
-* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize.
-* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes.
-* Layout:: Controlling the page layout.
-* Lengths:: The length commands.
-* Letters:: The letter class.
-* Line & Page Breaking:: How to insert pagebreaks etc.
-* Making Paragraphs:: Paragraph commands.
-* Margin Notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
-* Math Formulae:: How to create mathematical formulae.
-* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-* Page Styles:: Various styles of page layout.
-* Sectioning:: How to section properly.
-* Spaces & Boxes:: All the associated commands.
-* Special Characters:: Special reserved characters.
-* Splitting the Input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
-* Starting & Ending:: The formal start & end layouts.
-* Table of Contents:: How to create a table of contents.
-* Terminal Input/Output:: User interaction.
-* Typefaces:: Such as bold, italics etc.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Counters, Next: Cross References, Prev: Commands, Up: Commands
-
-2.1 Counters
-============
-
-Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
-name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
-command that produces the number, except with no `\'. (enumi - enumiv
-are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list of the
-counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
-
- part paragraph figure enumi
- chapter subparagraph table enumii
- section page footnote enumiii
- subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
- subsubsection
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
-* \alph:: Print value of a counter using letters.
-* \arabic:: Print value of a counter using numerals.
-* \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter using symbols.
-* \newcounter:: Define a new counter.
-* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \roman:: Print value of a counter using roman numerals.
-* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
-* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \alph, Prev: Counters, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.1 \addtocounter
--------------------
-
-`\addtocounter{counter}{value}'
-
- The `\addtocounter' command increments the `counter' by the amount
-specified by the `value' argument. The `value' argument can be
-negative.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \alph, Next: \arabic, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.2 \alph
------------
-
-`\alph{counter}'
-
- This command causes the value of the `counter' to be printed in
-alphabetic characters. The `\alph' command uses lower case alphabetic
-alphabetic characters, i.e., `a, b, c...' while the `\Alph' command
-uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., `A, B, C...'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \arabic, Next: \fnsymbol, Prev: \alph, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.3 \arabic
--------------
-
-`\arabic{counter}'
-
- The `\arabic' command causes the value of the `counter' to be
-printed in Arabic numbers, i.e., `3'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \fnsymbol, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \arabic, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.4 \fnsymbol
----------------
-
-`\fnsymbol{counter}'
-
- The `\fnsymbol' command causes the value of the `counter' to be
-printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for
-numbering footnotes.
-
- NB. `counter' must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \refstepcounter, Prev: \fnsymbol, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.5 \newcounter
------------------
-
-`\newcounter{foo}[counter]'
-
- The `\newcounter' command defines a new counter named `foo'. The
-counter is initialized to zero.
-
- The optional argument `[counter]' causes the counter `foo' to be
-reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is
-incremented.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \refstepcounter, Next: \roman, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.6 \refstepcounter
----------------------
-
-`\refstepcounter{counter}'
-
- The `\refstepcounter' command works like `\stepcounter' *Note
-\stepcounter::, except it also defines the current `\ref' value to be
-the result of `\thecounter'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \roman, Next: \stepcounter, Prev: \refstepcounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.7 \roman
-------------
-
-`\roman{counter}'
-
- This command causes the value of the `counter' to be printed in
-Roman numerals. The `\roman' command uses lower case Roman numerals,
-i.e., `i, ii, iii...', while the `\Roman' command uses upper case Roman
-numerals, i.e., `I, II, III...'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \stepcounter, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \roman, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.8 \stepcounter
-------------------
-
-`\stepcounter{counter}'
-
- The `\stepcounter' command adds one to the `counter' and resets all
-subsidiary counters.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \usecounter, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.9 \setcounter
------------------
-
-`\setcounter{counter}{value}'
-
- The `\setcounter' command sets the value of the `counter' to that
-specified by the `value' argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.10 \usecounter
-------------------
-
-`\usecounter{counter}'
-
- The `\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
-`list' environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number
-the list items.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \value, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters
-
-2.1.11 \value
--------------
-
-`\value{counter}'
-
- The `\value' command produces the value of the `counter' named in
-the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer
-or number, such as the second argument of a `\setcounter' or
-`\addtocounter' command, or in:
-
- \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
-
- It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Cross References, Next: Definitions, Prev: Counters, Up: Commands
-
-2.2 Cross References
-====================
-
-One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
-* \pageref:: Refer to a page number.
-* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Prev: Cross References, Up: Cross References
-
-2.2.1 \label
-------------
-
-`\label{key}'
-
- A `\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the `key'
-the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a
-numbered environment assigns that number to the `key'.
-
- A `key' can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
-punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are different.
-
- To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
-common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
-colon. The prefixes conventionally used are
-
- * `cha' for chapters
-
- * `sec' for lower-level sectioning commands
-
- * `fig' for figures
-
- * `tab' for tables
-
- * `eq' for equations
-
- Thus, a label for a figure would look like `fig:bandersnatch'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross References
-
-2.2.2 \pageref
---------------
-
-`\pageref{key}'
-
- The `\pageref' command produces the page number of the place in the
-text where the corresponding `\label' command appears. ie. where
-`\label{key}' appears.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross References
-
-2.2.3 \ref
-----------
-
-`\ref{key}'
-
- The `\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
-equation number, ... of the corresponding `\label' command.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Document Classes, Prev: Cross References, Up: Commands
-
-2.3 Definitions
-===============
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \newcommand:: Define a new command.
-* \newenvironment:: Define a new environment.
-* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment.
-* \newfont:: Define a new font name.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newcommand, Next: \newenvironment, Prev: Definitions, Up: Definitions
-
-2.3.1 \newcommand
------------------
-
- \newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
- \newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
- \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
- \renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
-
- These commands define (or redefine) a command.
-
-`cmd'
- A command name beginning with a `\'. For `\newcommand' it must
- not be already defined and must not begin with `\end'; for
- `\renewcommand' it must already be defined.
-
-`args'
- An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
- command being defined. The default is for the command to have no
- arguments.
-
-`def'
- If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
- first argument is optional. The default value of the optional
- argument is `def'.
-
-`definition'
- The text to be substituted for every occurrence of `cmd'; a
- parameter of the form `#n' in `cmd' is replaced by the text of the
- nth argument when this substitution takes place.
-
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newcommand, Up: Definitions
-
-2.3.2 \newenvironment
----------------------
-
- \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
- \newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
- \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
-
- These commands define or redefine an environment.
-
-`nam'
- The name of the environment. For `\newenvironment' there must be
- no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
- `\nam' must be undefined. For `\renewenvironment' the environment
- must already be defined.
-
-`args'
- An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
- newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
-
-`default'
- If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and `default'
- gives the default value for that argument.
-
-`begdef'
- The text substituted for every occurrence of `\begin{nam}'; a
- parameter of the form `#n' in `cmd' is replaced by the text of the
- nth argument when this substitution takes place.
-
-`enddef'
- The text substituted for every occurrence of `\end{nam}'. It may
- not contain any argument parameters.
-
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions
-
-2.3.3 \newtheorem
------------------
-
- \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
- \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
-
- This command defines a theorem-like environment.
-
-`env_name'
- The name of the environment to be defined. A string of letters.
- It must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
-
-`caption'
- The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before
- the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example.
-
-`within'
- The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional
- unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter
- *within* the sectional unit.
-
-`numbered_like'
- The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
-
-
- The `\newtheorem' command may have at most one optional argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newfont, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions
-
-2.3.4 \newfont
---------------
-
-`\newfont{cmd}{font_name}'
-
- Defines the command name `cmd', which must not be currently defined,
-to be a declaration that selects the font named `font_name' to be the
-current font.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Document Classes, Next: Environments, Prev: Definitions, Up: Commands
-
-2.4 Document Classes
-====================
-
-Valid LaTeX document classes include:
-
- * article
-
- * report
-
- * letter
-
- * book
-
- * slides
-
- Other document classes are often available. *Note Overview::, for
-details. They are selected with the following command:
-
- `\documentclass [options] {class}'
-
- All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options
-for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):
-
- 10pt, 11pt, 12pt
-
- All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size
-(default is letter):
-
- a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper
-
- Miscellaneous options:
-
- * landscape -- selects landscape format. Default is portrait.
-
- * titlepage, notitlepage -- selects if there should be a separate
- title page.
-
- * leqno -- equation number on left side of equations. Default is
- right side.
-
- * fleqn -- displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred.
-
- * openbib -- use "open" bibliography format.
-
- * draft, final -- mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule.
- Default is final.
-
- These options are not available with the slides class:
-
- * oneside, twoside -- selects one- or twosided layout. Default is
- oneside, except for the book class.
-
- * openright, openany -- determines if a chapter should start on a
- right-hand page. Default is openright for book.
-
- * onecolumn, twocolumn -- one or two columns. Defaults to one column.
-
- The slides class offers the option `clock' for printing the time at
-the bottom of each note.
-
- If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a
-comma.
-
- Additional packages are loaded by a
-
- `\usepackage[options]{pkg}'
-
- command. If you specify more than one package, they must be
-separated by a comma.
-
- Any options given in the `\documentclass' command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-`\usepackage'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Layout, Next: Lengths, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Commands
-
-2.5 Layout
-==========
-
-Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height.
-* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout.
-* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height.
-* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \onecolumn, Up: Layout
-
-2.5.1 \flushbottom
-------------------
-
-The `\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
-adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
-
- This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \raggedbottom, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Layout
-
-2.5.2 \onecolumn
-----------------
-
-The `\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: \twocolumn, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Layout
-
-2.5.3 \raggedbottom
--------------------
-
-The `\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the height of the text
-on that page. No extra vertical space is added.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \twocolumn, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Layout
-
-2.5.4 \twocolumn
-----------------
-
-`\twocolumn[text]'
-
- The `\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the optional `text' argument is present, it is
-typeset in one-column mode.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Environments, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Document Classes, Up: Commands
-
-2.6 Environments
-================
-
-LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
-
- \begin{environment-name}
- .
- .
- .
- \end{environment-name}
-
-* Menu:
-
-* array:: Math arrays.
-* center:: Centred lines.
-* description:: Labelled lists.
-* enumerate:: Numbered lists.
-* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations.
-* equation:: Displayed equation.
-* figure:: Floating figures.
-* flushleft:: Flushed left lines.
-* flushright:: Flushed right lines.
-* itemize:: Bulleted lists.
-* letter:: Letters.
-* list:: Generic list environment.
-* minipage:: Miniature page.
-* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
-* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
-* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
-* table:: Floating tables.
-* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
-* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
-* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
-* verse:: For poetry and other things.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: array, Next: center, Prev: Environments, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.1 array
------------
-
- \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
- column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{array}
-
- Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
-mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
-within them. Each column, `coln', is specified by a single letter that
-tells how items in that row should be formatted.
-
- * `c' -- for centred
-
- * `l' -- for flush left
-
- * `r' -- for flush right
-
- Column entries must be separated by an `&'. Column entries may
-include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated
-with the string `\\'.
-
- Note that the `array' environment can only be used in math mode, so
-normally it is used inside an `equation' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: center, Next: description, Prev: array, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.2 center
-------------
-
- \begin{center}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{center}
-
- The `center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
-of lines that are centred within the left and right margins on the
-current page. Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \centering:: The declaration form of the `center' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \centering, Up: center
-
-2.6.2.1 \centering
-..................
-
-This declaration corresponds to the `center' environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a
-`parbox'. The text of a figure or table can be centred on the page by
-putting a `\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or table
-environment.
-
- Unlike the `center' environment, the `\centering' command does not
-start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: description, Next: enumerate, Prev: center, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.3 description
------------------
-
- \begin{description}
- \item [label] First item
- \item [label] Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end{description}
-
- The `description' environment is used to make labelled lists. The
-`label' is bold face and flushed right.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: description, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.4 enumerate
----------------
-
- \begin{enumerate}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end{enumerate}
-
- The `enumerate' environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
-
- Each item of an enumerated list begins with an `\item' command.
-There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment.
-
- The `enumerate' environment uses the `enumi' through `enumiv'
-counters (*note Counters::). The type of numbering can be changed by
-redefining `\theenumi' etc.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.5 eqnarray
---------------
-
- \begin{eqnarray}
- math formula 1 \\
- math formula 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{eqnarray}
-
- The `eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of
-equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column `array'
-environment, with consecutive rows separated by `\\' and consecutive
-items within a row separated by an `&'.
-
- An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
-`\nonumber' command.
-
- The command `\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
-lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
-zero width.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.6 equation
---------------
-
- \begin{equation}
- math formula
- \end{equation}
-
- The `equation' environment centres your equation on the page and
-places the equation number in the right margin.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.7 figure
-------------
-
- \begin{figure}[placement]
-
- body of the figure
-
- \caption{figure title}
- \end{figure}
-
- Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Figures will not be split between two pages.
-
- The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
-to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
-put a float:
-
- 1. `h' (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
- environment appears.
-
- 2. `t' (Top) - at the top of a text page.
-
- 3. `b' (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.
-
- 4. `p' (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
- containing no text, only floats.
-
- The standard report and article classes use the default placement
-`tbp'.
-
- The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
-etc. you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your figure.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: flushleft, Next: flushright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.8 flushleft
----------------
-
- \begin{flushleft}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{flushleft}
-
- The `flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin.
-Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \raggedright:: The declaration form of the `flushleft' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \raggedright, Up: flushleft
-
-2.6.8.1 \raggedright
-....................
-
-This declaration corresponds to the `flushleft' environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a
-`parbox'.
-
- Unlike the `flushleft' environment, the `\raggedright' command does
-not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: flushright, Next: itemize, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.9 flushright
-----------------
-
- \begin{flushright}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{flushright}
-
- The `flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin.
-Each line must be terminated with the string `\\'.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \raggedleft:: The declaration form of the `flushright' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \raggedleft, Up: flushright
-
-2.6.9.1 \raggedleft
-...................
-
-This declaration corresponds to the `flushright' environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as `quote' or in a
-`parbox'.
-
- Unlike the `flushright' environment, the `\raggedleft' command does
-not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or `\end' command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: itemize, Next: letter, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.10 itemize
---------------
-
- \begin{itemize}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end{itemize}
-
- The `itemize' environment produces a "bulleted" list. Itemizations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
-
- Each item of an `itemized' list begins with an `\item' command.
-There must be at least one `\item' command within the environment.
-
- The `itemize' environment uses the `itemi' through `itemiv' counters
-(*note Counters::). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining
-`\theitemi' etc.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: letter, Next: list, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.11 letter
--------------
-
-This environment is used for creating letters. *Note Letters::.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: list, Next: minipage, Prev: letter, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.12 list
------------
-
-The `list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
-defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.
-
- \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end{list}
-
- The `{label}' argument specifies how items should be labelled. This
-argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
-
- The `{spacing}' argument contains commands to change the spacing
-parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.,
-`{}'. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
-most cases.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: list, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.13 minipage
----------------
-
- \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
- text
- \end{minipage}
-
- The `minipage' environment is similar to a `\parbox' command. It
-takes the same optional `position' argument and mandatory `width'
-argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a
-minipage.
-
- Footnotes in a `minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
-particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
-`\footnote' or `\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
-of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
-`mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary `footnote' counter *Note
-Counters::.
-
- NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
-footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.14 picture
---------------
-
- \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
- .
- .
- picture commands
- .
- .
- \end{picture}
-
- The `picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind
-of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
-tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
-coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
-a minus sign -- a number like `5', `2.3' or `-3.1416'. A coordinate
-specifies a length in multiples of the unit length `\unitlength', so if
-`\unitlength' has been set to `1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
-a length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of
-`\unitlength' anywhere you want, using the `\setlength' command, but
-strange things will happen if you try changing it inside the picture
-environment.
-
- A position is a pair of coordinates, such as `(2.4,-5)', specifying
-the point with x-coordinate `2.4' and y-coordinate `-5'. Coordinates
-are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
-normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
-position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
-parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
-
- The `picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
-`position'. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
-produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument's x- and y-coordinates.
-
- The `picture' environment also has an optional `position' argument,
-following the `size' argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
-ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
-brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
-the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
-For example, if `\unitlength' has been set to `1mm', the command
- \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
- produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200
-millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
-at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by
-shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
-
- The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
-the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
-really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
-picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by
-LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
-
- Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the `\put' command.
-The command
- \put (11.3,-.3){...}
- puts the object specified by `...' in the picture, with its
-reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for
-various objects will be described below.
-
- The `\put' command creates an "LR box". You can put anything in the
-text argument of the `\put' command that you'd put into the argument of
-an `\mbox' and related commands. When you do this, the reference point
-will be the lower left corner of the box.
-
- Picture commands:
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \circle:: Draw a circle.
-* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box.
-* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object.
-* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it.
-* \line:: Draw a straight line.
-* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness.
-* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size.
-* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object.
-* \oval:: Draw an ellipse.
-* \put:: Place an object at a specified place.
-* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects.
-* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \circle, Next: \dashbox, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.1 \circle
-................
-
-`\circle[*]{diameter}'
-
- The `\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
-the specified one as possible. If the `*'-form of the command is used,
-LaTeX draws a solid circle.
-
- Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \dashbox, Next: \frame, Prev: \circle, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.2 \dashbox
-.................
-
-Draws a box with a dashed line.
-
- `\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}'
-
- The `\dashbox' has an extra argument which specifies the width of
-each dash. A dashed box looks best when the `width' and `height' are
-multiples of the `dash_length'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \frame, Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \dashbox, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.3 \frame
-...............
-
-`\frame{...}'
-
- The `\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around the object
-specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left
-corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the
-object.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \line, Prev: \frame, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.4 \framebox
-..................
-
-`\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}'
-
- The `\framebox' command is exactly the same as the `\makebox'
-command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
-it creates.
-
- The `framebox' command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and
-leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \line, Next: \linethickness, Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.5 \line
-..............
-
-`\line(x slope,y slope){length}'
-
- The `\line' command draws a line of the specified `length' and
-`slope'.
-
- Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y
-have integer values from -6 through 6.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \linethickness, Next: \makebox (picture), Prev: \line, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.6 \linethickness
-.......................
-
-`\linethickness{dimension}'
-
- Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
-environment to be `dimension', which must be a positive length. It does
-not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
-circles drawn by `\oval' to form the corners of an oval.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \multiput, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.7 \makebox
-.................
-
-`\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}'
-
- The `\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
-normal `\makebox' command except that you must specify a `width' and
-`height' in multiples of `\unitlength'.
-
- The optional argument, `[position]', specifies the quadrant that
-your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
-
- * `t' - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
-
- * `b' - Moves the item to the bottom
-
- * `l' - Moves the item to the left
-
- * `r' - Moves the item to the right
-
- *Note \makebox::.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \multiput, Next: \oval, Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.8 \multiput
-..................
-
-`\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}'
-
- The `\multiput' command can be used when you are putting the same
-object in a regular pattern across a picture.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \oval, Next: \put, Prev: \multiput, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.9 \oval
-..............
-
-`\oval(width,height)[portion]'
-
- The `\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
-optional argument, `[portion]', allows you to select part of the oval.
-
- * `t' - Selects the top portion
-
- * `b' - Selects the bottom portion
-
- * `r' - Selects the right portion
-
- * `l' - Selects the left portion
-
- Note that the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles
-with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look more like
-boxes with rounded corners.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \put, Next: \shortstack, Prev: \oval, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.10 \put
-..............
-
-`\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }'
-
- The `\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory
-argument at the given coordinates.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \put, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.11 \shortstack
-.....................
-
-`\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}'
-
- The `\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects. The valid
-positions are:
-
- * `r' - Moves the objects to the right of the stack
-
- * `l' - Moves the objects to the left of the stack
-
- * `c' - Moves the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \vector, Prev: \shortstack, Up: picture
-
-2.6.14.12 \vector
-.................
-
-`\vector(x slope,y slope){length}'
-
- The `\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The `x' and `y' values must lie between -4 and +4,
-inclusive.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.15 quotation
-----------------
-
- \begin{quotation}
- text
- \end{quotation}
-
- The margins of the `quotation' environment are indented on the left
-and the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is
-paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new
-paragraph.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.16 quote
-------------
-
- \begin{quote}
- text
- \end{quote}
-
- The margins of the `quote' environment are indented on the left and
-the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
-between text produces a new paragraph.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.17 tabbing
---------------
-
- \begin{tabbing}
- text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
- second row \> \> more \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{tabbing}
-
- The `tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
-It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do
-with an ordinary typewriter.
-
- It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is
-constant and known in advance.
-
- This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the `tabular'
-environment.
-
- The following commands can be used inside a `tabbing' enviroment:
-
-`\='
- Sets a tab stop at the current position.
-
-`\>'
- Advances to the next tab stop.
-
-`\<'
- This command allows you to put something to the left of the local
- margin without changing the margin. Can only be used at the start
- of the line.
-
-`\+'
- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
- one tab stop to the right.
-
-`\-'
- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
- one tab stop to the left.
-
-`\''
- Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
- i.e. everything from the most recent `\>', `\<', `\'', `\\', or
- `\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush
- against the current column's tab stop.
-
-`\`'
- Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
- tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last
- column because there's no tab stop there. The `\`' command moves
- all the text that follows it, up to the `\\' or `\end{tabbing}'
- command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
- environment. There must be no `\>' or `\'' command between the
- `\`' and the command that ends the line.
-
-`\kill'
- Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like `\\'
- except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
- output for it. The effect of any `\=', `\+' or `\-' commands in
- that line remain in effect.
-
-`\pushtabs'
- Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily
- changing tab stop positions in the middle of a `tabbing'
- environment.
-
-`\poptabs'
- Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last `\pushtabs'.
-
-`\a'
- In a `tabbing' environment, the commands `\=', `\'' and `\`' do
- not produce accents as normal. Instead, the commands `\a=', `\a''
- and `\a`' are used.
-
- This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
-
- \begin{tabbing}
- function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
- \> begin \= \+ \\
- \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
- fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
- else \+ \\
- fact := 1; \-\- \\
- end;\\
- \end{tabbing}
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.18 table
-------------
-
- \begin{table}[placement]
-
- body of the table
-
- \caption{table title}
- \end{table}
-
- Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and
-are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a
-page. Tables will not be split between two pages.
-
- The optional argument `[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
-to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
-a float:
-
- * `h' : Here - at the position in the text where the table
- environment appears.
-
- * `t' : Top - at the top of a text page.
-
- * `b' : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
-
- * `p' : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
- containing no text, only floats.
-
- The standard `report' and `article' classes use the default
-placement `[tbp]'.
-
- The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
-etc., you wish. The `\caption' command allows you to title your table.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.19 tabular
---------------
-
- \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
- column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{tabular}
-
- or
-
- \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
- column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end{tabular*}
-
- These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
-items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
-arguments consist of:
-
-`width'
- Specifies the width of the `tabular*' environment. There must be
- rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
- specified width.
-
-`pos'
- Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the
- centre of the environment.
-
- * `t' - align on top row
-
- * `b' - align on bottom row
-
-`cols'
- Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
- following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
- intercolumn material.
-
- * `l' - A column of left-aligned items.
-
- * `r' - A column of right-aligned items.
-
- * `c' - A column of centred items.
-
- * `|' - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
- environment.
-
- * `@{text}' - This inserts `text' in every row. An @-expression
- suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
- columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the
- adjacent items must be included in text. An
- `\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an extra
- space of width `wd' to appear to the left of all subsequent
- columns, until countermanded by another `\extracolsep'
- command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space
- is not suppressed by an @-expression. An `\extracolsep'
- command can be used only in an @-expression in the `cols'
- argument.
-
- * `p{wd}' - Produces a column with each item typeset in a
- parbox of width `wd', as if it were the argument of a
- `\parbox[t]{wd}' command. However, a `\\' may not appear in
- the item, except in the following situations:
- 1. inside an environment like `minipage', `array', or
- `tabular'.
-
- 2. inside an explicit `\parbox'.
-
- 3. in the scope of a `\centering', `\raggedright', or
- `\raggedleft' declaration. The latter declarations must
- appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
- `p'-column element.
-
- * `*{num}{cols}' - Equivalent to `num' copies of `cols', where
- `num' is any positive integer and `cols' is any list of
- column-specifiers, which may contain another `*-expression'.
-
-
-
- These commands can be used inside a `tabular' environment:
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
-* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
-* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns.
-* \vline:: Draw a vertical line.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Up: tabular
-
-2.6.19.1 \cline
-...............
-
-`\cline{i-j}'
-
- The `\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
-specified, beginning in column `i' and ending in column `j', which are
-identified in the mandatory argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \hline, Next: \multicolumn, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular
-
-2.6.19.2 \hline
-...............
-
-The `\hline' command will draw a horizontal line the width of the
-table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and
-between the rows of the table.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular
-
-2.6.19.3 \multicolumn
-.....................
-
-`\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}'
-
- The `\multicolumn' is used to make an entry that spans several
-columns. The first mandatory argument, `cols', specifies the number of
-columns to span. The second mandatory argument, `pos', specifies the
-formatting of the entry; `c' for centred, `l' for flushleft, `r' for
-flushright. The third mandatory argument, `text', specifies what text
-is to make up the entry.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular
-
-2.6.19.4 \vline
-...............
-
-The `\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full
-height and depth of its row. An `\hfill' command can be used to move
-the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
-@-expression.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.20 thebibliography
-----------------------
-
- \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
- \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
- .
- .
- .
- \end{thebibliography}
-
- The `thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list. In the `article' class, this reference list is
-labelled "References"; in the `report' class, it is labelled
-"Bibliography".
-
- * `widest-label': Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide
- as the widest item label produces by the `\bibitem' commands.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item.
-* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item.
-* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography.
-* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography
-
-2.6.20.1 \bibitem
-.................
-
-`\bibitem[label]{cite_key}'
-
- The `\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by `label'. If
-the `label' argument is missing, a number is generated as the `label',
-using the `enumi' counter. The `cite_key' is any sequence of letters,
-numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command
-writes an entry on the `.aux' file containing `cite_key' and the item's
-`label'. When this `.aux' file is read by the `\begin{document}'
-command, the item's `label' is associated with `cite_key', causing the
-reference to `cite_key' by a `\cite' command to produce the associated
-`label'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography
-
-2.6.20.2 \cite
-..............
-
-`\cite[text]{key_list}'
-
- The `key_list' argument is a list of citation keys. This command
-generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys
-in `key_list' by entries on the `.aux' file read by the
-`\begin{document}' command.
-
- The optional `text' argument will appear after the citation, i.e.
-`\cite[p. 2]{knuth}' might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \nocite, Next: Using BibTeX, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography
-
-2.6.20.3 \nocite
-................
-
-`\nocite{key_list}'
-
- The `\nocite' command produces no text, but writes `key_list', which
-is a list of one or more citation keys, on the `.aux' file.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography
-
-2.6.20.4 Using BibTeX
-.....................
-
-If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
-you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
-your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment.
-Instead, you include the lines
-
- \bibliographystyle{style}
- \bibliography{bibfile}
-
- where `style' refers to a file `style.bst', which defines how your
-citations will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are:
-
-`alpha'
- Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and
- year of publication.
-
-`plain'
- Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
-
-`unsrt'
- Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation.
-
-`abbrv'
- Like `plain', but more compact labels.
-
- In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
-demands of various publications.
-
- The argument to `\bibliography' refers to the file `bibfile.bib',
-which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries
-referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed in the
-bibliography.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.21 theorem
---------------
-
- \begin{theorem}
- theorem text
- \end{theorem}
-
- The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed
-by your theorem text.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.22 titlepage
-----------------
-
- \begin{titlepage}
- text
- \end{titlepage}
-
- The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with
-no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page
-to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
-`\today' command comes in handy for title pages.
-
- Note that you can use the `\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::) command
-to produce a standard title page.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.23 verbatim
----------------
-
- \begin{verbatim}
- text
- \end{verbatim}
-
- The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment that
-gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
-typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that
-they would on a typewriter.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \verb:: The macro form of the `verbatim' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim
-
-2.6.23.1 \verb
-..............
-
-`\verb char literal_text char'
-
- `\verb*char literal_text char'
-
- Typesets `literal_text' exactly as typed, including special
-characters and spaces, using a typewriter (`\tt') type style. There
-may be no space between `\verb' or `\verb*' and `char' (space is shown
-here only for clarity). The `*-form' differs only in that spaces are
-printed as a special character.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments
-
-2.6.24 verse
-------------
-
- \begin{verse}
- text
- \end{verse}
-
- The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
-other uses for it.
-
- The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the
-lines of each stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to
-separate the stanzas.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Layout, Prev: Environments, Up: Commands
-
-2.7 Footnotes
-=============
-
-Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
-with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced
-with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext'
-commands. See the specific command for information on why you would
-use one over the other.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \footnote:: Insert a footnote.
-* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only.
-* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Footnotes
-
-2.7.1 \footnote
----------------
-
-`\footnote[number]{text}'
-
- The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote `text' at the
-bottom of the current page. The optional argument, `number', is used
-to change the default footnote number. This command can only be used
-in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands
-like `\chapter', in figures, tables or in a `tabular' environment.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes
-
-2.7.2 \footnotemark
--------------------
-
-The `\footnotemark' command puts the footnote `number' in the text.
-This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the
-footnote is supplied by the `\footnotetext' command.
-
- This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote by using
-
- `\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]'
-
- after the first `\footnote' command.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
-
-2.7.3 \footnotetext
--------------------
-
-`\footnotetext[number]{text}'
-
- The `\footnotetext' command produces the `text' to be placed at the
-bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the
-`\footnotemark' command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in
-outer paragraph mode.
-
- The optional argument, `number', is used to change the default
-footnote number.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Letters, Prev: Layout, Up: Commands
-
-2.8 Lengths
-===========
-
-A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
-as an argument.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \newlength:: Define a new length.
-* \setlength:: Set the value of a length.
-* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length.
-* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something.
-* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something.
-* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something.
-* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \setlength, Prev: Lengths, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.1 \newlength
-----------------
-
-`\newlength{\gnat}'
-
- The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument, `\gnat', as
-a `length' command with a value of `0in'. An error occurs if a `\gnat'
-command already exists.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: \newlength, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.2 \setlength
-----------------
-
-`\setlength{\gnat}{length}'
-
- The `\setlength' command is used to set the value of a `length'
-command. The `length' argument can be expressed in any terms of length
-LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (`in'), millimetres (`mm'), points
-(`pt'), etc.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.3 \addtolength
-------------------
-
-`\addtolength{\gnat}{length}'
-
- The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" by the
-amount specified in the `length' argument. It can be a negative amount.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.4 \settodepth
------------------
-
-`\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'
-
- The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal
-to the depth of the `text' argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.5 \settoheight
-------------------
-
-`\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'
-
- The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command
-equal to the height of the `text' argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.6 \settowidth
------------------
-
-`\settowidth{\gnat}{text}'
-
- The `\settowidth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal
-to the width of the `text' argument.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths
-
-2.8.7 Predefined lengths
-------------------------
-
-`\width'
-
- `\height'
-
- `\depth'
-
- `\totalheight'
-
- These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
-box-making commands *Note Spaces & Boxes::. They specify the natural
-width etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' +
-`\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
-size, e.g., say
-
- `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Letters, Next: Line & Page Breaking, Prev: Lengths, Up: Commands
-
-2.9 Letters
-===========
-
-You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
-`letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at
-once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
-
- Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
-document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
-minimum:
-
- \documentclass{letter}
- \begin{document}
- ... letters ...
- \end{document}
-
- Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name
-and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
-
- \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
- \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
- ...
- \end{letter}
-
- The letter itself begins with the `\opening' command. The text of
-the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
-make no sense in a letter, like `\chapter', do not work. The letter
-closes with a `\closing' command.
-
- After the `closing', you can have additional material. The `\cc'
-command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar `\encl'
-command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use `\\' to
-separate the items.
-
- These commands are used with the `letter' class:
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \address:: Your return address.
-* \cc:: Cc list.
-* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
-* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
-* \location:: Your organisation's address.
-* \makelabels:: Making address labels.
-* \name:: Your name, for the return address.
-* \opening:: Saying hello.
-* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
-* \signature:: Your signature.
-* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks.
-* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks.
-* \telephone:: Your phone number.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Prev: Letters, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.1 \address
---------------
-
-`\address{Return address}'
-
- The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
-envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by `\\'
-commands. If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the
-letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
-letterhead. (*Note Overview::, for details on your local
-implementation). If you give an `\address' declaration, then the
-letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.2 \cc
----------
-
-`\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}'
-
- Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is
-printed on a separate line.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.3 \closing
---------------
-
-`\closing{text}'
-
- The letter closes with a `\closing' command, i.e.,
- \closing{Best Regards,}
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.4 \encl
------------
-
-`\encl{CV\\Certificates}'
-
- Generate a list of enclosed material.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.5 \location
----------------
-
-`\location{address}'
-
- This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only
-appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.6 \makelabels
------------------
-
-`\makelabels{number}'
-
- If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
-of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.7 \name
------------
-
-`\name{June Davenport}'
-
- Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
-address.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.8 \opening
---------------
-
-`\opening{text}'
-
- The letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory
-argument, `text', is whatever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,
- \opening{Dear Joe,}
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.9 \ps
----------
-
-`\ps'
-
- Use this command before a postscript.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.10 \signature
------------------
-
-`\signature{Harvey Swick}'
-
- Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath
-the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines
-should be separated by `\\' commands.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.11 \startbreaks
--------------------
-
-`\startbreaks'
-
- Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.12 \stopbreaks
-------------------
-
-`\stopbreaks'
-
- Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters
-
-2.9.13 \telephone
------------------
-
-`\telephone{number}'
-
- This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage'
-pagestyle is selected.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Line & Page Breaking, Next: Making Paragraphs, Prev: Letters, Up: Commands
-
-2.10 Line & Page Breaking
-=========================
-
-The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
-translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
-produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and
-these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the
-line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, but LaTeX usually does it
-for you.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \\:: Start a new line.
-* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page.
-* \clearpage:: Start a new page.
-* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit.
-* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking.
-* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
-* \linebreak:: Break the line.
-* \newline:: Break the line prematurely.
-* \newpage:: Start a new page.
-* \nolinebreak:: Don't break the current line.
-* \nopagebreak:: Don't make a page break here.
-* \pagebreak:: Please make a page break here.
-* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \\, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.1 \\
----------
-
-`\\[*][extra-space]'
-
- The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
-optional argument, `extra-space', that specifies how much extra
-vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
-negative amount.
-
- The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except
-that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \cleardoublepage, Prev: \\, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.2 \-
----------
-
-The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
-point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all
-correct hyphenation points. The `\-' command is used for the
-exceptional cases.
-
- Note that when you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will
-only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation
-points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.3 \cleardoublepage
------------------------
-
-The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.4 \clearpage
------------------
-
-The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
-and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \fussy, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.5 \enlargethispage
------------------------
-
-`\enlargethispage{size}'
-
- `\enlargethispage*{size}'
-
- Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
-additional line.
-
- The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
-as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-`\pagebreak'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.6 \fussy
--------------
-
-`\fussy'
-
- This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about
-line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may
-produce overfull boxes.
-
- This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command.
-*Note \sloppy::
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.7 \hyphenation
--------------------
-
-`\hyphenation{words}'
-
- The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points,
-where `words' is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each
-hyphenation point is indicated by a `-' character.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \linebreak, Next: \newline, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.8 \linebreak
------------------
-
-`\linebreak[number]'
-
- The `\linebreak' command tells LaTeX to break the current line at
-the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you
-can convert the `\linebreak' command from a demand to a request. The
-number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.
-
- The `\linebreak' command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it
-extends to the right margin.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newline, Next: \newpage, Prev: \linebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.9 \newline
----------------
-
-The `\newline' command breaks the line right where it is. It can only
-be used in paragraph mode.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \nolinebreak, Prev: \newline, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.10 \newpage
-----------------
-
-The `\newpage' command ends the current page.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \nolinebreak, Next: \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.11 \nolinebreak
---------------------
-
-`\nolinebreak[number]'
-
- The `\nolinebreak' command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
-line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
-`number', you can convert the `\nolinebreak' command from a demand to a
-request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
-number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \nopagebreak, Next: \pagebreak, Prev: \nolinebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.12 \nopagebreak
---------------------
-
-`\nopagebreak[number]'
-
- The `\nopagebreak' command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
-page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
-`number', you can convert the `\nopagebreak' command from a demand to a
-request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
-number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \pagebreak, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \nopagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.13 \pagebreak
-------------------
-
-`\pagebreak[number]'
-
- The `\pagebreak' command tells LaTeX to break the current page at
-the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you
-can convert the `\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The
-number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
-insistent the request is.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \sloppy, Prev: \pagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking
-
-2.10.14 \sloppy
----------------
-
-`\sloppy'
-
- This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can
-prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words.
-
- Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued. *Note \fussy::.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Making Paragraphs, Next: Margin Notes, Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Commands
-
-2.11 Making Paragraphs
-======================
-
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not
-containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
-* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
-* \par:: Another way of writing a blank line.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Making Paragraphs
-
-2.11.1 \indent
---------------
-
-`\indent'
-
- This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
-paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it
-would otherwise be suppressed.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \par, Prev: \indent, Up: Making Paragraphs
-
-2.11.2 \noindent
-----------------
-
-`\noindent'
-
- When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the
-paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a
-paragraph.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \par, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs
-
-2.11.3 \par
------------
-
-Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
-definitions easier to read.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Margin Notes, Next: Math Formulae, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Commands
-
-2.12 Margin Notes
-=================
-
-The command `\marginpar[left]{right}' creates a note in the margin.
-The first line will be at the same height as the line in the text where
-the `\marginpar' occurs.
-
- When you only specify the mandatory argument `right', the text will
-be placed
-
- * in the right margin for one-sided layout
-
- * in the outside margin for two-sided layout
-
- * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
-
- By issuing the command `\reversemarginpar', you can force the
-marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.
-
- When you specify both arguments, `left' is used for the left margin,
-and `right' is used for the right margin.
-
- The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
-hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a `\hspace{0pt}' command.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Math Formulae, Next: Modes, Prev: Margin Notes, Up: Commands
-
-2.13 Math Formulae
-==================
-
-There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
-
-`math'
- For Formulae that appear right in the text.
-
-`displaymath'
- For Formulae that appear on their own line.
-
-`equation'
- The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
- equation number in the right margin.
-
- The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in
-paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so
-often that they have the following short forms:
-
- \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
-
- \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
-
- In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
-
- $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Subscripts & Superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
-* Math Symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
-* Spacing in Math Mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
-* Math Miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Subscripts & Superscripts, Next: Math Symbols, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Math Formulae
-
-2.13.1 Subscripts & Superscripts
---------------------------------
-
-To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
-`_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type
-`^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that
-stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something
-has both a subscript and a superscript.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Math Symbols, Next: Spacing in Math Mode, Prev: Subscripts & Superscripts, Up: Math Formulae
-
-2.13.2 Math Symbols
--------------------
-
-LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
-commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
-example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the symbol
-"pi" in your output.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Spacing in Math Mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulae
-
-2.13.3 Spacing in Math Mode
----------------------------
-
-In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
-the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way
-it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX
-provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
-
- 1. `\;' - a thick space
-
- 2. `\:' - a medium space
-
- 3. `\,' - a thin space
-
- 4. `\!' - a negative thin space
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Math Miscellany, Prev: Spacing in Math Mode, Up: Math Formulae
-
-2.13.4 Math Miscellany
-----------------------
-
-`\cdots'
- Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the
- centre of the line.
-
-`\ddots'
- Produces a diagonal ellipsis.
-
-`\frac{num}{den}'
- Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'.
-
-`\ldots'
- Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just
- math mode.
-
-`\overbrace{text}'
- Generates a brace over text.
-
-`\overline{text}'
- Causes the argument text to be overlined.
-
-`\sqrt[root]{arg}'
- Produces the square root of its argument. The optional argument,
- `root', determines what root to produce, i.e., the cube root of
- `x+y' would be typed as `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.
-
-`\underbrace{text}'
- Generates text with a brace underneath.
-
-`\underline{text}'
- Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can also
- be used in paragraph and LR modes.
-
-`\vdots'
- Produces a vertical ellipsis.
-
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Commands
-
-2.14 Modes
-==========
-
-When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
-
- * Paragraph mode
-
- * Math mode
-
- * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
-
- LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
-different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
-Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
-
- "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
-processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
-lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when
-it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph
-mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
-words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
-keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
-Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep
-typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
-complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
-
- LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox'
-command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
-example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
-There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
-these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX
-is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
-paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is
-called "outer paragraph mode".
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Page Styles, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Modes, Up: Commands
-
-2.15 Page Styles
-================
-
-The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
-page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
-* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
-* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
-* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Page Styles
-
-2.15.1 \maketitle
------------------
-
-`\maketitle'
-
- The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title page
-- except in the `article' class, where the title normally goes at the
-top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
-obtained from the following declarations:
-
- *Note Page Styles::, for the commands to give the information.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \author:: Who wrote this stuff?
-* \date:: The date the document was created.
-* \thanks:: A special form of footnote.
-* \title:: How to set the document title.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \author, Next: \date, Prev: \maketitle, Up: \maketitle
-
-2.15.2 \author
---------------
-
-`\author{names}'
-
- The `\author' command declares the author(s), where `names' is a
-list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use `\\' to separate
-lines within a single author's entry - for example, to give the
-author's institution or address.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \date, Next: \thanks, Prev: \author, Up: \maketitle
-
-2.15.3 \date
-------------
-
-`\date{text}'
-
- The `\date' command declares text to be the document's date. With
-no `\date' command, the current date is used.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \thanks, Next: \title, Prev: \date, Up: \maketitle
-
-2.15.4 \thanks
---------------
-
-`\thanks{text}'
-
- The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \title, Prev: \thanks, Up: \maketitle
-
-2.15.5 \title
--------------
-
-`\title{text}'
-
- The `\title' command declares `text' to be the title. Use `\\' to
-tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles
-
-2.15.6 \pagenumbering
----------------------
-
-`\pagenumbering{num_style}'
-
- Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of `num_style'
-are:
-
- * `arabic' - Arabic numerals
-
- * `roman' - Lowercase Roman numerals
-
- * `Roman' - Uppercase Roman numerals
-
- * `alph' - Lowercase letters
-
- * `Alph' - Uppercase letters
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles
-
-2.15.7 \pagestyle
------------------
-
-`\pagestyle{option}'
-
- The `\pagestyle' command changes the style from the current page on
-throughout the remainder of your document.
-
- The valid options are:
-
- * `plain' - Just a plain page number.
-
- * `empty' - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
-
- * `headings' - Puts running headings on each page. The document
- style specifies what goes in the headings.
-
- * `myheadings' - You specify what is to go in the heading with the
- `\markboth' or the `\markright' commands.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \markboth:: Set left and right headings.
-* \markright:: Set right heading only.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \markboth, Next: \markright, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: \pagestyle
-
-2.15.8 \markboth
-----------------
-
- \markboth{left head}{right head}
-
- The `\markboth' command is used in conjunction with the page style
-`myheadings' for setting both the left and the right heading. You
-should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last
-`\markboth' command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand
-heading" is generated by the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that
-comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the
-page.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \markright, Prev: \markboth, Up: \pagestyle
-
-2.15.9 \markright
------------------
-
- \markright{right head}
-
- The `\markright' command is used in conjunction with the page style
-`myheadings' for setting the right heading, leaving the left heading
-unchanged. You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by
-the last `\markboth' command before the end of the page, while a
-"right-hand heading" is generated by the first `\markboth' or
-`\markright' that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the
-last one before the page.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles
-
-2.15.10 \thispagestyle
-----------------------
-
-`\thispagestyle{option}'
-
- The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
-`\pagestyle' command except that it changes the style for the current
-page only.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Spaces & Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Commands
-
-2.16 Sectioning
-===============
-
-Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
-
- * `\part'
-
- * `\chapter' (report and book class only)
-
- * `\section'
-
- * `\subsection'
-
- * `\subsubsection'
-
- * `\paragraph'
-
- * `\subparagraph'
-
- All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,
-
- `\chapter[optional]{title}'
-
- In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory
-argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
-
- 1. The table of contents
-
- 2. The running head at the top of the page
-
- You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places
-as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the
-sectioning commands have an `optional' argument that provides the text
-for these other two purposes.
-
- All sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print a title, but do
-not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
-
- `\appendix'
-
- The `\appendix' command changes the way sectional units are
-numbered. The `\appendix' command generates no text and does not
-affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is
-something like
-
- \chapter{The First Chapter}
- ...
- \appendix
- \chapter{The First Appendix}
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Spaces & Boxes, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Commands
-
-2.17 Spaces & Boxes
-===================
-
-All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
-used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
-
-* Menu:
-
-Horizontal space
-* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots.
-* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule.
-* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
-Vertical space
-* \addvspace:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \bigskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \medskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \smallskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
-* \vspace:: Fixed vertical space.
-Boxes
-* \fbox:: Framebox.
-* \framebox:: Framebox, adjustable position.
-* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox.
-* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
-* \mbox:: Box.
-* \newsavebox:: Declare a name for saving a box.
-* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
-* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
-* \rule:: Lines and squares.
-* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
-* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
-* \usebox:: Print saved text.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.1 \dotfill
----------------
-
-The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that produces dots
-instead of just spaces.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.2 \hfill
--------------
-
-The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch
-or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \hspace, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.3 \hrulefill
------------------
-
-The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
-stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
-rule.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.4 \hspace
---------------
-
-`\hspace[*]{length}'
-
- The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The length of the
-space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e.,
-points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space
-with an `\hspace' command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.
-
- LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If
-you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional `*'
-argument. Then the space is never removed.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.5 \addvspace
------------------
-
-`\addvspace{length}'
-
- The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
-length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
-point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this
-command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
-of the total vertical space equal to `length'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \bigskip, Next: \medskip, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.6 \bigskip
----------------
-
-The `\bigskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{bigskipamount}' where
-`bigskipamount' is determined by the document class.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \medskip, Next: \smallskip, Prev: \bigskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.7 \medskip
----------------
-
-The `\medskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{medskipamount}' where
-`medskipamount' is determined by the document class.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \medskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.8 \smallskip
------------------
-
-`\smallskip'
-
- The `\smallskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{smallskipamount}'
-where `smallskipamount' is determined by the document class.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \smallskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.9 \vfill
--------------
-
-The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
-shrink vertically.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \fbox, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.10 \vspace
----------------
-
-`\vspace[*]{length}'
-
- The `\vspace' command adds vertical space. The length of the space
-can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
-inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
-`\vspace' command.
-
- LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
-don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional `*'
-argument. Then the space is never removed.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \fbox, Next: \framebox, Prev: \vspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.11 \fbox
--------------
-
-`\fbox{text}'
-
- The `\fbox' command is exactly the same as the `\mbox' command,
-except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
-creates.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \fbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.12 \framebox
------------------
-
-`\framebox[width][position]{text}'
-
- The `\framebox' command is exactly the same as the `\makebox'
-command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
-it creates.
-
- The framebox command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and
-leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \framebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.13 lrbox
--------------
-
-`\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'
-
- This is the environment form of `\sbox'.
-
- The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which
-must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \mbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.14 \makebox
-----------------
-
-`\makebox[width][position]{text}'
-
- The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
-`text' specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional
-`width' argument. The position of the text within the box is
-determined by the optional `position' argument.
-
- * `c' -- centred (default)
-
- * `l' -- flushleft
-
- * `r' -- flushright
-
- * `s' -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain
- stretchable space for this to work.
-
- *Note \makebox (picture)::.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.15 \mbox
--------------
-
-`\mbox{text}'
-
- The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
-created by its argument.
-
- Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.16 \newsavebox
--------------------
-
-`\newsavebox{cmd}'
-
- Declares `cmd', which must be a command name that is not already
-defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.17 \parbox
----------------
-
-`\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}'
-
- A `parbox' is a box whose contents are created in `paragraph' mode.
-The `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:
-
- * `width' - specifies the width of the parbox, and
-
- * `text' - the text that goes inside the parbox.
-
- LaTeX will position a `parbox' so its centre lines up with the
-centre of the text line. The optional position argument allows you to
-line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is top).
-
- If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural
-height of the text.
-
- The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the
-box. If it is not specified, position is used.
-
- * `t' -- text is placed at the top of the box.
-
- * `c' -- text is centred in the box.
-
- * `b' -- text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-
- * `s' -- stretch vertically. The text must contain vertically
- stretchable space for this to work.
-
- A `\parbox' command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of
-text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
-of the paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For
-larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
-environment, you should use a `minipage' environment *Note minipage::.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \rule, Prev: \parbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.18 \raisebox
------------------
-
-`\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}'
-
- The `\raisebox' command is used to raise or lower text. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in
-`LR mode'.
-
- Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different
-size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
-normally think it has. The `\raisebox' command lets you tell LaTeX how
-tall it is.
-
- The first optional argument, `extend-above', makes LaTeX think that
-the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
-optional argument, `extend-below', makes LaTeX think that the text
-extends below the line by the amount specified.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \rule, Next: \savebox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.19 \rule
--------------
-
-`\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}'
-
- The `\rule' command is used to produce horizontal lines. The
-arguments are defined as follows:
-
- * `raise-height' - specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
-
- * `width' - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
-
- * `thickness' - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \rule, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.20 \savebox
-----------------
-
- \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
-
- This command typeset `text' in a box just as for `\makebox'.
-However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin
-`cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.21 \sbox
--------------
-
-`\sbox{text}'
-
- This commands typeset `text' in a box just as for `\mbox'. However,
-instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin `cmd', which
-must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes
-
-2.17.22 \usebox
----------------
-
-`\usebox{cmd}'
-
- Prints the box most recently saved in bin `cmd' by a `\savebox'
-command.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: Splitting the Input, Prev: Spaces & Boxes, Up: Commands
-
-2.18 Special Characters
-=======================
-
-The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
-"special printing characters", or simply "special characters".
-
- # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
-
- Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you
-are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be
-printed just as any other letter, include a `\' in front of the
-character. For example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output.
-
- One exception to this rule is the `\' itself because `\\' has its
-own special meaning. A `\' is produced by typing `$\backslash$' in
-your file.
-
- Also, `\~' means `place a tilde accent over the following letter',
-so you will probably want to use `\verb' instead.
-
- In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its
-number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the character used
-for displaying spaces in the `\verb*' command has the code decimal 32,
-so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'.
-
- You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers
-with `"', so the previous example could also be written as
-`\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Splitting the Input, Next: Starting & Ending, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Commands
-
-2.19 Splitting the Input
-========================
-
-A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
-input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
-several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
-when you run LaTeX.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \include:: Conditionally include a file.
-* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included.
-* \input:: Unconditionally include a file.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Splitting the Input
-
-2.19.1 \include
----------------
-
-`\include{file}'
-
- The `\include' command is used in conjunction with the
-`\includeonly' command for selective inclusion of files. The `file'
-argument is the first name of a file, denoting `file.tex'. If `file'
-is one the file names in the file list of the `\includeonly' command or
-if there is no `\includeonly' command, the `\include' command is
-equivalent to
-
- \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
-
- except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then a warning
-message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the
-file list, the `\include' command is equivalent to `\clearpage'.
-
- The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
-read by another `\include' command.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the Input
-
-2.19.2 \includeonly
--------------------
-
-`\includeonly{'file_list`}'
-
- The `\includeonly' command controls which files will be read in by
-an `\include' command. file_list should be a comma-separated list of
-filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified in a
-`\include' command. This command can only appear in the preamble.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input
-
-2.19.3 \input
--------------
-
-`\input{file}'
-
- The `\input' command causes the indicated `file' to be read and
-processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current
-file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with
-extension or just a first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is
-used.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Starting & Ending, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Commands
-
-2.20 Starting & Ending
-======================
-
-Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum:
-
- \documentclass{class}
- \begin{document}
- ... your text goes here ...
- \end{document}
-
- where the `class' selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX.
-*Note Document Classes::, (and *note Overview::), for details of the
-various document classes available locally.
-
- You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass'
-and the `\begin{document}' commands (i.e., in the `preamble').
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Table of Contents, Next: Terminal Input/Output, Prev: Starting & Ending, Up: Commands
-
-2.21 Table of Contents
-======================
-
-A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command.
-You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
-LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not
-automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table
-of contents, include a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents'
-command.
-
- There are similar commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' for
-producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
-Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
-
- NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have
-the `\nofiles' command in your document.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc.
-* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Table of Contents
-
-2.21.1 \addcontentsline
------------------------
-
-`\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}'
-
- The `\addcontentsline' command adds an entry to the specified list
-or table where:
-
- * `file' is the extension of the file on which information is to be
- written: `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of figures), or
- `lot' (list of tables).
-
- * `sec_unit' controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one
- of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
- 1. `toc' -- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or
- subsection.
-
- 2. `lof' -- figure
-
- 3. `lot' -- table
-
- * `entry' is the text of the entry.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of Contents
-
-2.21.2 \addtocontents
----------------------
-
-`\addtocontents{file}{text}'
-
- The `\addtocontents' command adds text (or formatting commands)
-directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of
-figures or tables.
-
- * `file' is the extension of the file on which information is to be
- written: `toc' (table of contents), `lof' (list of figures), or
- `lot' (list of tables).
-
- * `text' is the information to be written.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Terminal Input/Output, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Commands
-
-2.22 Terminal Input/Output
-==========================
-
-* Menu:
-
-* \typein:: Read text from the terminal.
-* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \typein, Next: \typeout, Up: Terminal Input/Output
-
-2.22.1 \typein
---------------
-
-`\typein[cmd]{msg}'
-
- Prints `msg' on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for
-you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the `cmd' argument
-is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in
-the input file in place of the `\typein' command. If the `cmd'
-argument is present, it must be a command name. This command name is
-then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: \typeout, Prev: \typein, Up: Terminal Input/Output
-
-2.22.2 \typeout
----------------
-
-`\typeout{msg}'
-
- Prints `msg' on the terminal and in the `log' file. Commands in
-`msg' that are defined with `\newcommand' or `\renewcommand' are
-replaced by their definitions before being printed.
-
- LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to `msg'. A `\space'
-command in `msg' causes a single space to be printed. A `^^J' in `msg'
-prints a newline.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Typefaces, Prev: Terminal Input/Output, Up: Commands
-
-2.23 Typefaces
-==============
-
-The `typeface' is specified by giving the "size" and "style". A
-typeface is also called a "font".
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Styles:: Select roman, italics etc.
-* Sizes:: Select point size.
-* Low-level font commands:: Commands for wizards.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Styles, Next: Sizes, Prev: Typefaces, Up: Typefaces
-
-2.23.1 \Styles
---------------
-
-The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
-
- These commands are used like `\textit{italics text}'. The
-corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", which
-takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.
-
- The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
-`\sffamily\bfseries' to get sans serif boldface.
-
- You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.
-`\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.
-
-`\textrm (\rmfamily)'
- Roman.
-
-`\textit (\itshape)'
-
-`\emph'
- Emphasis (toggles between \textit and \textrm).
-
-`\textmd (\mdseries)'
- Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface.
-
-`\textbf (\bfseries)'
- Boldface.
-
-`\textup (\upshape)'
- Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
-
-`\textsl (\slshape)'
- Slanted.
-
-`\textsf (\sffamily)'
- Sans serif.
-
-`\textsc (\scshape)'
- Small caps.
-
-`\texttt (\ttfamily)'
- Typewriter.
-
-`\textnormal (\normalfont)'
- Main document font.
-
-`\mathrm'
- Roman, for use in math mode.
-
-`\mathbf'
- Boldface, for use in math mode.
-
-`\mathsf'
- Sans serif, for use in math mode.
-
-`\mathtt'
- Typewriter, for use in math mode.
-
-`\mathit'
- Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with several
- letters.
-
-`\mathnormal'
- For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
-
-`\mathcal'
- `Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
-
- In addition, the command `\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
-switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
-`\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Sizes, Next: Low-level font commands, Prev: Styles, Up: Typefaces
-
-2.23.2 Sizes
-------------
-
-The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
-
- The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the
-declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
-the current group.
-
- You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
-`\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.
-
-`\tiny'
-
-`\scriptsize'
-
-`\footnotesize'
-
-`\small'
-
-`\normalsize'
- (default)
-
-`\large'
-
-`\Large'
-
-`\LARGE'
-
-`\huge'
-
-`\Huge'
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Low-level font commands, Prev: Sizes, Up: Typefaces
-
-2.23.3 Low-level font commands
-------------------------------
-
-These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
-packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
-ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of `The LaTeX
-Companion'.
-
-`\fontencoding{enc}'
- Select font encoding. Valid encodings include `OT1' and `T1'.
-
-`\fontfamily{family}'
- Select font family. Valid families include:
-
- * `cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
-
- * `cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
-
- * `cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter
-
- and numerous others.
-
-`\fontseries{series}'
- Select font series. Valid series include:
-
- * `m' Medium (normal)
-
- * `b' Bold
-
- * `c' Condensed
-
- * `bc' Bold condensed
-
- * `bx' Bold extended
-
- and various other combinations.
-
-`\fontshape{shape}'
- Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
-
- * `n' Upright (normal)
-
- * `it' Italic
-
- * `sl' Slanted (oblique)
-
- * `sc' Small caps
-
- * `ui' Upright italics
-
- * `ol' Outline
-
- The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
-
-`\fontsize{size}{skip}'
- Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to;
- the second is the `\baselineskip' to use. The unit of both
- parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the
- baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size.
-
-`\selectfont'
- The changes made by calling the four font commands described above
- do not come into effect until `\selectfont' is called.
-
-`\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
- Equivalent to calling `\fontencoding', `\fontfamily',
- `\fontseries' and `\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed
- by `\selectfont'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Parameters, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Commands, Up: Top
-
-3 Parameters
-************
-
-The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
-uses `.tex' as a default file extension. If you omit the input file
-entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command
-options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
-
- `latex ``\scrollmode\input foo.tex'''
-
- will process `foo.tex' without pausing after every error.
-
- Output files are always created in the current directory. When you
-fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the
-file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT,
-typically `texput.log'.
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Parameters, Up: Top
-
-Concept Index
-*************
-
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Accessing any character of a font: Special Characters. (line 23)
-* Aligning Equations: eqnarray. (line 6)
-* Appendix, creating: Sectioning. (line 41)
-* Arrays, math: array. (line 6)
-* article class: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Author, for titlepage: \author. (line 6)
-* Bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* Bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6)
-* BibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* book class: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Boxes: Spaces & Boxes. (line 6)
-* Cc list: \cc. (line 6)
-* Centering text: \centering. (line 6)
-* Centering text, environment for: center. (line 6)
-* Characters, reserved: Special Characters. (line 6)
-* Characters, special: Special Characters. (line 6)
-* Classes of document: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Commands, defining new ones: \newcommand. (line 6)
-* Computer programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
-* Counters, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
-* Counters, creating: \newcounter. (line 6)
-* Counters, getting the value of: \value. (line 6)
-* Counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6)
-* Creating letters: Letters. (line 6)
-* Creating pictures: picture. (line 6)
-* Creating tables: table. (line 6)
-* Cross referencing: Cross References. (line 6)
-* Cross referencing using page number: \pageref. (line 6)
-* Cross referencing using section number: \ref. (line 6)
-* Date, for titlepage: \date. (line 6)
-* Defining a new command: \newcommand. (line 6)
-* Defining new environments: \newenvironment. (line 6)
-* Defining new fonts: \newfont. (line 6)
-* Defining new theorems: \newtheorem. (line 6)
-* Displaying quoted text: quote. (line 6)
-* Displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation.
- (line 6)
-* Document Classes: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Enclosed material: \encl. (line 6)
-* Ending & Starting: Starting & Ending. (line 6)
-* Enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
-* Environments: Environments. (line 6)
-* Environments, defining: \newenvironment. (line 6)
-* Equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6)
-* Equations, environment for: equation. (line 6)
-* exponent: Math Formulae. (line 32)
-* Figures, footnotes in: minipage. (line 6)
-* Flushing a page: \clearpage. (line 6)
-* Font commands, low-level: Low-level font commands.
- (line 6)
-* Font Sizes: Sizes. (line 6)
-* Font Styles: Styles. (line 6)
-* Fonts: Typefaces. (line 6)
-* Fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6)
-* Footnotes in figures: minipage. (line 6)
-* Footnotes, creating: Footnotes. (line 6)
-* Formatting Text: \centering. (line 6)
-* Formulae, environment for: equation. (line 6)
-* Formulae, maths: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* Global options: Document Classes. (line 75)
-* Greek letters: Math Symbols. (line 6)
-* Hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6)
-* Hyphenation, forcing: \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
-* Indent, forcing: \indent. (line 6)
-* Indent, suppressing: \noindent. (line 6)
-* Input file, splitting: Splitting the Input. (line 6)
-* Input/Output: Terminal Input/Output.
- (line 6)
-* Inserting figures: figure. (line 6)
-* Justification, ragged left: \raggedleft. (line 6)
-* Justification, ragged right: \raggedright. (line 6)
-* Labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6)
-* LaTeX overview: Overview. (line 6)
-* Layout commands: Layout. (line 3)
-* Left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6)
-* Left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
-* Left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* Lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6)
-* Lengths, defining a new: \newlength. (line 6)
-* Lengths, defining and using: Lengths. (line 6)
-* Lengths, predefined: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* Lengths, setting value of: \setlength. (line 6)
-* letter class: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Letters: Letters. (line 6)
-* Letters, ending: \closing. (line 6)
-* Letters, starting: \opening. (line 6)
-* Line Breaking: Line & Page Breaking. (line 6)
-* Line breaks: \linebreak. (line 6)
-* Lines in tables: tabular. (line 6)
-* Lining text up in columns using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6)
-* Lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6)
-* Lists of items: itemize. (line 6)
-* Lists of items, generic: list. (line 6)
-* Lists of items, numbered: enumerate. (line 6)
-* Loading additional packages: Document Classes. (line 71)
-* Low-level font commands: Low-level font commands.
- (line 6)
-* LR mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* Making a title page: titlepage. (line 6)
-* Making paragraphs: Making Paragraphs. (line 6)
-* Margin Notes: Margin Notes. (line 6)
-* Math Formulae: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* Math mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* Math mode, entering: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* Math mode, spacing: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 6)
-* Maths Miscellany: Math Miscellany. (line 6)
-* Maths symbols: Math Symbols. (line 6)
-* Minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6)
-* Modes: Modes. (line 6)
-* Multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6)
-* New line, starting: \\. (line 6)
-* New line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6)
-* New Page: \newpage. (line 6)
-* Notes in the margin: Margin Notes. (line 6)
-* Options, global: Document Classes. (line 75)
-* Overview of LaTeX: Overview. (line 6)
-* Packages, loading: Document Classes. (line 71)
-* Page break, forcing: \pagebreak. (line 6)
-* Page Breaking: Line & Page Breaking. (line 6)
-* Page Formatting: Line & Page Breaking. (line 6)
-* Page numbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
-* Page styles: Page Styles. (line 6)
-* Paragraph mode: Modes. (line 6)
-* Paragraph, starting a new: \par. (line 6)
-* Paragraphs: Making Paragraphs. (line 6)
-* Pictures, creating: picture. (line 6)
-* Poetry, an environment for: verse. (line 6)
-* Predefined lengths: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* Programs, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6)
-* Quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation.
- (line 6)
-* Quoted text, displaying: quote. (line 6)
-* Ragged left text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
-* Ragged left text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
-* Ragged right text: \raggedright. (line 6)
-* Ragged right text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6)
-* Remarks in the margin: Margin Notes. (line 6)
-* report class: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* Reserved Characters: Special Characters. (line 6)
-* Right-justifying text: \raggedleft. (line 6)
-* Right-justifying text, environment for: flushright. (line 6)
-* Sectioning: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* Simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6)
-* Sizes of text: Sizes. (line 6)
-* Space, inserting vertical: \addvspace. (line 6)
-* Spaces: Spaces & Boxes. (line 6)
-* Spacing, within Math mode: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 6)
-* Special Characters: Special Characters. (line 6)
-* Splitting the input file: Splitting the Input. (line 6)
-* Starting & Ending: Starting & Ending. (line 6)
-* Starting on a right-hand page: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
-* Styles of text: Styles. (line 6)
-* Styles, page: Page Styles. (line 6)
-* Subscript: Subscripts & Superscripts.
- (line 6)
-* Superscript: Subscripts & Superscripts.
- (line 6)
-* Symbols: Math Symbols. (line 6)
-* Tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6)
-* Table of Contents, creating: Table of Contents. (line 6)
-* Tables, creating: table. (line 6)
-* Terminal Input/Output: Terminal Input/Output.
- (line 6)
-* Thanks, for titlepage: \thanks. (line 6)
-* Theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6)
-* Theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6)
-* Title making: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* Title pages, creating: titlepage. (line 6)
-* Title, for titlepage: \title. (line 6)
-* Typed text, simulating: verbatim. (line 6)
-* Typeface Sizes: Sizes. (line 6)
-* Typeface Styles: Styles. (line 6)
-* Typefaces: Typefaces. (line 6)
-* Using BibTeX: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* Variables, a list of: Counters. (line 6)
-* Verbatim text: \verb. (line 6)
-* Vertical space, inserting: \addvspace. (line 6)
-
-
-File: latex.info, Node: Command Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
-
-Command Index
-*************
-
-
-* Menu:
-
-* $: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* \!: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 11)
-* \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 46)
-* \(: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* \): Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* \+: tabbing. (line 38)
-* \,: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 11)
-* \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6)
-* \- (tabbing): tabbing. (line 42)
-* \;: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 11)
-* \<: tabbing. (line 33)
-* \=: tabbing. (line 27)
-* \>: tabbing. (line 30)
-* \[: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* \\: \\. (line 6)
-* \]: Math Formulae. (line 6)
-* \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 52)
-* \a: tabbing. (line 75)
-* \addcontentsline: \addcontentsline. (line 6)
-* \address: \address. (line 6)
-* \addtocontents: \addtocontents. (line 6)
-* \addtocounter: \addtocounter. (line 6)
-* \addtolength: \addtolength. (line 6)
-* \addvspace: \addvspace. (line 6)
-* \Alph: \alph. (line 6)
-* \alph: \alph. (line 6)
-* \appendix: Sectioning. (line 41)
-* \arabic: \arabic. (line 6)
-* \author: \author. (line 6)
-* \backslash: Special Characters. (line 23)
-* \begin: Environments. (line 6)
-* \bfseries: Styles. (line 31)
-* \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6)
-* \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6)
-* \bigskip: \bigskip. (line 6)
-* \caption: figure. (line 13)
-* \cc: \cc. (line 6)
-* \cdots: Math Miscellany. (line 7)
-* \centering: \centering. (line 6)
-* \chapter: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* \circle: \circle. (line 6)
-* \cite: \cite. (line 6)
-* \cleardoublepage: \cleardoublepage. (line 6)
-* \clearpage: \clearpage. (line 6)
-* \cline: \cline. (line 6)
-* \closing: \closing. (line 6)
-* \COLON: Spacing in Math Mode. (line 11)
-* \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6)
-* \date: \date. (line 6)
-* \ddots: Math Miscellany. (line 11)
-* \depth: Predefined lengths. (line 10)
-* \documentclass: Document Classes. (line 6)
-* \dotfill: \dotfill. (line 6)
-* \emph: Styles. (line 25)
-* \encl: \encl. (line 6)
-* \end: Environments. (line 6)
-* \enlargethispage: \enlargethispage. (line 6)
-* \fbox: \fbox. (line 6)
-* \flushbottom: \flushbottom. (line 6)
-* \fnsymbol: \fnsymbol. (line 6)
-* \fontencoding: Low-level font commands.
- (line 12)
-* \fontfamily: Low-level font commands.
- (line 15)
-* \fontseries: Low-level font commands.
- (line 26)
-* \fontshape: Low-level font commands.
- (line 41)
-* \fontsize: Low-level font commands.
- (line 58)
-* \footnote: \footnote. (line 6)
-* \footnotemark: \footnotemark. (line 6)
-* \footnotesize: Sizes. (line 20)
-* \footnotetext: \footnotetext. (line 6)
-* \frac: Math Miscellany. (line 14)
-* \frame: \frame. (line 6)
-* \framebox <1>: \framebox. (line 6)
-* \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6)
-* \fussy: \fussy. (line 6)
-* \height: Predefined lengths. (line 8)
-* \hfill: \hfill. (line 6)
-* \hline: \hline. (line 6)
-* \hrulefill: \hrulefill. (line 6)
-* \hspace: \hspace. (line 6)
-* \Huge: Sizes. (line 35)
-* \huge: Sizes. (line 33)
-* \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6)
-* \include: \include. (line 6)
-* \includeonly: \includeonly. (line 6)
-* \indent: \indent. (line 6)
-* \input: \input. (line 6)
-* \item: itemize. (line 6)
-* \itshape: Styles. (line 23)
-* \kill: tabbing. (line 61)
-* \label: \label. (line 6)
-* \LARGE: Sizes. (line 31)
-* \Large: Sizes. (line 29)
-* \large: Sizes. (line 27)
-* \ldots: Math Miscellany. (line 17)
-* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 22)
-* \line: \line. (line 6)
-* \linebreak: \linebreak. (line 6)
-* \linethickness: \linethickness. (line 6)
-* \listoffigures: Table of Contents. (line 13)
-* \listoftables: Table of Contents. (line 13)
-* \location: \location. (line 6)
-* \makebox: \makebox. (line 6)
-* \makebox (picture): \makebox (picture). (line 6)
-* \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6)
-* \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6)
-* \markboth: \markboth. (line 6)
-* \markright: \markright. (line 6)
-* \mathbf: Styles. (line 55)
-* \mathcal: Styles. (line 71)
-* \mathit: Styles. (line 64)
-* \mathnormal: Styles. (line 68)
-* \mathrm: Styles. (line 52)
-* \mathsf: Styles. (line 58)
-* \mathtt: Styles. (line 61)
-* \mathversion: Styles. (line 73)
-* \mbox: \mbox. (line 6)
-* \mdseries: Styles. (line 28)
-* \medskip: \medskip. (line 6)
-* \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6)
-* \multiput: \multiput. (line 6)
-* \name: \name. (line 6)
-* \newcommand: \newcommand. (line 6)
-* \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6)
-* \newenvironment: \newenvironment. (line 6)
-* \newfont: \newfont. (line 6)
-* \newlength: \newlength. (line 6)
-* \newline: \newline. (line 6)
-* \newpage: \newpage. (line 6)
-* \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6)
-* \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6)
-* \nocite: \nocite. (line 6)
-* \nofiles: Table of Contents. (line 18)
-* \noindent: \noindent. (line 6)
-* \nolinebreak: \nolinebreak. (line 6)
-* \nopagebreak: \nopagebreak. (line 6)
-* \normalfont: Styles. (line 49)
-* \normalsize: Sizes. (line 24)
-* \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6)
-* \opening: \opening. (line 6)
-* \oval: \oval. (line 6)
-* \overbrace: Math Miscellany. (line 21)
-* \overline: Math Miscellany. (line 24)
-* \pagebreak: \pagebreak. (line 6)
-* \pagenumbering: \pagenumbering. (line 6)
-* \pageref: \pageref. (line 6)
-* \pagestyle: \pagestyle. (line 6)
-* \par: \par. (line 6)
-* \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* \parbox: \parbox. (line 6)
-* \poptabs: tabbing. (line 72)
-* \ps: \ps. (line 6)
-* \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 67)
-* \put: \put. (line 6)
-* \raggedbottom: \raggedbottom. (line 6)
-* \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6)
-* \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6)
-* \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6)
-* \ref: \ref. (line 6)
-* \refstepcounter: \refstepcounter. (line 6)
-* \rmfamily: Styles. (line 20)
-* \Roman: \roman. (line 6)
-* \roman: \roman. (line 6)
-* \rule: \rule. (line 6)
-* \savebox: \savebox. (line 6)
-* \sbox: \sbox. (line 6)
-* \scriptsize: Sizes. (line 18)
-* \scshape: Styles. (line 43)
-* \selectfont: Low-level font commands.
- (line 64)
-* \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6)
-* \setlength: \setlength. (line 6)
-* \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6)
-* \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6)
-* \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6)
-* \sffamily: Styles. (line 40)
-* \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6)
-* \signature: \signature. (line 6)
-* \sloppy: \sloppy. (line 6)
-* \slshape: Styles. (line 37)
-* \small: Sizes. (line 22)
-* \smallskip: \smallskip. (line 6)
-* \sqrt: Math Miscellany. (line 27)
-* \startbreaks: \startbreaks. (line 6)
-* \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6)
-* \stopbreaks: \stopbreaks. (line 6)
-* \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* \subsection: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 6)
-* \symbol: Special Characters. (line 23)
-* \tableofcontents: Table of Contents. (line 6)
-* \telephone: \telephone. (line 6)
-* \textbf: Styles. (line 31)
-* \textit: Styles. (line 23)
-* \textmd: Styles. (line 28)
-* \textnormal: Styles. (line 49)
-* \textrm: Styles. (line 20)
-* \textsc: Styles. (line 43)
-* \textsf: Styles. (line 40)
-* \textsl: Styles. (line 37)
-* \texttt: Styles. (line 46)
-* \textup: Styles. (line 34)
-* \thanks: \thanks. (line 6)
-* \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6)
-* \tiny: Sizes. (line 16)
-* \title: \title. (line 6)
-* \today: titlepage. (line 13)
-* \totalheight: Predefined lengths. (line 12)
-* \ttfamily: Styles. (line 46)
-* \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6)
-* \typein: \typein. (line 6)
-* \typeout: \typeout. (line 6)
-* \underbrace: Math Miscellany. (line 32)
-* \underline: Math Miscellany. (line 35)
-* \upshape: Styles. (line 34)
-* \usebox: \usebox. (line 6)
-* \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6)
-* \usefont: Low-level font commands.
- (line 68)
-* \usepackage: Document Classes. (line 68)
-* \value: \value. (line 6)
-* \vdots: Math Miscellany. (line 39)
-* \vector: \vector. (line 6)
-* \verb: \verb. (line 6)
-* \vfill: \vfill. (line 6)
-* \vline: \vline. (line 6)
-* \vspace: \vspace. (line 6)
-* \width: Predefined lengths. (line 6)
-* ^: Subscripts & Superscripts.
- (line 6)
-* _: Subscripts & Superscripts.
- (line 6)
-* array: array. (line 6)
-* center: center. (line 6)
-* description: description. (line 6)
-* enumerate: enumerate. (line 6)
-* eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6)
-* equation: equation. (line 6)
-* figure: figure. (line 6)
-* flushleft: flushleft. (line 6)
-* flushright: flushright. (line 6)
-* itemize: itemize. (line 6)
-* letter: letter. (line 6)
-* list: list. (line 6)
-* lrbox: lrbox. (line 6)
-* minipage: minipage. (line 6)
-* picture: picture. (line 6)
-* quotation: quotation. (line 6)
-* quote: quote. (line 6)
-* tabbing: tabbing. (line 6)
-* table: table. (line 6)
-* tabular: tabular. (line 6)
-* thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6)
-* theorem: theorem. (line 6)
-* titlepage: titlepage. (line 6)
-* verbatim: verbatim. (line 6)
-* verse: verse. (line 6)
-
-
-
-Tag Table:
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-Node: Overview2255
-Node: Commands3711
-Node: Counters5316
-Node: \addtocounter6763
-Node: \alph7070
-Node: \arabic7466
-Node: \fnsymbol7702
-Node: \newcounter8066
-Node: \refstepcounter8474
-Node: \roman8807
-Node: \stepcounter9191
-Node: \setcounter9439
-Node: \usecounter9708
-Node: \value10016
-Node: Cross References10466
-Node: \label10901
-Node: \pageref11765
-Node: \ref12061
-Node: Definitions12296
-Node: \newcommand12651
-Node: \newenvironment13756
-Node: \newtheorem14961
-Node: \newfont15869
-Node: Document Classes16160
-Node: Layout18210
-Node: \flushbottom18616
-Node: \onecolumn18919
-Node: \raggedbottom19132
-Node: \twocolumn19387
-Node: Environments19677
-Node: array21042
-Node: center21930
-Node: \centering22448
-Node: description23150
-Node: enumerate23528
-Node: eqnarray24270
-Node: equation24999
-Node: figure25300
-Node: flushleft26377
-Node: \raggedright26891
-Node: flushright27465
-Node: \raggedleft27980
-Node: itemize28553
-Node: letter29282
-Node: list29459
-Node: minipage30294
-Node: picture31191
-Node: \circle35158
-Node: \dashbox35509
-Node: \frame35880
-Node: \framebox (picture)36235
-Node: \line36702
-Node: \linethickness37053
-Node: \makebox (picture)37501
-Node: \multiput38195
-Node: \oval38516
-Node: \put39118
-Node: \shortstack39364
-Node: \vector39801
-Node: quotation40095
-Node: quote40499
-Node: tabbing40848
-Node: table43876
-Node: tabular44958
-Node: \cline48169
-Node: \hline48457
-Node: \multicolumn48744
-Node: \vline49281
-Node: thebibliography49598
-Node: \bibitem50456
-Node: \cite51168
-Node: \nocite51662
-Node: Using BibTeX51944
-Node: theorem53126
-Node: titlepage53411
-Node: verbatim53967
-Node: \verb54456
-Node: verse54909
-Node: Footnotes55306
-Node: \footnote55874
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-Node: \footnotetext56902
-Node: Lengths57363
-Node: \newlength57970
-Node: \setlength58283
-Node: \addtolength58660
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-Node: Letters60309
-Node: \address62243
-Node: \cc62824
-Node: \closing63063
-Node: \encl63274
-Node: \location63451
-Node: \makelabels63709
-Node: \name63993
-Node: \opening64211
-Node: \ps64501
-Node: \signature64653
-Node: \startbreaks64983
-Node: \stopbreaks65201
-Node: \telephone65412
-Node: Line & Page Breaking65640
-Node: \\66876
-Node: \- (hyphenation)67377
-Node: \cleardoublepage67913
-Node: \clearpage68350
-Node: \enlargethispage68639
-Node: \fussy69152
-Node: \hyphenation69549
-Node: \linebreak69903
-Node: \newline70468
-Node: \newpage70699
-Node: \nolinebreak70883
-Node: \nopagebreak71373
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-Node: \sloppy72334
-Node: Making Paragraphs72662
-Node: \indent73202
-Node: \noindent73525
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-Node: Margin Notes74011
-Node: Math Formulae74922
-Node: Subscripts & Superscripts76164
-Node: Math Symbols76655
-Node: Spacing in Math Mode77052
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-Node: Modes78636
-Node: Page Styles80476
-Node: \maketitle80981
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-Node: Splitting the Input98618
-Node: \include99266
-Node: \includeonly100130
-Node: \input100576
-Node: Starting & Ending100985
-Node: Table of Contents101639
-Node: \addcontentsline102626
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-
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diff --git a/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex2e.texi b/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex2e.texi
deleted file mode 100644
index dd01f204fa3..00000000000
--- a/Build/source/texk/tetex/latex2e.texi
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5259 +0,0 @@
-\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
-
-@c TODO More math symbols
-
-
-@c $Id: latex2e.texi,v 1.216 1996/04/23 10:39:54 torsten Exp $
-
-@tex
-\gdef\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em%
- T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX\kern.125em}}
-\gdef\LaTeXe{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em%
- T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX\kern.125em
- 2${}_{\textstyle\varepsilon}$}}
-@end tex
-
-@comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
-@setfilename latex.info
-@ifinfo
-@settitle LaTeX2e help 1.6
-@end ifinfo
-@iftex
-@settitle @LaTeXe help 1.6
-@end iftex
-@dircategory TeX
-@direntry
-* LaTeX2e: (latex). LaTeXe help 1.6.
-@end direntry
-@comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.)
-
-@iftex
-@finalout
-@end iftex
-
-@copying
-This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a
-macro package for TeX.
-
-This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo
-that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version
-2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file.
-
-This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The
-pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam
-Houston State University.
-
-The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore,
-
-The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen.
-
-Copyright 1988,1994 Stephen Gilmore.
-Copyright 1994-1996 Torsten Martinsen.
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-
-@ignore
-Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
-results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
-notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
-(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
-@end ignore
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
-resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
-notice identical to this one.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
-except that the sections entitled ``Distribution'' and ``General Public
-License'' may be included in a translation approved by the author instead
-of in the original English.
-@end copying
-
-@c setchapternewpage odd
-@titlepage
-@sp 11
-
-
-
-@comment A hack to get the LaTeX logo to appear big in the title.
-
-@tex
-\font\tempA = cmr10 scaled \magstep4
-\font\tempB = cmr8 scaled \magstep4
-\centerline{\tempA L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\tempB A}\kern-.15em%
- T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX\kern.15em
- 2${}_{\textstyle\varepsilon}$}
-@end tex
-@sp 2
-@center The macro package for @TeX
-@sp 2
-@center by
-@center Leslie Lamport et al.
-@sp 2
-@center Edition 1.6
-@sp 2
-@center December 1994
-
-@comment Include the Distribution inside the titlepage environment so
-@comment that headings are turned off.
-
-@page
-@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-
-This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo
-that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version
-2.134 or later of the @file{texinfo.tex} input file.
-
-This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library.
-This pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of
-Sam Houston State University. It has been edited to this form by Paul
-Nothard of Edinburgh University.
-
-The original (latex.texi and latex2.texi) was distributed by
-Stephen Gilmore, August 26th 1993.
-
-Version 1.1 was made by Piet van Oostrum on Dec 14,
-1993 by merging and cleaning up latex.texi and latex2.texi.
-
-Versions 1.2 trough 1.6 by Torsten Martinsen.
-
-@sp 2
-
-This Texinfo file may be copied and distributed in accordance with the
-usual copying permissions of the Free Software Foundation. These
-permissions are given in the General Public License section of the ``GNU
-Emacs Manual''. This software comes with NO WARRANTY.
-
-@sp 2
-
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
-preserved on all copies.
-
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
-entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
-permission notice identical to this one.
-@end titlepage
-
-@c The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered
-@c if ltx-help.el is to work
-
-@node Top, Overview, (dir), (dir)
-
-LaTeX2e is a document preparation system implemented as a macro package
-for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program.
-
-LaTeX was originally conceived by Leslie Lamport.
-
-This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation.
-
-@menu
-
-* Overview:: What is LaTeX?
-* Commands:: Commands within a LaTeX document.
-* Parameters:: The command line.
-* Command Index:: An alphabetical list of LaTeX commands.
-* Concept Index:: An alphabetical list of concepts.
-
-@end menu
-
-@comment ****************************************
-@comment ************** OVERVIEW ****************
-@comment ****************************************
-
-@comment LEVEL1
-@node Overview, Commands, Top, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-
-@chapter Overview of LaTeX and Local Guide
-@cindex Overview of LaTeX
-@cindex LaTeX overview
-
-The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
-LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input
-file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
-describe how the text should be formatted. It produces at least three
-files as output:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-A ``Device Independent'', or @file{.dvi} file. This contains commands that
-can be translated into commands for a variety of output devices. You
-can view the output of LaTeX by using a program such as @code{xdvi},
-which actually uses the @file{.dvi} file.
-@item
-A ``transcript'' or @file{.log} file that contains summary information and
-diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
-@item
-An ``auxiliary'' or @file{.aux} file. This is used by LaTeX itself, for
-things such as sectioning.
-@end enumerate
-
-For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult
-@cite{The TeXbook} by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published
-jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley
-Publishing Company.
-
-For a description of LaTeX, you should consult:
-
-@cite{LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}, by Leslie Lamport,
-Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2nd edition, 1994.
-
-@cite{The LaTeX Companion}, by Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and
-Alexander Samarin, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
-
-
-@comment ****************************************
-@comment ************** COMMANDS ****************
-@comment ****************************************
-
-@comment LEVEL1
-@node Commands, Parameters, Overview, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@chapter Commands
-
-A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a
-@code{\} followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single
-non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, @code{[]}, are
-optional while arguments contained in braces, @code{@{@}}, are required.
-
-NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case
-unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
-
-@menu
-* Counters:: Internal counters used by LaTeX.
-* Cross References:: Automatic referencing.
-* Definitions:: Define your own commands etc.
-* Document Classes:: Some of the various classes available.
-* Environments:: Such as enumerate & itemize.
-* Footnotes:: How to produce footnotes.
-* Layout:: Controlling the page layout.
-* Lengths:: The length commands.
-* Letters:: The letter class.
-* Line & Page Breaking:: How to insert pagebreaks etc.
-* Making Paragraphs:: Paragraph commands.
-* Margin Notes:: Putting remarks in the margin.
-* Math Formulae:: How to create mathematical formulae.
-* Modes:: Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
-* Page Styles:: Various styles of page layout.
-* Sectioning:: How to section properly.
-* Spaces & Boxes:: All the associated commands.
-* Special Characters:: Special reserved characters.
-* Splitting the Input:: Dealing with big files by splitting.
-* Starting & Ending:: The formal start & end layouts.
-* Table of Contents:: How to create a table of contents.
-* Terminal Input/Output:: User interaction.
-* Typefaces:: Such as bold, italics etc.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ***************************************
-@comment **** Command's LEVEL2 Starts Here. ****
-@comment ***************************************
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ******* Counters ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Counters, Cross References, Commands, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Counters
-@cindex Counters, a list of
-@cindex Variables, a list of
-
-Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
-name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
-command that produces the number, except with no @code{\}. (enumi -
-enumiv are used for the nested enumerate environment.) Below is a list
-of the counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control
-numbering.
-
-@example
- part paragraph figure enumi
- chapter subparagraph table enumii
- section page footnote enumiii
- subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
- subsubsection
-@end example
-
-@menu
-* \addtocounter:: Add a quantity to a counter.
-* \alph:: Print value of a counter using letters.
-* \arabic:: Print value of a counter using numerals.
-* \fnsymbol:: Print value of a counter using symbols.
-* \newcounter:: Define a new counter.
-* \refstepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \roman:: Print value of a counter using roman numerals.
-* \setcounter:: Set the value of a counter.
-* \stepcounter:: Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
-* \usecounter:: Use a specified counter in a list environment.
-* \value:: Use the value of a counter in an expression.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *******************
-@comment ** \addtocounter **
-@comment *******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \addtocounter, \alph, Counters, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \addtocounter
-@findex \addtocounter
-
-@code{\addtocounter@{counter@}@{value@}}
-
-The @code{\addtocounter} command increments the @code{counter} by the
-amount specified by the @code{value} argument. The @code{value}
-argument can be negative.
-
-
-@comment ************
-@comment ** \alph ***
-@comment ************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \alph, \arabic, \addtocounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \alph
-@findex \alph
-@findex \Alph
-
-@code{\alph@{counter@}}
-
-This command causes the value of the @code{counter} to be printed in
-alphabetic characters. The @code{\alph} command uses lower case
-alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., @code{a, b, c...} while the
-@code{\Alph} command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e.,
-@code{A, B, C...}.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment ** \arabic ***
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \arabic, \fnsymbol, \alph, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \arabic
-@findex \arabic
-
-@code{\arabic@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\arabic} command causes the value of the @code{counter} to be
-printed in Arabic numbers, i.e., @code{3}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \fnsymbol **
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \fnsymbol, \newcounter, \arabic, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \fnsymbol
-@findex \fnsymbol
-
-@code{\fnsymbol@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\fnsymbol} command causes the value of the @code{counter} to
-be printed in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for
-numbering footnotes.
-
-@iftex
-eg. From 1-9:
-@tex
-$\ast$ $\dagger$ $\ddagger$ $\S$ $\P$ $\parallel$ $\ast \ast$ $\dagger
-\dagger$ $\ddagger \ddagger$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-
-NB. @code{counter} must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \newcounter **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newcounter, \refstepcounter, \fnsymbol, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newcounter
-@findex \newcounter
-@cindex Counters, creating
-
-@code{\newcounter@{foo@}[counter]}
-
-The @code{\newcounter} command defines a new counter named @code{foo}.
-The counter is initialized to zero.
-
-The optional argument @code{[counter]} causes the counter @code{foo} to
-be reset whenever the counter named in the optional argument is
-incremented.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \refstepcounter **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \refstepcounter, \roman, \newcounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \refstepcounter
-@findex \refstepcounter
-
-@code{\refstepcounter@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\refstepcounter} command works like @code{\stepcounter}
-@xref{\stepcounter}, except it also defines the current @code{\ref}
-value to be the result of @code{\thecounter}.
-
-@comment ************
-@comment ** \roman **
-@comment ************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \roman, \stepcounter, \refstepcounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \roman
-@findex \roman
-@findex \Roman
-
-@code{\roman@{counter@}}
-
-This command causes the value of the @code{counter} to be printed in
-Roman numerals. The @code{\roman} command uses lower case Roman
-numerals, i.e., @code{i, ii, iii...}, while the @code{\Roman} command
-uses upper case Roman numerals, i.e., @code{I, II, III...}.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \stepcounter **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \stepcounter, \setcounter, \roman, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \stepcounter
-@findex \stepcounter
-
-@code{\stepcounter@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\stepcounter} command adds one to the @code{counter} and
-resets all subsidiary counters.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \setcounter **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \setcounter, \usecounter, \stepcounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \setcounter
-@findex \setcounter
-@cindex Counters, setting
-
-@code{\setcounter@{counter@}@{value@}}
-
-The @code{\setcounter} command sets the value of the @code{counter} to
-that specified by the @code{value} argument.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \usecounter **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \usecounter, \value, \setcounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \usecounter
-@findex \usecounter
-
-@code{\usecounter@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\usecounter} command is used in the second argument of the
-@code{list} environment to allow the counter specified to be used to
-number the list items.
-
-
-@comment ************
-@comment ** \value **
-@comment ************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \value, , \usecounter, Counters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \value
-@findex \value
-@cindex Counters, getting the value of
-
-@code{\value@{counter@}}
-
-The @code{\value} command produces the value of the @code{counter} named
-in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an
-integer or number, such as the second argument of a @code{\setcounter}
-or @code{\addtocounter} command, or in:
-
-@example
- \hspace@{\value@{foo@}\parindent@}
-@end example
-
-It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Cross References ***
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Cross References, Definitions, Counters, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Cross References
-@cindex Cross referencing
-
-One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
-the reader to them, as in ``See Figure 3 for more details.''
-
-@menu
-* \label:: Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
-* \pageref:: Refer to a page number.
-* \ref:: Refer to a section, figure or similar.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \label *************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \label, \pageref, Cross References, Cross References
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \label
-@findex \label
-
-@code{\label@{key@}}
-
-A @code{\label} command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the
-@code{key} the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
-inside a numbered environment assigns that number to the @code{key}.
-
-A @code{key} can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
-punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are different.
-
-To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
-common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
-colon. The prefixes conventionally used are
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{cha}
-for chapters
-@item
-@code{sec}
-for lower-level sectioning commands
-@item
-@code{fig}
-for figures
-@item
-@code{tab}
-for tables
-@item
-@code{eq}
-for equations
-@end itemize
-
-Thus, a label for a figure would look like @code{fig:bandersnatch}.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \pageref ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \pageref, \ref, \label, Cross References
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \pageref
-@findex \pageref
-@cindex Cross referencing using page number
-
-@code{\pageref@{key@}}
-
-The @code{\pageref} command produces the page number of the place in the
-text where the corresponding @code{\label} command appears. ie. where
-@code{\label@{key@}} appears.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \ref ***************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \ref, , \pageref, Cross References
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \ref
-@findex \ref
-@cindex Cross referencing using section number
-
-@code{\ref@{key@}}
-
-The @code{\ref} command produces the number of the sectional unit,
-equation number, ... of the corresponding @code{\label} command.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Definitions ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Definitions, Document Classes, Cross References , Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Definitions
-
-@menu
-* \newcommand:: Define a new command.
-* \newenvironment:: Define a new environment.
-* \newtheorem:: Define a new theorem-like environment.
-* \newfont:: Define a new font name.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \newcommand ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newcommand, \newenvironment, Definitions, Definitions
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newcommand
-@findex \newcommand
-@cindex Commands, defining new ones
-@cindex Defining a new command
-
-@example
- \newcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{definition@}
- \newcommand@{cmd@}[args][default]@{definition@}
- \renewcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{definition@}
- \renewcommand@{cmd@}[args][default]@{definition@}
-@end example
-
-These commands define (or redefine) a command.
-
-@table @code
-@item cmd
-A command name beginning with a @code{\}. For @code{\newcommand} it
-must not be already defined and must not begin with @code{\end}; for
-@code{\renewcommand} it must already be defined.
-
-@item args
-An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command
-being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.
-
-@item def
-If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's first
-argument is optional. The default value of the optional argument is
-@code{def}.
-
-@item definition
-The text to be substituted for every occurrence of @code{cmd}; a
-parameter of the form @code{#n} in @code{cmd} is replaced by the text of
-the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
-
-@end table
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \newenvironment ****
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newenvironment, \newtheorem, \newcommand, Definitions
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newenvironment
-@findex \newenvironment
-@cindex Environments, defining
-@cindex Defining new environments
-
-@example
- \newenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@}
- \newenvironment@{nam@}[args][default]@{begdef@}@{enddef@}
- \renewenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@}
-@end example
-
-These commands define or redefine an environment.
-
-@table @code
-@item nam
-The name of the environment. For @code{\newenvironment} there must be
-no currently defined environment by that name, and the command
-@code{\nam} must be undefined. For @code{\renewenvironment} the
-environment must already be defined.
-
-@item args
-An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
-the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
-
-@item default
-If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and @code{default}
-gives the default value for that argument.
-
-@item begdef
-The text substituted for every occurrence of @code{\begin@{nam@}}; a
-parameter of the form @code{#n} in @code{cmd} is replaced by the text of
-the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
-
-@item enddef
-The text substituted for every occurrence of @code{\end@{nam@}}. It may
-not contain any argument parameters.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \newtheorem ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newtheorem, \newfont, \newenvironment, Definitions
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newtheorem
-@findex \newtheorem
-@cindex Theorems, defining
-@cindex Defining new theorems
-
-@example
- \newtheorem@{env_name@}@{caption@}[within]
- \newtheorem@{env_name@}[numbered_like]@{caption@}
-@end example
-
-This command defines a theorem-like environment.
-
-@table @code
-@item env_name
-The name of the environment to be defined. A string of letters. It must
-not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
-
-@item caption
-The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the
-number. This may simply say ``Theorem'', for example.
-
-@item within
-The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.
-Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter @strong{within}
-the sectional unit.
-
-@item numbered_like
-The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
-
-@end table
-
-The @code{\newtheorem} command may have at most one optional argument.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \newfont ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newfont, , \newtheorem, Definitions
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newfont
-@findex \newfont
-@cindex Fonts, new commands for
-@cindex Defining new fonts
-
-@code{\newfont@{cmd@}@{font_name@}}
-
-Defines the command name @code{cmd}, which must not be currently
-defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named
-@code{font_name} to be the current font.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Document Classes ****
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Document Classes, Environments, Definitions, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Document Classes
-@cindex Document Classes
-@cindex Classes of document
-@cindex article class
-@cindex report class
-@cindex book class
-@cindex letter class
-@findex \documentclass
-
-Valid LaTeX document classes include:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-article
-@item
-report
-@item
-letter
-@item
-book
-@item
-slides
-@end itemize
-
-Other document classes are often available. @xref{Overview}, for details.
-They are selected with the following command:
-
-@code{\documentclass [options] @{class@}}
-
-All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options
-for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):
-
-10pt, 11pt, 12pt
-
-All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default
-is letter):
-
-a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper
-
-Miscellaneous options:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-landscape --- selects landscape format. Default is portrait.
-@item
-titlepage, notitlepage --- selects if there should be a separate title
-page.
-@item
-leqno --- equation number on left side of equations. Default is right side.
-@item
-fleqn --- displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred.
-@item
-openbib --- use ``open'' bibliography format.
-@item
-draft, final --- mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule.
-Default is final.
-@end itemize
-
-These options are not available with the slides class:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-oneside, twoside --- selects one- or twosided layout. Default is
-oneside, except for the book class.
-@item
-openright, openany --- determines if a chapter should start on a
-right-hand page. Default is openright for book.
-@item
-onecolumn, twocolumn --- one or two columns. Defaults to one column.
-@end itemize
-
-The slides class offers the option @code{clock} for printing the time at
-the bottom of each note.
-
-If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.
-
-Additional packages are loaded by a
-
-@code{\usepackage[options]@{pkg@}}
-@findex \usepackage
-
-command. If you specify more than one package, they must be separated by
-a comma.
-@cindex Packages, loading
-@cindex Loading additional packages
-
-Any options given in the @code{\documentclass} command that are unknown
-by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
-@code{\usepackage}.
-@cindex Global options
-@cindex Options, global
-
-@node Layout, Lengths, Footnotes, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@cindex Layout commands
-
-@section Layout
-
-Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
-
-@menu
-* \flushbottom:: Make all text pages the same height.
-* \onecolumn:: Use one-column layout.
-* \raggedbottom:: Allow text pages of differing height.
-* \twocolumn:: Use two-column layout.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \flushbottom *******
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \flushbottom, \onecolumn, , Layout
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \flushbottom
-@findex \flushbottom
-
-The @code{\flushbottom} declaration makes all text pages the same
-height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
-
-This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \onecolumn *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \onecolumn, \raggedbottom, \flushbottom, Layout
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \onecolumn
-@findex \onecolumn
-
-The @code{\onecolumn} declaration starts a new page and produces
-single-column output.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \raggedbottom ******
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \raggedbottom, \twocolumn, \onecolumn, Layout
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \raggedbottom
-@findex \raggedbottom
-
-The @code{\raggedbottom} declaration makes all pages the height of the
-text on that page. No extra vertical space is added.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** \twocolumn *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \twocolumn, , \raggedbottom, Layout
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \twocolumn
-@findex \twocolumn
-@cindex Multicolumn text
-
-@code{\twocolumn[text]}
-
-The @code{\twocolumn} declaration starts a new page and produces
-two-column output. If the optional @code{text} argument is present, it
-is typeset in one-column mode.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Environments *******
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Environments, Footnotes, Document Classes, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Environments
-@cindex Environments
-@findex \begin
-@findex \end
-
-LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.
-Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
-
-@example
- \begin@{environment-name@}
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{environment-name@}
-@end example
-
-@menu
-* array:: Math arrays.
-* center:: Centred lines.
-* description:: Labelled lists.
-* enumerate:: Numbered lists.
-* eqnarray:: Sequences of aligned equations.
-* equation:: Displayed equation.
-* figure:: Floating figures.
-* flushleft:: Flushed left lines.
-* flushright:: Flushed right lines.
-* itemize:: Bulleted lists.
-* letter:: Letters.
-* list:: Generic list environment.
-* minipage:: Miniature page.
-* picture:: Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
-* quotation:: Indented environment with paragraph indentation.
-* quote:: Indented environment with no paragraph indentation.
-* tabbing:: Align text arbitrarily.
-* table:: Floating tables.
-* tabular:: Align text in columns.
-* thebibliography:: Bibliography or reference list.
-* theorem:: Theorems, lemmas, etc.
-* titlepage:: For hand crafted title pages.
-* verbatim:: Simulating typed input.
-* verse:: For poetry and other things.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** array **************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node array, center, Environments, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection array
-@cindex Arrays, math
-@findex array
-
-@example
-\begin@{array@}@{col1col2...coln@}
-column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
-\end@{array@}
-@end example
-
-Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
-mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
-within them. Each column, @code{coln}, is specified by a single letter
-that tells how items in that row should be formatted.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{c} --- for centred
-@item
-@code{l} --- for flush left
-@item
-@code{r} --- for flush right
-@end itemize
-
-Column entries must be separated by an @code{&}. Column entries may
-include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated
-with the string @code{\\}.
-
-Note that the @code{array} environment can only be used in math mode, so
-normally it is used inside an @code{equation} environment.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** center *************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node center, description, array, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection center
-@findex center
-@cindex Centering text, environment for
-
-@example
- \begin@{center@}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{center@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{center} environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
-lines that are centred within the left and right margins on the current
-page. Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \centering:: The declaration form of the @code{center} environment.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \centering ***
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \centering, , , center
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \centering
-@findex \centering
-@cindex Centering text
-@cindex Formatting Text
-
-This declaration corresponds to the @code{center} environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as @code{quote} or in
-a @code{parbox}. The text of a figure or table can be centred on the
-page by putting a @code{\centering} command at the beginning of the
-figure or table environment.
-
-Unlike the @code{center} environment, the @code{\centering} command does
-not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
-units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end} command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** description ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node description, enumerate, center, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection description
-@findex description
-@cindex Labelled lists, creating
-
-@example
- \begin@{description@}
- \item [label] First item
- \item [label] Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{description@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{description} environment is used to make labelled lists. The
-@code{label} is bold face and flushed right.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** enumerate **********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node enumerate, eqnarray, description, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection enumerate
-@findex enumerate
-@cindex Lists of items, numbered
-
-@example
- \begin@{enumerate@}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{enumerate@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{enumerate} environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
-
-Each item of an enumerated list begins with an @code{\item} command.
-There must be at least one @code{\item} command within the environment.
-
-The @code{enumerate} environment uses the @code{enumi} through
-@code{enumiv} counters (@pxref{Counters}). The type of numbering can be
-changed by redefining @code{\theenumi} etc.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** eqnarray ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node eqnarray, equation, enumerate, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection eqnarray
-@findex eqnarray
-@cindex Equations, aligning
-@cindex Aligning Equations
-
-@example
- \begin@{eqnarray@}
- math formula 1 \\
- math formula 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{eqnarray@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{eqnarray} environment is used to display a sequence of
-equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
-@code{array} environment, with consecutive rows separated by @code{\\}
-and consecutive items within a row separated by an @code{&}.
-
-An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
-@code{\nonumber} command.
-
-@findex \lefteqn
-
-The command @code{\lefteqn} is used for splitting long formulas across
-lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
-zero width.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** equation ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node equation, figure, eqnarray, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection equation
-@findex equation
-@cindex Equations, environment for
-@cindex Formulae, environment for
-
-@example
- \begin@{equation@}
- math formula
- \end@{equation@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{equation} environment centres your equation on the page and places
-the equation number in the right margin.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** figure *************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node figure, flushleft, equation, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection figure
-@findex figure
-@cindex Inserting figures
-
-@example
- \begin@{figure@}[placement]
-
- body of the figure
-
- \caption@{figure title@}
- \end@{figure@}
-@end example
-
-@findex \caption
-Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually ``floated'' to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Figures will not be split between two pages.
-
-The optional argument @code{[placement]} determines where LaTeX will try
-to place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
-put a float:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-@code{h} (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
-environment appears.
-@item
-@code{t} (Top) - at the top of a text page.
-@item
-@code{b} (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.
-@item
-@code{p} (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.
-@end enumerate
-
-The standard report and article classes use the default placement
-@code{tbp}.
-
-The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.
-you wish. The @code{\caption} command allows you to title your figure.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** flushleft **********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node flushleft, flushright, figure, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection flushleft
-@findex flushleft
-@cindex Left-justifying text, environment for
-@cindex Ragged right text, environment for
-
-@example
- \begin@{flushleft@}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{flushleft@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{flushleft} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin.
-Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \raggedright:: The declaration form of the @code{flushleft} environment.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment * \raggedright **
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \raggedright, , , flushleft
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \raggedright
-@findex \raggedright
-@cindex Ragged right text
-@cindex Left-justifying text
-@cindex Justification, ragged right
-
-This declaration corresponds to the @code{flushleft} environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as @code{quote} or in
-a @code{parbox}.
-
-Unlike the @code{flushleft} environment, the @code{\raggedright} command
-does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end} command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** flushright *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node flushright, itemize, flushleft, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection flushright
-@findex flushright
-@cindex Ragged left text, environment for
-@cindex Right-justifying text, environment for
-
-@example
- \begin@{flushright@}
- Text on line 1 \\
- Text on line 2 \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{flushright@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{flushright} environment allows you to create a paragraph
-consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin.
-Each line must be terminated with the string @code{\\}.
-
-@menu
-* \raggedleft:: The declaration form of the @code{flushright} environment.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment * \raggedleft ***
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \raggedleft, , , flushright
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \raggedleft
-@findex \raggedleft
-@cindex Ragged left text
-@cindex Justification, ragged left
-@cindex Right-justifying text
-
-This declaration corresponds to the @code{flushright} environment. This
-declaration can be used inside an environment such as @code{quote} or in
-a @code{parbox}.
-
-Unlike the @code{flushright} environment, the @code{\raggedleft} command
-does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
-paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
-declaration must contain the blank line or @code{\end} command (of an
-environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** itemize ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node itemize, letter, flushright, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection itemize
-@findex itemize
-@findex \item
-@cindex Lists of items
-
-@example
- \begin@{itemize@}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{itemize@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{itemize} environment produces a ``bulleted'' list. Itemizations
-can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
-be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
-
-Each item of an @code{itemized} list begins with an @code{\item} command.
-There must be at least one @code{\item} command within the environment.
-
-The @code{itemize} environment uses the @code{itemi} through
-@code{itemiv} counters (@pxref{Counters}). The type of numbering can be
-changed by redefining @code{\theitemi} etc.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** letter ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node letter, list, itemize, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection letter
-@findex letter
-
-This environment is used for creating letters. @xref{Letters}.
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** list ***************
-@comment *************************
-
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node list, minipage, letter, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection list
-@findex list
-@cindex Lists of items, generic
-
-The @code{list} environment is a generic environment which is used for
-defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
-documents, but often in macros.
-
-@example
- \begin@{list@}@{label@}@{spacing@}
- \item First item
- \item Second item
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{list@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{@{label@}} argument specifies how items should be labelled.
-This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
-label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
-
-The @code{@{spacing@}} argument contains commands to change the spacing
-parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.,
-@code{@{@}}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice
-for most cases.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** minipage ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node minipage, picture, list, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection minipage
-@findex minipage
-@cindex Footnotes in figures
-@cindex Figures, footnotes in
-@cindex Minipage, creating a
-
-@example
- \begin@{minipage@}[position]@{width@}
- text
- \end@{minipage@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{minipage} environment is similar to a @code{\parbox} command.
-It takes the same optional @code{position} argument and mandatory
-@code{width} argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments
-inside a minipage.
-
-Footnotes in a @code{minipage} environment are handled in a way that is
-particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
-@code{\footnote} or @code{\footnotetext} command puts the footnote at
-the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
-uses the @code{mpfootnote} counter instead of the ordinary
-@code{footnote} counter @xref{Counters}.
-
-NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes;
-they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** picture ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node picture, quotation, minipage, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection picture
-@findex picture
-@cindex Creating pictures
-@cindex Pictures, creating
-
-@example
- \begin@{picture@}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
- .
- .
- picture commands
- .
- .
- \end@{picture@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{picture} environment allows you to create just about any kind
-of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You
-tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
-coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
-a minus sign --- a number like @code{5}, @code{2.3} or @code{-3.1416}. A
-coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length
-@code{\unitlength}, so if @code{\unitlength} has been set to @code{1cm},
-then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres. You
-can change the value of @code{\unitlength} anywhere you want, using the
-@code{\setlength} command, but strange things will happen if you try
-changing it inside the picture environment.
-
-A position is a pair of coordinates, such as @code{(2.4,-5)}, specifying
-the point with x-coordinate @code{2.4} and y-coordinate @code{-5}.
-Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
-which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
-when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
-the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
-
-The @code{picture} environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
-@code{position}. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
-produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
-argument's x- and y-coordinates.
-
-The @code{picture} environment also has an optional @code{position}
-argument, following the @code{size} argument, that can change the
-origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
-contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
-coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
-(thereby determining the origin). For example, if @code{\unitlength}
-has been set to @code{1mm}, the command
-@example
- \begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20)
-@end example
-produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200
-millimetres, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
-upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
-draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
-at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by
-shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
-
-The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
-picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
-LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
-off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining
-how much room to leave for it.
-
-Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the @code{\put}
-command. The command
-@example
- \put (11.3,-.3)@{...@}
-@end example
-puts the object specified by @code{...} in the picture, with its
-reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for
-various objects will be described below.
-
-The @code{\put} command creates an @dfn{LR box}. You can put anything
-in the text argument of the @code{\put} command that you'd put into the
-argument of an @code{\mbox} and related commands. When you do this, the
-reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.
-
-Picture commands:
-@menu
-* \circle:: Draw a circle.
-* \dashbox:: Draw a dashed box.
-* \frame:: Draw a frame around an object.
-* \framebox (picture):: Draw a box with a frame around it.
-* \line:: Draw a straight line.
-* \linethickness:: Set the line thickness.
-* \makebox (picture):: Draw a box of the specified size.
-* \multiput:: Draw multiple instances of an object.
-* \oval:: Draw an ellipse.
-* \put:: Place an object at a specified place.
-* \shortstack:: Make a pile of objects.
-* \vector:: Draw a line with an arrow.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \circle *****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \circle, \dashbox, , picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \circle
-@findex \circle
-
-@code{\circle[*]@{diameter@}}
-
-The @code{\circle} command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
-the specified one as possible. If the @code{*}-form of the command is
-used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
-
-Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \dashbox ****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \dashbox, \frame, \circle, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \dashbox
-@findex \dashbox
-
-Draws a box with a dashed line.
-
-@code{\dashbox@{dash_length@}(width,height)@{...@}}
-
-The @code{\dashbox} has an extra argument which specifies the width of
-each dash. A dashed box looks best when the @code{width} and
-@code{height} are multiples of the @code{dash_length}.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \frame ******
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \frame, \framebox (picture), \dashbox, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \frame
-@findex \frame
-
-@code{\frame@{...@}}
-
-The @code{\frame} command puts a rectangular frame around the object
-specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left
-corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the
-object.
-
-
-@comment **************************
-@comment *** \framebox (picture) **
-@comment **************************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \framebox (picture), \line, \frame, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \framebox
-@findex \framebox
-
-@code{\framebox(width,height)[position]@{...@}}
-
-The @code{\framebox} command is exactly the same as the @code{\makebox}
-command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
-it creates.
-
-The @code{framebox} command produces a rule of thickness
-@code{\fboxrule}, and leaves a space @code{\fboxsep} between the rule
-and the contents of the box.
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \line *******
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \line, \linethickness, \framebox (picture), picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \line
-@findex \line
-
-@code{\line(x slope,y slope)@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\line} command draws a line of the specified @code{length} and
-@code{slope}.
-
-Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and y
-have integer values from -6 through 6.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment * \linethickness *
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \linethickness, \makebox (picture), \line, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \linethickness
-@findex \linethickness
-
-@code{\linethickness@{dimension@}}
-
-Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
-environment to be @code{dimension}, which must be a positive length. It
-does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the
-quarter circles drawn by @code{\oval} to form the corners of an oval.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment *** \makebox (picture) **
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \makebox (picture), \multiput, \linethickness, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \makebox
-@findex \makebox (picture)
-
-@code{\makebox(width,height)[position]@{...@}}
-
-The @code{\makebox} command for the picture environment is similar to
-the normal @code{\makebox} command except that you must specify a
-@code{width} and @code{height} in multiples of @code{\unitlength}.
-
-The optional argument, @code{[position]}, specifies the quadrant that
-your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
-@item
-@code{b} - Moves the item to the bottom
-@item
-@code{l} - Moves the item to the left
-@item
-@code{r} - Moves the item to the right
-@end itemize
-
-@xref{\makebox}.
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \multiput ***
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \multiput, \oval, \makebox (picture), picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \multiput
-@findex \multiput
-
-@code{\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y)@{number of copies@}@{object@}}
-
-The @code{\multiput} command can be used when you are putting the same
-object in a regular pattern across a picture.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \oval *****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \oval, \put, \multiput, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \oval
-@findex \oval
-
-@code{\oval(width,height)[portion]}
-
-The @code{\oval} command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
-optional argument, @code{[portion]}, allows you to select part of the
-oval.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} - Selects the top portion
-@item
-@code{b} - Selects the bottom portion
-@item
-@code{r} - Selects the right portion
-@item
-@code{l} - Selects the left portion
-@end itemize
-
-Note that the ``corners'' of the oval are made with quarter circles with
-a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large ``ovals'' will look more like boxes
-with rounded corners.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \put ********
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \put, \shortstack, \oval, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \put
-@findex \put
-
-@code{\put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @}}
-
-The @code{\put} command places the item specified by the mandatory
-argument at the given coordinates.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \shortstack *
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \shortstack, \vector, \put, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \shortstack
-@findex \shortstack
-
-@code{\shortstack[position]@{... \\ ... \\ ...@}}
-
-The @code{\shortstack} command produces a stack of objects. The valid
-positions are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{r} - Moves the objects to the right of the stack
-@item
-@code{l} - Moves the objects to the left of the stack
-@item
-@code{c} - Moves the objects to the centre of the stack (default)
-@end itemize
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \vector *****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \vector, , \shortstack, picture
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \vector
-@findex \vector
-
-@code{\vector(x slope,y slope)@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\vector} command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
-length and slope. The @code{x} and @code{y} values must lie between -4
-and +4, inclusive.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** quotation **********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node quotation, quote, picture, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection quotation
-@findex quotation
-@cindex Quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying
-@cindex Displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation
-
-@example
- \begin@{quotation@}
- text
- \end@{quotation@}
-@end example
-
-The margins of the @code{quotation} environment are indented on the left
-and the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is
-paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new
-paragraph.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** quote **************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node quote, tabbing, quotation, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection quote
-@findex quote
-@cindex Quoted text, displaying
-@cindex Displaying quoted text
-
-@example
- \begin@{quote@}
- text
- \end@{quote@}
-@end example
-
-The margins of the @code{quote} environment are indented on the left and
-the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
-between text produces a new paragraph.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** tabbing ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node tabbing, table, quote, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection tabbing
-@findex tabbing
-@cindex Tab stops, using
-@cindex Lining text up in columns using tab stops
-
-@example
- \begin@{tabbing@}
- text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
- second row \> \> more \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{tabbing@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{tabbing} environment provides a way to align text in columns.
-It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do
-with an ordinary typewriter.
-
-It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant
-and known in advance.
-
-This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the @code{tabular}
-environment.
-
-The following commands can be used inside a @code{tabbing} enviroment:
-
-@table @code
-@item \=
-@findex \=
-
-Sets a tab stop at the current position.
-
-@item \>
-@findex \>
-
-Advances to the next tab stop.
-
-@item \<
-@findex \<
-
-This command allows you to put something to the left of the
-local margin without changing the margin.
-Can only be used at the start of the line.
-
-@item \+
-@findex \+
-
-Moves the left margin of the next and all the
-following commands one tab stop to the right.
-
-@item \-
-@findex \- (tabbing)
-
-Moves the left margin of the next and all the
-following commands one tab stop to the left.
-
-@item \'
-@findex \' (tabbing)
-
-Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
-current column, i.e. everything from the most recent @code{\>},
-@code{\<}, @code{\'}, @code{\\}, or @code{\kill} command, to the right
-of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.
-
-@item \`
-@findex \` (tabbing)
-
-Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
-stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
-because there's no tab stop there. The @code{\`} command moves all the
-text that follows it, up to the @code{\\} or @code{\end@{tabbing@}}
-command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
-environment. There must be no @code{\>} or @code{\'} command between
-the @code{\`} and the command that ends the line.
-
-@item \kill
-@findex \kill
-
-Sets tab stops without producing
-text. Works just like @code{\\} except that it throws away the
-current line instead of producing output for it. The effect of any
-@code{\=}, @code{\+} or @code{\-} commands in that line remain in
-effect.
-
-@item \pushtabs
-@findex \pushtabs
-
-Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for
-temporarily changing tab stop positions in the middle of a
-@code{tabbing} environment.
-
-@item \poptabs
-@findex \poptabs
-
-Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last @code{\pushtabs}.
-
-@item \a
-@findex \a
-
-In a @code{tabbing} environment, the commands @code{\=}, @code{\'} and
-@code{\`} do not produce accents as normal. Instead, the commands
-@code{\a=}, @code{\a'} and @code{\a`} are used.
-@end table
-
-
-This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
-
-@example
- \begin@{tabbing@}
- function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
- \> begin \= \+ \\
- \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
- fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
- else \+ \\
- fact := 1; \-\- \\
- end;\\
- \end@{tabbing@}
-@end example
-
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** table **************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node table, tabular, tabbing, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection table
-@findex table
-@cindex Tables, creating
-@cindex Creating tables
-
-@example
- \begin@{table@}[placement]
-
- body of the table
-
- \caption@{table title@}
- \end@{table@}
-@end example
-
-Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
-usually ``floated'' to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
-Tables will not be split between two pages.
-
-The optional argument @code{[placement]} determines where LaTeX will try
-to place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
-a float:
-
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{h} : Here - at the position in the text where the table
-environment appears.
-@item
-@code{t} : Top - at the top of a text page.
-@item
-@code{b} : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
-@item
-@code{p} : Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
-containing no text, only floats.
-@end itemize
-
-The standard @code{report} and @code{article} classes use the default
-placement @code{[tbp]}.
-
-The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.,
-you wish. The @code{\caption} command allows you to title your table.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** tabular ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node tabular, thebibliography, table, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection tabular
-@findex tabular
-@cindex Lines in tables
-@cindex Lining text up in tables
-
-@example
- \begin@{tabular@}[pos]@{cols@}
- column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{tabular@}
-@end example
-
- or
-
-@example
- \begin@{tabular*@}@{width@}[pos]@{cols@}
- column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{tabular*@}
-@end example
-
-These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
-items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
-arguments consist of:
-
-@table @code
-@item width
-Specifies the width of the @code{tabular*} environment. There must be
-rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
-width.
-@item pos
-Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
-the environment.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} - align on top row
-@item
-@code{b} - align on bottom row
-@end itemize
-
-@item cols
-Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
-following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
-intercolumn material.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-
-@item
-@code{l} - A column of left-aligned items.
-@item
-@code{r} - A column of right-aligned items.
-@item
-@code{c} - A column of centred items.
-@item
-@code{|} - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
-@item
-@code{@@@{text@}} - This inserts @code{text} in every row. An @@-expression
-suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
-desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be
-included in text. An @code{\extracolsep@{wd@}} command in an
-@@-expression causes an extra space of width @code{wd} to appear to the
-left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
-@code{\extracolsep} command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this
-extra space is not suppressed by an @@-expression. An
-@code{\extracolsep} command can be used only in an @@-expression in the
-@code{cols} argument.
-@item
-@code{p@{wd@}} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
-width @code{wd}, as if it were the argument of a @code{\parbox[t]@{wd@}}
-command. However, a @code{\\} may not appear in the item, except in the
-following situations:
-@enumerate
-@item
-inside an environment like @code{minipage}, @code{array}, or @code{tabular}.
-@item
-inside an explicit @code{\parbox}.
-@item
-in the scope of a @code{\centering}, @code{\raggedright}, or @code{\raggedleft}
-declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
-environment when used in a @code{p}-column element.
-@end enumerate
-@item
-@code{*@{num@}@{cols@}} - Equivalent to @code{num} copies of
-@code{cols}, where @code{num} is any positive integer and @code{cols} is
-any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
-@code{*-expression}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@end table
-
-These commands can be used inside a @code{tabular} environment:
-
-@menu
-* \cline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
-* \hline:: Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
-* \multicolumn:: Make an item spanning several columns.
-* \vline:: Draw a vertical line.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \cline ****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \cline, \hline, , tabular
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \cline
-@findex \cline
-
-@code{\cline@{i-j@}}
-
-The @code{\cline} command draws horizontal lines across the columns
-specified, beginning in column @code{i} and ending in column @code{j},
-which are identified in the mandatory argument.
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \hline ****
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \hline, \multicolumn, \cline, tabular
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \hline
-@findex \hline
-
-The @code{\hline} command will draw a horizontal line the width of the
-table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and
-between the rows of the table.
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment ** \multicolumn *
-@comment *****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \multicolumn, \vline, \hline, tabular
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \multicolumn
-@findex \multicolumn
-
-@code{\multicolumn@{cols@}@{pos@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\multicolumn} is used to make an entry that spans several
-columns. The first mandatory argument, @code{cols}, specifies the
-number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, @code{pos},
-specifies the formatting of the entry; @code{c} for centred, @code{l}
-for flushleft, @code{r} for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
-@code{text}, specifies what text is to make up the entry.
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \vline ****
-@comment *****************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \vline, , \multicolumn, tabular
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \vline
-@findex \vline
-
-The @code{\vline} command will draw a vertical line extending the full
-height and depth of its row. An @code{\hfill} command can be used to
-move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
-@@-expression.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** thebibliography ****
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node thebibliography, theorem, tabular, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection thebibliography
-@findex thebibliography
-@cindex Bibliography, creating (manually)
-
-@example
- \begin@{thebibliography@}@{widest-label@}
- \bibitem[label]@{cite_key@}
- .
- .
- .
- \end@{thebibliography@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{thebibliography} environment produces a bibliography or
-reference list. In the @code{article} class, this reference list is
-labelled ``References''; in the @code{report} class, it is labelled
-``Bibliography''.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{widest-label}: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide
-as the widest item label produces by the @code{\bibitem} commands.
-@end itemize
-
-@menu
-* \bibitem:: Specify a bibliography item.
-* \cite:: Refer to a bibliography item.
-* \nocite:: Include an item in the bibliography.
-* Using BibTeX:: Automatic generation of bibliographies.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \bibitem ****
-@comment *****************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \bibitem, \cite, , thebibliography
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \bibitem
-@findex \bibitem
-
-@code{\bibitem[label]@{cite_key@}}
-
-The @code{\bibitem} command generates an entry labelled by @code{label}.
-If the @code{label} argument is missing, a number is generated as the
-@code{label}, using the @code{enumi} counter. The @code{cite_key} is
-any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not containing
-a comma. This command writes an entry on the @file{.aux} file
-containing @code{cite_key} and the item's @code{label}. When this
-@file{.aux} file is read by the @code{\begin@{document@}} command, the
-item's @code{label} is associated with @code{cite_key}, causing the
-reference to @code{cite_key} by a @code{\cite} command to produce the
-associated @code{label}.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \cite *******
-@comment *****************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \cite, \nocite, \bibitem, thebibliography
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \cite
-@findex \cite
-
-@code{\cite[text]@{key_list@}}
-
-The @code{key_list} argument is a list of citation keys. This command
-generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys
-in @code{key_list} by entries on the @file{.aux} file read by the
-@code{\begin@{document@}} command.
-
-The optional @code{text} argument will appear after the citation,
-i.e. @code{\cite[p. 2]@{knuth@}} might produce `[Knuth, p. 2]'.
-
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \nocite *****
-@comment *****************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \nocite, Using BibTeX, \cite, thebibliography
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \nocite
-@findex \nocite
-
-@code{\nocite@{key_list@}}
-
-The @code{\nocite} command produces no text, but writes @code{key_list},
-which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the @file{.aux} file.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment *** Using BibTeX *****
-@comment **********************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node Using BibTeX, , \nocite, thebibliography
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection Using BibTeX
-@cindex Using BibTeX
-@cindex BibTeX, using
-@cindex Bibliography, creating (automatically)
-@findex \bibliographystyle
-@findex \bibliography
-
-If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
-you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
-your bibliography, you don't use the @code{thebibliography}
-environment. Instead, you include the lines
-
-@example
- \bibliographystyle@{style@}
- \bibliography@{bibfile@}
-@end example
-
-where @code{style} refers to a file @code{style.bst}, which defines how
-your citations will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX
-are:
-
-@table @code
-@item alpha
-Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
-publication.
-@item plain
-Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.
-@item unsrt
-Like @code{plain}, but entries are in order of citation.
-@item abbrv
-Like @code{plain}, but more compact labels.
-@end table
-
-In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
-demands of various publications.
-
-The argument to @code{\bibliography} refers to the file
-@code{bibfile.bib}, which should contain your database in BibTeX
-format. Only the entries referred to via @code{\cite} and @code{\nocite}
-will be listed in the bibliography.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** theorem ************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node theorem, titlepage, thebibliography, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection theorem
-@findex theorem
-@cindex Theorems, typesetting
-
-@example
- \begin@{theorem@}
- theorem text
- \end@{theorem@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{theorem} environment produces ``Theorem x'' in boldface followed
-by your theorem text.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** titlepage **********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node titlepage, verbatim, theorem, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection titlepage
-@findex titlepage
-@cindex Making a title page
-@cindex Title pages, creating
-
-@example
- \begin@{titlepage@}
- text
- \end@{titlepage@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{titlepage} environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no
-printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be
-numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
-@code{\today} command comes in handy for title pages.
-@findex \today
-
-Note that you can use the @code{\maketitle} (@pxref{\maketitle}) command to
-produce a standard title page.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** verbatim ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node verbatim, verse, titlepage, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection verbatim
-@findex verbatim
-@cindex Simulating typed text
-@cindex Typed text, simulating
-@cindex Programs, typesetting
-@cindex Computer programs, typesetting
-
-@example
- \begin@{verbatim@}
- text
- \end@{verbatim@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{verbatim} environment is a paragraph-making environment that
-gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
-typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that
-they would on a typewriter.
-
-@menu
-* \verb:: The macro form of the @code{verbatim} environment.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *****************
-@comment *** \verb *******
-@comment *****************
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \verb, , , verbatim
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsubsection \verb
-@findex \verb
-@cindex Verbatim text
-
-
-@code{\verb char literal_text char}
-
-@code{\verb*char literal_text char}
-
-Typesets @code{literal_text} exactly as typed, including special
-characters and spaces, using a typewriter (@code{\tt}) type style.
-There may be no space between @code{\verb} or @code{\verb*} and
-@code{char} (space is shown here only for clarity). The @code{*-form}
-differs only in that spaces are printed
-@ifinfo
-as a special character.
-@end ifinfo
-@iftex
-as `\verb*| |'.
-@end iftex
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** verse **************
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node verse, , verbatim, Environments
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection verse
-@findex verse
-@cindex Poetry, an environment for
-
-@example
- \begin@{verse@}
- text
- \end@{verse@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{verse} environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
-other uses for it.
-
-The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines
-of each stanza with @code{\\}, and use one or more blank lines to
-separate the stanzas.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment ************************************
-@comment **** LEVEL2 Starts Here again. ****
-@comment ************************************
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Footnotes **********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Footnotes, Layout, Environments, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Footnotes
-@cindex Footnotes, creating
-
-Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be
-produced with one command, the @code{\footnote} command. They can also
-be produced with two commands, the @code{\footnotemark} and the
-@code{\footnotetext} commands. See the specific command for information
-on why you would use one over the other.
-
-@menu
-* \footnote:: Insert a footnote.
-* \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only.
-* \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \footnote *******
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \footnote, \footnotemark, Footnotes, Footnotes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \footnote
-@findex \footnote
-
-@code{\footnote[number]@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\footnote} command places the numbered footnote @code{text} at
-the bottom of the current page. The optional argument, @code{number},
-is used to change the default footnote number. This command can only be
-used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning
-commands like @code{\chapter}, in figures, tables or in a @code{tabular}
-environment.
-
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \footnotemark ***
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \footnotemark, \footnotetext, \footnote, Footnotes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \footnotemark
-@findex \footnotemark
-
-The @code{\footnotemark} command puts the footnote @code{number} in the
-text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of
-the footnote is supplied by the @code{\footnotetext} command.
-
-This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers
-referring to the same footnote by using
-
-@code{\footnotemark[\value@{footnote@}]}
-
-after the first @code{\footnote} command.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \footnotetext ***
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \footnotetext, , \footnotemark, Footnotes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \footnotetext
-@findex \footnotetext
-
-@code{\footnotetext[number]@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\footnotetext} command produces the @code{text} to be placed
-at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the
-@code{\footnotemark} command. The @code{\footnotetext} command must
-appear in outer paragraph mode.
-
-The optional argument, @code{number}, is used to change the default
-footnote number.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ******* Lengths *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Lengths, Letters, Layout, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Lengths
-@cindex Lengths, defining and using
-
-A @code{length} is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
-length as an argument.
-
-@menu
-* \newlength:: Define a new length.
-* \setlength:: Set the value of a length.
-* \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length.
-* \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something.
-* \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something.
-* \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something.
-* Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \newlength ******
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newlength, \setlength, Lengths, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newlength
-@findex \newlength
-@cindex Lengths, defining a new
-
-@code{\newlength@{\gnat@}}
-
-The @code{\newlength} command defines the mandatory argument,
-@code{\gnat}, as a @code{length} command with a value of @code{0in}. An
-error occurs if a @code{\gnat} command already exists.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \setlength ******
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \setlength, \addtolength, \newlength, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \setlength
-@findex \setlength
-@cindex Lengths, setting value of
-
-@code{\setlength@{\gnat@}@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\setlength} command is used to set the value of a
-@code{length} command. The @code{length} argument can be expressed in
-any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (@code{in}),
-millimetres (@code{mm}), points (@code{pt}), etc.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \addtolength ****
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \addtolength, \settodepth, \setlength, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \addtolength
-@findex \addtolength
-@cindex Lengths, adding to
-
-@code{\addtolength@{\gnat@}@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\addtolength} command increments a ``length command'' by the
-amount specified in the @code{length} argument. It can be a negative
-amount.
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \settodepth *****
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \settodepth, \settoheight, \addtolength, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \settodepth
-@findex \settodepth
-
-@code{\settodepth@{\gnat@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\settodepth} command sets the value of a @code{length} command
-equal to the depth of the @code{text} argument.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \settoheight *****
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \settoheight, \settowidth, \settodepth, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \settoheight
-@findex \settoheight
-
-@code{\settoheight@{\gnat@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\settoheight} command sets the value of a @code{length} command
-equal to the height of the @code{text} argument.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment **** \settowidth *****
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \settowidth, Predefined lengths, \settoheight, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \settowidth
-@findex \settowidth
-
-@code{\settowidth@{\gnat@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\settowidth} command sets the value of a @code{length} command
-equal to the width of the @code{text} argument.
-
-
-@comment *****************************
-@comment **** Predefined lengths *****
-@comment *****************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Predefined lengths, , \settowidth, Lengths
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Predefined lengths
-@cindex Lengths, predefined
-@cindex Predefined lengths
-
-@code{\width}
-@findex \width
-
-@code{\height}
-@findex \height
-
-@code{\depth}
-@findex \depth
-
-@code{\totalheight}
-@findex \totalheight
-
-These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
-commands @xref{Spaces & Boxes}. They specify the natural width etc. of
-the text in the box. @code{\totalheight} equals @code{\height} +
-@code{\depth}. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
-natural size, e.g., say
-
-@code{\makebox[2\width]@{Get a stretcher@}}
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ******* Letters *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Letters, Line & Page Breaking, Lengths, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Letters
-@cindex Letters
-@cindex Creating letters
-
-You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
-@code{letter} document class is designed to make a number of letters at
-once, although you can make just one if you so desire.
-
-Your @file{.tex} source file has the same minimum commands as the other
-document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
-minimum:
-
-@example
- \documentclass@{letter@}
- \begin@{document@}
- ... letters ...
- \end@{document@}
-@end example
-
-Each letter is a @code{letter} environment, whose argument is the name
-and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:
-
-@example
- \begin@{letter@}@{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
- \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA@}
- ...
- \end@{letter@}
-@end example
-
-The letter itself begins with the @code{\opening} command. The text of
-the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
-make no sense in a letter, like @code{\chapter}, do not work. The letter
-closes with a @code{\closing} command.
-
-After the @code{closing}, you can have additional material. The
-@code{\cc} command produces the usual ``cc: ...''. There's also a similar
-@code{\encl} command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands,
-use @code{\\} to separate the items.
-
-These commands are used with the @code{letter} class:
-
-@menu
-* \address:: Your return address.
-* \cc:: Cc list.
-* \closing:: Saying goodbye.
-* \encl:: List of enclosed material.
-* \location:: Your organisation's address.
-* \makelabels:: Making address labels.
-* \name:: Your name, for the return address.
-* \opening:: Saying hello.
-* \ps:: Adding a postscript.
-* \signature:: Your signature.
-* \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks.
-* \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks.
-* \telephone:: Your phone number.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment ** \address **
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \address, \cc, Letters, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \address
-@findex \address
-
-@code{\address@{Return address@}}
-
-The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope.
-Separate lines of the address should be separated by @code{\\} commands.
-If you do not make an @code{\address} declaration, then the letter will
-be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead.
-(@xref{Overview}, for details on your local implementation). If you
-give an @code{\address} declaration, then the letter will be formatted
-as a personal letter.
-
-
-
-@comment *************
-@comment ** \cc ******
-@comment *************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \cc, \closing, \address, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \cc
-@findex \cc
-@cindex Cc list
-
-@code{\cc@{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna@}}
-
-Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is
-printed on a separate line.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \closing ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \closing, \encl, \cc, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \closing
-@findex \closing
-@cindex Letters, ending
-
-@code{\closing@{text@}}
-
-The letter closes with a @code{\closing} command, i.e.,
-@example
- \closing@{Best Regards,@}
-@end example
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \encl ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \encl, \location, \closing, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \encl
-@findex \encl
-@cindex Enclosed material
-
-@code{\encl@{CV\\Certificates@}}
-
-Generate a list of enclosed material.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \location **
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \location, \makelabels, \encl, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \location
-@findex \location
-
-@code{\location@{address@}}
-
-This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
-if the @code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected.
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \makelabels *
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \makelabels, \name, \location, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \makelabels
-@findex \makelabels
-
-@code{\makelabels@{number@}}
-
-If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of
-address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \name ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \name, \opening, \makelabels, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \name
-@findex \name
-
-@code{\name@{June Davenport@}}
-
-Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
-address.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \opening ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \opening, \ps, \name, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \opening
-@findex \opening
-@cindex Letters, starting
-
-@code{\opening@{text@}}
-
-The letter begins with the @code{\opening} command. The mandatory
-argument, @code{text}, is whatever text you wish to start your letter,
-i.e.,
-@example
- \opening@{Dear Joe,@}
-@end example
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \ps ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \ps, \signature, \opening, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \ps
-@findex \ps
-
-@code{\ps}
-
-Use this command before a postscript.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \signature *
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \signature, \startbreaks, \ps, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \signature
-@findex \signature
-
-@code{\signature@{Harvey Swick@}}
-
-Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
-space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should
-be separated by @code{\\} commands.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \startbreaks ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \startbreaks, \stopbreaks, \signature, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \startbreaks
-@findex \startbreaks
-
-@code{\startbreaks}
-
-Used after a @code{\stopbreaks} command to allow page breaks again.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \stopbreaks ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \stopbreaks, \telephone, \startbreaks, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \stopbreaks
-@findex \stopbreaks
-
-@code{\stopbreaks}
-
-Inhibit page breaks until a @code{\startbreaks} command occurs.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \telephone *
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \telephone, , \stopbreaks, Letters
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \telephone
-@findex \telephone
-
-@code{\telephone@{number@}}
-
-This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
-@code{firstpage} pagestyle is selected.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment * Line & Page Breaking **
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Line & Page Breaking, Making Paragraphs, Letters, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Line & Page Breaking
-@cindex Page Breaking
-@cindex Line Breaking
-@cindex Page Formatting
-
-The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
-translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
-produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and
-these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the
-line breaking yourself with the @code{\\} command, but LaTeX usually
-does it for you.
-
-@menu
-* \\:: Start a new line.
-* \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation.
-* \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page.
-* \clearpage:: Start a new page.
-* \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit.
-* \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking.
-* \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
-* \linebreak:: Break the line.
-* \newline:: Break the line prematurely.
-* \newpage:: Start a new page.
-* \nolinebreak:: Don't break the current line.
-* \nopagebreak:: Don't make a page break here.
-* \pagebreak:: Please make a page break here.
-* \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ****** \\ ********
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \\, \- (hyphenation), Line & Page Breaking, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \\
-@findex \\
-@cindex New line, starting
-
-@code{\\[*][extra-space]}
-
-The @code{\\} command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an
-optional argument, @code{extra-space}, that specifies how much extra
-vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
-negative amount.
-
-The @code{\\*} command is the same as the ordinary @code{\\} command
-except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
-
-
-@comment **********************
-@comment ** \- (hyphenation) **
-@comment **********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \- (hyphenation), \cleardoublepage, \\, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \-
-@findex \- (hyphenation)
-@cindex Hyphenation, forcing
-
-The @code{\-} command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
-point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all
-correct hyphenation points. The @code{\-} command is used for the
-exceptional cases.
-
-Note that when you insert @code{\-} commands in a word, the word will
-only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation
-points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.
-
-
-@comment ********************
-@comment * \cleardoublepage *
-@comment ********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \cleardoublepage, \clearpage, \- (hyphenation), Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \cleardoublepage
-@findex \cleardoublepage
-@cindex Starting on a right-hand page
-
-The @code{\cleardoublepage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
-(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \clearpage ****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \clearpage, \enlargethispage, \cleardoublepage, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \clearpage
-@findex \clearpage
-@cindex Flushing a page
-
-The @code{\clearpage} command ends the current page and causes all
-figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \enlargethispage **
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \enlargethispage, \fussy, \clearpage, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \enlargethispage
-@findex \enlargethispage
-@cindex Enlarge current page
-
-@code{\enlargethispage@{size@}}
-
-@code{\enlargethispage*@{size@}}
-
-Enlarge the @code{\textheight} for the current page by the specified
-amount; e.g. @code{\enlargethispage@{\baselineskip@}} will allow one
-additional line.
-
-The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
-much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
-@code{\pagebreak}.
-
-@node \fussy, \hyphenation, \enlargethispage, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \fussy
-@findex \fussy
-
-@code{\fussy}
-
-This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about line
-breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may produce
-overfull boxes.
-
-This command cancels the effect of a previous @code{\sloppy} command. @ref{\sloppy}
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \hyphenation **
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \hyphenation, \linebreak, \fussy, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \hyphenation
-@findex \hyphenation
-@cindex Hyphenation, defining
-
-@code{\hyphenation@{words@}}
-
-The @code{\hyphenation} command declares allowed hyphenation points,
-where @code{words} is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which
-each hyphenation point is indicated by a @code{-} character.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \linebreak ****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \linebreak, \newline, \hyphenation, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \linebreak
-@findex \linebreak
-@cindex Line breaks
-
-@code{\linebreak[number]}
-
-The @code{\linebreak} command tells LaTeX to break the current line at
-the point of the command. With the optional argument, @code{number},
-you can convert the @code{\linebreak} command from a demand to a
-request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
-number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-The @code{\linebreak} command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it
-extends to the right margin.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \newline ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newline, \newpage, \linebreak, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newline
-@findex \newline
-@cindex New line, starting (paragraph mode)
-
-The @code{\newline} command breaks the line right where it is. It can
-only be used in paragraph mode.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \newpage ******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newpage, \nolinebreak, \newline, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newpage
-@findex \newpage
-@cindex New Page
-
-The @code{\newpage} command ends the current page.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment * \nolinebreak ***
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \nolinebreak, \nopagebreak, \newpage, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \nolinebreak
-@findex \nolinebreak
-
-@code{\nolinebreak[number]}
-
-The @code{\nolinebreak} command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
-line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
-@code{number}, you can convert the @code{\nolinebreak} command from a
-demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
-higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \nopagebreak **
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \nopagebreak, \pagebreak, \nolinebreak, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \nopagebreak
-@findex \nopagebreak
-
-@code{\nopagebreak[number]}
-
-The @code{\nopagebreak} command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
-page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
-@code{number}, you can convert the @code{\nopagebreak} command from a
-demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The
-higher the number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \pagebreak ****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \pagebreak, \sloppy, \nopagebreak, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \pagebreak
-@findex \pagebreak
-@cindex Page break, forcing
-
-@code{\pagebreak[number]}
-
-The @code{\pagebreak} command tells LaTeX to break the current page at
-the point of the command. With the optional argument, @code{number},
-you can convert the @code{\pagebreak} command from a demand to a
-request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
-number, the more insistent the request is.
-
-@node \sloppy, , \pagebreak, Line & Page Breaking
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \sloppy
-@findex \sloppy
-
-@code{\sloppy}
-
-This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can
-prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words.
-
-Lasts until a @code{\fussy} command is issued. @ref{\fussy}.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment *** Making Paragraphs ***
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Making Paragraphs, Margin Notes, Line & Page Breaking, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Making Paragraphs
-@cindex Making paragraphs
-@cindex Paragraphs
-
-A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines --- lines not
-containing even a @code{%}. A blank line should not appear where a new
-paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
-a sectioning command.
-
-@menu
-* \indent:: Indent this paragraph.
-* \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph.
-* \par:: Another way of writing a blank line.
-@end menu
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \indent *******
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \indent, \noindent, Making Paragraphs, Making Paragraphs
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \indent
-@findex \indent
-@cindex Indent, forcing
-
-@code{\indent}
-
-This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
-paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it
-would otherwise be suppressed.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \noindent *****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \noindent, \par, \indent, Making Paragraphs
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \noindent
-@findex \noindent
-@cindex Indent, suppressing
-
-@code{\noindent}
-
-When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph
-indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \par **********
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \par, , \noindent, Making Paragraphs
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \par
-@findex \par
-@cindex Paragraph, starting a new
-
-Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
-definitions easier to read.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment ********************
-@comment *** Margin Notes ***
-@comment ********************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Margin Notes, Math Formulae, Making Paragraphs, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Margin Notes
-@cindex Margin Notes
-@cindex Notes in the margin
-@cindex Remarks in the margin
-
-The command @code{\marginpar[left]@{right@}} creates a note in the margin.
-The first line will be at the same height as the line in the text where
-the @code{\marginpar} occurs.
-
-When you only specify the mandatory argument @code{right}, the text will
-be placed
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-in the right margin for one-sided layout
-@item
-in the outside margin for two-sided layout
-@item
-in the nearest margin for two-column layout.
-@end itemize
-
-By issuing the command @code{\reversemarginpar}, you can force the marginal
-notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin.
-
-When you specify both arguments, @code{left} is used for the left
-margin, and @code{right} is used for the right margin.
-
-The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
-hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a @code{\hspace@{0pt@}}
-command.
-
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Math Formulae ******
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Math Formulae, Modes, Margin Notes, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Math Formulae
-@cindex Math Formulae
-@cindex Formulae, maths
-@cindex Math mode, entering
-@findex \(
-@findex \)
-@findex \[
-@findex \]
-@findex $
-
-There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
-
-@table @code
-@item math
-For Formulae that appear right in the text.
-@item displaymath
-For Formulae that appear on their own line.
-@item equation
-The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
-number in the right margin.
-@end table
-
-The @code{math} environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
-but the @code{displaymath} and @code{equation} environments can be used
-only in paragraph mode. The @code{math} and @code{displaymath}
-environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:
-
-@example
- \(...\) instead of \begin@{math@}...\end@{math@}
-
- \[...\] instead of \begin@{displaymath@}...\end@{displaymath@}
-@end example
-
-In fact, the @code{math} environment is so common that it has an even
-shorter form:
-
-@example
- $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
-@end example
-
-@cindex exponent
-
-@menu
-* Subscripts & Superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index.
-* Math Symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles.
-* Spacing in Math Mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
-* Math Miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
-@end menu
-
-@comment *****************************
-@comment * Subscripts & Superscripts *
-@comment *****************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Subscripts & Superscripts, Math Symbols, Math Formulae, Math Formulae
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Subscripts & Superscripts
-@cindex Superscript
-@cindex Subscript
-@findex _
-@findex ^
-
-To get an expression @i{exp} to appear as a subscript, you just type
-@code{_@{}@i{exp}@code{@}}. To get @i{exp} to appear as a superscript, you type
-@code{^@{}@i{exp}@code{@}}. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of
-that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when
-something has both a subscript and a superscript.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** Math Symbols **
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Math Symbols, Spacing in Math Mode, Subscripts & Superscripts, Math Formulae
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Math Symbols
-@cindex Maths symbols
-@cindex Symbols
-@cindex Greek letters
-
-@ifinfo
-LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
-commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
-example, if you include @code{$\pi$} in your source, you will get the
-symbol ``pi'' in your output.
-@end ifinfo
-
-@iftex
-LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
-commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
-example, if you include @code{$\pi$} in your source, you will get the
-symbol
-@tex
-$\pi$
-@end tex
-in your output.
-@end iftex
-
-@comment ************************
-@comment * Spacing in Math Mode *
-@comment ************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Spacing in Math Mode, Math Miscellany, Math Symbols, Math Formulae
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Spacing in Math Mode
-@cindex Spacing, within Math mode
-@cindex Math mode, spacing
-
-
-In a @code{math} environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts
-in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the
-way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing,
-LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
-
-@findex \;
-@findex \COLON
-@findex \,
-@findex \!
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-@code{\;} - a thick space
-@item
-@code{\:} - a medium space
-@item
-@code{\,} - a thin space
-@item
-@code{\!} - a negative thin space
-@end enumerate
-
-
-@comment *******************
-@comment * Math Miscellany *
-@comment *******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Math Miscellany, , Spacing in Math Mode, Math Formulae
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Math Miscellany
-@cindex Maths Miscellany
-
-@table @code
-
-@item \cdots
-@findex \cdots
-Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the centre
-of the line.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\cdots$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \ddots
-@findex \ddots
-Produces a diagonal ellipsis.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\ddots$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \frac@{num@}@{den@}
-@findex \frac
-Produces the fraction @code{num} divided by @code{den}.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-${1}\over{4}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \ldots
-@findex \ldots
-Produces an ellipsis. This command works in
-any mode, not just math mode.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\ldots$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \overbrace@{text@}
-@findex \overbrace
-Generates a brace over text.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \overline@{text@}
-@findex \overline
-Causes the argument text to be overlined.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\overline{x}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \sqrt[root]@{arg@}
-@findex \sqrt
-Produces the square root of its argument. The
-optional argument, @code{root}, determines what root to produce, i.e.,
-the cube root of @code{x+y} would be typed as @code{$\sqrt[3]@{x+y@}$}.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\sqrt{x-1}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \underbrace@{text@}
-@findex \underbrace
-Generates text with a brace underneath.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\underbrace{x+y+z}_{>\,0}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \underline@{text@}
-@findex \underline
-Causes the argument text to be underlined.
-This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\underline{z}$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@item \vdots
-@findex \vdots
-Produces a vertical ellipsis.
-
-@iftex
-eg.
-@tex
-$\vdots$
-@end tex
-@end iftex
-
-@end table
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ******* Modes ***********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Modes, Page Styles, Math Formulae, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Modes
-@cindex Modes
-@cindex Paragraph mode
-@cindex Math mode
-@cindex Left-to-right mode
-@cindex LR mode
-
-
-When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
-modes:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-Paragraph mode
-@item
-Math mode
-@item
-Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
-@end itemize
-
-LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
-different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
-Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
-LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
-
-``Paragraph mode'' is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
-processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
-lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in ``math mode'' when
-it's generating a mathematical formula. In ``LR mode'', as in paragraph
-mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
-words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
-keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
-Even if you put a hundred words into an @code{\mbox}, LaTeX would keep
-typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
-complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
-
-LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an @code{\mbox}
-command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
-example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
-There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
-making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
-these commands or environments will be called a @code{parbox}. When
-LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
-``inner paragraph mode''. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
-in, is called ``outer paragraph mode''.
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ***** Page Styles *******
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Page Styles, Sectioning, Modes, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Page Styles
-@cindex Styles, page
-@cindex Page styles
-
-The @code{\documentclass} command determines the size and position of
-the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
-
-@menu
-* \maketitle:: Generate a title page.
-* \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers.
-* \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style.
-* \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \maketitle ****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \maketitle, \pagenumbering, Page Styles, Page Styles
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \maketitle
-@cindex Title making
-@findex \maketitle
-
-@code{\maketitle}
-
-The @code{\maketitle} command generates a title on a separate title page
-- except in the @code{article} class, where the title normally goes at
-the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is
-obtained from the following declarations:
-
-@xref{Page Styles}, for the commands to give the information.
-
-@menu
-* \author:: Who wrote this stuff?
-* \date:: The date the document was created.
-* \thanks:: A special form of footnote.
-* \title:: How to set the document title.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ***********
-@comment * \author *
-@comment ***********
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \author, \date, \maketitle, \maketitle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \author
-@findex \author
-@cindex Author, for titlepage
-
-@code{\author@{names@}}
-
-The @code{\author} command declares the author(s), where @code{names} is
-a list of authors separated by @code{\and} commands. Use @code{\\} to
-separate lines within a single author's entry -- for example, to give
-the author's institution or address.
-
-
-@comment ***********
-@comment ** \date **
-@comment ***********
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \date, \thanks, \author, \maketitle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \date
-@findex \date
-@cindex Date, for titlepage
-
-@code{\date@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\date} command declares @i{text} to be the document's date. With
-no @code{\date} command, the current date is used.
-
-
-@comment ***********
-@comment * \thanks *
-@comment ***********
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \thanks, \title, \date, \maketitle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \thanks
-@findex \thanks
-@cindex Thanks, for titlepage
-
-@code{\thanks@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\thanks} command produces a @code{\footnote} to the title.
-
-
-@comment ***********
-@comment * \title **
-@comment ***********
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \title, , \thanks, \maketitle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \title
-@findex \title
-@cindex Title, for titlepage
-
-@code{\title@{text@}}
-
-
-The @code{\title} command declares @code{text} to be the title. Use
-@code{\\} to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment * \pagenumbering *
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \pagenumbering, \pagestyle, \maketitle, Page Styles
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \pagenumbering
-@findex \pagenumbering
-@cindex Page numbering
-
-@code{\pagenumbering@{num_style@}}
-
-Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of @code{num_style} are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{arabic} - Arabic numerals
-@item
-@code{roman} - Lowercase Roman numerals
-@item
-@code{Roman} - Uppercase Roman numerals
-@item
-@code{alph} - Lowercase letters
-@item
-@code{Alph} - Uppercase letters
-@end itemize
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment ** \pagestyle ****
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \pagestyle, \thispagestyle, \pagenumbering, Page Styles
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \pagestyle
-@findex \pagestyle
-
-@code{\pagestyle@{option@}}
-
-The @code{\pagestyle} command changes the style from the current page on
-throughout the remainder of your document.
-
-The valid options are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{plain} - Just a plain page number.
-@item
-@code{empty} - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
-@item
-@code{headings} - Puts running headings on each page. The document
-style specifies what goes in the headings.
-@item
-@code{myheadings} - You specify what is to go in the heading with the
-@code{\markboth} or the @code{\markright} commands.
-@end itemize
-
-@menu
-* \markboth:: Set left and right headings.
-* \markright:: Set right heading only.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \markboth **
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \markboth, \markright, \pagestyle, \pagestyle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \markboth
-@findex \markboth
-
-@example
-\markboth@{left head@}@{right head@}
-@end example
-
-The @code{\markboth} command is used in
-conjunction with the page style @code{myheadings} for setting
-both the left and the right heading. You should note that a ``left-hand
-heading'' is generated by the last @code{\markboth} command before the
-end of the page, while a ``right-hand heading'' is generated by the first
-@code{\markboth} or @code{\markright} that comes on the page if there is
-one, otherwise by the last one before the page.
-
-
-@comment ****************
-@comment ** \markright **
-@comment ****************
-
-@comment LEVEL4
-@node \markright, , \markboth, \pagestyle
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \markright
-@findex \markright
-
-@example
-\markright@{right head@}
-@end example
-
-
-The @code{\markright} command is used in conjunction with the page style
-@code{myheadings} for setting the right heading, leaving the left
-heading unchanged. You should note that a ``left-hand heading'' is
-generated by the last @code{\markboth} command before the end of the
-page, while a ``right-hand heading'' is generated by the first
-@code{\markboth} or @code{\markright} that comes on the page if there is
-one, otherwise by the last one before the page.
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment * \thispagestyle *
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \thispagestyle, , \pagestyle, Page Styles
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \thispagestyle
-@findex \thispagestyle
-
-@code{\thispagestyle@{option@}}
-
-The @code{\thispagestyle} command works in the same manner as the
-@code{\pagestyle} command except that it changes the style for the
-current page only.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ***** Sectioning ********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Sectioning, Spaces & Boxes, Page Styles, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Sectioning
-@cindex Sectioning
-@findex \chapter
-@findex \subsubsection
-@findex \subsection
-@findex \paragraph
-@findex \subparagraph
-
-Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{\part}
-@item
-@code{\chapter} (report and book class only)
-@item
-@code{\section}
-@item
-@code{\subsection}
-@item
-@code{\subsubsection}
-@item
-@code{\paragraph}
-@item
-@code{\subparagraph}
-@end itemize
-
-All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,
-
-@code{\chapter[optional]@{title@}}
-
-In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument
-of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-The table of contents
-@item
-The running head at the top of the page
-@end enumerate
-
-You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
-appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning
-commands have an @code{optional} argument that provides the text for
-these other two purposes.
-
-All sectioning commands have @code{*}-forms that print a @i{title},
-but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of
-contents.
-
-@findex \appendix
-@cindex Appendix, creating
-
-@code{\appendix}
-
-The @code{\appendix} command changes the way sectional units are
-numbered. The @code{\appendix} command generates no text and does not
-affect the numbering of parts.
-The normal use of this command is something like
-
-@example
-\chapter@{The First Chapter@}
-@dots{}
-\appendix
-\chapter@{The First Appendix@}
-@end example
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment **** Spaces & Boxes *****
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Spaces & Boxes, Special Characters, Sectioning, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Spaces & Boxes
-@cindex Spaces
-@cindex Boxes
-
-All the predefined length parameters (@pxref{Predefined lengths}) can be
-used in the arguments of the box-making commands.
-
-@menu
-Horizontal space
-* \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots.
-* \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space.
-* \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule.
-* \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space.
-Vertical space
-* \addvspace:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \bigskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \medskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \smallskip:: Fixed vertical space.
-* \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space.
-* \vspace:: Fixed vertical space.
-Boxes
-* \fbox:: Framebox.
-* \framebox:: Framebox, adjustable position.
-* lrbox:: An environment like \sbox.
-* \makebox:: Box, adjustable position.
-* \mbox:: Box.
-* \newsavebox:: Declare a name for saving a box.
-* \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode.
-* \raisebox:: Raise or lower text.
-* \rule:: Lines and squares.
-* \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use.
-* \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use.
-* \usebox:: Print saved text.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \dotfill ***
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \dotfill, \hfill, , Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \dotfill
-@findex \dotfill
-
-The @code{\dotfill} command produces a ``rubber length'' that produces dots
-instead of just spaces.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \hfill *****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \hfill, \hrulefill, \dotfill, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \hfill
-@findex \hfill
-
-The @code{\hfill} fill command produces a ``rubber length'' which can
-stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
-
-
-@comment ****************
-@comment ** \hrulefill **
-@comment ****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \hrulefill, \hspace, \hfill, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \hrulefill
-@findex \hrulefill
-
-The @code{\hrulefill} fill command produces a ``rubber length'' which can
-stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
-rule.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \hspace ****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \hspace, \addvspace, \hrulefill, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \hspace
-@findex \hspace
-
-@code{\hspace[*]@{length@}}
-
-
-The @code{\hspace} command adds horizontal space. The length of the
-space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e.,
-points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space
-with an @code{\hspace} command. Adding negative space is like
-backspacing.
-
-LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you
-don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional @code{*}
-argument. Then the space is never removed.
-
-
-@comment ****************
-@comment ** \addvspace **
-@comment ****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \addvspace, \bigskip, \hspace, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \addvspace
-@findex \addvspace
-@cindex Vertical space, inserting
-@cindex Space, inserting vertical
-
-@code{\addvspace@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\addvspace} command normally adds a vertical space of height
-length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
-point in the output by a previous @code{\addvspace} command, then this
-command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
-of the total vertical space equal to @code{length}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \bigskip ***
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \bigskip, \medskip, \addvspace, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \bigskip
-@findex \bigskip
-
-The @code{\bigskip} command is equivalent to
-@code{\vspace@{bigskipamount@}} where @code{bigskipamount} is determined
-by the document class.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \medskip ***
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \medskip, \smallskip, \bigskip, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \medskip
-@findex \medskip
-
-The @code{\medskip} command is equivalent to
-@code{\vspace@{medskipamount@}} where @code{medskipamount} is determined
-by the document class.
-
-
-@comment ****************
-@comment ** \smallskip **
-@comment ****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \smallskip, \vfill, \medskip, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \smallskip
-@findex \smallskip
-
-@code{\smallskip}
-
-The @code{\smallskip} command is equivalent to
-@code{\vspace@{smallskipamount@}} where @code{smallskipamount} is
-determined by the document class.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \vfill *****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \vfill, \vspace, \smallskip, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \vfill
-@findex \vfill
-
-The @code{\vfill} fill command produces a rubber length which can
-stretch or shrink vertically.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \vspace ****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \vspace, \fbox, \vfill, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \vspace
-@findex \vspace
-
-@code{\vspace[*]@{length@}}
-
-The @code{\vspace} command adds vertical space. The length of the space
-can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
-inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
-@code{\vspace} command.
-
-LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
-don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional @code{*}
-argument. Then the space is never removed.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \fbox ******
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \fbox, \framebox, \vspace, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \fbox
-@findex \fbox
-
-@code{\fbox@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\fbox} command is exactly the same as the @code{\mbox}
-command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
-it creates.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \framebox **
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \framebox, lrbox, \fbox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \framebox
-@findex \framebox
-
-@code{\framebox[width][position]@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\framebox} command is exactly the same as the @code{\makebox}
-command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that
-it creates.
-
-The framebox command produces a rule of thickness @code{\fboxrule}, and
-leaves a space @code{\fboxsep} between the rule and the contents of the
-box.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** lrbox ****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node lrbox, \makebox, \framebox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection lrbox
-@findex lrbox
-
-@code{\begin@{lrbox@}@{cmd@} text \end@{lrbox@}}
-
-This is the environment form of @code{\sbox}.
-
-The text inside the environment is saved in the box @code{cmd}, which
-must have been declared with @code{\newsavebox}.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment ** \makebox **
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \makebox, \mbox, lrbox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \makebox
-@findex \makebox
-
-@code{\makebox[width][position]@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\makebox} command creates a box just wide enough to contain
-the @code{text} specified. The width of the box is specified by the
-optional @code{width} argument. The position of the text within the box
-is determined by the optional @code{position} argument.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{c} --- centred (default)
-@item
-@code{l} --- flushleft
-@item
-@code{r} --- flushright
-@item
-@code{s} --- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain
-stretchable space for this to work.
-@end itemize
-
-@xref{\makebox (picture)}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \mbox ******
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \mbox, \newsavebox, \makebox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \mbox
-@findex \mbox
-
-@code{\mbox@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\mbox} command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
-created by its argument.
-
-Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.
-
-
-@comment ****************
-@comment ** \newsavebox *
-@comment ****************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \newsavebox, \parbox, \mbox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \newsavebox
-@findex \newsavebox
-
-@code{\newsavebox@{cmd@}}
-
-Declares @code{cmd}, which must be a command name that is not already
-defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \parbox ****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \parbox, \raisebox, \newsavebox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \parbox
-@findex \parbox
-
-@code{\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]@{width@}@{text@}}
-
-A @code{parbox} is a box whose contents are created in @code{paragraph}
-mode. The @code{\parbox} has two mandatory arguments:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{width} - specifies the width of the parbox, and
-@item
-@code{text} - the text that goes inside the parbox.
-@end itemize
-
-
-LaTeX will position a @code{parbox} so its centre lines up with the centre of
-the text line. The optional @i{position} argument allows you
-to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is top).
-
-If the @i{height} argument is not given, the box will have the natural
-height of the text.
-
-The @i{inner-pos} argument controls the placement of the text inside the
-box. If it is not specified, @i{position} is used.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{t} --- text is placed at the top of the box.
-@item
-@code{c} --- text is centred in the box.
-@item
-@code{b} --- text is placed at the bottom of the box.
-@item
-@code{s} --- stretch vertically. The text must contain
-vertically stretchable space for this to work.
-@end itemize
-
-A @code{\parbox} command is used for a parbox containing a small piece
-of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use
-any of the paragraph-making environments inside a @code{\parbox}
-argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a
-paragraph-making environment, you should use a @code{minipage}
-environment @xref{minipage}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \raisebox **
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \raisebox, \rule, \parbox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \raisebox
-@findex \raisebox
-
-@code{\raisebox@{distance@}[extend-above][extend-below]@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\raisebox} command is used to raise or lower text. The first
-mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
-lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in
-@code{LR mode}.
-
-
-Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different
-size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
-normally think it has. The @code{\raisebox} command lets you tell
-LaTeX how tall it is.
-
-The first optional argument, @code{extend-above}, makes LaTeX think
-that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The
-second optional argument, @code{extend-below}, makes LaTeX think that
-the text extends below the line by the amount specified.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \rule ******
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \rule, \savebox, \raisebox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \rule
-@findex \rule
-
-@code{\rule[raise-height]@{width@}@{thickness@}}
-
-The @code{\rule} command is used to produce horizontal lines. The
-arguments are defined as follows:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{raise-height} - specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
-@item
-@code{width} - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
-@item
-@code{thickness} - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
-@end itemize
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \savebox ***
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \savebox, \sbox, \rule, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \savebox
-@findex \savebox
-
-@example
- \savebox@{cmd@}[width][pos]@{text@}
-@end example
-
-This command typeset @code{text} in a box just as for @code{\makebox}.
-However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin
-@code{cmd}, which must have been declared with @code{\newsavebox}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \sbox ******
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \sbox, \usebox, \savebox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \sbox
-@findex \sbox
-
-@code{\sbox@{text@}}
-
-This commands typeset @code{text} in a box just as for @code{\mbox}.
-However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin
-@code{cmd}, which must have been declared with @code{\newsavebox}.
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \usebox ****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \usebox, , \sbox, Spaces & Boxes
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \usebox
-@findex \usebox
-
-@code{\usebox@{cmd@}}
-
-Prints the box most recently saved in bin @code{cmd} by a
-@code{\savebox} command.
-
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ** Special Characters ***
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Special Characters, Splitting the Input, Spaces & Boxes, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Special Characters
-@cindex Special Characters
-@cindex Characters, special
-@cindex Reserved Characters
-@cindex Characters, reserved
-
-The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
-``special printing characters'', or simply ``special characters''.
-
-@example
- # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ @{ @}
-@end example
-
-Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are
-doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed
-just as any other letter, include a @code{\} in front of the character.
-For example, @code{\$} will produce @code{$} in your output.
-
-One exception to this rule is the @code{\} itself because @code{\\} has
-its own special meaning. A @code{\} is produced by typing
-@code{$\backslash$} in your file.
-
-Also, @code{\~} means `place a tilde accent over the following letter',
-so you will probably want to use @code{\verb} instead.
-
-@findex \backslash
-@findex \symbol
-@cindex Accessing any character of a font
-
-In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its
-number by using the @code{\symbol} command. For example, the character
-used for displaying spaces in the @code{\verb*} command has the code
-decimal 32, so it can be typed as @code{\symbol@{32@}}.
-
-You can also specify octal numbers with @code{'} or hexadecimal numbers
-with @code{"}, so the previous example could also be written as
-@code{\symbol@{'40@}} or @code{\symbol@{"20@}}.
-
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ** Splitting the Input **
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Splitting the Input, Starting & Ending, Special Characters, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Splitting the Input
-@cindex Splitting the input file
-@cindex Input file, splitting
-
-
-A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
-input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
-several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
-there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
-when you run LaTeX.
-
-@menu
-* \include:: Conditionally include a file.
-* \includeonly:: Determine which files are included.
-* \input:: Unconditionally include a file.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \include ***
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \include, \includeonly, Splitting the Input, Splitting the Input
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \include
-@findex \include
-
-@code{\include@{file@}}
-
-The @code{\include} command is used in conjunction with the
-@code{\includeonly} command for selective inclusion of files. The
-@code{file} argument is the first name of a file, denoting
-@file{file.tex}. If @code{file} is one the file names in the file list
-of the @code{\includeonly} command or if there is no @code{\includeonly}
-command, the @code{\include} command is equivalent to
-
-@example
-\clearpage \input@{file@} \clearpage
-@end example
-
-except that if the file @file{file.tex} does not exist, then a warning
-message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the
-file list, the @code{\include} command is equivalent to @code{\clearpage}.
-
-The @code{\include} command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
-read by another @code{\include} command.
-
-
-@comment *******************
-@comment ** \includeonly ***
-@comment *******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \includeonly, \input, \include, Splitting the Input
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \includeonly
-@findex \includeonly
-
-@code{\includeonly@{}@i{file_list}@code{@}}
-
-The @code{\includeonly} command controls which files will be read in by
-an @code{\include} command. @i{file_list} should be a comma-separated
-list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified
-in a @code{\include} command. This command can only appear in the
-preamble.
-
-@comment ***************
-@comment ** \input *****
-@comment ***************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \input, , \includeonly, Splitting the Input
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \input
-@findex \input
-
-@code{\input@{file@}}
-
-The @code{\input} command causes the indicated @code{file} to be read and
-processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current
-file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with
-extension or just a first name, in which case the file @file{file.tex}
-is used.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment *** Starting & Ending ***
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Starting & Ending, Table of Contents, Splitting the Input, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Starting & Ending
-@cindex Starting & Ending
-@cindex Ending & Starting
-
-Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum:
-
-@example
- \documentclass@{class@}
- \begin@{document@}
- ... your text goes here ...
- \end@{document@}
-@end example
-
-where the @code{class} selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX.
-@xref{Document Classes}, (and @pxref{Overview}), for details of the
-various document classes available locally.
-
-You may include other LaTeX commands between the @code{\documentclass}
-and the @code{\begin@{document@}} commands (i.e., in the `preamble').
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment *** Table of Contents ***
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Table of Contents, Terminal Input/Output, Starting & Ending, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Table of Contents
-@cindex Table of Contents, creating
-
-
-A table of contents is produced with the
-@code{\tableofcontents}
-@findex \tableofcontents
-command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents
-to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does
-not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
-table of contents, include a @code{\newpage} command after the
-@code{\tableofcontents} command.
-
-There are similar commands
-@code{\listoffigures}
-@findex \listoffigures
-and
-@code{\listoftables}
-@findex \listoftables
- for producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
-Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
-
-NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have
-the
-@code{\nofiles}
-@findex \nofiles
-command in your document.
-
-@menu
-* \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc.
-* \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment ********************
-@comment * \addcontentsline *
-@comment ********************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \addcontentsline, \addtocontents, Table of Contents, Table of Contents
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \addcontentsline
-@findex \addcontentsline
-
-@code{\addcontentsline@{file@}@{sec_unit@}@{entry@}}
-
-The @code{\addcontentsline} command adds an entry to the specified list
-or table where:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be
-written: @code{toc} (table of contents), @code{lof} (list of figures),
-or @code{lot} (list of tables).
-@item
-@code{sec_unit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one
-of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
-@enumerate
-@item
-@code{toc} --- the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.
-@item
-@code{lof} --- figure
-@item
-@code{lot} --- table
-@end enumerate
-@item
-@code{entry} is the text of the entry.
-@end itemize
-
-
-@comment ******************
-@comment * \addtocontents *
-@comment ******************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \addtocontents, , \addcontentsline, Table of Contents
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \addtocontents
-@findex \addtocontents
-
-@code{\addtocontents@{file@}@{text@}}
-
-The @code{\addtocontents} command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
-to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
-tables.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-@code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be
-written: @code{toc} (table of contents), @code{lof} (list of figures),
-or @code{lot} (list of tables).
-@item
-@code{text} is the information to be written.
-@end itemize
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment * Terminal Input/Output *
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Terminal Input/Output, Typefaces, Table of Contents, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Terminal Input/Output
-@cindex Input/Output
-@cindex Terminal Input/Output
-
-@menu
-* \typein:: Read text from the terminal.
-* \typeout:: Write text to the terminal.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \typein ****
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \typein, \typeout, , Terminal Input/Output
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \typein
-@findex \typein
-
-@code{\typein[cmd]@{msg@}}
-
-
-Prints @code{msg} on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for
-you to type a line of input, ending with return. If the @code{cmd}
-argument is missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been
-included in the input file in place of the @code{\typein} command. If
-the @code{cmd} argument is present, it must be a command name. This
-command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment * \typeout ***
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node \typeout, , \typein, Terminal Input/Output
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \typeout
-@findex \typeout
-
-@code{\typeout@{msg@}}
-
-Prints @code{msg} on the terminal and in the @code{log} file. Commands
-in @code{msg} that are defined with @code{\newcommand} or
-@code{\renewcommand} are replaced by their definitions before being
-printed.
-
-
-LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as
-a single space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to
-@code{msg}. A @code{\space} command in @code{msg} causes a single space
-to be printed. A @code{^^J} in @code{msg} prints a newline.
-
-
-@page
-
-@comment *************************
-@comment ***** Typefaces *********
-@comment *************************
-
-@comment LEVEL2
-@node Typefaces, , Terminal Input/Output, Commands
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@section Typefaces
-@cindex Typefaces
-@cindex Fonts
-
-The @code{typeface} is specified by giving the ``size'' and ``style''. A
-typeface is also called a ``font''.
-
-@menu
-* Styles:: Select roman, italics etc.
-* Sizes:: Select point size.
-* Low-level font commands:: Commands for wizards.
-@end menu
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment ** Styles ****
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Styles, Sizes, Typefaces, Typefaces
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection \Styles
-@cindex Font Styles
-@cindex Typeface Styles
-@cindex Styles of text
-
-
-The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
-
-These commands are used like @code{\textit@{italics text@}}. The
-corresponding command in parenthesis is the ``declaration form'', which
-takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
-next type style command or the end of the current group.
-
-The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say
-@code{\sffamily\bfseries} to get sans serif boldface.
-
-You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; e.g.
-@code{\begin@{ttfamily@}...\end@{ttfamily@}}.
-
-@table @code
-@item \textrm (\rmfamily)
-@findex \textrm
-@findex \rmfamily
-Roman.
-@item \textit (\itshape)
-@findex \textit
-@findex \itshape
-@item \emph
-@findex \emph
-Emphasis (toggles between \textit and \textrm).
-@item \textmd (\mdseries)
-@findex \textmd
-@findex \mdseries
-Medium weight (default). The opposite of boldface.
-@item \textbf (\bfseries)
-@findex \textbf
-@findex \bfseries
-Boldface.
-@item \textup (\upshape)
-@findex \textup
-@findex \upshape
-Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.
-@item \textsl (\slshape)
-@findex \textsl
-@findex \slshape
-Slanted.
-@item \textsf (\sffamily)
-@findex \textsf
-@findex \sffamily
-Sans serif.
-@item \textsc (\scshape)
-@findex \textsc
-@findex \scshape
-Small caps.
-@item \texttt (\ttfamily)
-@findex \texttt
-@findex \ttfamily
-Typewriter.
-@item \textnormal (\normalfont)
-@findex \textnormal
-@findex \normalfont
-Main document font.
-@item \mathrm
-@findex \mathrm
-Roman, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathbf
-@findex \mathbf
-Boldface, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathsf
-@findex \mathsf
-Sans serif, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathtt
-@findex \mathtt
-Typewriter, for use in math mode.
-@item \mathit
-@findex \mathit
-Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with several letters.
-@item \mathnormal
-@findex \mathnormal
-For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.
-@item \mathcal
-@findex \mathcal
-`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.
-@end table
-
-In addition, the command
-@code{\mathversion@{bold@}}
-@findex \mathversion
-can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
-formulas. @code{\mathversion@{normal@}} restores the default.
-
-
-@comment **************
-@comment ** Sizes *****
-@comment **************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Sizes, Low-level font commands, Styles, Typefaces
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Sizes
-@cindex Font Sizes
-@cindex Typeface Sizes
-@cindex Sizes of text
-
-
-The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
-
-The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope of the
-declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of
-the current group.
-
-You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g.
-@code{\begin@{tiny@}...\end@{tiny@}}.
-
-@table @code
-@item \tiny
-@findex \tiny
-
-@item \scriptsize
-@findex \scriptsize
-
-@item \footnotesize
-@findex \footnotesize
-
-@item \small
-@findex \small
-
-@item \normalsize
-@findex \normalsize
-(default)
-
-@item \large
-@findex \large
-
-@item \Large
-@findex \Large
-
-@item \LARGE
-@findex \LARGE
-
-@item \huge
-@findex \huge
-
-@item \Huge
-@findex \Huge
-@end table
-
-
-@comment ********************************
-@comment ** Low-level font commands *****
-@comment ********************************
-
-@comment LEVEL3
-@node Low-level font commands, , Sizes, Typefaces
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@subsection Low-level font commands
-@cindex Low-level font commands
-@cindex Font commands, low-level
-
-These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
-packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
-ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of @cite{The LaTeX
-Companion}.
-
-
-@table @code
-@item \fontencoding@{enc@}
-@findex \fontencoding
-Select font encoding. Valid encodings include @code{OT1} and @code{T1}.
-
-@item \fontfamily@{family@}
-@findex \fontfamily
-Select font family. Valid families include:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{cmr} for Computer Modern Roman
-@item @code{cmss} for Computer Modern Sans Serif
-@item @code{cmtt} for Computer Modern Typewriter
-@end itemize
-
-and numerous others.
-
-@item \fontseries@{series@}
-@findex \fontseries
-Select font series. Valid series include:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{m} Medium (normal)
-@item @code{b} Bold
-@item @code{c} Condensed
-@item @code{bc} Bold condensed
-@item @code{bx} Bold extended
-@end itemize
-
-and various other combinations.
-
-@item \fontshape@{shape@}
-@findex \fontshape
-Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item @code{n} Upright (normal)
-@item @code{it} Italic
-@item @code{sl} Slanted (oblique)
-@item @code{sc} Small caps
-@item @code{ui} Upright italics
-@item @code{ol} Outline
-@end itemize
-
-The two last shapes are not available for most font families.
-
-@item \fontsize@{size@}@{skip@}
-@findex \fontsize
-Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to; the
-second is the @code{\baselineskip} to use. The unit of both parameters
-defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the baselineskip should be 1.2
-times the font size.
-
-@item \selectfont
-@findex \selectfont
-The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do
-not come into effect until @code{\selectfont} is called.
-
-@item \usefont@{enc@}@{family@}@{series@}@{shape@}
-@findex \usefont
-Equivalent to calling @code{\fontencoding}, @code{\fontfamily},
-@code{\fontseries} and @code{\fontshape} with the given parameters, followed by @code{\selectfont}.
-@end table
-
-
-
-
-@page
-@comment ****************************************
-@comment ************* PARAMETERS ***************
-@comment ****************************************
-
-@comment LEVEL1
-@node Parameters, Concept Index, Commands, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@chapter Parameters
-
-
-The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
-uses @file{.tex} as a default file extension. If you omit the input file
-entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command
-options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.
-
-@code{latex ``\scrollmode\input foo.tex''}
-
-will process @file{foo.tex} without pausing after every error.
-
-Output files are always created in the current directory. When you fail
-to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on the file
-specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT, typically
-@code{texput.log}.
-
-@page
-
-
-@comment ***************************
-@comment ******* INDICES ********
-@comment ***************************
-
-@comment LEVEL1
-@node Concept Index, Command Index, Parameters, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@unnumbered Concept Index
-
-@printindex cp
-
-@comment LEVEL1
-@node Command Index, , Concept Index, Top
-@comment node-name, next, previous, up
-@unnumbered Command Index
-
-@printindex fn
-
-@contents
-
-@bye