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############################################################
Math Formulae ::(::)::[::]::$::
############################################################
There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:
math For Formulae that appear right in the text.
displaymath For Formulae that appear on their own line.
equation The same as the displaymath environment
except that it adds an equation number in
the right margin.
The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
but the displaymath and equation environments can be used only
in paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are
used so often that they have the following short forms:
\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:
$ ... $ instead of \(...\)
Subscripts & Superscripts: Also known as exponent or index.
Math Symbols: Various mathematical squiggles.
Spacing in Math Mode: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces.
Math Miscellany: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.
############################################################
Subscripts & Superscripts ::_::^::
############################################################
To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just
type _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type
^{exp}. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of
that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right
thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.
############################################################
Math Symbols
############################################################
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely
to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in
math mode. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source,
you will get the symbol in your output.
############################################################
Spacing in Math Mode
############################################################
In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and
puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats
mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. If you
want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four
commands for use in math mode:
\; - a thick space ::;::
\: - a medium space :::::
\, - a thin space ::,::
\! - a negative thin space ::!::
############################################################
Math Miscellany
############################################################
\cdots ::cdots::
Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to
the centre of the line. eg.
\ddots ::ddots::
Produces a diagonal ellipsis. eg.
\frac{num}{den} ::frac::
Produces the fraction num divided by den. eg.
\ldots ::ldots::
Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not
just math mode. eg.
\overbrace{text} ::overbrace::
Generates a brace over text. eg.
\overline{text} ::overline::
Causes the argument text to be overlined. eg.
\sqrt[root]{arg} ::sqrt::
Produces the square root of its argument. The optional argument,
root, determines what root to produce, i.e., the cube root
of x+y would be typed
as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. eg.
\underbrace{text} ::underbrace::
Generates text with a brace underneath. eg.
\underline{text} ::underline::
Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can
also be used in paragraph and LR modes. eg.
\vdots ::vdots::
Produces a vertical ellipsis. eg.
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