path: root/fonts/utilities/mathinst/mathinst.tex

%&latex
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%% This is the file mathinst.tex, part of the MathInst package
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%% generation.  (Author: Alan Hoenig, ajhjj@cunyvm.cuny.edu)
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\documentclass{article}

\newcommand{\mathinst}{{\it MathInst\/}}\let\MathInst=\mathinst
\let\tex=\TeX \let\latex=\LaTeX
\font\mffont=logo10
\def\mf{{\mffont META}\-{\mffont FONT}}
\newcommand{\vfinst}{{\it VFinst\/}}
\def\ang<#1>{$\langle$\textnormal{\textit{#1}}$\rangle$}

\title{The MathInst Package (version 1.0): New Math Fonts for \TeX}
\author{Alan Hoenig}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

If you've ever wanted to typeset proper mathematics using Caslon or
Garamond or Baskerville or whatever types, \mathinst\ may be of use to
you.  It allows you to create proper math fonts for use by \TeX\ and
\LaTeX.  You need to tell it the family of Roman types you want to use
and the raw math fonts---MathTime, Euler, Lucida New Math, or
Mathematica---you can supply, and this script does the rest.  All of
\mathinst's fonts are properly scaled for compatibility with the Roman
fonts.

If you supply the name of a typewriter and sans serif font as well,
MathInst will not only create fonts that respond to the \textsc{nfss}
commands \verb+\mathsf+ and \verb+\mathtt+, it will also scale these
fonts properly to match the Roman math fonts.

If you supply the name of a calligraphic, fraktur, blackboard bold,
and Greek bold font, \mathinst\ will create matching fonts and commands
for their use.  In particular, if a Greek bold is present, \mathinst\
will create bold math fonts.

\mathinst\ also creates two style files---one for use by \textsc{nfss}
(\LaTeX) and one for plain \TeX.  There are also two matching test
files, so you can not only test the fonts, but see how to access these
fonts in a \TeX\ document.

At the end, \mathinst\ places all your new fonts in their proper places,
whether you use a traditional or a \textsc{tds} \TeX\ system.  

For many additional details, please read the remainder of this
document.  All the \mathinst\ material can be found in the {\tt
fonts/utilities/mathinst} area of \textsc{ctan}.  Please forward
comments and bug reports to me (Alan Hoenig) at {\tt
ajhjj@cunyvm.cuny.edu}.

This current version contains several bug fixes, and benefited
immensely from some mighty bug-catchers, including David Ness, Karen
Ettinger, Christian Burger, Erik Luijten, and Jens-Peer Kuska.

\section{Background; purpose; description}
Although there are hundreds of outline fonts that \tex\ can use to
typeset non-technical material, it remains difficult to typeset
technical documents using typefaces other than Computer Modern.
Difficulties remain even when special math fonts are made available
(such as Hermann Zapf's Euler fonts or the MathTime fonts), because
specialized knowledge is needed to integrate the math fonts with the
text fonts.  It is the purpose of the \mathinst\ software to perform
this integration for an author or typesetter.  Providing the author is
willing to make some reasonable compromises, hundreds of new math
families are now available.  The \mathinst\ software itself knows
about four families of raw math fonts---MathTime, Lucida New Math,
Euler, and Mathematica.

Here's what will be the result of a proper \mathinst\ font generation: 
\begin{enumerate}
  \item math fonts properly integrating raw math fonts with a given text
  font family;
  \item a macro file for users of plain \tex\ which properly integrates
  the new fonts;
  \item a style file for \latex\ users which integrates the new fonts
  into the \textsc{nfss};
  \item test files for both plain \tex\ and \latex\ users which
  demonstrate the use of the new fonts;
  \item several log files which record aspects of the installation; and
  \item a script for placing all fonts and other files in their proper
  locations. 
\end{enumerate}
In addition, the software checks to see if all target directories have
been created. If not, a script has
been prepared which will create the missing directories for you.  This
might be useful, for example, in preparing the many directories
required by the \textsc{tds} (\tex\ Directory Structure) standard.  

The \mathinst\ software will work for ``traditional'' \tex\ systems
(where all tfm's go in one place, all vf's in another, and so on) or
for the newer \textsc{tds} systems.  

Standard math font families consist of text fonts plus special math
fonts.  If you supply certain additional fonts, \mathinst\ will
integrate these other fonts in the math superfamilies.  These optional
additions include:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item a typewriter font family;
  \item a sans serif font family;
  \item a fraktur font;
  \item a Blackboard Bold font;
  \item a calligraphic font; and
  \item a Greek bold font (for proper bold math fonts)
\end{enumerate}
Commands to typeset with these fonts are part of the styles that
\mathinst\ creates; the test files contain examples illustrating their use.
\mathinst\ takes great care to scale all fonts so the final fonts have
an $x$-height identical to the original text fonts.  This way, we obtain
the highest degree of visual compatibility 
between otherwise disparate fonts.

\subsubsection{What you will need}
Here's what you'll need to run the software.  
\begin{itemize}
  \item The modules themselves have been written in Perl (Perl5,
  actually), so you'll need a Perl executable placed somewhere on your
  computer's search path.  Perl is freely available for virtually every
  computer platform; you'll need to check out software archives to get
  hold of this language.
  \item You'll also need a version~1.5 or greater of 
  {\it fontinst\/}, available from \textsc{ctan} in
  the area \texttt{fonts/utilities/fontinst/inputs}.  (Retrieve all
  these files and place them in a \texttt{texinputs} directory.)
  \item You'll need a copy of Damian
  Cugley's {\tt pdcfsel} font selection scheme for plain \tex, which you
  can get in the \texttt{macros/plain/contrib/pdcmac} section of
  \textsc{ctan}.  (Retrieve the two files \texttt{pdccode.tex} and
  \texttt{pdcfsel.dtx} from that directory and place them in a work
  directory.  Run the \texttt{pdcfsel.dtx} through plain \TeX\ with a
  command like {\tt tex \&plain pdcfsel.dtx}; this
  generates the documentation file \texttt{pdcfsel.dvi} for
  \texttt{pdcfsel} and the package itself \texttt{pdcfsel.tex} which
  should be placed in a directory \TeX\ knows how to read from.)
  \item You'll need to install your text fonts {\bf strictly\/}
  according to the {\tt fontname2.1} standards.  Information in the
  \texttt{info/fontname} section of \textsc{ctan} explains this standard
  in detail.  Two freely available tools assist in this kind of
  installation:
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item \texttt{psnfss} by Sebastian Rahtz, and
      \item \vfinst\ by me; available in the {\tt
      fonts/utilities/vfinst} area of \textsc{ctan}.
    \end{enumerate}
  \item You need a version of \TeX\ that understands virtual fonts.
  Furthermore, you should configure your \TeX\ so that it knows to
  read input from its current directory, and the parent directory to
  this (as well as to other more conventional input directories).
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Platforms}
The version supplied here runs under Unix and WindowsNT4.0.  

\subsection{Legal jargon and caveats}
This software is distributed according to the terms of the GNU
`copyleft' agreement.  In addition, please note that if you make any
alterations to any of the files in this package, you must change the
names of the altered files.  You are allowed to freely use this
material and to pass it along (in the unaltered state!) provided you
will not be using it to make money; otherwise, you must get in touch
with me to secure permission.

While the author hopes that it will prove useful, it is distributed
with no guarantee or warranty whatsoever.  Users should take
\textsc{great care} to carefully back up their data before using.

\section{Installing MathInst}
Basic installation of this material involves placing files in proper
directories.  Thereafter, a few parameters need to be adjusted for
your system. 

Create a separate directory with a name like {\tt mathinst} (say)
somewhere on your system and place all the \mathinst\ software there.

Create a working directory, with a name like {\tt work} directly below
this directory.  We'll call this directory the \mathinst\ working
directory. 

\subsubsection*{Customizing the installation}Once the \mathinst\ 
modules are in place, you'll need to make to adjustments to some or
all of the \verb|par| parameter files that pertain to an installation.
{\em\mathinst\ will not run properly---and may not run at all---if
these parameters are not set properly.}  The parameter files are
\verb|mt.par|, \verb|lu.par|, \verb|eu.par|, or \verb|ma.par|
depending on which math fonts---MathTime, Lucida, Euler, or
Mathematica---you'll be using.  Once these variables have been set,
\mathinst\ has been completely installed.

These \verb|par| files all follow the same format.  
Several variables at the beginning record the location of
important files, and all these statements follow Perl
syntax---variable names that begin with \verb|$|, double quotes around
strings, and statements ending with semicolons.  Use the
existing statements in the distribution files as models.
For a typical traditional 
system, these variables have the following values.
\begin{verbatim}
$psfonts_       = "/psfonts";
$afm_           = "$psfonts_/afm";
$vf_            = "/usr/lib/tex/fonts/vf";
$tfm_           = "/usr/lib/tex/fonts/tfm";
$map_           = "/usr/lib/tex/ps";
$inputs_        = "/usr/lib/tex/inputs";
$texmf_         = "/usr/local";
$installer_     = "vfinst";
\end{verbatim}
Table~\ref{mathinst-places}\ lists these variables and their
meanings.  The variable \verb|$texmf_| must {\bf only} be defined if your
\tex\ system conforms to the \textsc{tds} standard (in which case,
\mathinst\ ignores \verb|$psfonts_|, 
\verb|$afm_|, \verb|$vf_|, and \verb|$tfm_|; 
and \verb|$inputs_| holds
the path where the \verb|fd| files are).  In a \textsc{tds} system,
\mathinst\ also needs a value for \verb|$installer_|.

\begin{table}
  $$\vbox{\halign{\tt#\hfil\quad&\vtop{\hsize=2.75in
    \noindent#\smallskip}\cr
    \$psfonts\_&Where the outline font files are.\cr
    \$afm\_&Where the outline font metric files are.\cr
    \$vf\_&Where the \tex\ virtual font {\tt.vf} files are.\cr
    \$tfm\_&Where the \tex\ font metric {\tt.tfm} files are.\cr
    \$map\_&Where the {\tt dvips} map file {\tt psfonts.map} sits.\cr
    \$inputs\_&Where is a \tex\ input directory?\cr
    \$texmf\_&What is the root TDS directory?\cr
    \$installer\_&What installed the text fonts (vfinst or psnfss)?\cr
  }}
  $$
  \caption{\label{mathinst-places}Some variables and their meanings.}
\end{table}

Following these variables are a list of variables recording the names
of the math fonts as they are on your system.  Adjust them as
necessary.

For the moment, leave the next few variables:
\begin{itemize}
  \item \verb|$ssize_| and \verb|$sssize_|;
  \item \verb|$encoding_|;
  \item a collection of variables with names like \verb|$tt_|, 
  \verb|$sansserif_|, and so on; and
  \item a set of variables, all of which end in \verb|...SF_|
\end{itemize}
commented out.  In a 
Perl script, the
comment character \verb|#| works in the same way as the percent character
\verb|%| works in a \tex\ file.  The default value for the 
\verb|$encoding_| variable is OT1; you may change it now to {\tt ot1}
\begin{verbatim}
$encoding_ = "ot1";
\end{verbatim}
if you know for sure you are using all lowercase file names.  

\subsection{Installing raw math fonts}%
The {\em raw\/} math fonts consist of a series of outline font files plus the
associated \verb|afm| and \verb|tfm| 
files.  It's easy to install these fonts.  Here
are the steps appropriate for traditional systems.
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Place the math font files with the other scalable fonts.
  \item Place the \verb|afm| files with your other \verb|afm| files.
  \item Place the \verb|tfm| files where they belong.
  \item Make sure a proper entry exists for each math font in the 
    \verb|map| file for your \verb|dvi| postprocessor. 
\end{enumerate}
Only the last point requires additional comments.  
For example, for the {\tt dvips} \verb|psfonts.map| file,
we need entries like
{\fontsize{9}{10}\selectfont
\begin{verbatim}
%% MathTime fonts...
  mtsy    MTSY                    <mtsy.pfa 
  mtex    MTEX                    <mtex.pfa 
  rmtmi   RMTMI                   <rmtmi.pfa
%% Lucida New Math fonts... 
  lbma    LucidaNewMath-Arrows    <lbma.pfb 
  lbme    LucidaNewMath-Extension <lbme.pfb
  lbms    LucidaNewMath-Symbol    <lbms.pfb
  lbmi    LucidaNewMath-Italic    <lbmi.pfb
  lbmo    LucidaNewMath-AltItalic <lbmo.pfb
%% Mathematica Math fonts...
  Math1   Math1                    <Math1.pfb
  Math2   Math2                    <Math2.pfb
  Math3   Math3                    <Math3.pfb
  Math4   Math4                    <Math4.pfb
  Math5   Math5                    <Math5.pfb
\end{verbatim}
}Note that these fonts are proprietary; please respect the licenses
under which these fonts are sold or distributed.

Alone of the special math fonts, the Euler fonts are in the public
domain.  
These fonts were implemented by \mf, and proper installation consists
in placing the \verb|tfm| and \verb|pk| files 
with their mates on your system.
However, we will often be scaling these slightly to match various text fonts,
and rather than regenerate many new bitmap fonts, it may be easier to
use the scalable versions of these fonts, also available for free
(courtesy of Basil Malyshev;  
they may be found in the \verb|fonts/postscript/bakoma|
section of \textsc{ctan}).  
In this case, these fonts will also need entries in
your \verb|map| file.  These entries should look something like
{\fontsize{9}{10}\selectfont
\begin{verbatim}
%% Euler fonts...
  euex10   euex10  <euex10.pfb
  eufb10   eufb10  <eufb10.pfb
  eufb5    eufb5   <eufb5.pfb
  eufb7    eufb7   <eufb7.pfb
  eufm10   eufm10  <eufm10.pfb
  eufm5    eufm5   <eufm5.pfb
  eufm7    eufm7   <eufm7.pfb
  eurb10   eurb10  <eurb10.pfb
  eurb5    eurb5   <eurb5.pfb
  eurb7    eurb7   <eurb7.pfb
  eurm10   eurm10  <eurm10.pfb
  eurm5    eurm5   <eurm5.pfb
  eurm7    eurm7   <eurm7.pfb
  eusb10   eusb10  <eusb10.pfb
  eusb5    eusb5   <eusb5.pfb
  eusb7    eusb7   <eusb7.pfb
  eusm10   eusm10  <eusm10.pfb
  eusm5    eusm5   <eusm5.pfb
  eusm7    eusm7   <eusm7.pfb
\end{verbatim}
}Note that the Euler fonts come in a variety of weights and sizes; \verb|m|
and \verb|b| represent medium and bold weights, and 
\verb|f|, \verb|r|, and \verb|s| the
fraktur, roman, and symbol fonts.  

The installation for \textsc{tds} systems is similar, except that the
directories containing the font files have more specialized names.
The outline files go in directories like
\[
\hbox{\tt \ang<texmf>/fonts/type1/\ang<supplier>/\ang<typeface>}
\]
and the \texttt{.afm} and \texttt{.tfm} files go in places like
\[
\vbox{
\hbox{\tt \ang<texmf>/fonts/afm/\ang<supplier>/\ang<typeface>}
\hbox{\tt \ang<texmf>/fonts/tfm/\ang<supplier>/\ang<typeface>}
}
\]
After you've added new fonts to your \textsc{tds}
system, you will need to run a utility like {\tt texhash} or {\tt
configure} or {\tt mktexlsr} (or
something equivalent; it will have been supplied with your system) to
make these fonts and their locations known to the \textsc{tds} search
engine. 
Here, \ang<supplier> refers to the fontname
abbreviation for the origin of the fonts, while \ang<typeface> is a
fontname name for the font family.  Also, \ang<texmf> is the root
{texmf} directory.  For example, the Euler fonts are
provided courtesy of the American Mathematical Society ({\tt ams}), so
scalable versions of these fonts belong in places named
\[
\vbox{%
\hbox{\tt \ang<texmf>/fonts/type1/ams/euler}
\hbox{\tt \ang<texmf>/fonts/afm/ams/euler}
}
\]

\subsubsection*{MathTime: Additional Comments}
If the digits for a roman family are too idiosyncratic for use with
mathematics, you may wish instead to use Times Roman digits in math
modes.  If this is the case, there is an additional parameter you can
set in file {\tt mt.par}.  Set the Perl variable \verb|$times_| to
point to a raw Times Roman font.

MathTime fonts are available from Y\&Y, Inc. 

\subsubsection*{Euler fonts: Additional Comments}
The Euler fonts need to fleshed out using some characters from
Computer Modern fonts.  It may be convenient to use scalable versions
of these fonts, and these are now freely available from two
\textsc{ctan} sources---the BaKoMa fonts discussed above, and the Blue
Sky fonts, recently placed in the \textsc{ctan} archive.  However,
scalable Euler fonts are only found in the BaKoMa suite.

One of the most pleasant surprises in this font work was how handsome
the Euler fonts work in combination with text fonts.  The Euler fonts
are the only math fonts (other than Computer Modern) which are
available for free.

\subsubsection*{Lucida New Math: Additional Comments}
There are no bold versions of these fonts, so it is never appropriate
to include a Greek bold font.

Lucida New Math fonts are available from Y\&Y, Inc.

\subsubsection*{Mathematica Math Fonts: Additional Comments}
Wolfram Research had graciously made available to me a set of
provisional fonts they developed for inclusion with their current
version of the program {\it Mathematica}.  I have no idea how closely
the actual fonts as distributed match the ones I worked with, nor the
policy under which these fonts are being made available.  (Typically,
an installation of Mathematica3.0 on a Windows NT system has these
fonts located in the directories
\begin{verbatim}
Program Files\Wolfram Research\Mathematica\3.0\Fonts\Afm
Program Files\Wolfram Research\Mathematica\3.0\Fonts\Type1
\end{verbatim}
of a hard disk.)
With these
caveats, I detail the procedure for making these fonts usable by \TeX,
which is more {\it ad hoc\/} than with other math fonts.
The auxiliary files to assist in this task are in the {\tt makemma}
directory in the \MathInst\ distribution.  Here's the procedure.

First, create and enter a {\tt work} subdirectory (below {\tt
makemma}). 

I used the fonts named Math1 through Math5, each of which appears in
regular and bold and mono and variable width variants.  Use the file
{\tt rename.bat} to rename these files and then (from the {\tt work}
subdirectory) run the file {\tt makemma.tex} through \TeX.  You'll
need to make sure that the Mathematica {\tt.afm} files are in a place
\TeX\ can read from.  

The output of the previous steps will be a bunch of {\tt.vpl} and
{\tt.pl} files.  Convert them to {\tt.vf} and {\tt.tfm} files, and
move these files where they belong.  Use commands like
\begin{verbatim}
    vptovf mmami.vpl mmami.vf mmami.tfm
    pltotf mma1.pl mma1.tfm}
\end{verbatim}
to perform the conversions.

Now you're ready to \MathInst\ using the Mathematica module.

I found these fonts somewhat less satisfying than other math fonts.
The characters seem to have been crafted with less care.  For example,
the cap heights of the calligraphic alphabet are not consistent.
Also, the equal sign and double left- and right-arrows don't match, so
they can't be used to generate long double arrows.  (This can be fixed
up with some kind of virtual mix-and-match scheme, but I have not yet
done this.)

\subsection{Installing the text fonts}
The \mathinst\ utilities expect the text font family (and the sans
serif fonts too) to be installed using the Berry font naming scheme.
At the moment, \mathinst\ expects this to be done via the \vfinst\
utility (by the current author) or by \texttt{psnfss} (by Sebastian
Rahtz).  The text fonts \textit{must} have been installed using the
original \TeX\ encoding (that is, \texttt{OT1} or \texttt{ot1}).

\subsection{Running MathInst}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Once the \mathinst\ software has been
properly installed, you execute a module by switching to the working
directory issuing a command like
\begin{verbatim}
../mathinst mt mbv
\end{verbatim}
(it would be \verb|..\mathinst mt mbv| in DOS).  The double dots 
`\verb|..|' tell your
computer to look for the \verb|mathinst| script in the parent of the
current working directory and to
use the the {\tt mt} (MathTime) math fonts and the 
text font family \verb|mbv| as arguments.  At the moment, there are
four allowable math abbreviations:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{mt} (MathTime);
\item \texttt{eu} (Euler); 
\item \texttt{lu} (Lucida); and
\item \texttt{ma} (Mathematica).
\end{itemize}
The three-character font family must be the family name under which
the text fonts have been installed.
\mathinst\ produces the
remainder of the scripts that you'll need to execute.

\item Execute \texttt{mkdirs.bat} to create
any missing directories.

\item Execute \texttt{makepl.bat} to create certain property list
files that fontinst will need.

\item Run the file \texttt{makemath.tex} through \TeX.  This is a
plain \TeX\ file.

\item Execute \texttt{makevf.bat} to create the binary font files that
\TeX\ needs.

\item Test the fonts, and make any changes (as described below).
After making any adjustments, return to the `\TeX' step (step~4).

\item When you are satisfied with the fonts, execute
\texttt{putfonts.bat} to place all fonts, style files, and font
descriptor files where they belong.  Any files that remain in the
working directory after this step can be safely deleted. 
\end{enumerate}

All these steps take little time to execute.  

\subsection{Log files}
\mathinst\ creates three log files with the extension \texttt{.mlg}.
The files \texttt{makepl.mlg} and \texttt{makevf.mlg} contain
information about the process used to create property files and font
files.  The name of the third log file begins with a `{\tt z}',
followed by the 2-character math abbreviation, followed by the
3-character font family name.  Thus, if I create math fonts from
Caslon ({\tt pac}) combined with Euler ({\tt eu}), the third log file
is called {\tt zeupac.mlg}.  This file records many of the decisions
made by \mathinst\ as well as many of its findings as it prepares
scripts for your fonts, and this information may sometimes be of
interest. 

\subsection{Making adjustments}
The fonts that the above process produces are at best good
approximations to high quality fonts.  Fine details pertaining to
character spacing have to be made by hand.  \mathinst\ tries to make
this as easy as possible.  For each run, it creates three ``fudge''
files:
\[\vbox{\tt\hbox{
\ang<family>rhax.mtx}\hbox{
\ang<family>ihax.mtx}\hbox{
\ang<family>iskew.mtx}}
\]
So, if you run \mathinst\ on Monotype Baskerville fonts (family name
{\tt mbv}), you get three files {\tt mbvrhax.mtx}, {\tt mbvihax.mtx},
and {\tt mbviskew.mtx}.  Once these files are present in the working
directory or its parent \mathinst\ directory, \mathinst\ never 
overwrites them, since you may well have
recorded changes in these files.

The two {\tt...hax} files allow you to make changes to the math glyphs
themselves in the math roman and math italic fonts.  This is by means
of a command \verb+\shiftglyph+, whose usage is described in these
files.  This command allows you to adjust the amount of space on
either side of a character, and the related amount by which subscripts
nestle against the character.  The {\tt...skew} file makes it possible
to adjust the positioning of accents on a math italic character, by
means of a command called \verb+\skewkern+.

In all cases, determining the numerical amounts to
adjust various characters is a matter of trial and error. 

\section{%
        Your new math virtual fonts%
        }

The new math font families use the {\em z naming
convention}, whereby the font family name for the new math fonts uses
the two character math designations together with the text font family
designation.  Suppose we combine MathTime (\verb|mt|) with 
Baskerville, whose family designation is \verb|mbv| in the Berry scheme.
The new fonts will be described in macro files \verb|zmtmbv.tex| and
\verb|zmtmbv.sty| (for users of plain \tex\ or of \latex).  Baskerville plus
Euler or Baskerville plus Lucida would form the $z$-names \verb|zeumbv| and
\verb|zlumbv|.   
The $z$-name \verb|zmambv| describes a marriage between Baskerville
and the {\it Mathematica\/} math fonts.

The fonts themselves follow the Berry scheme, but you don't need to
keep track of this, since the \mathinst\ style files load the fonts
for you automatically and establish their correspondence either with
familiar nicknames (\verb|\it|, \verb|\bf|) or with the \textsc{nfss}.  
But if you find yourself poking about your font directories, here's a
quick key to the many new fonts you'll see.

Additional font variants \verb|m|, \verb|e|, \verb|l|, 
or \verb|a| indicate a math font using MathTime, Euler, 
Lucida New Math or Mathematica fonts, 
while variants \verb|m|, \verb|y|, or \verb|v| 
denote the math italic,
symbol, or extension fonts.  For Baskerville, the four math fonts
using MathTime fonts at text size have names 
\begin{itemize}
  \item \verb|mbvrm7t|, the math Roman font;
  \item \verb|mbvrm7m|, the math italic font;
  \item \verb|mbvrm7y|, the symbol font; and 
  \item \verb|mbvrm7v|, the extension font.
\end{itemize}
A math
Roman font connecting Baskerville and Euler or Baskerville and Lucida
would be called \verb|mbvre7t| or \verb|mbvrl7t|.  Baskerville $+$
Mathematica gives rise to the math Roman font \verb|mbvra7t|, and so
on. 

\mathinst\ does its best to `fake out' new fonts at the script and
scriptscript sizes.  Computer Modern fonts provide the r\^ole
model---those fonts are subtly redesigned at different sizes.  Smaller
fonts sizes also display greater letterspacing (additional space
between adjacent characters)at smaller sizes.  We can't redesign a
scalable font, but we can create virtual fonts which differ only in
the letterspacing for use in various contexts.  \mathinst\ creates
installation files which take letterspacing into account.  Therefore,
you will see as many as three fonts for each of the above varieties
listed above.  In addition to \verb|mbvrm7t|, the math Roman font for text
sizes, you'll see \verb|mbvrm7t7| and \verb|mbvrm7t5|, the same fonts
fine-tuned for use in script and scriptscript 
contexts.  (The suffixes
`7' and `5' recall the design sizes of seven and five points that
Computer Modern typesetting uses for these sizes.)  There is only a
single extension font for any family.

\subsection{Using the new fonts}
Whether you use \latex\
or plain \tex, you'll only need to remember the $z$-name for your new
fonts.  One purpose of the \mathinst\ test files 
is to provide living examples showing just how the new fonts are
invoked.  

In a \latex\ document, all the work is done by the package file whose
first name is precisely the $z$-name for the math fonts.  As with all
package files, its extension is \verb|sty|.  If you add a line like
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{zmtmbv}
\end{verbatim}
following {\tt\string\documentclass\string{...\string}} 
then all the usual \latex\ font
switching mechanisms will now apply to the \verb|zmtmbv| fonts rather than
to the default Computer Modern fonts.

There is no font selection scheme for plain \tex\ quite 
all-encompassing as is the \latex\ NFSS, but Damian Cugley's
\verb|pdcfsel| comes gratifyingly close, and does one or two
things better than NFSS.
Like the \latex\ package, the plain macro file has the font $z$-name
as its first name, but the extension is \verb|tex|.  To use these
macros, simply place a statement like
\begin{verbatim}
\input zmtmbv
\end{verbatim}
very near the beginning of your file.  Thereafter, all the usual plain
font commands like \verb|\it|, \verb|\rm|, \verb|\tt|, 
\verb|$|, \verb|$$|, and so on refer to
the new math fonts.  The \verb|pdcfsel| package itself provides
more flexibility than plain users are used to, and it would
be well worth any reader's time to gain familiarity with this
package. 

\smallskip

For additional information regarding the installation and use of
\mathinst{} (including an extensive display of sample output), please see
the book {\it \tex\ Unbound: \latex\ and \tex\ Strategies for Fonts,
Graphics and More\/} by Alan Hoenig (1998, Oxford University Press).

\section{Communicating with the author}
Please feel free to get in touch with me (Alan Hoenig) if you have any
comments or bug reports.

\begin{flushright}
Alan Hoenig\\
{\tt ajhjj@cunyvm.cuny.edu}\\
John Jay College\\
Department of Mathematics\\
445 West 59th Street\\
New York, NY 10019 USA\\[1pc]

25 August 1998
\end{flushright}
 
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