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b(do)q(cumen)o(t)f(w) o(as)g(prepared)i(b)o(y)e(the)h(author)f(using)h(Andrew)g(T)m(rev)o(or-)177 938 y(ro)o(w's)29 b(\()p Fl(akt150@cscgpo.anu.e)o(du.au)o Fr(\))e(implemen)o (tatio)o(n)g(\(OzT)m(eX\))j(of)f(the)h(T)1558 947 y(E)1581 938 y(X/L)1644 933 y Fk(a)1663 938 y Fr(T)1686 951 y(E)1709 938 y(X)p Fo([Kn)o(uth84])177 988 y([Lamp)q(ort86])13 b Fr(t)o(yp)q(esetting) i(system)e(running)h(on)g(a)f(Macin)o(tosh-SE.)177 1063 y Fo(Graphics:)i Fr(All)c(diagrams)e(ha)o(v)o(e)i(b)q(een)i(constructed)g(out)e(of)g(text)h (using)f(the)h(L)1431 1058 y Fk(a)1450 1063 y Fr(T)1473 1075 y(E)1496 1063 y(X)f Fl(verbatim)f Fr(en)o(vironmen)o(t)177 1112 y(so)17 b(as)f(to)h(allo)o(w)e(this)h(do)q(cumen)o(t)g(to)h(b)q(e)g (disseminated)e(electronically)i(and)f(prin)o(ted)h(using)f(L)1695 1107 y Fk(a)1714 1112 y Fr(T)1737 1125 y(E)1761 1112 y(X)g(without)177 1162 y(access)g(to)e(the)g(author's)g(dra)o(wing)f(to)q(ols.)177 1237 y Fo(Kno)o(wn)g(t)o(yp)q(esetting)d(problems:)k Fr(While)d(ev)o(ery)h 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Fo(literate)f(programming)e Fr(the)k(emphasis)e(is)h(rev)o(ersed.)20 b(Instead)13 b(of)e(writing)g(co)q (de)i(con)o(taining)e(do)q(cumen-)177 1166 y(tation,)g(the)i(literate)f (programmer)e(writes)i(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(con)o(taining)g(co)q(de.)18 b(No)11 b(longer)h(do)q(es)h(the)f(English)177 1216 y(commen)o(tary)d (injected)j(in)o(to)f(a)g(program)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)g(b)q(e)h(hidden)f(in)g (commen)o(t)e(delimiters)h(at)i(the)f(top)h(of)e(the)i(\014le,)177 1266 y(or)j(under)g(pro)q(cedure)h(headings,)e(or)h(at)f(the)h(end)g(of)f (lines.)19 b(Instead,)c(it)f(is)g(wrenc)o(hed)i(in)o(to)e(the)h(da)o(yligh)o (t)e(and)177 1315 y(made)j(the)h(main)e(fo)q(cus.)26 b(The)17 b(\\program")e(then)i(b)q(ecomes)g(primarily)d(a)j(do)q(cumen)o(t)f(directed) i(at)f(h)o(umans,)177 1365 y(with)12 b(the)h(co)q(de)h(b)q(eing)e(herded)i(b) q(et)o(w)o(een)g(\\co)q(de)f(delimiters")e(from)g(where)i(it)f(can)h(b)q(e)g (extracted)h(and)e(sh)o(u\017ed)177 1415 y(out)i(sidew)o(a)o(ys)g(to)g(the)g 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b(Here)c(is)e(an)g(example)f(of)h (part)h(of)f(a)g(P)o(ascal)177 2455 y(program)e(pro)q(duced)k(b)o(y)d(WEB)h (\(from)f(page)h(14)f(of)g Fo([Kn)o(uth83])p Fr(\):)177 2586 y Fl(IF)22 b(R=0)f(THEN)g(XREF[P]:=XREFPTR)d(ELSE)j(XMEM[R].XLINKFIELD)o (:=XRE)o(FPTR;)o(END;{)o(:51})177 2635 y({58:}FUNCTION)e (IDLOOKUP\(T:EIGHTBIT)o(S\):NA)o(MEPO)o(INTER)o(;LABE)o(L)g(31;)177 2685 y(VAR)i(I:0..LONGBUFSIZE;H:)o(0..HA)o(SHSIZ)o(E;K:0)o(..MA)o(XBYTE)o (S;W:0)o(..1;)177 2735 y(L:0..LONGBUFSIZE;P)o(:NAME)o(POINT)o(ER;BE)o(GIN)e (L:=IDLOC-IDFIRS)o(T;{59)o(:})177 2785 y(H:=BUFFER[IDFIRST])o(;I=ID)o(FIRST)o (+1;)177 2835 y(WHILE)i(I==@{)o(@-)177 1440 y(program)21 b(adt\(input,outpu)o(t\);)177 1490 y(@)177 1540 y(@)177 1589 y(@)177 1639 y(begin)g(startproc;)f(end.)177 1689 y(@})177 1789 y(@!****************) o(*****)o(*****)o(****)177 1888 y(@$@+=@{@-)177 1938 y(type)h(buffer_type)f(=)243 1988 y(record)243 2038 y(length)g(:)i(integer;) 243 2087 y(buf)f(:)g(array[1..100])e(of)j(char;)243 2137 y(end;)177 2187 y(@})177 2287 y(@$@+=@)o({@-)177 2337 y(bigbuf)f(:)g (buffer_type;)177 2386 y(@})177 2486 y(@$@+=)o(@{@-)177 2536 y(procedure)f(buf_init)g(\(var)h(b)h(:)f(buffer_type)325 b(\))22 b({Body)e(of)i(buf_init})177 2586 y(procedure)e(buf_add)42 b(\(var)21 b(b)h(:)f(buffer_type;)107 b(ch)21 b(:)h(char\))f({Body)f(of)i (buf_add})177 2635 y(procedure)e(buf_get)42 b(\(var)21 b(b)h(:)f (buffer_type;)f(var)h(ch)g(:)h(char\))f({Body)f(of)i(buf_get})177 2685 y(@})177 2785 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o(****)1042 2940 y Fr(26)p eop %%Page: 27 28 27 27 bop 177 42 a Fl(@$@+=@{@-)177 91 y(type)21 b(complex_type)e(=)j (record)f(r,i)g(:)g(real;)g(end;)177 141 y(@})177 241 y(@$@+=)o (@{@-)177 291 y(procedure)f(cm_set)h(\(var)g(c:)g(complex_type;)e(a,b:)i (real\))195 b({Body)21 b(of)g(cm_set})177 340 y(procedure)f(cm_add)h(\(a,b:)f (complex_type;)g(var)h(c:)g(complex_type\))e({Body)i(of)g(cm_add})177 390 y({Other)g(procedures)e(and)j(functions})177 440 y(@})177 540 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o(****)177 639 y({...more)e(pieces)h (of)g(program...})177 739 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o(****)177 853 y Fr(It)d(is)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(to)h(remem)o(b)q(er)g(that)g(the)h (de\014nition)f(of)g(eac)o(h)h(macro)e(do)q(es)j(not)e(c)o(hange)h (throughout)f(the)177 903 y(input)c(\014le.)18 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)13 b(parses)i(the)f(en)o(tire)g(input)f(\014le)h(and)f(assem)o(bles)g(all)f(the) i(macro)f(de\014nitions)g(b)q(efore)h(it)177 953 y(ev)o(en)h(starts)g(to)f (expand)h(macros.)j(As)d(a)f(result,)h(eac)o(h)f(additiv)o(e)g(macro)f(can)h (only)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(one)g(de\014nition,)g(and)177 1003 y(that)g (de\014nition)g(is)f(the)i(concatenation)f(of)f(all)g(its)h(parts.)177 1077 y(The)19 b(example)d(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)i(sho)o(ws)g(ho)o(w)g(additiv)o(e)f (macros)g(can)h(b)q(e)h(used)g(to)e(rearrange)i(the)g(presen)o(tation)g(of)e (a)177 1126 y(computer)h(program)e(in)i(the)g(order)h(in)e(whic)o(h)h(the)g (user)h(wishes)g(to)f(discuss)h(it)e(rather)i(than)f(the)h(order)f(in)177 1176 y(whic)o(h)h(the)h(compiler)d(requires)j(that)f(it)g(b)q(e)g(consumed.) 33 b(It)19 b(is)g(easy)m(,)h(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)g(to)f(abuse)g(the)h(feature)f (of)177 1226 y(additiv)o(e)c(macros.)24 b(In)15 b(man)o(y)f(cases,)k(the)e (same)f(e\013ect)j(can)e(b)q(e)h(obtained)e(more)g(clearly)h(b)o(y)g (replacing)f(eac)o(h)177 1276 y(part)d(of)e(an)h(additiv)o(e)g(macro)f (in-situ)h(using)g(uniquely)f(named)g(non-additiv)o(e)h(macros,)f(and)h(then) h(collect)g(them)177 1326 y(together)j(as)e(a)h(group)f(at)h(the)g(p)q(oin)o (t)f(where)i(the)f(additiv)o(e)f(macro)f(is)h(called.)18 b(Doing)12 b(this)i(is)f(more)g(w)o(ork,)g(and)177 1376 y(is)i(more)e(error)j(prone,)e (but)h(can)g(result)g(in)f(a)h(clearer)g(exp)q(osition.)20 b(The)15 b(follo)o(wing)d(program)h(illustrates)i(this)177 1425 y(alternativ)o(e)f(approac)o(h.)177 1540 y Fl(@!****************)o (*****)o(*****)o(****)177 1639 y(@O@==@{)o(@-)177 1689 y(program)21 b(adt\(input,outpu)o(t\);)177 1739 y(@)177 1789 y(@)177 1838 y(@)177 1888 y(begin)g(startproc;) f(end.)177 1938 y(@})177 2038 y(@$@==@{@-)177 2087 y(@)177 2137 y(@)177 2187 y(@})177 2287 y(@$@==@)o({@-)177 2337 y(@)177 2386 y(@})177 2486 y(@$@==)o(@{@-)177 2536 y(@)177 2586 y(@)177 2635 y(@})177 2735 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o(****)177 2835 y(@$@==@{@-)1042 2940 y Fr(27)p eop %%Page: 28 29 28 28 bop 177 42 a Fl(type)21 b(buffer_type)f(=)h(record)591 91 y(length)g(:)g(integer;)591 141 y(buf)g(:)h(array[1..100])d(of)i(char;)591 191 y(end;)177 241 y(@})177 340 y(@$@==@{@-)177 390 y(bigbuf)h(:)g(buffer_type;)177 440 y(@})177 540 y(@$@==@{@)o(-)177 589 y(procedure)g(buf_init\(var)f(b)j(:)g (buffer_type\))d({Body)i(of)g(buf_init})177 639 y(procedure)f(buf_add\(var)g (b)h(:)h(buffer_type;)d(ch)i(:)h(char\))f({Body)g(of)g(buf_add})177 689 y(procedure)f(buf_get\(var)g(b)h(:)h(buffer_type;)d(var)i(ch)h(:)f (char\))g({Body)g(of)g(buf_get})177 739 y(@})177 839 y(@!****************)o (*****)o(*****)o(****)177 938 y(@$@==@{@-)177 988 y(type)h(complex_type)e(=)j(record)f(r,i)g(:)g(real;)g(end;)177 1038 y(@})177 1137 y(@$@+=@{)o(@-)177 1187 y(procedure)g(cm_set\(var)g(c:)h(complex_type;)e(a,b)i(:)h(real\))43 b({Body)20 b(of)i(cm_set})177 1237 y(procedure)e(cm_add\(a,b)g(:)h (complex_type;)f(var)h(c:)g(complex_type\))e({Body)i(of)g(cm_add})177 1287 y({Other)g(procedures)e(and)j(functions})177 1337 y(@})177 1436 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o(****)177 1536 y({...more)e (pieces)h(of)g(program...})177 1636 y(@!****************)o(*****)o(*****)o (****)177 1745 y Fr(One)16 b(of)e(adv)n(an)o(tages)g(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (\(and)h(literate)g(programmi)o(ng)d(in)i(general\))h(is)g(that)f(\(as)h(sho) o(wn)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e\))177 1794 y(it)d(allo)o(ws)f(the)i(user)g(to)f(la)o(y) f(out)h(the)h(program)e(in)g(whatev)o(er)i(order)g(is)f(desired)i(with)d (near)i(total)f(indep)q(endence)177 1844 y(from)g(the)j(ordering)f (requiremen)o(ts)g(of)f(the)i(target)f(programming)c(language.)177 1917 y(Additiv)o(e)15 b(macros)f(are)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)f(to)h(b)q(e)h(tagged)f (with)f Fl(@Z)h Fr(and)g Fl(@M)g Fr(just)g(as)g(other)h(macros)e(can,)h(but)g (the)h(tags)177 1967 y(m)o(ust)9 b(app)q(ear)i(only)e(on)h(the)h(\014rst)g (de\014nition)f(of)g(the)g(macro.)16 b(Additiv)o(e)10 b(macros)f(cannot)i(b)q (e)f(connected)i(directly)177 2017 y(to)i(pro)q(duct)h(\014les.)177 2155 y Fd(1.6.5)55 b(P)n(arameterized)17 b(Macros)177 2254 y Fr(No)c(self-resp)q(ecting)i(macro)d(prepro)q(cessor)k(w)o(ould)c(b)q(e)i (complete)e(without)h(some)f(form)g(of)g(macro)g(parameter-)177 2304 y(ization,)h(and)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(is)g(no)g(exception.)20 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)14 b(allo)o(ws)f(eac)o(h)i(macro)e(to)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(from)e (zero)k(to)e(nine)177 2354 y(formal)e(parameters)i(named)e Fl(@1)p Fr(,)h Fl(@2)p Fr(,)g Fl(@3)p Fr(,)g Fl(@4)p Fr(,)g Fl(@5)p Fr(,)g Fl(@6)p Fr(,)g Fl(@7)p Fr(,)g Fl(@8)p Fr(,)g(and)h Fl(@9)p Fr(.)177 2427 y(T)m(o)d(de\014ne)i(a)f(macro)f(with)h(one)g(or)g (more)f(parameters,)h(insert)g(a)g(formal)e(parameter)h(list)h(just)g(after)g (the)h(macro)177 2476 y(name)g(in)h(the)h(macro)f(de\014nition.)19 b(Because)d(macro)e(parameters)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(\014xed)h(names)f(\()p Fl(@1)p Fn(:)7 b(:)g(:)n Fl(@9)p Fr(\),)14 b(there)i(is)e(no)177 2526 y(need)19 b(to)e(sp)q(ecify)h(the)g(names)e(of)h(formal)e(parameters)j (in)f(the)h(formal)d(parameter)i(list.)28 b(All)16 b(that)i(need)g(b)q(e)177 2576 y(con)o(v)o(ey)o(ed)c(is)g(ho)o(w)f(man)o(y)f(parameters)i(the)g(macro)e (has.)19 b(Here)c(is)e(an)h(example)e(of)h(the)h(de\014nition)g(of)f(a)g (macro)177 2626 y(ha)o(ving)g(three)i(parameters:)177 2735 y Fl(@$@@\(@3@\)@M==@{)o(@-)177 2785 y(@1)177 2835 y(while)h(\(@2\))1042 2940 y Fr(28)p eop %%Page: 29 30 29 29 bop 221 42 a Fl({)243 91 y(@3)221 141 y(})177 191 y(@})177 310 y Fr(T)m(o)11 b(call)g(a)g(parameterized)h(macro,)e(an)i(actual)f (parameter)g(list)h(m)o(ust)e(b)q(e)i(supplied)g(that)g(con)o(tains)f (exactly)h(the)177 360 y(same)j(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(actual)i(parameters)f (as)h(there)g(are)g(formal)d(parameters)j(in)f(the)h(de\014nition)f(of)g(the) h(macro)177 410 y(b)q(eing)h(called.)26 b(An)16 b(actual)h(parameter)f(list)g (is)h(delimited)d(b)o(y)j Fl(@\()f Fr(and)g Fl(@\))p Fr(,)h(and)f(parameters) h(are)g Fm(sep)n(ar)n(ate)n(d)177 459 y Fr(b)o(y)c(\\)p Fl(@,)p Fr(".)k(The)c(actual)g(parameters)g(themselv)o(es)h(are)f(general)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)e(expressions)j(\(see)f(Chapter)g(3)f(for)177 509 y(the)g(exact)g(syn)o(tax\))f(and)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(inserted)h(in)o(to)d (the)i(list)f(directly)g(or)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(delimited)e(b)o(y)h Fl(@")g Fr(so)g(as)g(to)g(allo)o(w)177 559 y(some)j(white)g(space)h(to)f (assist)h(in)f(formatting)e(the)j(actual)e(parameters.)23 b(Here)16 b(are)g(some)e(examples)h(of)f(calls)177 609 y(of)f(the)i Fl(While)21 b(loop)13 b Fr(macro)f(de\014ned)j(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)177 728 y Fl(@!)22 b(First)e(form)h(of)h(actual)e(parameters)g(without)g(whitespace)g (and)h(double)g(quotes.)177 778 y(@@\(x=1;@,x)o(<=10@)o(,prin) o(tf\("X)o(=\045u\\)o(n",x\))o(;@\))177 877 y(@!)h(Second)e(form)h(of)g (actual)g(parameters.)f(The)h(double)f(quotes)h(allow)g(non-active)177 927 y(@!)h(whitespace)d(that)i(helps)g(to)g(lay)h(out)f(the)g(actual)f (parameters)g(neatly.)177 977 y(@!)i(This)f(call)f(is)i(functionally)d (identical)h(to)h(the)h(one)f(above.)177 1027 y(@@\()243 1076 y(@"x:=1;@")e(@,)243 1126 y(@"x<=10@")g(@,)243 1176 y (@"printf\("X=\045u\\)o(n",x\))o(;@")g(@\))177 1276 y(@!)j(The)f(two)g(forms) g(can)g(be)g(mixed)g(in)g(a)h(single)e(call.)177 1325 y(@@\(x=1;@,x)o(<=10@)o(,)482 1375 y(@"printf\("X=\045u\\n",x)o(\);@")d (@\))177 1494 y Fr(A)h(few)g(rules)g(ab)q(out)f(parameterized)h(macros)f(are) h(w)o(orth)g(men)o(tioning.)30 b(Macros)19 b(that)g(do)f(not)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f (an)o(y)177 1544 y(parameters)c(m)o(ust)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(no)h(formal)d(or)j (actual)g(parameter)f(lists.)18 b(Additiv)o(e)c(macros)f(can)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f (parameters,)177 1594 y(but)h(the)h(formal)c(parameter)j(list)f(m)o(ust)g (app)q(ear)h(in)g(the)g(\014rst)h(de\014nition)e(part)h(only)m(.)177 1670 y(Here)k(is)f(another)g(example)e(of)h(the)h(use)h(of)e(parameterized)g (macros.)26 b(This)16 b(time,)g(parameters)h(and)f(macro)177 1719 y(calls)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(a)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(input)h(\014le)g(that) g(constructs)h(an)f Fn(O)q Fr(\()p Fn(n)p Fr(\))g(represen)o(tation)h(of)e(a) h(song)f(whose)177 1769 y(full)e(size)h(is)g Fn(O)q Fr(\()p Fn(n)444 1754 y Fg(2)463 1769 y Fr(\))g(in)f(the)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e Fn(n)h Fr(of)f(unique)h(lines.)177 1938 y Fl(@O@==)o (@{@-)177 1988 y(The)21 b(Twelve)g(Bugs)g(of)g(Christmas)177 2038 y(------------------)o(-----)o(-----)177 2087 y(@@\(@"first)o (@")84 b(@,@<1@>@\))177 2137 y(@@\(@"secon)o(d@")62 b(@,@<2@>@\))177 2187 y(@@\(@"third)o(@")84 b(@,@<3@>@\))177 2237 y(@@\(@"fourt)o(h@")62 b(@,@<4@>@\))177 2287 y (@@\(@"fifth)o(@")84 b(@,@<5@>@\))177 2337 y(@@\(@"sixth)o (@")g(@,@<6@>@\))177 2386 y(@@\(@"seven)o(th@")40 b(@,@<7@>@\))177 2436 y(@@\(@"eight)o(h@")62 b(@,@<8@>@\))177 2486 y (@@\(@"ninth)o(@")84 b(@,@<9@>@\))177 2536 y(@@\(@"tenth)o (@")g(@,@@\))177 2586 y(@@\(@"eleve)o(nth@")18 b(@,@@\))177 2635 y(@@\(@"twelf)o(th@")40 b(@,@@\))177 2735 y(This)21 b(song)g(appeared)f(in)i(the)f(internet)f(newsgroup)g (rec.humor.funny)f(on)i(24-Dec-1991.)177 2785 y(It)h(was)f(contributed)e(by)j (Pat)f(Scannell)f(\(scannell@@darkst)o(ar.ma)o(30.bu)o(ll.co)o(m\).)177 2835 y(@})1042 2940 y Fr(29)p eop %%Page: 30 31 30 30 bop 177 91 a Fl(@$@@\(@2@\)@)o(M==@{)o(@-)177 141 y(For)21 b(the)h(@1)f(bug)g(of)g(Christmas,)f(my)i(manager)e(said)h(to)g (me)286 191 y(@2)177 241 y(@})177 340 y(@$@<1@>@M==@{See)e(if)i(they)g(can)g (do)h(it)f(again.@})177 390 y(@$@<2@>@M==@{Ask)e(them)i(how)g(they)g(did)g (it)g(and@+@<1@>@})177 440 y(@$@<3@>@M==@{Try)e(to)i(reproduce)f(it@+@<2@>@}) 177 490 y(@$@<4@>@M==@{Run)f(with)i(the)g(debugger@+@<3@>@)o(})177 540 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y(hierarc)o(hically)m(.)177 1885 y Fd(1.7.3)55 b(Hierarc)n(hical)18 b(Structure)177 1987 y Fr(The)h(tree)h (structure)g(is)f(one)f(of)g(the)h(most)e(e\013ectiv)o(e)j(structuring)g(to)q (ols)e(that)g(exists,)i(deriving)e(its)g(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)177 2037 y(from)13 b(the)i(principal)f(of)g(divide)h(and)f(conquor.)21 b(So)14 b(e\013ectiv)o(e)i(is)f(it)f(that)h(the)g(in)o(ternal)f(organization) g(of)g(most)177 2087 y(tec)o(hnical)j(b)q(o)q(oks)g(are)h(tree)g(structures)h (whic)o(h)e(are)h(concisely)f(summarized)e(in)i(the)g(table)g(of)f(con)o(ten) o(ts.)29 b(In)177 2136 y(con)o(trast,)14 b(computer)e(programs)g(are)i (usually)e(presen)o(ted)j(as)e(\015at)g(sequences)j(of)c(text)i(to)f(b)q(e)g (consumed)g(b)o(y)g(an)177 2186 y(anon)o(ymous)f(compiler.)177 2261 y(In)20 b(order)h(to)e(bring)h(program)e(do)q(cumen)o(tation)h(up)h(to)f (the)i(structural)g(sophistication)e(commonplace)e(in)177 2311 y(tec)o(hnical)12 b(b)q(o)q(oks,)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(pro)o(vides)g(\014v)o(e) 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b(name)e(of)h(a)g(section) 177 2635 y(can)i(b)q(e)f(pro)o(vided)h(explicitly)e(b)o(y)h(supplying)f(it)h (delimited)f(b)o(y)h Fl(@<)f Fr(and)h Fl(@>)g Fr(immediately)d(after)j(the)h (section)177 2685 y(sequence)e(\(e.g.)e Fl(@A)p Fr(\),)f(or)h(implicitly)d(b) o(y)i(not)h(pro)o(viding)f(an)h(explicit)f(name,)g(in)g(whic)o(h)h(case)h (the)g(section)f(tak)o(es)177 2735 y(the)e(name)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)g(macro) f(de\014ned)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(the)g(section)f(header)g(in)g(question)f (and)h(the)g(follo)o(wing)d(section)177 2785 y(header.)18 b(An)12 b(error)h(is)e(generated)i(if)e(a)g(section)h(has)g(not)f(b)q(een)i(giv)o(en) e(an)h(explicit)f(name)f(and)h(do)q(es)i(not)e(con)o(tain)177 2835 y(an)o(y)j(macro)e(de\014nitions.)18 b(Here)d(are)g(some)e(example)f (headings:)1042 2940 y(34)p eop %%Page: 35 36 35 35 bop 177 42 a Fl(@A@)177 91 y(@B@)177 141 y(@C@)177 191 y(@C@)177 241 y(@B@)177 291 y(@C@)177 340 y(@C@)177 440 y(@C)i(This)f(heading)f(hasn't)g(been)h (given)g(an)h(explicit)e(name,)g(but)i(will)f(inherit)f(the)177 490 y(name)h(\\p{Save)f(the)i(rest)f(of)g(the)g(world})g(from)g(the)g(macro)g (definition)e(below.)177 589 y(@$@@Z==@{...@)o(})177 706 y Fr(The)16 b(feature)h(of)e(ha)o(ving)g (unnamed)f(sections)j(inherit)f(the)g(name)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)h(macro)e (de\014ned)h(within)f(their)177 756 y(scop)q(e)f(is)f(presen)o(t)h(b)q (ecause)g(a)f(common)c(st)o(yle)k(of)f(writing)g(in)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(is)f (to)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(one)h(section)g(p)q(er)h(macro)177 806 y(de\014nition.)26 b(Because,)19 b(under)e(this)g(st)o(yle,)g(eac)o(h)g(section)g(describ)q(es)i (a)d(single)h(macro,)e(it)i(usually)e(turns)j(out)177 855 y(that)12 b(the)h(macro)e(name)g(mak)o(es)g(a)h(go)q(o)q(d)g(name)f(for)h(the)h (section)g(to)q(o.)k(The)c(inheritance)g(mec)o(hanism)c(prev)o(en)o(ts)177 905 y(duplication)k(of)g(the)i(name.)177 980 y(Apart)d(from)e(the)i (requiremen)o(t)g(that)g(eac)o(h)g(section)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(an)f(explicit)g(or) h(implicit)d(name)i(and)g(that)h(its)g(sp)q(ecial)177 1030 y(sequence)21 b(app)q(ear)e(at)f(the)h(start)g(of)f(a)g(line,)h(the)g(only)f (other)h(restriction)g(on)g(section)g(headings)f(is)h(that)f(a)177 1080 y(section)c(heading)e(at)h(lev)o(el)f Fn(n)h Fr(cannot)g(app)q(ear)g (immediately)c(after)k(a)g(section)g(heading)g(at)g(lev)o(el)f Fn(n)7 b Fq(\000)g Fr(1)13 b(or)g(less.)177 1129 y(In)k(other)g(w)o(ords,)f (the)h(hierarc)o(h)o(y)g(cannot)g(b)q(e)g(brok)o(en.)26 b(F)m(or)16 b(example,)f(an)h Fl(@C)g Fr(cannot)h(app)q(ear)f(after)h(an)f Fl(@A)177 1179 y Fr(heading)e(unless)g(there)i(is)d(an)h(in)o(terv)o(ening)g Fl(@B)f Fr(heading.)177 1296 y Fl(@A@)177 1346 y(@C@)177 1462 y Fr(This)14 b(rule)g(extends)i(to)e (the)h(start)f(of)g(the)g(\014le;)g(if)f(there)j(are)e(an)o(y)g(headings)g (at)g(all,)e(the)j(\014rst)g(one)f(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(an)177 1512 y Fl(@A)f Fr(heading.)j(The)e(follo)o(wing)c(\014le,)i(while)h(short,)g (is)f(in)h(error.)177 1628 y Fl(This)21 b(FunnelWeb)f(input)h(file)g(is)g(in) h(error)e(because)h(its)g(first)g(section)f(heading)177 1678 y(is)i(at)f(level)g(C)g(rather)g(than)g(level)g(A.)177 1728 y(@C@<2@>)177 1869 y Fd(1.7.4)55 b(Understanding)19 b(the)f(Prin)n(ted)h(Do)r (cumen)n(tation)177 1971 y Fr(T)o(yp)q(e)g(in)f(the)h(follo)o(wing)c(\014le,) k(and)g(use)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(and)g(T)1173 1980 y(E)1196 1971 y(X)g(to)h(generate)g(the)g(corresp)q(onding)g(prin)o(ted)177 2021 y(do)q(cumen)o(tation.)177 2137 y Fl(@A@)177 2237 y(@t)h(table_of_conten)o(ts)177 2337 y(@A@)177 2436 y(The)g(following)f(macro)h(contain)f(comments)h(that)f (provide)h(moral)g(support)f(in)h(the)177 2486 y(output)g(code.)177 2586 y(@$@@M==@{)177 2635 y(--)j(Shift)e(to)i(the)f (left!)177 2685 y(--)h(Shift)e(to)i(the)f(right!)177 2735 y(--)h(Pop)f(up,)g (push)g(down!)177 2785 y(--)h(Byte!)e(Byte!)h(Byte!)177 2835 y(--)h(\(From)e("The)h(New)g(Hacker's)g(Dictionary"\).)1042 2940 y Fr(35)p eop %%Page: 36 37 36 36 bop 177 42 a Fl(@})177 141 y(The)21 b(next)g(macro)g(is)g(similar)g (but)g(is)g(distributed)f(throughout)g(the)h(program.)177 191 y(@$@+=@{@+--)g(Pointer)i(to)g(the)g(left@+@})177 291 y(@A@)177 390 y(@B@)177 440 y(@$@+=@{--)h (Pointer)g(to)h(the)g(right@+@})177 490 y(@$@@Z==@{type)f (stack)h(=)i(record)e(...)i(end;@})177 589 y(@B@)177 639 y(@$@+=@{--)h(Hack)h(that)g(code@+@})177 689 y(@$@@Z==@{@-)177 739 y(procedure)g(push\(var)g (b:stack;)g(v:value\);)g(@)i({...}@})177 839 y(@B@)177 888 y(@$@+=@{--)h (Tight!)g(Tight!)h(Tight!@+@})177 938 y(@$@@Z==)o(@{@-)177 988 y(procedure)f(pop\(var)g(b:stack\);)g(@)i({...}@}) 177 1088 y(@B@)177 1137 y(@$@+=@{--)h(\(RNW,)g(04-Jan-1991\).@+@})177 1187 y(@$@@Z==@{@)o(-)177 1237 y(procedure)g(rough\(var)g (b:stack\);)g(@)g({...}@})177 1337 y(@O@==@)o ({dumm)o(y@+@})177 1525 y Fr(An)15 b(examination)e(of)h(the)i(prin)o(ted)f (do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(rev)o(eals)i(a)f(lot)f(ab)q(out)h(ho)o(w)g(F)m(unnelW) m(eb's)f(presen)o(tation)177 1574 y(w)o(orks.)177 1678 y(First,)f(notice)g (ho)o(w)g(the)g Fl(@t)g Fr(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i(directiv)o(e)f(at)e(the)i(top)f (of)f(the)h(\014le)g(has)g(caused)h(a)f(table)g(of)f(con)o(ten)o(ts)i(to)177 1728 y(app)q(ear.)24 b(This)15 b(is)h(one)f(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)g(t)o(yp)q (esetting)i(features)f(and)g(is)f(discussed)j(in)d(a)g(later)h(section.)23 b(The)177 1777 y(table)14 b(of)f(con)o(ten)o(ts)i(sho)o(ws)f(that)g(the)h (sections)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)e(hierarc)o(hically)m(.) 177 1881 y(No)o(w)18 b(tak)o(e)h(a)f(lo)q(ok)g(at)g(the)h(t)o(yp)q(eset)i (macro)c(de\014nitions.)32 b(Most)19 b(imp)q(ortan)o(t)e(are)i(the)g(n)o(um)o (b)q(ers)f(in)g(square)177 1931 y(brac)o(k)o(ets)h(that)f(follo)o(w)e(eac)o (h)i(macro)f(name.)28 b(As)19 b(w)o(ell)e(as)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering)e(the)i (headings)g Fm(hier)n(ar)n(chic)n(al)r(ly)p Fr(,)f(F)m(un-)177 1980 y(nelW)m(eb)e Fm(indep)n(endently)h Fr(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(the)g(macro)f (de\014nitions)h Fm(se)n(quential)r(ly)p Fr(.)21 b(The)16 b(\014rst)g(macro)d (de\014nition)i(\(for)177 2030 y(\\Programmer's)h(Cheer"\))j(is)e(n)o(um)o(b) q(ered)h(1.)30 b(The)19 b(second)g(\(for)e(\\Hac)o(k)o(er's)i(Cheer"\))g(is)f (n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)f(2)h(and)177 2080 y(so)f(on.)27 b(Note)17 b(that)g(it)f(is)h(not)f(macros)g(that)h(are)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered,)g(but)g (macro)f(de\014nitions.)26 b(The)18 b(distinction)e(is)177 2130 y(necessary)e(b)q(ecause)g(some)d(macros)g(\(suc)o(h)i(as)f(the)h(\\Hac) o(k)o(er's)f(Cheer")h(macro\))e(are)h(additiv)o(e.)17 b(It)12 b(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)177 2180 y(to)k(realize)g(that)f(there)i(is)f(no)f (relationship)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)g(of)f(the)h (headings)f(and)h(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(of)177 2229 y(the)g(macro)d (de\014nitions.)177 2333 y(No)o(w)h(tak)o(e)g(a)f(lo)q(ok)g(at)h(the)g(notes) h(b)q(eneath)f(the)h(b)q(o)q(dy)f(of)f(eac)o(h)h(macro)f(de\014nition.)17 b(All)12 b(macro)g(de\014nitions)g(are)177 2383 y(follo)o(w)o(ed)i(b)o(y)i(a) f(note)h(indicating)e(the)j(de\014nitions)e(in)g(whic)o(h)h(the)g(macro)e(is) i(called.)23 b(Additiv)o(e)15 b(macros)g(ha)o(v)o(e)177 2432 y(an)f(additional)e(list,)h(listing)g(the)h(de\014nitions)g(in)f(whic)o(h)h (they)h(are)f(de\014ned.)177 2536 y(Finally)m(,)20 b(tak)o(e)g(a)g(lo)q(ok)f (at)i(the)g(macro)e Fm(c)n(al)r(l)h Fr(of)f(\\Programmer's)f(Cheer")j(in)f (section)h(3.2)f(of)f(the)i(prin)o(ted)177 2586 y(do)q(cumen)o(tation.)d (Macro)d(calls)f(are)g(set)h(in)f(slan)o(ted)h(roman)d(\(so)j(that)f(they)h (can)g(b)q(e)f(distinguished)h(from)d(the)177 2635 y Fl(tt)22 b(font)13 b Fr(co)q(de\))j(and)e(are)h(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)h(the)h(n)o(um) o(b)q(er)f(of)g(the)h(de\014ning)g(macro)e(de\014nition.)20 b(In)14 b(this)h(case,)g(the)177 2685 y(macro)d(w)o(as)h(de\014ned)h(in)e (de\014nition)h(1.)k(F)m(urther)d(do)o(wn,)e(the)i(call)e(to)h(the)h(\\Hac)o (k)o(er's)f(Cheer")h(macro)d(indicates)177 2735 y(that)h(the)h(macro)e(w)o (as)h(de\014ned)h(in)f(de\014nition)f(2.)18 b(In)12 b(fact)g(the)g(macro)f (is)h(additiv)o(e)g(and)f(de\014nition)h(2)g(is)g(just)g(the)177 2785 y(\014rst)g(of)e(man)o(y)f(de\014nitions.)17 b(T)m(o)10 b(list)h(all)f(de\014nitions)g(in)h(a)f(call)h(to)f(an)h(additiv)o(e)f(macro) g(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)i(unnecessarily)177 2835 y(messy)m(.)1042 2940 y(36)p eop %%Page: 37 38 37 37 bop 177 42 a Fd(1.7.5)55 b(Literals)17 b(and)j(Emphasis)177 144 y Fr(When)d(writing)f(ab)q(out)h(program)e(co)q(de,)j(it)f(is)g(often)g (desirable)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(able)g(to)g(indicate)f(that)h(a)g(particular)177 194 y(w)o(ord)11 b(or)g(phrase)h(b)q(e)g(t)o(yp)q(eset)h(in)d(the)i(same)e (manner)g(as)h(the)h(co)q(de)g(b)q(eing)f(discussed.)19 b(F)m(or)11 b(example,)f(one)h(migh)o(t)177 244 y(talk)16 b(ab)q(out)h(the)g(v)n(ariable) e Fl(topval)h Fr(or)g(the)i(pro)q(cedure)g Fl(stack)p 1202 244 14 2 v 15 w(pop)e Fr(and)g(wish)h(for)f(them)g(to)g(b)q(e)i(t)o(yp)q (eset)g(as)177 294 y(they)d(are)f(in)f(this)i(sen)o(tence.)20 b(This,)13 b(of)h(course,)h(is)e(simple)g(to)h(do)f(using)h(T)1355 302 y(E)1378 294 y(X)g(macros,)f(but)h(use)h(of)e(the)i(\(more)177 343 y(general\))h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(t)o(yp)q(esetting)h(directiv)o(es)g(to)g (do)f(the)h(same)e(w)o(ork)h(has)h(the)g(added)f(b)q(ene\014t)i(of)e(k)o (eeping)177 393 y(the)g(do)q(cumen)o(t)e(p)q(ortable)h(to)g(other)g(t)o(yp)q (esetters.)177 469 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(pro)o(vides)h(t)o(w)o(o)f(in-text)g(t) o(yp)q(e)h(mo)q(di\014cation)e(constructs:)21 b Fl(@)p Fq(f)p Fl(...@)p Fq(g)13 b Fr(and)h Fl(@/...@/)f Fr(where)j Fn(:)7 b(:)g(:)13 b Fr(is)177 518 y(ra)o(w)i(text.)20 b(The)15 b Fl(@)p Fq(f)p Fl(...@)p Fq(g)e Fr(construct)j(sets)g(the)g(enclosed)f(text)g(in)f (the)i(same)d(manner)h(as)h(the)g(text)g(of)f(macro)177 568 y(de\014nitions)c(is)g(set.)18 b(The)11 b Fl(@/...@/)d Fr(construct)k (emphasises)e(its)h(enclosed)g(text)g(in)e(some)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter-dep)q (ende)q(n)o(t)177 618 y(fashion.)17 b(T)o(ypically)c(the)h(emphasised)g(text) g(is)g(set)h(in)e(italics.)177 693 y(Here)i(is)f(an)g(example)e(of)i(ho)o(w)f (these)i(constructs)h(migh)o(t)c(b)q(e)j(used:)177 812 y Fl(The)21 b(following)f(procedure)g(@{put_sloth@})f(writes)i(the)g(@{sloth@})f (variable)g(to)177 861 y(the)h(output)g(file.)g(Note:)f(@/The)h(output)g (file)g(must)g(be)g(opened)g(for)g(writing)177 911 y(at)h(this)f(point)f(or)i (the)f(program)f(will)h(crash!@/)177 1055 y Fd(1.7.6)55 b(Adding)19 b(a)g(Header)f(P)n(age)177 1157 y Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(pro)o(vides)h(a)f(few) h(t)o(yp)q(esetter-indep)q(enden)o(t)j(t)o(yp)q(esetting)e(constructs)g(whic) o(h)f(are)g(sp)q(eci\014cally)177 1207 y(designed)14 b(for)f(the)g (construction)i(of)d(header)i(pages.)k(These)d(constructs)g(are)e(usually)g (b)q(est)h(placed)f(at)g(the)h(top)177 1257 y(of)e(y)o(our)f(input)h(\014le,) g(but)h(can)f(b)q(e)h(placed)f(an)o(ywhere)h(the)f(do)q(cumen)o(t)g(if)f (desired)i(to)f(create)i(header)f(pages)f(righ)o(t)177 1307 y(through.)24 b(The)16 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(cases)h(where)g(really)e(short)h(names)f(are)h(needed,)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e (pro)o(vides)h(a)f Fo(quic)o(k)i(name)177 431 y Fr(syn)o(tax)c(that)h(allo)o (ws)e(one-c)o(haracter)i(macro)e(names)h(to)g(b)q(e)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(in)f (t)o(w)o(o)g(less)h(c)o(haracters.)19 b(Quic)o(k)14 b(names)177 481 y(tak)o(e)20 b(the)h(form)d(of)i(the)h(sp)q(ecial)f(c)o(haracter,)i (follo)o(w)o(ed)d(b)o(y)h(a)g(hash)g(\()p Fl(#)p Fr(\))g(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o (y)i(a)g(single)g(c)o(haracter.)177 531 y(Examples:)177 647 y Fl(@#A)109 b(@#|)f(@#&)g(@#m)177 763 y Fr(This)17 b(form)d(of)i(macro)f (name)h(has)g(the)h(same)f(syn)o(tactic)h(functionalit)o(y)e(as)i(an)f (ordinary)g(name)f(and)h(can)h(b)q(e)177 813 y(substituted)g(wherev)o(er)g (an)f(ordinary)f(name)g(can)g(b)q(e.)24 b(In)16 b(fact)g(quic)o(k)f(names)g (liv)o(e)g(in)g(the)h(same)f(namespace)177 863 y(as)g(ordinary)g(macro)e (names.)21 b(F)m(or)15 b(example)e(the)j(quic)o(kname)d Fl(@#A)i Fr(is)f(the)i Fm(same)g(name)g Fr(\(refers)g(to)f(the)h(same)177 913 y(macro\))d(as)h(the)g(ordinary)g(name)f Fl(@)p Fr(.)177 988 y(Because)g(quic)o(k)d(names)g(lo)q(ok)g(syn)o(tactically)g(\\op)q(en")h (\(i.e.)f(they)h(do)g(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)g(closing)p Fl(@>)e Fr(as)i(ordinary)g(names)177 1037 y(do\),)i(it)h(is)g(b)q(est)h(to)f(a)o(v)o (oid)e(them)h(except)i(where)g(a)f(macro)f(m)o(ust)g(b)q(e)h(called)g(v)o (ery)g(often.)177 1200 y Fi(2.3)70 b(F)-6 b(unnelW)g(eb)22 b(the)h(Martinet)177 1315 y Fr(There)13 b(are)g(man)o(y)d(w)o(a)o(ys)i(in)g (whic)o(h)g(a)g(macro)f(prepro)q(cessor)j(can)f(cause)g(unexp)q(ected)h (di\016culties.)j(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)177 1365 y(seeks)g(to)d(a)o(v)o(oid)g(man)o (y)f(of)h(these)j(problems)d(b)o(y)g(p)q(erforming)g(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g (of)h(c)o(hec)o(ks.)22 b(This)15 b(section)h(describ)q(es)177 1415 y(some)d(of)g(the)i(c)o(hec)o(ks)g(that)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(p)q (erforms.)295 1490 y Fo(T)l(railing)h(blanks)h(in)g(the)h(input)e(\014le:)k Fr(T)m(railing)12 b(blanks)i(are)h(usually)f(not)g(dangerous,)g(but)295 1540 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)19 b(disallo)o(ws)e(them)i(an)o(yw)o(a)o(y)m(.)31 b(All)18 b(trailing)g(blanks)g(in)h(the)g Fm(input)h Fr(\()p Fl(.fw)e Fr(\014le\))h(are)295 1589 y(\015agged)d(as)h(errors)g(b)o(y)f(F)m (unnelW)m(eb.)25 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)15 b(do)q(es)i(not)f(\015ag)g(trailing)f (blanks)h(in)g(an)o(y)f(of)295 1639 y(its)f(output)g(\014les.)295 1714 y Fo(Input)19 b(line)f(length:)24 b Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)17 b(has)g(a)h(maxim)n(um)13 b(input)18 b(line)f(length.)29 b(If)17 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)295 1764 y(reads)h(an)e(input)h(line)f(longer)g(than)h (this)f(length,)h(it)f(\015ags)h(the)g(line)f(with)g(an)h(error)g(message.) 295 1813 y(The)e(maxim)n(um)9 b(length)14 b(can)g(b)q(e)h(c)o(hanged)f(using) g(a)f(pragma)f(\(see)k(Chapter)e(3\).)295 1888 y Fo(Pro)q(duct)k(\014le)h (line)f(length:)23 b Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)16 b(w)o(atc)o(hes)i(the)g(length)g (of)e(output)i(lines)f(and)g(all)295 1938 y(output)h(lines)f(longer)g(than)h 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y(b)o(y)g(explicitly)f(sp)q(ecifying)h(them)f(in)g(the)i(text)f(using)g (a)f Fl(@^)h Fr(con)o(trol)f(sequence.)295 2735 y Fo(Num)o(b)q(er)j(of)g(in)o (v)o(o)q(cations:)h Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(c)o(hec)o(ks)i(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q (er)f(of)g(times)f(that)i(eac)o(h)g(macro)295 2785 y(is)j(called)f(and)g (issues)i(an)e(error)i(if)d(the)j(total)d(is)i(not)f(one.)29 b(The)18 b Fl(@Z)g Fr(\(for)f(zero\))h(and)g Fl(@M)f Fr(\(for)295 2835 y(man)o(y\))12 b(macro)h(attributes)i(can)f(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)f(b)o (ypass)g(these)h(c)o(hec)o(ks.)1042 2940 y(42)p eop %%Page: 43 44 43 43 bop 295 42 a Fo(Recursion:)28 b Fr(Because)21 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(do)q (es)h(not)g(pro)o(vide)f(an)o(y)g(conditional)f(constructs,)23 b(all)295 91 y(recursiv)o(ely)17 b(de\014ned)g(macros)e(m)o(ust,)g(b)o(y)g (de\014nition,)h(expand)g(in\014nitely)m(,)1483 76 y Fg(1)1516 91 y Fr(and)g(are)g(therefore)295 141 y(unacceptable.)37 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)20 b(p)q(erforms)f Fm(static)h Fr(c)o(hec)o(ks)h(to)f(detect)h(recursion,)h (detecting)f(it)295 191 y(b)q(efore)13 b(macro)d(expansion)i(commences.)k (The)d(user)f(need)h(not)f(fear)g(that)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(will)f(lo)q(c)o(k) 295 241 y(up)k(or)g(sp)q(ew)h(forth)f(if)f(a)g(recursiv)o(e)j(macro)c(is)i (acciden)o(tally)f(sp)q(eci\014ed.)177 399 y Fi(2.4)70 b(Fiddling)21 b(With)h(End)i(of)f(Lines)177 512 y Fr(One)13 b(of)f(the)h(\014ddly)f(asp)q (ects)j(of)c(programming)e(with)j(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(is)h(coping)f(with)g(end) h(of)f(lines.)17 b(If)12 b(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o(t)177 562 y(y)o(our)17 b(pro)q(duct)h(\014le)e(to)h(b)q(e)h(w)o(ell)e(inden)o(ted)h(without)g(m)o (ultiple)d(blank)i(lines)h(or)g(co)q(de)g(run-ons,)h(y)o(ou)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h (to)177 612 y(sp)q(end)e(a)f(little)f(time)f(w)o(orking)h(out)h(ho)o(w)g(the) g(end)h(of)e(line)g(mark)o(ers)h(get)g(mo)o(v)o(ed)e(around.)177 684 y(The)k(rule)g(to)f(remem)o(b)q(er)g(is)g(that,)g(disregarding)h(the)g (e\013ects)h(of)e(sp)q(ecial)h(sequences)i(within)c(a)h(macro)g(b)q(o)q(dy)m (,)177 733 y Fm(the)i(b)n(o)n(dy)g(of)g(a)g(macr)n(o)f(c)n(onsists)h(of)g (exactly)g(the)f(text)h(b)n(etwe)n(en)g(the)f(op)n(ening)i Fl(@)p Fq(f)e Fm(and)i(the)f(closing)f Fl(@)p Fq(g)p Fr(.)24 b(This)177 783 y(text)15 b(includes)f(end)g(of)g(line)f(mark)o(ers.)177 855 y(If)h(for)f(example)g(y)o(ou)g(call)g(a)h(macro)f(in)g(a)h(sequence)i (of)d(co)q(de)p Fn(:)7 b(:)g(:)177 961 y Fl(while)21 b(the_walrus_is_sle)o (epy)e(do)243 1011 y(begin)243 1061 y(writeln\('zzzzzz)o(z'\);)243 1111 y(@)243 1161 y(writeln\('Umphar)o(umpha)o (...'\))o(;)243 1211 y(end;)177 1317 y Fr(where)15 b Fl()12 b Fr(is)i(de\014ned)h(as)f(follo)o(ws)177 1423 y Fl(@$@==@{)177 1473 y (wake_up_the_walrus)o(\(the_)o(walru)o(s\);)177 1523 y(@})177 1629 y Fr(then)15 b(when)f Fl()13 b Fr(is)h(expanded)g(y)o(ou)g(will)e(get)177 1736 y Fl(while)21 b(the_walrus_is_sle)o(epy)e(do)243 1786 y(begin)243 1835 y(writeln\("zzzzzz)o (z"\);)243 1935 y(wake_up_the_wal)o(rus\(t)o(he_wa)o(lrus\))o(;)243 2035 y(writeln\("Umphar)o(umpha)o(..."\))o(;)243 2085 y(end;)177 2191 y Fr(The)13 b(blank)f(lines)h(w)o(ere)g(in)o(tro)q(duced)h(b)o(y)e(the)i (end)f(on)f(line)h(mark)o(ers)f(included)h(in)f(the)h(de\014nition)f(of)g Fl()p Fr(.)e(A)c(go)q(o)q(d)f(solution) f(to)i(this)g(problem)e(is)h(to)h(suppress)h(the)f(end)g(of)f(line)h(mark)o (ers)e(b)o(y)i(de\014ning)177 2291 y(the)g(macro)d(as)i(follo)o(ws)177 2397 y Fl(@$@==@{@-)177 2447 y(wake_up_the_walrus)o(\(the_)o(walru)o(s\);@})177 2553 y Fr(This)14 b(is)g(the)g(usual)g(form)e(of)h(macro)g(de\014nitions)h(in)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)h(\014les.)177 2625 y(In)g(additiv)o(e)f(macros,)g(this)h(format)e(do)q (es)j(not)f(w)o(ork)f(prop)q(erly)i(b)q(ecause)g(the)g(end)g(of)e(line)g (that)h(is)g(suppressed)177 2675 y(b)o(y)f(the)h(trailing)d Fl(@)p Fq(g)i Fr(do)q(es)h(not)f(get)g(replaced)i(b)o(y)d(the)i(end)g(of)e (line)h(at)g(the)h(end)f(of)g(the)h(macro)e(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation.)k(F)m(or)177 2725 y(example)d(the)h(de\014nition)p 177 2757 709 2 v 223 2783 a Ff(1)241 2795 y Fh(A)f(sp)q(ecial)f(case)g(exists)g(where)h(there)e (is)i(recursion)e(but)h(no)h(con)o(ten)o(t.)18 b(In)12 b(this)h(case,)f(the)h (expansion)d(is)j(\014nite)f(\(the)g(empt)o(y)177 2835 y(string\))e(ev)o(en)g (though)g(the)h(op)q(eration)e(of)i(expanding)d(is)k(in\014nite.)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)d(do)q(es)g(not)h(treat)f(this)h(case)g(sp)q(ecially)m(.)1042 2940 y Fr(43)p eop %%Page: 44 45 44 44 bop 177 42 a Fl(@$@+=@{@-)177 91 y(wake_up_the_walrus)o(_once)o(\(the_)o(walru)o(s\);@})177 205 y Fr(later)14 b(follo)o(w)o(ed)e(b)o(y)177 318 y Fl(@$@+=@{@-)177 368 y(wake_up_the_walrus)o(_agai)o(n\(the)o (_walr)o(us\);@)o(})177 482 y Fr(is)14 b(equiv)n(alen)o(t)f(to)h(the)g (single)g(de\014nition)177 595 y Fl(@$@==@{@-) 177 645 y(wake_up_the_walrus)o(_once)o(\(the_)o(walru)o(s\);wa)o(ke_u)o (p_the)o(_walr)o(us_ag)o(ain\(t)o(he_wa)o(lrus)o(\);@})177 759 y Fr(Putting)14 b(the)h(trailing)e Fl(@)p Fq(g)h Fr(on)g(a)g(new)h(line)f 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b(This)13 b(can)h(sometimes)e(happ)q(en)i(if)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(is)g(b)q(eing)h(used) 295 1487 y(as)f(a)f(bac)o(k)o(end)h(macro)e(pro)q(cessor)j(and)f(its)f(input) g(is)h(b)q(eing)f(generated)i(automatically)9 b(b)o(y)k(some)295 1537 y(other)i(program.)295 1612 y Fo(Macro)i(expansion:)h Fr(When)d(tangling)e(\(expanding)i(macros\),)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(nev)o(er)i (expands)295 1662 y(a)11 b(macro)f(expression)i(in)o(to)e(memory;)f(it)h(alw) o(a)o(ys)g(writes)i(it)f(to)f(the)i(pro)q(duct)g(\014le)f(as)g(it)f(go)q(es.) 18 b(This)295 1712 y(is)10 b(a)h(p)q(o)o(w)o(erful)e(fact,)i(b)q(ecause)h(it) e(means)f(that)i(y)o(ou)f(can)g(write)h(macros)e(con)o(taining)h(an)g (unlimited)295 1762 y(amoun)o(t)h(of)h(text,)h(and)f(pass)h(suc)o(h)g(macros) f(as)h(parameters)f(to)h(other)g(macros)e(without)h(b)q(ecom-)295 1812 y(ing)j(concerned)j(ab)q(out)e(o)o(v)o(er\015o)o(wing)f(some)g(kind)g (of)h(bu\013er)h(memory)m(.)k(In)16 b(short,)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)295 1861 y(do)q(es)f(not)f(imp)q(ose)e(an)o(y)i(limits)d(on)j(the)h(size)f(of)f (macro)g(b)q(o)q(dies)h(or)g(their)h(expansions.)177 2025 y Fi(2.8)70 b(In)n(teractiv)n(e)21 b(Mo)r(de)177 2142 y Fr(As)15 b(w)o(ell)e(as)i(ha)o(ving)e(a)h(command)d(line)j(in)o(terface)h(with)f(lots) g(of)g(options,)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(also)g(pro)o(vides)g(a)g(com-)177 2192 y(mand)c(language)h(and)g(a)h(mo)q(de)e(\(\\in)o(teractiv)o(e)i(mo)q (de"\))e(in)i(whic)o(h)f(commands)e(in)i(the)i(language)d(can)i(b)q(e)g(t)o (yp)q(ed)177 2242 y(in)o(teractiv)o(ely)m(.)26 b(The)17 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f (command)e(in)o(terpreter)19 b(w)o(as)d(created)i(primarily)d(to)h(supp)q (ort)i(regression)177 2292 y(testing,)c(but)g(can)g(also)f(b)q(e)i(useful)f (to)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(users.)177 2367 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)d(command)d(in)o (terpreter)12 b(reads)f(one)f(command)d(p)q(er)k(line)f(and)g(can)g(read)g(a) g(stream)g(of)f(commands)177 2417 y(either)j(from)e(a)h(text)h(\014le,)f(or)h (from)d(the)j(console.)18 b(The)12 b(in)o(terpreter)h(can)e(understand)i(o)o (v)o(er)e(t)o(w)o(en)o(t)o(y)h(commands.)177 2466 y(See)17 b(Chapter)f(3)f(for)g(a)g(full)f(list.)22 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(most)e(of)h(them)g(w)o(ere)h(designed)g(to)f(supp)q(ort)i(regression)f (testing)177 2516 y(and)e(will)e(not)i(b)q(e)h(of)e(use)i(to)e(the)i(casual)f (user.)177 2592 y(The)g(commands)e(that)i(are)g(of)f(greatest)j(use)e(to)g (the)h(casual)e(user)i(are:)286 2709 y Fl(!)327 b(-)21 b(Comment.)g(Ignores)f (the)h(whole)g(line.)286 2759 y(EXECUTE)f(fn)131 b(-)21 b(Execute)g(the)g (specified)f(file.)p 177 2796 709 2 v 223 2823 a Ff(2)241 2835 y Fh(If)11 b(a)g(\014le)g(is)h(included)d Fc(n)j Fh(times,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb) g(k)o(eeps)g Fc(n)i Fh(copies)e(in)h(memory)m(.)1042 2940 y Fr(47)p eop %%Page: 48 49 48 48 bop 286 42 a Fl(FW)22 b(options)129 b(-)21 b(Invoke)g(FunnelWeb-proper) d(once.)286 91 y(SET)j(options)108 b(-)21 b(Sets)g(options.)286 141 y(SHOW)261 b(-)21 b(Displays)g(currently)e(active)i(options.)286 191 y(TRACE)g(ON)174 b(-)21 b(Turns)g(command)g(tracing)f(ON.)286 241 y(QUIT)261 b(-)21 b(Quits)g(FunnelWeb.)177 373 y Fr(T)m(o)16 b(distinguish)h(here)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(in)o(v)o(o)q(cations)e(of)g(the)i (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(program)f(and)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(runs)i(inside)177 423 y(the)c(shell,)g(w)o(e)g(call)f(the)h(latter)g Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)f(prop) q(er)p Fr(.)k(The)d(\\)p Fl(FW)p Fr(")e(command)f(in)o(v)o(ok)o(es)j(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)f(prop)q(er)177 473 y(with)h(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(options)f (whic)o(h)f(tak)o(e)h(the)h(same)d(syn)o(tax)i(as)g(they)g(do)g(on)f(the)i (command)c(line.)17 b(The)e(only)177 523 y(restriction)g(is)f(that)g(none)g (of)g(the)g(action)g(options)f(can)i(b)q(e)f(turned)h(on)f(except)h(\\)p Fl(+F)p Fr(")e(whic)o(h)h(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(turned)177 572 y(on.)177 654 y(The)e(\\)p Fl(SET)p Fr(")f(command)e(has)j(the)h(same)e(syn)o (tax)g(as)h(the)h(\\)p Fl(FW)p Fr(")e(command)e(except)k(that)f(it)g(do)q(es) g(not)g(allo)o(w)e Fm(any)177 703 y Fr(action)i(options)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(sp)q (eci\014ed.)19 b(It's)14 b(sole)f(e\013ect)i(is)e(to)g(set)i(default)d (option)h(v)n(alues)g(for)g(the)h(rest)g(of)f(the)h(run.)177 785 y(The)g(\\)p Fl(SHOW)p Fr(")f(command)e(displa)o(ys)i(the)i(curren)o(t)g (default)f(options.)177 866 y(By)e(default,)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(do)q(es)i (not)f(ec)o(ho)h(the)f(commands)e(that)i(it)f(pro)q(cesses)k(in)d(a)f (script.)19 b(The)12 b(\\)p Fl(TRACE)20 b(ON)p Fr(")177 916 y(command)11 b(turns)k(on)f(suc)o(h)g(tracing.)177 997 y(These)j(commands)12 b(can)k(b)q(e)f(com)o(bined)f(to)h(streamline)f(the)i(use)g(of)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb.)21 b(F)m(or)15 b(example,)e(y)o(ou)i(migh)o(t)177 1047 y(wish)f(to)g(create)h(a)f(script)g(called)g Fl(typeset.fws)d Fr(to)j(pro)q(cess)i(a)d(whole)h(group)g(of)f(\014les.)177 1179 y Fl(trace)21 b(on)177 1229 y(!This)g(script)f(typesets)h(the)g(whole)g (program.)177 1279 y(!)h(Set)f(no)g(listing)g(file,)f(no)i(product)e(files,)h (but)g(specify)f(a)i(documentation)d(file)177 1328 y(!)j(and)f(specify)f(the) h(directory)f(into)h(which)g(it)g(should)g(be)g(placed.)177 1378 y(set)g(-L)h(-O)f(+T/usr/ross/typese)o(t/)177 1428 y(fw)h(prog1)177 1478 y(fw)g(prog2)177 1528 y(fw)g(prog3)177 1578 y(fw)g(prog4)177 1710 y Fr(There)12 b(are)e(a)g(few)h(w)o(a)o(ys)f(in)f(whic)o(h)i(this)f (script)h(can)g(b)q(e)f(run.)18 b(The)10 b(simplest)g(is)g(simply)e(to)i(sp)q (ecify)h(it)f(in)g(the)h(\\)p Fl(+X)p Fr(")177 1760 y(option)g(of)f(a)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation.)16 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)11 b(shellscripts)h(default)f(to)g(\\)p Fl()p Fr(")e(and)177 1810 y(\\)p Fl(.fws)p Fr(".)177 1942 y Fl(fw)22 b(+xtypeset)177 2074 y Fr(The)14 b(second)h(alternativ)o(e)f(is)g(to)g(en)o(ter)h(in)o(teractiv)o(e)f(mo)q (de.)177 2207 y Fl(fw)22 b(+k)177 2339 y Fr(F)m(rom)12 b(there,)j(y)o(ou)e (can)h(execute)i(the)f(script)f(using:)177 2472 y Fl(execute)21 b(typeset)177 2604 y Fr(In)o(teractiv)o(e)13 b(mo)q(de)e(could)h(b)q(e)h(v)o (ery)f(useful)g(to)g(those)h(with)f(m)o(ultiple-windo)o(w)d(w)o(orkstations.) 17 b(The)c(user)g(could)177 2654 y(create)f(a)f(windo)o(w)e(con)o(taining)h (an)g(in)o(teractiv)o(e)h(session)h(of)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)g(and)g(then)i (switc)o(h)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(windo)o(ws,)177 2704 y(editing,)h(and)h (executing)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(prop)q(er)h(and)e(other)i(programs.)177 2785 y(If)c(y)o(ou)f(\014nd)i(y)o(ourself)f(using)f(the)i(command)c(in)o (terpreter)13 b(a)e(lot,)g(b)q(e)g(sure)h(to)f(read)h(ab)q(out)f(the)g(other) h(commands)177 2835 y(that)i(are)g(a)o(v)n(ailable)e(in)h(Chapter)i(3.)1042 2940 y(48)p eop %%Page: 49 50 49 49 bop 177 42 a Fi(2.9)70 b(Setting)21 b(Up)i(Default)f(Options)177 159 y Fr(If)14 b(y)o(ou)h(do)f(not)h(lik)o(e)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)g(default)g (settings)i(for)e(its)h(command)d(line)i(options,)g(there)i(are)f(a)f(n)o(um) o(b)q(er)177 209 y(of)f(w)o(a)o(ys)h(in)f(whic)o(h)h(y)o(ou)g(can)g(c)o (hange)g(them.)295 284 y Fo(De\014ne)e(an)h(\\alias":)k Fr(Use)12 b(y)o(our)g(op)q(erating)f(system)h(\\)p Fl(alias)p Fr(")e(facilit)o(y)g(to)i (create)h(an)e(alias)g(for)295 334 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(con)o(taining)f(the)h (desired)i(options.)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)12 b(pro)q(cesses)k(options)d(from)e (left)i(to)295 384 y(righ)o(t,)g(so)h(y)o(ou)g(can)g(o)o(v)o(erride)g(these)h (defaults)f(later)g(if)f(y)o(ou)h(wish.)295 460 y Fo(Create)k(a)f(script)f (called)g(\\)p Fl(fwinit.fws)p Fo(":)j Fr(When)d(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(starts)h (up,)f(it)g(executes)j(a)295 510 y(script)12 b(called)e(\\)p Fl(fwinit.fws)p Fr(")f(if)h(suc)o(h)h(a)g(script)g(exists)h(in)e(the)i (curren)o(t)g(directory)m(.)17 b(Y)m(ou)11 b(can)g(use)295 560 y(this)j(fact)f(to)h(set)g(options)f(b)q(efore)i(the)f(run)g(of)f(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(prop)q(er)h(b)o(y)f(creating)h(suc)o(h)h(a)e(script)295 609 y(and)i(placing)e(a)i(single)f(\\)p Fl(set)p Fr(")f(command)f(in)i(it)h (con)o(taining)e(the)i(desired)h(options.)k(The)15 b(main)295 659 y(trouble)f(with)f(this)h(approac)o(h)f(is)g(that)h(the)g(options)f(in)g (the)h Fl(set)f Fr(command)d(will)i(b)q(e)i(pro)q(cessed)295 709 y Fm(after)d Fr(the)h(command)d(line)i(options,)g(whic)o(h)h(means)e (that)i(y)o(ou)f(w)o(on't)g(b)q(e)h(able)f(to)h(o)o(v)o(erride)f(them)295 759 y(on)j(the)g(command)e(line.)177 835 y(F)m(or)h(example,)f(y)o(ou)h(migh) o(t)f(b)q(e)i(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(more)h(with)g(presen)o(ting)h(programs)f (than)g(with)g(running)h(them,)e(and)177 884 y(w)o(an)o(t)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (to)h(generate)h(a)e(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(\014le)i(b)o(y)f(default,)g(but)h (not)g(to)f(pro)q(duce)i(listing)d(or)i(pro)q(duct)177 934 y(\014les)i(b)o(y)g(default.)k(In)c(Unix)f(y)o(ou)h(could)f(do)h(this)g (with:)177 1053 y Fl(alias)21 b(fw)g(fw)h(-L)f(-O)g(+T)177 1219 y Fi(2.10)70 b(F)-6 b(unnelW)g(eb)23 b(and)g(Mak)n(e)177 1336 y Fr(The)11 b(Unix)g Fl(Make)e Fr(program)g(allo)o(ws)h(a)g(set)i(of)e (dep)q(endencies)j(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(a)e(set)i(of)e(\014les)h(to)g(b)q(e)g (describ)q(ed,)i(and)d(then)177 1386 y(uses)16 b(these)f(dep)q(endencies)i (to)d(con)o(trol)g(the)h(w)o(a)o(y)f(in)g(whic)o(h)g(the)h(\014les)g(are)f (created)i(and)e(up)q(dated.)20 b(T)o(ypically)m(,)177 1436 y Fl(Make)13 b Fr(is)g(used)i(to)e(con)o(trol)g(the)i(pro)q(cess)g(of)e (transforming)f(a)h(collection)g(of)g(source)i(co)q(de)f(\014les)g(to)f(one)h (or)g(more)177 1485 y(executable)j(\014les.)24 b(As)16 b(the)g(use)g(of)f(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(implies)f(an)h(extra)h(stage)h(to)e(this)h(pro)q(cess,)h(it)e (is)h(natural)f(to)177 1535 y(include)e(the)f(transformation)f(of)g Fl(.fw)h Fr(\014les)h(to)f(source)h(co)q(de)g(\014les)g(as)f(part)h(of)e(the) i Fl(Make)f Fr(pro)q(cess.)19 b(This)12 b(is)g(easy)177 1585 y(to)i(do,)f(but)h(the)h(user)g(should)e(b)q(e)i(a)o(w)o(are)f(of)f(one)h (asp)q(ect)h(of)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(whic)o(h)g(can)g(cause)h(problems.)177 1661 y(It)d(is)g(often)h(useful,)f(when)g(using)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)g(to)g (create)h(a)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g Fl(.fw)f Fr(\014le)i(that)f(generates)i(more) d(than)177 1711 y(one)j(pro)q(duct)g(\014le.)k(That)13 b(is,)g(a)g(single)g Fl(.fw)g Fr(\014le)h(ma)o(y)d(ha)o(v)o(e)i(man)o(y)f(macro)g(de\014nitions)h (connected)j(to)d(pro)q(duct)177 1760 y(\014les)g(so)g(that)f(when)h(the)g(F) m(unnelW)m(eb)f Fl(.fw)g Fr(\014le)g(is)h(pro)q(cessed)h(b)o(y)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb,)e(sev)o(eral)i(\014les)g(are)g(created.)19 b(F)m(or)177 1810 y(example,)d(this)g(facilit)o(y)f(has)i(b)q(een)g(used)h(to)e(great)h (e\013ect)h(to)f(place)f(the)h(description)h(of)e(an)g(Ada)g(pac)o(k)n(age's) 177 1860 y(pac)o(k)n(age)e(sp)q(eci\014cation)g(\014le)g(and)g(pac)o(k)n(age) f(b)q(o)q(dy)h(\014le)g(in)g(the)g(same)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g Fl(.fw)h Fr(\014le.)177 1936 y(The)j(use)h(of)e(m)o(ultiple)e(pro)q(duct)k (\014les,)f(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)h(pro)o(v)o(ok)o(es)e(a)h(problem)e(with)h(dep) q(endencies.)29 b(Supp)q(ose)18 b(for)177 1986 y(example)9 b(that)h(a)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g Fl(prog.fw)e Fr(pro)q(duces)k(t)o(w)o(o)d(pro) q(duct)j(\014les)e Fl(proc.spec)e Fr(\(a)i(pac)o(k)n(age)g(sp)q (eci\014cation\))177 2035 y(and)16 b Fl(prog.body)f Fr(\(a)h(pac)o(k)n(age)f (b)q(o)q(dy\).)26 b(If)16 b(the)g(pac)o(k)n(age)g(is)g(accessed)j(in)d(the)g (w)o(a)o(y)g(that)g(pac)o(k)n(ages)g(normally)177 2085 y(are,)j(it)e(will)f (b)q(e)i(quite)f(common)e(for)i(the)h(programmer)d(to)j(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)g(mo) q(dify)e(the)j(pac)o(k)n(age)g(b)q(o)q(dy)f(without)177 2135 y(mo)q(difying)12 b(the)j(program)e(sp)q(eci\014cation.)20 b(So)14 b(the)i(programmer)c(will)h(edit)h(the)i Fl(prog.fw)d Fr(\014le)h(to)g(c)o(hange)h(the)177 2185 y(pac)o(k)n(age)c(b)q(o)q(dy)m(.)17 b(The)12 b(result)g(of)e(running)h(this)h(through)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(will)f (b)q(e)i(the)g(desired)g(new)g(pac)o(k)n(age)f(b)q(o)q(dy)177 2235 y(\014le.)23 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)16 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(will)f(also)h (pro)q(duce)i(a)e(new)h(pac)o(k)n(age)f(sp)q(eci\014cation)h(pro)q(duct)h (\014le)e Fm(even)i(though)177 2285 y(it)d(may)h(b)n(e)f(identic)n(al)g(to)g (the)h(pr)n(evious)f(version!)k Fr(The)c(result)g(is)f(that)g(the)h(newly)f (created)i(\(with)e(a)g(recen)o(t)i(\014le)177 2334 y(date\))h(sp)q (eci\014cation)h(pac)o(k)n(age)e(\014le)g(could)h(pro)o(v)o(ok)o(e)f(a)g(h)o (uge)h(remak)o(e)f(of)g(m)o(uc)o(h)f(of)h(the)i(program)d(in)h(whic)o(h)g(it) 177 2384 y(resides.)177 2460 y(T)m(o)j(solv)o(e)h(the)g(problem,)f(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)h(includes)g(a)g(command)d(line)i(option)g(\()p Fl(D)h Fr(for)f(Delete\),)j(whic)o(h)d(when)177 2510 y(turned)f(on)f(\(using) g(\\)p Fl(+D)p Fr("\))g(causes)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(to)g(suppress)i(pro)q (duct)f(and)f(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(\014les)h(that)g(are)177 2560 y(iden)o(tical)c(to)h(the)g(previously)f(existing)h(v)o(ersions)g(of)f (the)h(same)f(\014les.)18 b(F)m(or)12 b(example,)f(if,)h(during)g(a)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)177 2609 y(run,)h(a)g(macro)e(w)o(as)i(connected)i(to)e(a)f(pro) q(duct)i(\014le)f(called)f Fl(x.dat)p Fr(,)g(and)h(the)g(macro)f(expanded)h (to)g Fm(exactly)g Fr(the)177 2659 y(same)g(text)h(as)f(is)h(con)o(tained)f (in)g Fl(x.dat)f Fr(then)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(w)o(ould)g(simply)e Fm(never)k(write)e(the)i(pr)n(o)n(duct)f(\014le)p Fr(,)f(the)177 2709 y(\014le)h Fl(x.dat)f Fr(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)h(un)o(touc)o(hed)h(and,)e(as) h(a)g(result,)g(no)g(further)g Fl(Make)f Fr(propagations)h(w)o(ould)f(tak)o (e)h(place.)177 2785 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(implemen)o(ts)f(this)i(feature)g(b)o (y)g(writing)f(eac)o(h)h(pro)q(duct)h(\014le)f(to)f(a)h(temp)q(orary)f (\014le)h(with)f(a)h(temp)q(o-)177 2835 y(rary)j(\014le)f(name.)21 b(It)15 b(then)h(compares)f(the)h(temp)q(orary)e(\014le)h(with)g(the)h (target)g(\014le.)22 b(If)15 b(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(are)i(iden)o(tical,)1042 2940 y(49)p eop %%Page: 50 51 50 50 bop 177 42 a Fr(it)18 b(deletes)h(the)f(temp)q(orary)f(\014le.)30 b(If)17 b(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)f(are)i(di\013eren)o(t)f(it)g(deletes)h(the)f (target)g(\014le)g(and)g(renames)f(the)177 91 y(temp)q(orary)c(\014le)h(to)g (the)g(target)h(\014le.)177 165 y(Use)c(of)f(the)h Fl(D)f Fr(facilit)o(y)e (means)i(that)g(the)h(programmer)d(need)j(not)f(b)q(e)h(punished)g(\(b)o(y)f (extra)h Fl(Make)e Fr(propagations\))177 215 y(for)14 b(describing)g(more)f (than)h(one)g(pro)q(duct)h(\014le)f(in)f(the)i(same)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (\014le.)177 376 y Fi(2.11)70 b(The)23 b(Dangers)g(of)g(F)-6 b(unnelW)g(eb)177 492 y Fr(Lik)o(e)15 b(man)o(y)e(to)q(ols)i(that)g(are)h (general)f(and)g(\015exible,)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(used)g(in)f(a) g(v)n(ariet)o(y)f(of)h(w)o(a)o(ys,)g(b)q(oth)177 541 y(go)q(o)q(d)h(and)h (bad.)26 b(One)18 b(of)e(the)h(original)e(app)q(eals)i(of)f(the)h(literate)g (approac)o(h)g(to)f(programming)d(for)k(Kn)o(uth,)177 591 y(the)h(in)o(v)o (en)o(tor)f(of)f(literate)i(programmi)o(ng,)d(w)o(as)i(that)g(it)g(allo)o(ws) f(the)i(programmer)d(to)i(describ)q(e)i(the)e(target)177 641 y(program)12 b(b)q(ottom)g(up,)h(top)g(do)o(wn,)g(size)h(to)f(side,)g(or)h(c) o(haotically)e(if)g(desired.)19 b(The)14 b(\015exibilit)o(y)e(that)h(this)h (st)o(yle)177 691 y(of)h(programmi)o(ng)d(lea)o(v)o(es)j(m)o(uc)o(h)f(ro)q (om)f(for)i(bad)g(do)q(cumen)o(tation)e(as)i(w)o(ell)g(as)g(go)q(o)q(d)f(do)q (cumen)o(tation.)20 b(Y)m(ears)177 741 y(of)c(exp)q(erience)j(with)e(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)f(has)h(rev)o(ealed)g(the)h(follo)o(wing)c(st)o(ylistic)i (pitfalls)g(whic)o(h)g(the)i(exp)q(erienced)177 791 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)c(user) h(should)e(tak)o(e)h(care)h(to)f(a)o(v)o(oid.)952 775 y Fg(3)295 865 y Fo(Spaghetti)h(organization:)j Fr(By)e(far)f(the)h(w)o(orst)g(problem)e (that)h(arises)h(in)f(connection)h(with)295 914 y(the)k(literate)e(st)o(yle)h (o)q(ccurs)h(where)g(the)g(programmer)c(has)j(used)g(the)h(literate)f(to)q (ol)f(to)g(com-)295 964 y(pletely)f(scram)o(ble)e(the)i(program)d(so)j(that)f (the)h(program)d(is)i(describ)q(ed)i(and)e(la)o(y)o(ed)g(out)g(in)g(an)295 1014 y(unordered,)j(undisciplined)e(\\stream)f(of)g(consciousness".)29 b(In)17 b(suc)o(h)h(cases)g(the)g(programmer)295 1064 y(ma)o(y)11 b(b)q(e)i(using)g(the)g(literate)g(st)o(yle)f(as)h(a)f(crutc)o(h)i(to)f(a)o (v)o(oid)e(ha)o(ving)g(to)i(think)f(ab)q(out)h(structuring)295 1114 y(the)i(presen)o(tation.)295 1188 y Fo(Boring)h(organization:)i Fr(A)o(t)d(the)h(other)g(extreme,)f(a)g(program)f(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)j(organized) f(in)g(suc)o(h)295 1238 y(a)h(strict)g(w)o(a)o(y)g(that)f(it)h(is)g(essen)o (tially)f(laid)g(out)h(in)f(the)i(order)f(most)f(\\desired")h(b)o(y)g(the)g (target)295 1287 y(programming)c(language.)21 b(F)m(or)15 b(example,)f(eac)o (h)i(macro)e(migh)o(t)f(con)o(tain)i(a)g(single)g(pro)q(cedure,)295 1337 y(with)g(all)e(the)i(macros)f(b)q(eing)h(called)f(b)o(y)h(a)f(macro)g (connected)i(to)f(a)f(\014le)h(at)f(the)i(top.)k(In)15 b(man)o(y)295 1387 y(cases)20 b(a)f(b)q(oring)f(structure)j(ma)o(y)c(b)q(e)i(en)o(tirely)g (appropriate,)h(but)f(the)g(programmer)e(should)295 1437 y(b)q(e)h(w)o(arned) f(that)f(it)h(is)f(easy)h(to)g(slip)f(in)o(to)g(suc)o(h)i(a)e(normativ)o(e)f 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y(is)g(happ)q(ening,)g(it)g(is)f(certainly)h(w)o(orth)g(the)h (programmer)c(sp)q(ending)k(some)e(time)g(deciding)g(if)g(one)295 1233 y(or)j(other)g(of)f(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(or)h(inline-comm)o(en)o(t)d (do)q(cumen)o(tation)i(should)g(b)q(e)h(discarded.)19 b(In)295 1283 y(man)o(y)11 b(cases,)j(a)e(mixture)g(can)g(b)q(e)i(used,)f(with)f(the)h (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(do)q(cumen)o(tation)g(referring)h(the)295 1333 y(reader)i(to)f(the)h(inline)e(commen)o(ts)f(where)j(they)f(are)g (presen)o(t.)20 b(F)m(or)14 b(example:)177 1443 y Fl(@A)22 b(Here)f(is)g(the)g(header)g(comment)f(for)h(the)g(list)g(package)g (specification.)177 1493 y(The)g(reader)g(should)f(read)h(these)g(comments)f (carefully)g(as)i(they)f(define)f(a)i(list.)177 1542 y(There)f(is)g(no)h (need)f(to)g(duplicate)f(the)h(comments)f(in)i(this)f(text.)177 1642 y(@$@==@{@-)177 1692 y(--)i(LIST)f(PACKAGE)177 1742 y(--)h(============)177 1792 y(--)g(*)f(A)h(LIST)f(consists)f(of)h(zero)g(or)h(more)f(ITEMS.)177 1841 y(--)h(*)f(The)g(items)g(are)g(numbered)f(1)i(to)f(N)h(where)f(N)g(is)h (the)f(number)f(of)i(items)f(in)g(the)g(list.)177 1891 y(--)h(*)f(If)h(the)f (list)g(is)g(non-empty,)f(item)h(1)g(is)h(called)e(the)h(HEAD)g(of)h(the)f (list.)177 1941 y(--)h(*)f(If)h(the)f(list)g(is)g(non-empty,)f(item)h(N)g(is) h(called)e(the)h(TAIL)g(of)h(the)f(list.)177 1991 y(--)h(...)177 2041 y(@})295 2150 y Fo(Ov)o(erdo)q(cumen)o(tin)o(g:)c Fr(Another)e(evil)f (that)g(can)g(arise)h(when)f(using)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(is)g(to)g(o)o(v)o(er-) 295 2200 y(do)q(cumen)o(t)j(the)h(target)g(program.)29 b(In)19 b(some)e(of)h(Kn)o(uth's)g(earlier)h(\(e.g.)e(1984\))h(examples)f(of)295 2250 y(literate)11 b(programming,)d(eac)o(h)j(v)n(ariable)f(is)h(giv)o(en)f (its)h(o)o(wn)f(description)i(and)e(eac)o(h)i(piece)g(of)e(co)q(de)295 2300 y(has)16 b(a)f(detailed)g(explanation.)22 b(This)16 b(lev)o(el)f(of)g (analysis,)f(while)h(justi\014ed)h(for)f(tric)o(ky)h(tracts)g(of)295 2350 y(co)q(de,)d(is)f(probably)g(not)g(w)o(arran)o(ted)h(for)f(most)f(of)h (the)h(co)q(de)g(that)f(constitutes)i(most)d(programs.)295 2400 y(Suc)o(h)18 b(o)o(v)o(er-commen)o(ting)d(can)j(ev)o(en)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f (the)h(detrimen)o(tal)f(a\013ect)h(of)f(obscuring)h(the)g(co)q(de,)295 2449 y(making)11 b(it)h(hard)h(to)g(understand)h(b)q(ecause)h(it)d(is)h(so)g (scattered)i(\(see)f(\\spaghetti)f(organization")295 2499 y(earlier\).)18 b(It)12 b(is)g(up)g(to)g(the)h(user)g(to)f(decide)h(when)f(a)g(stretc)o(h)i (of)d(just)i(a)e(few)i(lines)f(of)f(co)q(de)i(should)295 2549 y(b)q(e)i(pulled)e(to)h(bits)g(and)g(analysed)f(and)h(when)h(it)e(is)h (clearer)h(to)f(lea)o(v)o(e)f(it)h(alone.)295 2622 y(In)i(the)g(case)g(where) h(there)g(are)e(a)h(few)f(rather)h(tric)o(ky)g(lines)f(of)g(co)q(de,)h(a)f (detailed)h(explanation)295 2672 y(ma)o(y)10 b(b)q(e)j(appropriate.)k(The)12 b(follo)o(wing)e(example)g(con)o(tains)i(a)f(solution)g(to)h(a)g(problem)e (outlined)295 2722 y(in)k(section)g(16.3)f(of)g(the)h(b)q(o)q(ok)g(\\The)g (Science)h(of)e(Programming")d(b)o(y)k(Da)o(vid)e(Gries)p Fo([Gries81])295 2771 y Fr(.)p 177 2796 709 2 v 223 2823 a Ff(4)241 2835 y Fh(Note:)j(This)c (is)h(not)e(a)i(criticism)d(of)i(2167A,)g(only)f(of)i(the)e(w)o(a)o(y)i(it)f (is)h(sometimes)d(used.)1042 2940 y Fr(51)p eop %%Page: 52 53 52 52 bop 177 42 a Fl(@C@)177 141 y(This)g(section)f(contains)h(a)g(solution)f(to)i(a)f (problem)g(outlined)f(in)h(section)g(16.3)f(of)177 191 y(the)h(book)g(@/The)g (Science)f(of)i(Programming@/)d(by)i(David)g(Gries[Gries81].)177 291 y(@D)h(Given)e(a)i(sorted)e(array)h(@{b[1..N]@})f(of)h(integers,)f(we)h (wish)g(to)h(determine)e(the)177 340 y(@/length@/)g(of)h(the)g(longest)g(run) g(of)g(identically)f(valued)g(elements)h(in)g(the)g(array.)177 390 y(This)g(problem)f(is)i(defined)e(by)i(the)f(following)f(precondition)f (and)i(postcondition.)177 490 y(@$@)o(==@{/)o(*)e(Pre:)i (sorted\(b\).)f(*/@})177 540 y(@$@==@{)o(@-)177 589 y(/*)i(Post:)e(sorted\(b\))g(and)h(p)h(is)f(the)h(length)e(of)h(the)h (longest)e(run)h(in)h(b[1..N].)e(*/@})177 689 y(@D)i(We)f(approach)f(a)i (solution)e(to)h(the)g(problem)g(by)g(deciding)f(to)i(try)f(the)g(approach)f (of)177 739 y(scanning)g(through)h(the)g(array)g(one)g(element)f(at)h(a)h (time)f(maintaining)f(a)h(useful)177 789 y(invariant)f(through)g(each)h (iteration.)f(A)i(loop)f(variable)177 839 y(array)g(index)g(@{i@})f(is)i (created)e(for)h(this)g(purpose.)f(The)i(bound)e(function)h(is)177 888 y(@{N-i@}.)f(Here)h(is)h(the)f(invariant.)177 988 y(@$@==@)o ({@-)177 1038 y(/*)h(Invariant:)d(sorted\(b\))h(and)h(1<=i<=N)g(and)239 b(*/)177 1088 y(/*)261 b(p)22 b(is)f(len)g(of)h(longest)e(run)h(in)h (b[1..i].)e(*/@})177 1187 y(@D)i(Establishing)d(the)i(invariant)f(above)h(in) g(the)g(initial,)f(degenerate)g(case)h(is)g(easy.)177 1287 y(@$@==@{i)o(=1;)f (p=1;@})177 1386 y(@D)j(At)f(this)g(stage,)f(we)i(have)f(the)g(following)f (loop)h(structure.)f(Note)h(that)g(when)f(both)177 1436 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y(the)g(array)g(is)g(sorted,)g(we)g(need) 177 2532 y(only)g(compare)f(the)i(endpoints)e(of)h(this)g(possible)f(run)h (to)h(see)f(if)g(it)h(exists.)e(This)177 2582 y(is)i(performed)d(as)j(shown)f (below.)177 2682 y(@$@==@{i++;)f(if)j(\(b[i])e(!=)i(b[i-p]\))e (p++;@})295 2827 y Fr(Where)15 b(the)f(co)q(de)h(is)f(more)f(ob)o(vious,)f (it)i(is)g(often)g(b)q(etter)h(to)f(let)g(the)g(co)q(de)h(sp)q(eak)g(for)e (itself.)1042 2940 y(52)p eop %%Page: 53 54 53 53 bop 177 42 a Fl(@C)22 b(The)f(following)f(function)g(compares)g(two)h (C~strings)f(and)h(returns)g(TRUE)g(iff)g(they)177 91 y(are)g(identical.)177 191 y(@$@==@{@-)177 241 y(bool)i(comp\(p,q\))177 291 y(char)g(*p,*q;)177 340 y({)199 390 y(while)g(\(TRUE\))243 440 y({)264 490 y(if)h(\(*p)f(!=)g(*q)43 b(\))22 b(return)f(FALSE;)264 540 y(if)h(\(*p)f(==)g('\\0'\))g(return)g(TRUE;)264 589 y(p++;)g(q++;)243 639 y(})177 689 y(})177 739 y(@})177 932 y Fi(2.12)70 b(Wholistic)20 b(Debugging)177 1062 y Fr(Surprising)f(though)f(it)g(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e,)k(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)e(has)g(a)h(k)o(ey)f(role)g(to)h(pla)o(y)e(in)h(the)h Fm(debugging)h Fr(of)d(programs.)177 1112 y(Long)12 b(exp)q(erience)i(in)e (programming)d(has)k(led)f(me)f(to)h(the)h(concept)h(of)e Fo(wholistic)f (debugging)p Fr(.)j(When)f(most)177 1162 y(programmers)g(detect)j(a)e(bug,)g (their)g(\014rst)h(reaction)g(seems)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(to)f(jump)f(in)o(to)h(the) h(debugger)g(where)g(they)177 1212 y(often)f(sp)q(end)h(man)o(y)e(hours)h (stepping)h(through)f(endless)h(stretc)o(hes)i(of)c(co)q(de)i(and)f (generally)g(w)o(asting)f(a)h(lot)f(of)177 1261 y(time.)177 1346 y(In)j(con)o(trast,)g(m)o(y)d(\014rst)j(reaction)g(when)g(I)f(detect)i (a)e(bug)h(is)f(to)g(realize)h(that)f Fm(the)h(c)n(o)n(de)h(must)f(not)h(b)n (e)f(in)g(go)n(o)n(d)177 1396 y(enough)j(shap)n(e)g(if)f(such)g(a)g(bug)h(c)n (an)f(arise.)28 b Fr(The)18 b(presence)i(of)d(the)h(bug)f(is)g(tak)o(en)g(as) h(symptomatic)c(of)j(the)177 1446 y(lac)o(k)g(of)f(general)i(health)f(of)f (the)i(co)q(de.)29 b(If)17 b(that)g(bug)g(o)q(ccurred,)i(wh)o(y)e(not)g (another?)28 b(In)18 b(resp)q(onse)h(to)e(this)177 1495 y(realization,)12 b(m)o(y)f(reaction)i(is)g(not)g(to)g(en)o(ter)h(the)f(debugger,)g(but)h (rather)f(to)g(return)h(to)f(the)g(original)e(co)q(de)j(and)177 1545 y(tend)k(it)e(lik)o(e)h(a)f(garden,)i(adding)e(more)g(commen)o(ts,)f (rew)o(orking)i(the)h(grott)o(y)e(bits,)i(adding)e(assertions,)i(and)177 1595 y(lo)q(oking)d(for)h(faults.)26 b(In)16 b(man)o(y)f(cases,)j(the)f (searc)o(h)h(for)e(faults)g(do)q(es)h(not)f(ev)o(en)h(cen)o(tre)i(on)d(the)h (sp)q(eci\014c)h(bug)177 1645 y(that)c(arose,)g(but)g(do)q(es)h(tend)f(to)g (fo)q(cus)g(on)g(the)h(area)f(of)f(co)q(de)i(where)g(the)f(bug)g(is)g(lik)o (ely)e(to)i(b)q(e.)177 1729 y(The)h(result)g(is)f(often)g(that)h(the)g (original)d(bug)i(is)h(lo)q(cated)f(more)f(quic)o(kly)h(than)g(it)g(w)o(ould) f(ha)o(v)o(e)i(b)q(een)g(had)f(the)177 1779 y(debugger)i(b)q(een)h(in)o(v)o 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y(P)o(ascal)e(program)f(that)h(queries)h(a)f(database.)23 b(Quite)15 b(often)h(all)e(these)i(programs)e(m)o(ust)h(conspire)h(closely)f (to)177 2384 y(execute)k(their)e(function.)25 b(In)17 b(the)g(normal)d(case,) k(they)f(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(written)g(separately)m(.)26 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)16 b(allo)o(ws)177 2434 y(them)d(to)h(b)q(e)g(written)h(as)f(a)f(whole.)177 2510 y(By)19 b(creating)f(a)g(single)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(\014le)g(that)g (creates)i(man)o(y)c(pro)q(duct)j(\014les)g(in)f(di\013eren)o(t)h(languages,) f(the)177 2559 y(programmer)c(can)i(describ)q(e)i(the)e(in)o(teraction)g(b)q (et)o(w)o(een)i(the)e(di\013eren)o(t)h(programs)e(in)g(an)o(y)h(manner)f (desired.)177 2609 y(F)m(urthermore,)f(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(di\013eren)o(t)h (pro)q(duct)g(\014les)g(are)g(all)d(created)k(in)e(the)g(same)g(\\text)g (space")h(\(i.e.)e(in)h(a)177 2659 y(single)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(\014le\),)h (it)f(is)h(easy)g(for)g(them)f(to)h(share)g(information.)177 2735 y(F)m(or)h(example,)e(in)i(one)g(real)g(application)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i (w)o(as)g(used)g(to)g(create)i(a)d(system)h(for)g(prin)o(ting)f(\014les)h(on) 177 2785 y(a)i(laser)h(prin)o(ter)g(connected)i(to)d(a)g(remote)g(V)m(ax)g (Unix)g(mac)o(hine)g(from)e(a)j(lo)q(cal)e(V)m(ax)h(VMS)h(mac)o(hine.)27 b(The)177 2835 y(system)18 b(consisted)h(of)f(t)o(w)o(o)g(\014les:)27 b(a)18 b(VMS)g(DCL)g(command)d(pro)q(cedure)20 b(to)e(run)h(on)f(the)g(lo)q (cal)g(no)q(de,)h(and)1042 2940 y(55)p eop %%Page: 56 57 56 56 bop 177 42 a Fr(a)16 b(Unix)h(shellscript)g(to)f(run)h(on)g(the)g (remote)f(no)q(de.)27 b(The)17 b(user,)h(b)o(y)e(giving)f(the)i(prin)o(t)g (command,)d(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)177 91 y(the)h(lo)q(cal)f(VMS)h(command)d(pro)q (cedure,)17 b(whic)o(h)d(in)g(turn)i(\014red)f(up)g(the)g(remote)g(Unix)f (shellscript.)21 b(The)15 b(t)o(w)o(o)177 141 y(scripts)g(then)g(co)q(op)q (erated)g(to)f(transfer)h(the)f(\014les)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted)f(and)g (prin)o(t)f(them.)177 215 y(In)e(addition)f(to)h(its)g(usual)f(do)q(cumen)o (tation)g(p)q(o)o(w)o(ers,)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(assisted)i(in)e(the)i (creation)f(of)g(this)g(system)f(in)177 265 y(t)o(w)o(o)i(sp)q(ecial)g(w)o(a) o(ys.)17 b(First,)c(it)e(allo)o(w)o(ed)g(pieces)i(of)f(co)q(de)h(from)d(the)j (t)o(w)o(o)e(di\013eren)o(t)j(command)9 b(pro)q(cedures)14 b(to)e(b)q(e)177 315 y(partially)g(in)o(terw)o(o)o(v)o(en)h(in)g(a)g (description)h(of)f(their)g(in)o(teraction.)18 b(This)13 b(is)h(just)f(not)g (p)q(ossible)h(with)f(commen)o(ts.)177 364 y(Second,)19 b(it)e(facilitated)g (the)h(use)h(of)e(shared)i(information.)26 b(F)m(or)17 b(example,)g(under)i (some)d(conditions,)i(eac)o(h)177 414 y(\014le)d(to)f(b)q(e)h(prin)o(ted)g(w) o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(renamed)f(and)h(copied)f(to)h(the)g(remote)f(system)g(using) h(a)f(particular)g(constan)o(t)177 464 y(\014lename)h(\(e.g.)g(\\)p Fl(printfile.tmp)p Fr("\).)20 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)15 b(allo)o(w)o(ed)g(this)g (constan)o(t)i(\014lename)d(to)i(b)q(e)g(included)g(in)f(a)177 514 y(single)i(macro)e(de\014nition)i(whic)o(h)g(w)o(as)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f (in)g(the)i(de\014nition)e(of)h(eac)o(h)g(of)f(the)i(scripts.)28 b(This)17 b(ensured)177 564 y(that)d(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(scripts)i(used)g(the)f (same)f(name.)177 677 y Fl(@A)22 b(The)f(following)f(macro)g(contains)h(the)g (temporary)f(file)h(name)g(used)g(to)g(allow)g(the)177 726 y(two)g(shellscripts)f(to)h(transfer)f(each)h(file)g(to)g(be)h(printed.)177 826 y(@$@@M=)o(=@{pr)o(intme)o(.txt@)o(})177 926 y(@A)g(Here)f(are)g(the)g(scripts)f(for)h(the)h(local)e(VMS)h(node)g(and)h (the)f(remote)f(UNIX)h(node.)177 1025 y(@O@==@{)o(@-)177 1075 y(DCL)g(commands)177 1125 y(copy)g(@)e (unixnode::)177 1175 y(DCL)i(commands)177 1225 y(@})177 1324 y(@O@==)o(@{@-)177 1374 y(unix)g(commands)177 1424 y(print)g(@)177 1474 y(unix)g(commands)177 1523 y(@})177 1636 y Fr(In)13 b(the)h(case)g(of)e(the)i(prin)o(ting)e (system,)h(the)h(en)o(tire)f(system)g(w)o(as)g(describ)q(ed)i(and)e (de\014ned)h(in)f(a)f(single)h(F)m(unnel-)177 1686 y(W)m(eb)h Fl(.fw)g Fr(\014le.)19 b(In)c(larger)f(systems)g(con)o(taining)g(man)o(y)e(F) m(unnelW)m(eb)i Fl(.fw)f Fr(\014les)i(for)f(man)o(y)f(di\013eren)o(t)i(mo)q (dules)177 1736 y(in)e(man)o(y)e(di\013eren)o(t)i(languages,)g(the)g(same)f (tric)o(k)h(can)g(b)q(e)h(pulled)e(b)o(y)h(placing)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(macro) g(de\014nitions)177 1786 y(for)g(shared)h(v)n(alues)e(in)o(to)h(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)f(include)h(\014les.)18 b(F)m(or)11 b(example,)g(a)h(suite)g(of)f (implemen)o(tations)e(of)j(net)o(w)o(ork)177 1836 y(no)q(des,)18 b(with)f(eac)o(h)h(implem)o(en)o(tation)c(b)q(eing)j(in)g(a)g(di\013eren)o(t) h(programmi)o(ng)c(language)i(for)h(a)g(di\013eren)o(t)h(tar-)177 1885 y(get)d(mac)o(hine,)e(could)i(all)e(share)i(a)g(table)f(of)g (con\014guration)h(constan)o(ts)g(de\014ned)h(in)e(macros)g(in)g(a)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)177 1935 y(include)g(\014le.)177 2009 y(In)h(summary)m(,)c(F)m (unnelW)m(eb's)k(macro)e(and)i(include)g(\014le)f(mec)o(hanisms)f(pro)o(vide) 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b(supp)q(ort)h(lo)q(cal)e(pro)q(cedures)j(that)e(can)g(access)i(non-lo)q(cal) d(v)n(ariables)g(\(suc)o(h)i(as)e(P)o(ascal\).)28 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17 b(in)177 914 y(our)12 b(example)f(here,)i(in)e(the)i(C)f(programmi)o(ng)d (language,)i(these)i(options)f(are)g(not)g(a)o(v)n(ailable,)e(and)i(so)g(w)o (e)g(m)o(ust)177 964 y(either)i(create)h(a)d(function)h(with)g(\014v)o(e)g (parameters,)g(or)g(use)h(the)f(C)g(macro)f(prepro)q(cessor)k(\(the)e(b)q (est)g(solution\).)177 1013 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(pro)o(vides)g(the)h(same)f (macro)f(facilit)o(y)f(for)i(languages)g(that)g(do)g(not)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(a)g (built-in)f(prepro)q(cessor.)177 1082 y(In)j(particularly)g(sp)q(eed-stresse) q(d)j(applications,)c(the)i(programmer)d(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)j(reluctan)o(t)g(to)f (remo)o(v)o(e)g(co)q(de)h(to)f(a)177 1131 y(pro)q(cedure)j(b)q(ecause)g(of)d (the)h(pro)q(cedure-call)h(o)o(v)o(erhead.)k(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)13 b(macros)g(can)h(help)g(there)h(to)q(o.)177 1200 y(In)e(summary)m(,)d(there)k 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1725 y(eliminate)f(the)i(\\)p Fl(REM)p Fr(")e(statemen)o(ts)h(\(commen)o (ts\))f(from)g(their)i(BASIC)g(programs)e(so)h(as)h(to)f(sa)o(v)o(e)h(space)g (and)177 1775 y(increase)e(execution)g(sp)q(eed.)19 b(Whilst)13 b(this)g(w)o(as)g(ob)o(viously)e(an)i(appalling)e(programming)f(practice,)j (the)h(small)177 1825 y(memories)e(and)i(slo)o(w)f(micropro)q(cessors)i (often)f(made)e(this)i(tempting,)e(if)h(not)h(necessary)m(.)177 1893 y(Thankfully)m(,)9 b(times)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(c)o(hanged)h(since)f(then,)h (and)f(most)f(co)q(de)i(is)f(no)o(w)f(compiled)g(rather)i(than)f(in)o (terpreted.)177 1943 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19 b(from)e(time)f(to)i(time)f(one)h (still)f(runs)i(in)o(to)f(an)f(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g(or)h(situation,)g(or)h(sp) q(ecial-purp)q(ose)177 1993 y(language,)i(where)h(commen)o(ts)d(are)i(either) g(una)o(v)n(ailable)e(\(no)h(commen)o(t)f(feature\))i(or)g(undesirable.)39 b(Here)177 2043 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)12 b(can)h(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)g(fully)e(do)q 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b(written)g(mac)o(hine)f(co)q (de)h(in)g(hex)g(dump)f(form)f(could)i(b)q(e)g(commen)o(ted.)239 2642 y Fq(\017)21 b Fr(A)16 b(programmer)d(ma)o(y)g(wish)j(to)f(annotate)g(a) h(text)g(data)f(\014le)g(con)o(taining)g(lists)g(of)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)g (that)h(is)f(to)281 2691 y(b)q(e)e(fed)f(in)o(to)g(a)f(statistical)h(program) f(that)h(do)q(es)h(not)f(pro)o(vide)g(an)o(y)g(commen)o(t)e(facilit)o(y)g (for)i(its)g(input)g(\014le.)177 2785 y(In)g(all)f(these)i(situations,)e(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)h(allo)o(ws)e(full)h(in)o(tegrated)h(do)q(cumen)o(tation)e (without)i(an)o(y)f(impact)g(on)g(the)177 2835 y(\014nal)i(co)q(de.)1042 2940 y(57)p eop %%Page: 58 59 58 58 bop 177 42 a Fd(2.13.6)55 b(Do)r(cumen)n(ts)17 b(That)i(Share)g(T)-5 b(ext)177 144 y Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)13 b(is)g(v)o(ery)h(useful)g(when)g (preparing)f(m)o(ultiple)f(do)q(cumen)o(ts)h(that)h(m)o(ust)e(share)i(large)f (slabs)h(of)f(iden-)177 194 y(tical)g(text)i(that)f(are)g(b)q(eing)g(constan) o(tly)g(mo)q(di\014ed.)177 270 y(F)m(or)g(example)e(someone)h(preparing)h(t)o (w)o(o)g(sligh)o(tly)e(di\013eren)o(t)j(user)g(man)o(uals)d(for)h(t)o(w)o(o)g (sligh)o(tly)g(di\013eren)o(t)i(audi-)177 319 y(ences)h(migh)o(t)c(w)o(an)o (t)h(the)h(man)o(uals)e(to)i(share)h(large)e(slabs)h(of)f(text,)h(while)g (still)f(allo)o(wing)e(di\013erences)16 b(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)177 369 y(them.)i(The)d(follo)o(wing)c(example)i(sho)o(ws)h(ho)o(w)g(this)g(can)h (b)q(e)f(done.)20 b(The)14 b(co)q(de)h(is)f(cluttered,)h(but)g(this)f (clutter)177 419 y(w)o(ould)f(not)h(b)q(e)h(a)e(problem)g(if)g(the)h(lumps)f (of)g(text)h(w)o(ere)h(mo)q(derately)e(large.)177 537 y Fl (@O@=)o(=@{@<)o(M1@>@)o(+@})177 587 y(@O@=)o (=@{@<)o(M2@>@)o(+@})177 687 y(@$@+=@{@)o(@})177 736 y(@$@+=@{@)o(@})177 786 y(@$@@M==@{Firs)o(t)19 b(lump)i(of)g(text)g(shared)g(by)g(both)g(documents.@+@})177 886 y(@$@+=@{Text)e(for)i(first)g(document@+@})177 936 y(@$@+=@{Text)e(for)i(second)f(document@+@})177 1035 y (@$@+=@{@)o(@})177 1085 y(@$@+=@{@)o(@})177 1135 y(@$@@M==@{Seco)o(nd)f(lump)i(of)g(text)g(shared)g(by)g(both)g (documents.@+@})177 1253 y Fr(An)16 b(alternativ)o(e)g(approac)o(h,)f(whic)o (h)h(migh)o(t)e(w)o(ork)h(b)q(etter)i(in)f(situations)f(where)i(there)g(are)f (man)o(y)e(small)g(dif-)177 1303 y(ferences)k(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(the)f(t)o(w) o(o)f(do)q(cumen)o(ts)h(rather)g(than)g(a)f(few)h(large)f(ones,)i(is)e(to)h (de\014ne)g(a)g(macro)e(with)h(t)o(w)o(o)177 1353 y(argumen)o(ts,)c(one)h (for)f(eac)o(h)h(pro)q(duct)g(\014le)g(do)q(cumen)o(t.)17 b(W)m(rite)11 b(the)h(do)q(cumen)o(t)f(from)f(top)h(to)h(b)q(ottom,)e(but)i(place)177 1403 y(all)h(stretc)o(hes)j(that)e(di\013er)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(the)e(t)o(w) o(o)g(do)q(cumen)o(ts)f(in)h(a)f(macro)g(call.)177 1521 y Fl(@!)22 b(Set)f(the)g(definition)f(of)h(@#D)g(to)177 1571 y(@!)87 b(@1)21 b(to)h(create)e(the)h(shareholders)f(report.)177 1621 y(@!)87 b(@2)21 b(to)h(create)e(the)h(customers)f(report.)177 1670 y(@$@#D@\(@2@\)@M==@{@)o(1@})177 1770 y(@O@==)o(@{@-)177 1820 y(1992)h(ANNUAL)g(REPORT)f(TO)i(@#D@\(Shareholder)o(s@,C)o(ustom)o (ers@\))177 1870 y(==================)o(====@)o(#D@\(=)o(=====)o(=====)o (=@,=)o(=====)o(===@\))177 1919 y(This)f(has)g(been)g(a)h(very)f(good)g(year) g(for)g(The)g(Very)g(Big)g(Corporation)f(of)h(America.)177 1969 y(With)g(your)g(help,)g(we)g(have)g(been)g(able)g(to)h(successfully)177 2019 y(@#D@\(@"screw)d(the)j(customers)e(for)h(every)g(cent)f(they)h (have@"@,)286 2069 y(@"knock)f(the)i(shareholders)d(into)i(submission)f(to)h (bring)g(you)g(lower)g(prices@"@\).)177 2119 y(With)g(gross)g(earnings)f (approaching)g(six)h(trillion)f(dollars,)g(we)h(have)g(been)g(able)g(to)177 2168 y(@#D@\(@"increase)e(dividends@"@,)286 2218 y(@"lower)h(prices@"@\).)177 2268 y(We)i(expect)e(to)h(have)g(an)h(even)f(better)f(year)h(next)g(year.)177 2318 y(@})177 2436 y Fr(One)c(application)f(where)h(text)g(sharing)g(can)f(b) q(e)i(particularly)d(useful)i(is)f(in)g(the)i(preparation)e(of)g(computer)177 2486 y(do)q(cumen)o(tation)10 b(con)o(taining)g(examples.)17 b(F)m(or)11 b(example,)f(a)h(b)q(o)q(ok)g(describing)g(a)g(new)h(programming) c(language)177 2536 y(migh)o(t)j(b)q(e)j(full)d(of)i(examples)f(of)g(small)f (programs)h(written)h(in)g(the)h(language)e(whic)o(h)h(the)g(user)h(migh)o(t) d(w)o(an)o(t)i(to)177 2586 y(try)g(without)g(ha)o(ving)f(to)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g (them)f(all)g(in.)17 b(The)d(\\default")e(approac)o(h)h(of)f(k)o(eeping)h(a)g (cop)o(y)g(of)f(the)i(examples)177 2635 y(in)f(the)h(text)g(of)e(the)i(b)q(o) q(ok)f(and)g(another)h(cop)o(y)f(in)g(separate)h(\014les)g(is)f(cum)o(b)q (ersome)f(and)h(error)i(prone,)e(b)q(ecause)177 2685 y(b)q(oth)h(\014les)g (ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(up)q(dated)h(whenev)o(er)g(an)e(example)g(is)h(c)o (hanged.)k(A)c(more)f(sophisticated)h(approac)o(h)g(is)177 2735 y(to)d(store)g(eac)o(h)g(example)e(in)i(a)f(separate)i(\014le,)e(and)h (then)g(use)g(the)h(\\include)e(\014le")g(facilit)o(y)f(of)h(the)h(w)o(ord)g (pro)q(cessor)177 2785 y(to)k(include)g(eac)o(h)h(example)e(in)h(the)g(text.) 23 b(This)15 b(is)g(a)g(b)q(etter)h(solution,)e(but)i(su\013ers)h(from)c(a)i (few)g(dra)o(wbac)o(ks.)177 2835 y(First,)i(when)f(editing)g(the)h(b)q(o)q (ok)f(in)g(a)f(w)o(ord)h(pro)q(cessor,)j(the)d(examples)g(in)f(the)i(b)q(o)q (ok)f(will)f(not)h(b)q(e)g(directly)1042 2940 y(58)p eop %%Page: 59 60 59 59 bop 177 42 a Fr(accessible)19 b(or)f(visible.)29 b(T)m(o)17 b(see)i(an)e(example,)g(the)h(writer)g(w)o(ould)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f(op)q(en)i (the)f(\014le)g(con)o(taining)e(the)177 91 y(example)11 b(in)g(a)h(separate)h (windo)o(w.)k(This)12 b(could)f(b)q(ecome)h(tedious)g(if)g(the)g(text)h(con)o (tained)f(man)o(y)e(examples,)h(as)177 141 y(man)o(y)h(texts)j(do.)i(F)m (urthermore,)c(there)i(is)f(a)f(risk)h(that)f(some)g(example)f(\014les)i (will)f(b)q(e)h(included)g(in)f(the)h(wrong)177 191 y(place.)k(Second,)12 b(b)q(ecause)i(the)e(b)q(o)q(ok)g(is)f(dep)q(enden)o(t)j(on)d(the)i(included) 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y(Because)h(generic)g(facilities)d(are)h(so)h(closely)f(aligned)f(with)h (text)h(substitution,)f(it)g(is)g(p)q(ossible)h(to)f(use)h(F)m(unnel-)177 2343 y(W)m(eb's)i(parameterized)g(macros)g(to)g(pro)o(vide)g(generics)h(in)f (programmi)o(ng)d(languages)j(that)g(do)g(not)g(supp)q(ort)177 2392 y(generics.)27 b(Simply)14 b(write)j(a)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(macro)h (whose)h(parameters)f(are)h(the)g(parameters)f(of)g(the)h(generic)177 2442 y(and)d(whose)g(b)q(o)q(dy)g(is)g(the)h(generic)f(ob)r(ject.)177 2518 y(The)i(follo)o(wing)d(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)j(\014le)f(giv)o(es)h(an)f (example)g(of)g(a)g(fully)g(w)o(ork)o(ed)g(V)m(ax)g(P)o(ascal)h(generic)h (set)f(pac)o(k)n(age)177 2567 y(implemen)o(ted)d(using)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f (parameterized)h(macros.)21 b(The)15 b(pac)o(k)n(age)g(w)o(as)g(written)g(b)o (y)g(Barry)h(Dwy)o(er)177 2617 y(of)c(the)i(Computer)d(Science)k(Departmen)o (t)d(of)g(the)h(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)g(of)f(Adelaide)g(in)h(1987)e(and)i(w)o(as)f (emailed)f(to)i(me)177 2667 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y(begin)f(if)i(Result)e(then)h(if)h(not)f (Is@1InSet)f(\(i,)h(S1\))g(then)g(Result)g(:=)g(false;)f(end;)177 2034 y(begin)h(Result)f(:=)i(true;)177 2084 y(ForEach@1)e(\(S2,)h (TestIfInS1\);)177 2134 y(Includes@2)f(:=)h(Result)g(end;)177 2233 y(function)f(Disjoint@2s)g(\(S1,)h(S2:)g(@2\):)g(boolean;)177 2283 y(var)g(Result:)g(boolean;)243 2333 y(procedure)e(TestIfInS1)h(\(i:)h (@1\);)243 2383 y(begin)f(if)i(Result)e(then)h(if)h(Is@1InSet)e(\(i,)h(S1\))g (then)g(Result)f(:=)i(false;)e(end;)177 2433 y(begin)h(Result)f(:=)i(true;) 177 2482 y(ForEach@1)e(\(S2,)h(TestIfInS1\);)177 2532 y(Disjoint@2s)f(:=)h (Result)g(end;)177 2632 y(function)f(Equal@2)h(\(S1,)g(S2:)g(@2\):)g (boolean;)177 2682 y(begin)177 2731 y(Equal@2)g(:=)g(Includes@2)f(\(S1,)h (S2\))g(and)g(Includes@2)f(\(S2,)h(S1\);)177 2781 y(end;)1042 2940 y Fr(60)p eop %%Page: 61 62 61 61 bop 177 42 a Fl(procedure)20 b(Insert@1)g(\(i:)h(@1;)h(var)f(S:)g (@2\);)177 91 y(var)65 b(This,)21 b(Pred,)f(Succ:)h(@2;)177 141 y(begin)177 191 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y(during)j(an)h(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)e(of)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)19 b(In)c(other)g(systems,)f(this)h(\014le)g(is)f(sometimes)f(called)h(a)295 2649 y(\\log)f(\014le".)295 2718 y Fo(Pro)q(duct)19 b(\014le:)24 b Fr(An)18 b(output)g(\014le,)g(generated)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(T)m(angle)f(comp)q (onen)o(t)g(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)295 2767 y(that)d(con)o(tains)g(the)h (expansion)e(of)h(the)g(macros)f(in)h(the)g(input)g(\014le.)1368 2752 y Fg(1)p 177 2796 709 2 v 223 2823 a Ff(1)241 2835 y Fh(Other)d(names)f (considered)e(for)j(this)g(w)o(ere:)k(generated)9 b(\014le,)i(expanded)d (\014le,)j(result)f(\014le,)h(program)e(\014le,)i(and)f(tangle)g(\014le.)1042 2940 y Fr(63)p eop %%Page: 64 65 64 64 bop 177 42 a Fr(A)14 b(complete)f(list)g(of)g(all)f(the)j(sp)q(ecial)f (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(terminology)e(app)q(ears)k(in)e(the)h(glossary)m(.)j(Be)e (sure)f(to)g(refer)177 91 y(to)g(it)f(if)g(an)o(y)h(of)f(the)i(terms)e(used)i (are)f(unclear.)177 250 y Fi(3.4)70 b(An)23 b(Arc)n(hitectural)d(Ov)n(erview) 177 363 y Fr(An)e(understanding)f(of)g(the)h(in)o(ternals)f(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)f(assists)j(with)d(understanding)i(its)f(op)q(eration)h(\()p Fo(Fig-)177 413 y(ure)d(3)p Fr(\).)177 485 y(During)h(a)h(single)g(run,)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(reads)h(and)e(pro)q(cesses)k(a)d(single)f(input)h(\014le)g (called)g(the)g Fo(input)g(\014le)f Fr(or)177 535 y(the)e Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb) f(\014le)p Fr(.)k(The)d(\014le)g(is)f(pro)q(cessed)j(b)o(y)d(passing)h(it)f (through)h(a)f(series)i(of)e(stages)h(called)g Fo(phases)p Fr(.)177 585 y(The)19 b(result)f(is)g(that)g(some)g Fo(output)g(\014les)e Fr(are)j(generated.)32 b(A)18 b Fo(journal)g(\014le)f Fr(is)h(generated)h (con)o(taining)e(a)177 635 y(cop)o(y)h(of)g(the)g(messages)g(that)h(app)q (ear)f(on)g(the)h(console)f(during)g(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(run.)31 b(A)18 b Fo(listing)f(\014le)g Fr(is)177 685 y(created)d(con)o(taining)e(a)h (summary)d(of)i(the)i(run,)f(including)e(an)o(y)i(error)g(messages.)18 b(A)13 b Fo(do)q(cumen)o(tation)c Fr(\014le)k(is)177 734 y(generated)j(con)o (taining)d(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j(commands)c(that)j(when)f(fed)h(in)o(to)e(a)h(t) o(yp)q(esetter)j(program)12 b(will)h(result)i(in)177 784 y(prin)o(ted)f(do)q (cumen)o(tation.)i(Finally)m(,)11 b(one)j(or)f(more)f Fo(pro)q(duct)h (\014les)f Fr(are)i(generated)g(con)o(taining)f(the)g(result)h(of)177 834 y(unscram)o(bling)e(the)j(macro)d(de\014nitions)i(of)g(the)g(input)g (\014le.)177 906 y(These)h(\014les)g(need)g(not)f(all)f(b)q(e)h(generated)i (on)d(an)o(y)h(particular)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(run.)19 b(Whether)c(eac)o(h)g (output)f(\014le)177 956 y(app)q(ears)h(is)f(con)o(trolled)f(b)o(y)h(command) d(line)i(options.)373 1103 y Fl(.fw)21 b(Input)g(File)g(\(FunnelWeb)f(file\)) 635 1153 y(V)526 1202 y(+---------+)390 b(\\)526 1252 y(|)21 b(Scanner)g(|)392 b(|)526 1302 y(+---------+)e(|)635 1352 y(V)501 b(|)526 1402 y(+--------+)412 b(|)526 1451 y(|)21 b(Parser)g(|)414 b(|)526 1501 y(+--------+)e(|)635 1551 y(V)501 b(|)526 1601 y(+----------+)368 b(>-------+--------)o(----+)526 1651 y(|)21 b(Analyser)g(|)370 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)526 1701 y(+----------+)368 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)635 1750 y(V)501 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)373 1800 y(+-----------+------)o(-----)o(-+)215 b(|)152 b(V)262 b(V)373 1850 y(V)523 b(V)218 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)286 1900 y(+--------+)325 b(+-------+)129 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)286 1950 y(|)22 b(Tangle)e(|)327 b(|)22 b(Weave)e(|)131 b(|)152 b(|)262 b(|)286 1999 y(+--------+)325 b(+-------+)129 b(/)152 b(|)262 b(|)373 2049 y(|)523 b(|)392 b(|)262 b(|)373 2099 y(V)523 b(V)392 b(V)262 b(V)243 2149 y(Product)20 b(Files)195 b(Documentation)19 b(File)86 b(Listing)21 b(File)43 b(Journal)20 b(File)343 2290 y Fh(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)9 b(pro)q(cesses)g(eac)o(h) g(input)g(\014le)h(in)h(a)f(sequence)e(of)j(phases.)i(If)e(an)f(error)f(o)q (ccurs)g(during)g(a)i(phase,)e(no)281 2340 y(subsequen)o(t)g(phases)h(are)h (executed.)673 2431 y Fo(Figure)j(3)p Fr(:)k(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)13 b(pro)q(cessing)i(phases.)177 2541 y(The)f(phases)h(are)g(brie\015y)f (describ)q(ed)i(b)q(elo)o(w.)295 2613 y Fo(The)e(Scanner)c Fr(reads)j(the)g(input)f(\014le,)g(expands)h(and)f(reads)h(in)e(include)i (\014les,)f(scans)h(the)g(input)295 2663 y(stream,)k(pro)q(cesses)i(pragmas)d (and)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j(directiv)o(es,)f(and)f(parses)h(all)e(the)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)295 2713 y(sp)q(ecial)d(sequences.)21 b(The)14 b(result)h(is)f(a)f(list)h(of)f(tok)o(ens)h(that)g(is)g(handed)g(to)g(the)h (parser.)295 2785 y Fo(The)k(P)o(arser)d Fr(reads)i(the)g(scanner's)g(tok)o (en)f(list)g(and)g(parses)h(it,)f(constructing)h(a)f(do)q(cumen)o(t)295 2835 y(list)d(and)f(a)h(macro)f(table.)18 b(whic)o(h)13 b(are)i(passed)g(to)e (later)h(phases.)1042 2940 y(64)p eop %%Page: 65 66 65 65 bop 295 42 a Fo(The)20 b(Analyser)c Fr(examines)g(the)i(macro)e(table)i (generated)g(b)o(y)f(the)h(parser)h(and)e(p)q(erforms)g(a)295 91 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)12 b(of)f(c)o(hec)o(ks)j(of)d(the)i(macro)e(structures)k (that)d(the)h(parser)g(could)f(not)g(mak)o(e)f(on)h(its)g(single)295 141 y(pass.)17 b(F)m(or)10 b(example,)f(the)h(analyser)g(detects)i(and)e (\015ags)g(un)o(used)h(macros)e(and)h(recursiv)o(e)h(macros.)295 191 y(The)k(analyser)f(forms)e(the)j(\014nal)e(stage)h(of)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb's)h(fron)o(t-end)g(pro)q(cessing.)295 260 y Fo(T)l(angle)g Fr(expands)g(certain)h(macros)f(in)g(the)h(macro)e(table)h(to)g(generate)i (one)e(or)g(more)g(pro)q(duct)295 309 y(\014les.)295 378 y Fo(W)l(ea)o(v)o(e)g Fr(uses)h(the)g(do)q(cumen)o(t)e(list)g(to)h(generate)h (a)f(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(\014le.)177 447 y(A)i(single)g(run)h(through)f (these)i(phases)f(constitutes)h(a)e(single)g(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)e(of)i Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)g(prop)q(er)p Fr(.)20 b(Most)177 496 y(in)o(v)o(o)q (cations)d(of)h(the)h Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)f(program)e Fr(will)h(consist)i (only)e(of)g(a)h(single)g(execution)h(of)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)177 546 y(prop)q(er.)h(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)12 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(also)g(pro)o (vides)g(a)g(command)e(shell)i(that)g(pro)o(vides)h(man)o(y)d(useful)j (commands,)177 596 y(including)j(a)g(command)f(to)h(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(prop)q(er.)25 b(Discussion)16 b(of)f(the)i(command)c(shell)i (is)h(deferred)177 646 y(un)o(til)d(Section)h(3.15.)177 799 y Fi(3.5)70 b(Diagnostics)177 909 y Fr(During)16 b(execution,)h(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)f(pro)q(ceeds)j(cautiously)d(with)g(eac)o(h)h(of)f(its)g(phases,)i(only)e (pro)q(ceeding)h(with)177 959 y(the)i(next)g(phase)f(if)g(the)g(previous)h (phase)g(has)f(b)q(een)h(successful.)33 b(This)18 b(means)f(that,)i(when)f (debugging)g(a)177 1009 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(\014le,)h(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)e (\014nd)j(that)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(errors)i Fm(incr)n(e)n(ases)e Fr(after)h(y)o(ou)f(\014x)g(some)g(of)g(them,)g(as)177 1059 y(y)o(ou)f(will)e(b)q(e)i(exp)q(osing)g(y)o(ourself)g(to)g(the)g(next)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)e(phase.)177 1127 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(emplo)o(ys)g(\014v)o(e)h (lev)o(els)g(of)f(diagnostics)h(at)f(di\013eren)o(t)i(lev)o(els)f(of)f(sev)o (erit)o(y)m(.)24 b(Sev)o(erit)o(y)17 b(is)e(de\014ned)i(in)177 1177 y(terms)d(of)f(the)i(lev)o(el)e(of)g(activit)o(y)g(at)h(whic)o(h)g(the)g (diagnostic)g(causes)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(to)h(ab)q(ort.)295 1246 y Fo(W)l(arning:)i Fr(A)c(w)o(arning)f(do)q(es)h(not)g(cause)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)e(to)g(terminate)g(or)h(curtail)f(its)h(op)q(eration)295 1295 y(in)h(an)o(y)f(w)o(a)o(y)m(,)f(but)i(serv)o(es)h(merely)e(to)h(w)o(arn) f(the)i(user)g(of)e(particular)g(conditions)h(that)f(migh)o(t)f(b)q(e)295 1345 y(symptomatic)g(of)j(deep)q(er)h(problems.)295 1414 y Fo(Error:)k Fr(An)c(error)h(causes)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(to)h(terminate)f(pro)q (cessing)h(of)f(the)h(curren)o(t)h(input)f(\014le)295 1464 y(at)d(the)g(end)g(of)f(the)h(curren)o(t)h(phase.)18 b(F)m(or)11 b(example,)g(if)f(an)i(error)g(o)q(ccurs)h(during)f(scanning,)f(F)m(un-)295 1514 y(nelW)m(eb)k(will)f(con)o(tin)o(ue)i(scanning)f(\(and)g(p)q(ossibly)g (generate)i(further)f(scanning)f(diagnostics\),)295 1563 y(but)f(will)f(not)h (in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)f(the)h(parser.)295 1632 y Fo(Sev)o(ere)h(Error:)k Fr(A)c(sev)o(ere)h(error)f(\(or)f(\\sev)o(ere")i(for)e(short\))h(is)f(the)h (same)e(as)i(an)f(error)h(except)295 1682 y(that)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (terminates)f(the)i(curren)o(t)g(phase)g(imm)o(ediately)m(.)295 1750 y Fo(F)l(atal)d(Error:)k Fr(A)11 b(fatal)e(error)j(causes)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)e(not)h(only)f(to)g(terminate)h(the)g(curren)o(t)h(phase)295 1800 y(and)h(run)g(imm)o(ediately)m(,)c(but)k(also)f(to)g(terminate)g(total)g (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(pro)q(cessing)i(immediately)l(.)295 1850 y(A)g(sev)o(ere)i(error)f(will)d(not)i(cause)h(a)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(script)i (to)f(terminate,)f(but)h(a)f(fatal)g(error)i(will.)295 1900 y(A)f(fatal)f(error)i(causes)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(to)h(return)h(con)o(trol)f (to)g(the)g(op)q(erating)g(system.)295 1969 y Fo(Assertion)e(Error:)17 b Fr(An)c(assertion)g(error)h(o)q(ccurs)g(if)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(detects)i (an)f(in)o(ternal)f(incon-)295 2018 y(sistency)m(,)h(in)f(whic)o(h)g(case)h (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(terminates)h(immediately)d(and)j(ungracefully)m(.)k(Suc)o (h)d(an)295 2068 y(error)j(can)g(o)q(ccur)g(only)e(if)h(there)h(are)g(bugs)f (in)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)22 b(With)14 b(luc)o(k,)h(suc)o(h)h(errors)g(will)e(b) q(e)295 2118 y(extremely)g(rare.)177 2187 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)c(indicates)g (the)h(lev)o(el)e(of)h(sev)o(erit)o(y)h(of)e(eac)o(h)i(diagnostic)e(that)h (it)g(issues)h(b)o(y)f(starting)g(eac)o(h)g(diagnostic)177 2236 y(either)h(with)f(the)h(full)e(name)g(of)h(the)h(sev)o(erit)o(y)f(lev)o (el)g(or)h(with)f(just)g(the)h(\014rst)g(letter)g(of)f(the)h(sev)o(erit)o(y)f (lev)o(el)g(follo)o(w)o(ed)177 2286 y(b)o(y)k(a)f(colon.)177 2355 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(con)o(v)o(eys)h(the)f(presence)j(or)d(absence)i(of)d (diagnostics)h(at)g(the)h(op)q(erating)f(system)g(lev)o(el)g(b)o(y)g(return-) 177 2405 y(ing)g Fl(EXIT)p 336 2405 14 2 v 15 w(SUCCESS)f Fr(status)i(if)f (no)g(diagnostics)g(o)q(ccurred)i(during)f(the)g(run)f(and)h Fl(EXIT)p 1552 2405 V 15 w(FAILURE)e Fr(status)i(if)f(one)177 2454 y(or)i(more)f(diagnostics)h(\(including)f(w)o(arnings\))g(o)q(ccurred)j (during)d(the)i(run.)1378 2439 y Fg(2)177 2608 y Fi(3.6)70 b(T)n(yp)r(esetter)21 b(Indep)r(endence)177 2718 y Fr(One)16 b(of)f(the)g(design)h(goals)e(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(w)o(as)g(to)g(pro)o (vide)g(a)g Fm(tar)n(get-language)g Fr(indep)q(enden)o(t)i(literate)e(pro-) 177 2768 y(gramming)9 b(system.)18 b(This)12 b(goal)g(has)h(b)q(een)h(ac)o (hiev)o(ed)f(simply)e(b)o(y)i(treating)f(the)i(text)f(written)h(to)e(the)i (pro)q(duct)p 177 2796 709 2 v 223 2823 a Ff(2)241 2835 y Fh(F)m(rom)c(the)h (sym)o(b)q(ols)f(of)h(the)g(ANSI)h(standard)d(C)j(library)e Fe(stdlib.h)p Fh(.)i(See)f Fb([Kernighan88])p Fh(,)g(p.252.)1042 2940 y Fr(65)p eop %%Page: 66 67 66 66 bop 177 42 a Fr(\014le)15 b(as)g(homogeneous)f(and)h(t)o(yp)q(esetting) h(it)f(in)g Fl(tt)21 b(font)p Fr(.)g(A)15 b(secondary)h(goal)e(w)o(as)h(to)g (pro)o(vide)g(a)f Fm(typ)n(esetter)177 91 y Fr(indep)q(enden)o(t)i(literate)f (programming)d(system.)21 b(By)15 b(this)g(is)f(mean)o(t)g(that)h(it)f(b)q(e) i(p)q(ossible)f(to)g(create)h(F)m(unnel-)177 141 y(W)m(eb)d(input)g(\014les)h (that)f(do)g(not)h(con)o(tain)e(t)o(yp)q(esetter-sp)q(e)q(ci\014c)k (commands.)g(T)m(o)c(a)h(lesser)i(exten)o(t)f(this)g(goal)e(has)177 191 y(also)h(b)q(een)i(ac)o(hiev)o(ed.)177 272 y(The)h(di\016cult)o(y)f(with) h(pro)o(viding)f(t)o(yp)q(esetter-indep)q(enden)o(t)k(t)o(yp)q(esetting)e(is) f(that)f(eac)o(h)i(desired)g(t)o(yp)q(esetting)177 322 y(feature)d(m)o(ust)e (b)q(e)h(recreated)j(in)c(a)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter-indep)q(enden)o(t)j(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)d(t)o(yp)q(esetting)h(construct)g(that)f(F)m(un-)177 372 y(nelW)m(eb)f(can)f(translate)i(in)o(to)e(whatev)o(er)h(t)o(yp)q (esetting)h(language)d(is)i(b)q(eing)g(targeted)g(b)o(y)g(W)m(ea)o(v)o(e.)k (T)m(ak)o(en)c(to)f(the)177 422 y(extreme,)j(this)g(w)o(ould)g(result)h(in)e (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(pro)o(viding)f(the)i(full)e(syn)o(tactic)i(and)f(seman)o (tic)f(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)h(of)g(T)1883 431 y(E)1906 422 y(X,)177 472 y(but)k(with)e(a)h(more)f(generic,)j(F)m(unnelW)m(eb-sp)q(eci\014c)f(syn) o(tax.)27 b(This)17 b(w)o(as)g(unfeasible)g(in)g(the)h(time)d(a)o(v)n (ailable,)177 521 y(and)f(undesirable)g(as)g(w)o(ell.)177 603 y(The)22 b(compromise)e(struc)o(k)i(in)g(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(design)h(is) f(to)h(pro)o(vide)f(a)h(set)g(of)f(primitiv)o(e)f(t)o(yp)q(esetter-)177 653 y(indep)q(enden)o(t)15 b(t)o(yp)q(esetting)f(features)h(that)f(are)g (implem)o(en)o(ted)e(b)o(y)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)k(These)e(are)f(the)g Fo(t)o(yp)q(esetter)177 702 y(directiv)o(es)p Fr(.)32 b(If)20 b(the)g(user)h(is)e(prepared)i(to)f(restrict)h(to)e(these)i(directiv)o(es,)h (then)e(the)h(user's)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)177 752 y(do)q(cumen)o(t)c(will)f(b)q (e)h(b)q(oth)h(target-language)e(and)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j(indep)q(enden)o(t.) 26 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)17 b(if)e(the)i(user)g(wishes)177 802 y(to)f(use)h(the)f(more)f(sophisticated)i(features)g(of)e(the)i(target)f(t)o (yp)q(esetting)h(system,)f(the)g(user)h(can)g(sp)q(ecify)f(the)177 852 y(t)o(yp)q(esetter)g(in)d(a)h(\\)p Fl(typesetter)p Fr(")d(pragma)h(and)h (then)i(place)e(t)o(yp)q(esetter)k(commands)11 b(in)i(the)h(free)h(text)f(of) f(the)177 902 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(do)q(cumen)o(t)g(where)i(they)f(will)e(b)q (e)i(passed)g(v)o(erbatim)e(to)h(the)h(do)q(cumen)o(tation)f(\014le.)22 b(The)16 b(c)o(hoice)177 952 y(of)d(the)i(trade-o\013)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(t) o(yp)q(esetter)g(indep)q(endence)g(and)e(t)o(yp)q(esetting)g(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)h (is)e(left)h(to)g(the)g(user.)177 1033 y(This)g(said,)f(exp)q(erience)k(with) c(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(V1)g(o)o(v)o(er)g(a)f(three)j(y)o(ear)e(p)q(erio)q(d,)g (indicates)g(that)g(the)h(t)o(yp)q(esetting)177 1083 y(facilities)e(pro)o (vided)h(b)o(y)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(are)g(su\016cien)o(t)g(for)g(most)f(do)q (cumen)o(tation.)177 1266 y Fi(3.7)70 b(Command)22 b(Line)g(In)n(terface)177 1400 y Fd(3.7.1)55 b(In)n(v)n(oking)19 b(F)-5 b(unnelW)g(eb)177 1511 y Fr(When)14 b(a)f(user)i(in)o(v)o(ok)o(es)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(at)g(the) h(op)q(erating)g(system)f(command)e(lev)o(el,)h(the)j(user)f(m)o(ust)f(pro)o (vide)g(a)177 1561 y(command)g(line)j(instructing)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(what)g (to)g(do.)24 b(T)o(ypically)14 b(an)i(op)q(erating)g(system)g(command)d(line) 177 1610 y(consists)h(of)e(a)h Fm(verb)g Fr(indicating)e(that)i(a)g (particular)g(program)e(should)i(b)q(e)g(run,)g(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o(y)g(a)h (list)f(of)h(options.)177 1660 y(F)m(or)h(example:)177 1793 y Fl($)22 b(rename)e(file1)h(file2)177 1926 y Fr(In)f(this)f(case,)j(the)e(v) o(erb)g(is)f Fl(rename)f Fr(and)i(the)g(command)c(line)k(options)f(are)h Fl(file1)g(file2)p Fr(.)34 b(The)20 b(en)o(tire)177 1976 y(command)11 b(line)j(b)q(egins)g(with)f(the)i Fl($)f Fr(and)f(ends)i(with)f(the)g Fl(2)p Fr(.)177 2057 y(Op)q(erating)d(systems)g(di\013er)g(greatly)f(in)g (the)h(depth)g(with)g(whic)o(h)f(they)h(pro)q(cess)h(their)f(command)d (lines,)j(ranging)177 2107 y(from)d(systems)i(that)g(simply)d(pass)j(the)h (en)o(tire)f(command)d(line)i(string)h(to)f(the)i(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)d(program) g(\(e.g.)i(MSDOS\))177 2157 y(through)k(to)g(systems)g(that)f(p)q(erform)g (complete)h(command)d(line)i(parsing)g(\(e.g.)h(VMS\).)f(Syn)o(tax)h(con)o(v) o(en)o(tions)177 2207 y(v)n(ary)g(considerably)m(.)177 2288 y(So)k(as)g(to)g(ac)o(hiev)o(e)h(maxim)n(um)13 b(p)q(ortabilit)o(y)k(and)h (consistency)i(of)d(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)g(across)i(di\013eren)o(t)g (platforms,)177 2338 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(reads)h(its)f(command)e(line)h(as)i (a)f(ra)o(w)g(string)g(and)g(p)q(erforms)g(all)f(its)h(o)o(wn)g(parsing.)34 b(This)19 b(is)177 2388 y(p)q(ortable)12 b(b)q(ecause,)i(at)d(the)i(v)o(ery)f (least,)g(all)f(op)q(erating)g(systems)h(allo)o(w)f(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)g (programs)f(access)k(to)e(the)g(ra)o(w)177 2438 y(command)f(line.)177 2519 y(The)j(command)e(v)o(erb)i(used)h(to)e(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)h(should)g(b)q(e)g(\\)p Fl(fw)p Fr(".)177 2652 y Fl(FunnelWeb_verb)19 b(=)43 b("fw")177 2785 y Fr(If)14 b(this)g(v)o(erb)h(is)f(not)g(a)o(v)n (ailable,)d(some)i(alternativ)o(es)h(are)h(\\)p Fl(funweb)p Fr(",)d(\\)p Fl(fun)p Fr(",)g(and)i(\\)p Fl(funnelweb)p Fr(".)i(The)f(v)o (erbs)177 2835 y Fl(web)e Fr(or)h Fl(fweb)f Fr(should)h(b)q(e)g(a)o(v)o (oided)f(as)h(they)h(are)f(the)h(names)e(of)g(other)h(literate)h(programmi)o (ng)c(systems.)1042 2940 y(66)p eop %%Page: 67 68 67 67 bop 177 42 a Fd(3.7.2)55 b(Command)17 b(Line)h(Argumen)n(ts)177 158 y Fr(F)m(ollo)o(wing)c(the)j(v)o(erb)g(is)g(the)g(b)q(o)q(dy)g(of)f(the)h (command)d(line)i(whic)o(h)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(parses)i(in)o(to)e(zero)h(or)g (more)177 208 y Fo(argumen)o(ts)12 b Fr(separated)j(b)o(y)e(runs)i(of)e(one)h (or)g(more)f(blanks.)177 350 y Fl(FunnelWeb_command_)o(line)18 b(=)k(FunnelWeb_verb)d({{")i("}+)g(argument})177 493 y Fr(Because)e(some)c (op)q(erating)h(systems)h(con)o(v)o(ert)g(their)g(command)d(line)i(to)g(upp)q (er)h(case)h(b)q(efore)f(handing)f(it)g(to)177 543 y(the)h(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f (program,)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(has)h(b)q(een)h(constructed)g(so)f(as)g(to)f(b) q(e)h Fm(insensitive)g Fr(to)f(the)h(case)h(of)e(its)177 593 y(command)9 b(line)i(argumen)o(ts.)16 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(when)g(dealing)f (in)o(ternally)f(with)i(argumen)o(ts,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h Fm(pr)n(eserves)177 642 y Fr(the)k(case)h(of)e(its)h(command)c(line)k(argumen)o(ts)e(so)i(that)g (it)f(will)f(b)q(e)i(able)g(to)f(op)q(erate)i(with)e(op)q(erating)h(systems) 177 692 y(\(suc)o(h)g(as)f(Unix\))g(whose)g(\014le)g(names)f(are)h(case)h (dep)q(enden)o(t.)177 777 y(A)d(v)n(alid)d(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(argumen)o(t)f (consists)j(of)d(a)h Fo(sign)p Fr(,)f(an)h(iden)o(tifying)f Fo(letter)p Fr(,)f(and)i(an)g(optional)f Fo(string)f Fr(with)177 827 y(no)14 b(spaces)h(separating)f(them.)177 970 y Fl(argument)42 b(=)22 b(sign)f(id_letter)f([non_blank_stri)o(ng])177 1020 y(sign)130 b(=)22 b("+")f(|)g("-")h(|)f("=")177 1069 y(id_letter)f(=)i("B")f (|)g("C")h(|)f("D")g(|)h("F")f(|)h("H")f(|"I")g(|)g("J")h(|)f("K")g(|)439 1119 y("L")g(|)g("O")h(|)f("Q")g(|)h("S")f(|)h("T")f(|)g("W")h(|)f("X")177 1262 y Fr(In)14 b(addition)f(there)i(is)f(a)f(sp)q(ecial)h(form)f(of)g (argumen)o(t)g(that)h(do)q(es)g(not)g(b)q(egin)g(with)f(a)h(sign.)177 1404 y Fl(argument)20 b(=)i(non_blank_string_)o(not_b)o(eginn)o(ing_)o(with_) o(+_=_o)o(r_-)177 1547 y Fr(This)14 b(form)e(is)i(exactly)g(equiv)n(alen)o(t) f(to)h(the)g(same)f(string)h(with)g(\\)p Fl(+F)p Fr(")f(prep)q(ended)j(to)d (it.)177 1632 y(The)e(seman)o(tic)f(e\013ect)i(of)e(these)i(argumen)o(ts)d (is)i(de\014ned)g(in)f(terms)g(of)g Fo(options)e Fr(whic)o(h)j(are)f(the)h (in)o(ternal)g(param-)177 1682 y(eters)17 b(of)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(and)g (whic)o(h)g(corresp)q(ond)i(closely)f(with)f(the)h(set)g(of)f(legal)f (command)f(line)i(argumen)o(ts.)177 1732 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(has)g(a)g (prede\014ned)i(set)f(of)e(options)h(eac)o(h)g(iden)o(ti\014ed)g(b)o(y)g(an)g (iden)o(tifying)f(letter)i(ha)o(ving)e(t)o(w)o(o)g(at-)177 1781 y(tributes:)22 b(a)14 b Fm(string)p Fr(,)h(and)g(a)f Fm(b)n(o)n(ole)n (an)p Fr(.)23 b(The)15 b(b)q(o)q(olean)g(determines)g(whether)i(an)e(option)f (is)h(turned)h Fm(on)g Fr(or)f Fm(o\013)p Fr(.)177 1831 y(The)f(string)g(con) o(tains)g(additional)e(information)f(dep)q(ending)k(on)e(the)i(option.)177 1916 y(When)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(starts)i(up,)e(its)h(options)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f (prede\014ned)j(default)d(v)n(alues.)17 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)12 b(then)i(parses)g(its)177 1966 y(command)g(line)i(sequen)o(tially)g(from)e (left)i(to)h(righ)o(t)f(executing)h(the)g(e\013ect)h(of)e(eac)o(h)h(argumen)o (t)e(on)h(the)h(argu-)177 2016 y(men)o(t's)d(corresp)q(onding)h(option.)20 b(The)15 b(sign)f(and)h(the)g(string)f(comp)q(onen)o(ts)h(of)f(the)h(argumen) o(t)e(are)i(pro)q(cessed)177 2066 y Fm(indep)n(endently)p Fr(.)31 b(A)18 b(sign)f(of)h Fl(+)f Fr(turns)i(the)f(option)f(on.)30 b(A)18 b(sign)f(of)g Fl(-)h Fr(turns)g(the)h(option)e(o\013.)29 b(A)18 b(sign)g(of)f Fl(=)177 2116 y Fr(lea)o(v)o(es)f(the)h(option's)e(b)q (o)q(olean)h(attribute)g(unc)o(hanged.)25 b(The)16 b(argumen)o(t)f(string)h (replaces)h(the)g(string)f(of)f(the)177 2166 y(corresp)q(onding)h(option,)e (unless)h(the)h(argumen)o(t)d(string)i(is)g(empt)o(y)m(,)e(in)h(whic)o(h)h (case)h(the)f(option)f(string)h(is)g(not)177 2215 y(c)o(hanged.)177 2301 y(Because)20 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(pro)q(cesses)j(its)e(command)d(line)j (argumen)o(ts)f(from)f(left)h(to)h(righ)o(t,)g(a)f(later)h(argumen)o(t)177 2350 y(can)e(cancel)h(the)g(e\013ect)h(of)d(an)h(earlier)g(one.)25 b(F)m(or)16 b(example)f Fl(fw)21 b(+t)g(-t)16 b Fr(will)f(result)h(in)g(the)h Fl(t)f Fr(option)f(ending)177 2400 y(up)k Fm(o\013)p Fr(.)32 b(This)18 b(allo)o(ws)f(users)j(to)e(set)h(up)f(their)h(o)o(wn)f(default)g (argumen)o(ts)g(b)o(y)g(de\014ning)g(a)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(in)g(their)177 2450 y(op)q(erating)c(system's)g(command)d(language.)17 b(F)m(or)c(example,)e 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y(in)o(terv)o(ening)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(run)i(has)f Fl(+D)f Fr(set.)19 b(Examples:)e Fl(-D)p Fr(,)c Fl(+D)p Fr(.)g Fl(Default:)20 b(-D)p Fr(.)295 2608 y Fo(F:)f(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)d(Input)h(File:)22 b Fr(If)16 b(this)g(option)g(is)g(turned)h(on,)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(pro)q (cesses)j(the)295 2658 y(input)h(\014le)h(whose)f(name)f(is)h(sp)q(eci\014ed) i(b)o(y)e(the)h(option)f(string.)37 b(Examples:)29 b Fl(+Fsloth.fw)p Fr(,)295 2708 y Fl(+Fwalrus)p Fr(,)12 b Fl(-F)p Fr(.)h Fl(Default:)20 b(-F)p Fr(.)295 2785 y Fo(H:)h(Displa)o(y)c(Help)i(Message:)26 b Fr(If)17 b(this)g(option)g(is)g(turned)i(on,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(displa)o (ys)g(the)295 2835 y(message)d(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(argumen)o(t)e (string.)18 b(Eac)o(h)c(message)g(has)f(a)g(name.)k(The)d(main)e(help)1042 2940 y(68)p eop %%Page: 69 70 69 69 bop 295 42 a Fr(message)16 b(is)g(called)f(\\)p Fl(menu)p Fr(")g(and)h(con)o(tains)g(a)f(list)h(of)f(the)h(other)h(help)f(messages.)24 b(Examples:)295 91 y Fl(+Hregistration)p Fr(,)11 b Fl(+Hoptions)p Fr(.)16 b Fl(Default:)k(-Hmenu)p Fr(.)295 165 y Fo(I:)c(Include)e(default)g (\014le)g(sp)q(eci\014cation:)i Fr(This)e(option)f(is)h(alw)o(a)o(ys)e (turned)j(on)f(and)f(cannot)295 215 y(b)q(e)j(turned)g(o\013.)22 b(Its)16 b(string)f(attribute)h(is)f(used)h(as)f(the)h(default)f(\014le)g(sp) q(eci\014cation)h(for)f(include)295 265 y(\014les.)j(Usually)12 b(this)g(option)g(is)g(used)h(to)f(sp)q(ecify)h(a)f(directory)h(from)e(whic)o (h)h(include)g(\014les)h(should)295 315 y(b)q(e)i(obtained.)j(Examples:)e Fl(=I/usr/dave/includes)o(/)p Fr(.)f Fl(Default:)20 b(+I)p Fr(.)295 388 y Fo(J:)d(Journal)d(File:)19 b Fr(If)14 b(this)g(option)g(is)g (turned)i(on,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(generates)i(a)e(journal)g(\014le.)20 b(A)295 438 y(journal)15 b(\014le)h(con)o(tains)g(a)g(log)f(of)g(all)g(the)i (console)f(input)g(and)g(output)g(to)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(during)295 488 y(a)h(single)g(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)f(of)h(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f (program)f(\(Note:)23 b(The)17 b Fl(Q)f 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b(output)h(to)h(the)g(screen)295 1381 y(\(standard)k(output\))f (unless)g(one)g(or)g(more)f(errors)i(o)q(ccur,)g(in)e(whic)o(h)h(case)h(a)e (single)h(line)f(sum-)295 1431 y(marizing)d(the)i(errors)h(is)e(sen)o(t)i(to) e(standard)h(output)g(at)f(the)i(end)f(of)f(the)h(run.)k(If)13 b(this)h(option)f(is)295 1481 y(turned)j(o\013,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(writes)h (to)g(the)g(console)g(in)f(its)g(normal)f(garrulous)h(w)o(a)o(y)m(.)19 b(The)c(string)295 1531 y(attribute)g(is)e(un)o(used)i(in)f(this)g(option.)j (Examples:)g Fl(-Q)p Fr(,)c Fl(+Q)p Fr(.)g Fl(Default:)20 b(-Q)p Fr(.)295 1605 y Fo(S:)13 b(Screen:)k Fr(If)11 b(this)h(option)f(is)g(turned)i (on,)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(writes)g(all)e(diagnostics)i(to)f(the)i(screen)295 1654 y(\(standard)i(output\))g(as)g(w)o(ell)f(as)g(to)h(the)g(listing)f (\014le.)20 b(By)14 b(default,)g(they)h(are)g(sen)o(t)h(only)e(to)g(the)295 1704 y(listing)i(\014le.)28 b(This)17 b(option)g(has)g(a)g(single)f(n)o 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y(placed)i(on)f(the)h(width)f(of)f(pro)q(duct)i(\014les.)32 b(The)18 b(other)h(limit)d(is)i(an)g(attribute)g(of)g(the)h(input)295 2500 y(\014le)c(that)f(defaults)h(to)g(80)f(c)o(haracters,)i(but)e(can)h(b)q (e)g(raised)g(or)g(lo)o(w)o(ered)g(using)f(an)g(output)h(line)295 2549 y(length)f(pragma.)i(The)d(width)h(that)f(is)g(enforced)i(is)e(the)h(lo) o(w)o(er)f(of)g(this)g(v)n(alue)g(and)g(the)i(v)n(alue)d(of)295 2599 y(the)j Fl(W)e Fr(option)h(\(if)f(turned)i(on\).)j(Examples:)e Fl(-W)p Fr(,)d Fl(+W100)p Fr(.)k Fl(Default:)j(-W80)p Fr(.)295 2673 y Fo(X:)f(Execute:)i Fr(If)16 b(this)f(option)g(is)h(turned)g(on,)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)f(executes)i(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(shell)295 2723 y(script)g(\014le)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(string)g(attribute.) 19 b(Examples:)e Fl(+Xmaster)p Fr(,)11 b Fl(-X)p Fr(.)i Fl(Default:)21 b(-X)p Fr(.)p 177 2757 709 2 v 223 2783 a Ff(3)241 2795 y Fh(This)c(option)f (is)h(con)o(trolled)d(b)o(y)j(the)f Fe(T)i Fh(command)c(line)i(argumen)o(t)f (b)q(ecause)g(do)q(cumen)o(tati)o(on)f(\014les)j(used)f(to)h(b)q(e)g(called) 177 2835 y(t)o(yp)q(esetter)9 b(\014les.)1042 2940 y Fr(69)p eop %%Page: 70 71 70 70 bop 177 42 a Fi(3.8)70 b(File)21 b(Name)h(Inheritance)177 157 y Fr(During)10 b(a)h(single)f(run)h(of)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)h(can)g(pro)q(duce)g(man)o(y)e(di\013eren)o(t)j(output)f(\014les.)17 b(As)11 b(it)g(w)o(ould)177 207 y(b)q(e)i(v)o(ery)g(tedious)g(to)f(ha)o(v)o (e)g(to)g(sp)q(ecify)h(the)g(name)f(of)f(eac)o(h)i(of)f(these)i(\014les)f (explicitly)e(eac)o(h)i(time)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(is)177 257 y(run,)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(pro)o(vides)i(a)f(system)g(of)f(defaults)h(that)g (allo)o(ws)f(the)i(user)g(to)f(sp)q(ecify)h(the)g(minim)n(um)7 b(required)177 306 y(to)15 b(successfully)i(complete)d(the)i(run.)23 b(T)m(o)14 b(do)h(this)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(allo)o(ws)g(\014le)i(sp)q (eci\014cations)g(to)f(inherit)g(\014elds)177 356 y(from)d(one)i(another.)177 430 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b(=)h(ps)h("maximum_input_l)o(ine_l)o(engt)o(h")d(s) i("=")h(s)f(numorinf)177 1742 y Fr(The)15 b(maxim)n(um)10 b(input)k(line)f (length)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(v)n(aried)f Fm(dynamic)n(al)r(ly)g Fr(throughout)g(the)h(input)f(\014le.)19 b(Eac)o(h)14 b(maxi-)177 1792 y(m)o(um)7 b(input)i(line)g(length)h(pragma's)e(scop)q(e)i(co)o(v)o(ers) h(the)f(line)f(follo)o(wing)e(the)j(pragma)e(through)i(to)f(and)h(including) 177 1841 y(the)17 b(next)g(maxim)n(um)12 b(input)k(line)g(length)h(pragma,)d (but)j(not)f(co)o(v)o(ering)g(an)o(y)g(in)o(terv)o(ening)g(include)h (\014les.)26 b(A)o(t)177 1891 y(the)14 b(start)g(of)f(an)g(include)h(\014le,) f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(resets)i(the)f(maxim)o(um)9 b(input)k(line)g(length)g(to) h(the)g(default)f(v)n(alue.)177 1941 y(It)h(restores)i(it)e(to)f(its)h (previous)g(v)n(alue)g(at)f(the)i(end)f(of)g(the)g(include)g(\014le.)177 2018 y(This)k(pragma)f(is)h(useful)g(for)g(detecting)i(text)f(that)f(has)h 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Fr(command)e(line)j(option)f(also)g(con)o (tributes.)22 b(The)15 b(actual)f(v)n(alue)h(that)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(uses)h (is)e(the)i(minim)n(um)10 b(of)177 226 y(the)15 b(limits)c(sp)q(eci\014ed)16 b(in)d(the)i(command)c(line)i(and)h(pragmas.)177 310 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(do)q (es)h(not)f(monitor)e(the)j(length)f(of)g(the)h(lines)f(of)f(its)h(other)h (output)g(\014les)f(\(journal)g(\014le,)g(listing)177 360 y(\014le,)e(do)q (cumen)o(tation)e(\014le\).)177 524 y Fo(3.10.11.4)48 b(T)o(yp)q(esetter)177 639 y Fr(The)22 b Fl(typesetter)d Fr(pragma)g(allo)o(ws)h(the)i(user)h(to)e (sp)q(ecify)h(whether)g(the)g(input)f(\014le)g(is)g(supp)q(osed)i(to)e(b)q(e) 177 689 y(t)o(yp)q(esetter-indep)q(ende)q(n)o(t,)15 b(or)c(whether)j(it)d (con)o(tains)h(commands)d(in)j(a)f(particular)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i(language.) i(The)177 739 y(pragma)c(has)i(the)h(follo)o(wing)c(syn)o(tax.)177 879 y Fl(pragma_typesetter)18 b(=)k(ps)f("typesetter")f(s)h("=")g(s)h (\("none")e(|)i("tex"\))177 1020 y Fr(The)14 b(t)o(w)o(o)g(forms)e(of)i(the)g (pragma)e(lo)q(ok)h(lik)o(e)g(this.)177 1161 y Fl(@)22 b(typesetter)d(=)j (none)177 1210 y(@)g(typesetter)d(=)j(tex)177 1351 y Fr(A)17 b(source)h(\014le)f(can)g(con)o(tain)f(more)g(than)h(one)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i (pragma,)c(but)i(they)h(m)o(ust)d(all)h(sp)q(ecify)h(the)h(same)177 1401 y(v)n(alue.)g(The)c(default)f(is)h Fl(none)p Fr(.)j(The)e(t)o(yp)q (esetter)h(setting)e(a\013ects)h(t)o(w)o(o)f(things:)295 1485 y Fo(Handling)k(of)h(free)f(text:)25 b Fr(If)17 b(the)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j (is)d(not)g Fl(none)p Fr(,)g(W)m(ea)o(v)o(e)f(writes)i(the)g(free)g(text)295 1535 y Fm(dir)n(e)n(ctly)c Fr(to)i(the)g(do)q(cumen)o(tation)e(\014le)h (without)g(c)o(hanging)g(it)f(whatso)q(ev)o(er.)24 b(This)15 b(means)g(that)295 1585 y(if)d(\(sa)o(y\))g Fl(\\centerline)e Fr(app)q(ears)j(in)f(the)h(input)f(\014le,)g(it)g(will)f(copied)i(directly)f (to)g(the)h(do)q(cumen-)295 1635 y(tation)k(\014le.)27 b(If)17 b(the)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter)h(is)e Fl(none)p 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y(migh)o(t)d(b)q(e)j(incorp)q(orated)g(in)o(to)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (to)g(cater)h(for)f(a)g(v)n(ariet)o(y)g(of)f(di\013eren)o(t)i(t)o(yp)q (esetters.)295 2068 y(If)k(this)f(happ)q(ens,)j(it)d(will)g(b)q(e)h(imp)q (ortan)o(t)e(to)i(ensure)h(that)f(t)o(yp)q(esetter-sp)q(eci\014c)j(source)e (\014les)295 2118 y(\(i.e.)e Fl(typesetter)e Fq(6)p Fr(=)j Fl(none)p Fr(\))e(are)i(not)g(pro)q(cessed)h(with)e(di\013eren)o(t)i(target)f (t)o(yp)q(esetters.)34 b(F)m(or)295 2168 y(example,)18 b(a)g(user)h(migh)o(t) d(inno)q(cen)o(tly)i(attempt)f(to)h(generate)i(a)e Fl(troff)f Fr(do)q(cumen)o(tation)g(\014le)295 2217 y(from)f(a)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (source)i(\014le)e(con)o(taining)f(a)h Fl(typesetter)j(=)i(tex)16 b Fr(\(and)i(b)o(y)f(implication)295 2267 y(T)318 2276 y(E)341 2267 y(X)j(con)o(trol)f(sequences\).)36 b(The)20 b(pragma)d(could)i(also)g(b) q(e)h(useful)f(for)g(catc)o(hing)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)295 2317 y(clashes)12 b(in)f(source)h(and)f(include)g(\014les.)18 b(The)11 b(setting)h Fl(none)e 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b(=)i(ts)f("title")f(s)i(font)f (s)h(alignment)d(text)177 319 y(font)130 b(=)22 b("normalfont")d(|)j ("titlefont")d(|)j("smalltitlefont")177 369 y(alignment)e(=)i("left")e(|)i ("centre")e(|)i("right")177 419 y(text)130 b(=)22 b("""")f({printable_char})d ("""")177 541 y Fr(It's)f(e\013ect)i(is)d(to)h(instruct)h(W)m(ea)o(v)o(e)e (to)h(insert)h(a)e(single)h(line)f(in)o(to)g(the)i(prin)o(ted)f(do)q(cumen)o (tation)f(con)o(taining)177 591 y(the)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(text)e(set)g(in)f (the)i(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(fon)o(t)e(and)g(aligned)g(in)g(the)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)i (manner.)h(The)d(double)f(quotes)177 641 y(delimiting)g(the)j(text)g(are)f (for)h(sho)o(w)f(only;)g(if)f(y)o(ou)h(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)g(put)h(a)f(double)g (quote)h(in)f(the)h(string,)f(y)o(ou)g(don't)177 691 y(need)g(to)f(double)g (them.)177 768 y(Here)h(is)f(an)g(example)e(of)i(the)g(pragma.)177 890 y Fl(@t)22 b(title)e(smalltitlefont)f(centre)i("How)g(to)g(Flip)g(a)h (Bit")177 1039 y Fd(3.10.13)55 b(Scanner/P)n(arser)20 b(In)n(terface)177 1144 y Fr(If)12 b(the)g(scanner)i(terminates)d(without)h(an)o(y)f(errors,)i (con)o(trol)f(is)g(passed)h(to)f(the)g(parser.)19 b(The)12 b(parser)h(parses)g(the)177 1194 y(tok)o(en)h(list)f(generated)i(b)o(y)f(the) g(scanner.)19 b(The)c(tok)o(en)e(list)h(consists)g(of)f(text)i(scraps,)f (freestanding)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)177 1244 y(directiv)o(es,)h(and)e(sp)q (ecial)h(sequence)i(tok)o(ens.)177 1321 y(The)g(user)g(should)f(b)q(ear)h(in) e(mind)f(that)j Fm(the)g(sc)n(anner)g(\014nishes)h(running)f(b)n(efor)n(e)g (the)g(p)n(arser)f(starts)g(running.)177 1371 y Fr(This)g(means)g(that)g(the) g(scanner)i(cannot)e(b)q(e)h(in\015uenced)g(in)f(an)o(y)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(b)o(y)h (higher)g(order)h(structures)i(suc)o(h)e(as)177 1421 y(the)d(parser)g(migh)o (t)d(parse.)18 b(F)m(or)12 b(example,)f(it)g(is)h(imp)q(ossible)f(to)h(write) g(a)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(macro)g(to)h(include)g(a)g(\014le,)177 1471 y(or)i(insert)h(a)e Fl(vskip)g Fr(pragma)f(in)o(to)h(the)i(input)e (text.)177 1641 y Fi(3.11)70 b(P)n(arser)177 1760 y Fr(By)19 b(the)f(time)f(the)i(parser)g(starts,)h(the)f(scanner)h(has)e(completely)f (terminated.)30 b(A)o(t)18 b(this)h(p)q(oin)o(t,)f(it)g(is)g(not)177 1810 y(p)q(ossible)d(for)f(an)o(y)g(more)f(\014les)i(to)f(b)q(e)h(included,)f (and)h(sp)q(ecial)f(c)o(haracters)j(are)d(no)h(longer)f(presen)o(t)i(to)e (confuse)177 1860 y(things.)29 b(All)17 b(that)h(remains)e(is)i(a)f(list)g (of)g Fo(text)j(tok)o(ens)p Fr(,)c Fo(sp)q(ecial)j(tok)o(ens)p Fr(,)e(and)g Fo(t)o(yp)q(esetter)h(directiv)o(e)177 1910 y(tok)o(ens)p Fr(.)f(T)m(ext)c(tok)o(ens)i(consist)f(en)o(tirely)g(of)f(sequences)j(of)e (prin)o(table)f(c)o(haracters)j(and)d(end)h(of)g(line)f(mark)o(ers.)177 1959 y(Sp)q(ecial)g(tok)o(ens)h(represen)o(t)h(the)f(sp)q(ecial)f(sequences)j (that)d(the)h(scanner)g(found)f(in)f(the)i(input)f(\014le.)18 b(T)o(yp)q(esetter)177 2009 y(directiv)o(e)12 b(tok)o(ens)h(represen)o(t)h (the)e(freestanding)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i(directiv)o(es)f(that)f(the)g (scanner)h(encoun)o(tered.)19 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b(the)h(\\)p Fl(@i)p Fr(",)f(\\)p Fl(@p)p Fr(",)g(and)g(\\)p Fl(@t)p Fr(")g(constructs,)j (it)d(do)q(es)h(not)g(consume)f(the)h(remainder)f(of)g(the)h(line)g (\(although)177 141 y(it)j(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(silly)f(to)h(place)g(an)o (ything)f(on)g(the)i(same)e(line)g(an)o(yw)o(a)o(y\).)177 218 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(pro)o(vides)h(\014v)o(e)g(lev)o(els)g(of)f(sections,)i (ranging)e(from)f(the)i(highest)g(lev)o(el)f(of)h Fl(A)f Fr(\(lik)o(e)g(a)h (L)1691 213 y Fk(a)1710 218 y Fr(T)1733 231 y(E)1756 218 y(X)g(c)o(hapter\)) 177 268 y(to)k(the)h(lo)o(w)o(est)g(lev)o(el)f(of)g Fl(E)g Fr(\(lik)o(e)g(a)g(L)752 263 y Fk(a)771 268 y Fr(T)794 281 y(E)817 268 y(X)h(subsubsubsection\).)25 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)14 b(input)i(\014les)f(need)i(not)e(con)o(tain)177 318 y(an)o(y)e(sections)i(at) e(all,)f(but)i(if)f(they)h(do,)f(the)h(\014rst)g(section)h(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i (at)g(lev)o(el)f Fl(A)p Fr(,)g(and)g(follo)o(wing)e(sections)k(m)o(ust)177 368 y(not)i(skip)g(hierarc)o(hical)g(lev)o(els)h(\(e.g.)e(an)h Fl(@D)g 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Fl(p)p Fr(\))g(that)g(simply)e(t)o(yp)q(eset)j(its)f(argumen)o(t)f(in)h Fl(tt)21 b(font)p Fr(.)c(This)c(pro)o(v)o(ed)g(so)g(useful,)177 2186 y(that)h(the)h(facilit)o(y)d(has)i(b)q(een)h(made)e(t)o(yp)q (esetter-indep)q(enden)o(t)k(in)c(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(V3.)177 2263 y(T)m(o)f(sp)q(ecify)h(that)f(some)g(text)h(b)q(e)g(t)o(yp)q(eset)h(in)e Fl(tt)21 b(font)p Fr(,)12 b(enclose)j(the)f(text)g(in)f(curly)g(brace)i(sp)q (ecial)e(sequences)177 2313 y(as)h(follo)o(ws.)177 2436 y Fl(literal)21 b(=)g("@{")g(ordinary_text)e("@}")177 2558 y Fr(As)10 b(in)g(macro)e(names,)h (section)i(names,)e(and)h(macro)e(b)q(o)q(dies,)j(the)f(text)g(con)o(tained)g (within)f(the)h(literal)f(construct)177 2608 y(is)16 b(protected)j(b)o(y)d(F) m(unnelW)m(eb)g(from)f(an)o(y)h(non-literal)f(in)o(terpretation)i(b)o(y)f (the)h(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i(and)d(the)h(user)h(is)177 2658 y(free)d(to)e (enclose)i Fm(any)f Fr(text)g(co)o(v)o(ered)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(de\014nition)f Fl(ordinary)p 1252 2658 14 2 v 14 w(text)p 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b(sections)i(that)f(con)o(tain)f(no)h(macro)f(de\014nitions.)177 1581 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(p)q(erforms)f(a)h(static)g(analysis)g(to)f(detect)j (recursion.)23 b(Unfortunately)m(,)14 b(the)i(recursion)g(detection)177 1630 y(algorithm)i(\015ags)i(all)f(macros)g(that)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(an)g (in\014nite)g(expansion)g(rather)h(than)g(just)f(all)f(macros)g(with)h(a)177 1680 y(recursiv)o(e)15 b(de\014nition.)i(If)c(A)g(calls)g(B,)g(and)g(B)g (calls)g(C,)g(and)g(C)g(calls)f(B,)h(then)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(will)e(\015ag)i (A)g(as)g(w)o(ell)177 1730 y(as)h(B)g(and)g(C.)f(It)h(is)g(hop)q(ed)h(that)e (this)h(problem)f(will)f(b)q(e)j(\014xed)f(in)g(a)f(later)h(v)o(ersion.)177 1806 y(Because)j(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(do)q(es)h(not)f(pro)o(vide)h(an)o(y)f (kind)g(of)g(conditional)f(feature,)i(the)g(prev)o(en)o(tion)g(of)f (recursion)177 1856 y(do)q(es)h(not)f(represen)o(t)i(a)d(curtailmen)o(t)g(of) g(expressiv)o(e)j(p)q(o)o(w)o(er.)177 1932 y(Macros)f(ma)o(y)d(b)q(e)i(in)o (v)o(ok)o(ed)f(recursiv)o(ely)m(,)h(but)g(ma)o(y)e(not)i(b)q(e)g(recursiv)o (e.)20 b(Th)o(us:)177 2051 y Fl(@@\(@@\(W)o(alrus)o (@\)@\))106 b(@!)21 b(LEGAL)64 b(recursive)20 b(invocation.)177 2150 y(@$@==@{@<)o(Teapo)o(t@>@})193 b(@!)21 b(ILLEGAL)f(recursive)g (definition.)177 2316 y Fi(3.13)70 b(T)-6 b(angle)177 2434 y Fr(If)17 b(the)g(scanner,)i(parser,)f(and)f(analyser)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g (successfully)h(\(i.e.)e(with)h(no)f(errors,)j(sev)o(ere)f(errors,)h(or)e (fatal)177 2484 y(errors\))j(completed,)f(and)f(the)h(T)m(angle)f(option)g (\()p Fl(+O)p Fr(\))g(is)g(turned)i(on)e(\(it)h(is)f(b)o(y)g(default\),)h (then)h(the)f(T)m(angle)177 2533 y(comp)q(onen)o(t)12 b(of)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb) f(is)h(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f(to)g(generate)j(the)e(pro)q(duct)h(\014les)f(sp)q (eci\014ed)i(in)d(the)h Fl(@O)g Fr(macros)f(of)g(the)177 2583 y(input)i(\014le.)177 2659 y(The)j(op)q(eration)f(of)f(T)m(angle)g(is)h(v)o (ery)h(simple.)23 b(Eac)o(h)16 b Fl(@O)g Fr(macro)f(is)h(expanded)g(and)g (written)h(to)f(a)g(\014le)g(of)f(the)177 2709 y(same)f(name.)20 b(As)15 b(there)i(are)e(a)f(\014nite)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)f(macros,)g(and)g (the)i(analyser)f(guaran)o(tees)h(that)f(the)g(macro)177 2759 y(structure)h(is)e(non-recursiv)o(e,)h(T)m(angle)e(is)g(guaran)o(teed)i(to)e (terminate.)177 2835 y(Three)i(remaining)d(p)q(oin)o(ts)i(are)g(w)o(orth)g (discussing.)1042 2940 y(88)p eop %%Page: 89 90 89 89 bop 228 42 a Fr(1.)20 b(T)m(angle)12 b(expands)h(macros)g(using)f (blank)g(inden)o(tation)h(unless)g(the)h(user)g(has)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)i (otherwise)f(in)e(an)281 91 y(inden)o(tation)h(pragma)f(in)i(the)g(input)g (\014le)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.10.11.1\).)228 167 y(2.)20 b(T)m(angle)d(k)o (eeps)j(trac)o(k)f(of)e(the)i(length)g(of)f(the)h(lines)f(that)g(it)g(is)h (writing)e(and)i(issues)g(an)f(error)i(if)d(an)o(y)281 217 y(line)d(of)f(an)o(y)h(pro)q(duct)h(\014le)f(that)g(it)g(generates)i(is)d (longer)h(than)g(the)h(maxim)n(um)o(.)h(The)e(maxim)n(um)c(is)k(the)281 266 y(minim)n(um)9 b(of)j(a)h(v)n(alue)g(defaulted)g(or)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)i (in)d(the)i(input)f(\014le)g(\(Section)h(3.10.11.3\),)c(and)j(the)g(v)n(alue) 281 316 y(\(if)g(an)o(y\))h(pro)o(vided)f(b)o(y)h(the)h Fl(+w)e Fr(command)e(line)j(argumen)o(t)e(\(Section)j(3.7.3\).)228 392 y(3.)20 b(It)14 b(is)f(w)o(orth)g(the)i(user)f(obtaining)e(some)h (understanding)h(of)f(the)h(resources)i(that)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(requires)281 441 y(to)h(p)q(erform)f(its)h(task.)177 531 y(When)c(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)g (scanner)h(executes,)i(it)c(reads)i(eac)o(h)f(\014le)g(in)o(to)g(memory)d (where)k(it)f(is)g(k)o(ept)g(for)g(the)g(duration)177 581 y(of)h(the)h(run.) 18 b(Th)o(us,)12 b(there)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)h(ro)q(om)e(in)h(memory)e(for)i (the)h(en)o(tire)h(input)e(\014le,)g(including)g(all)f(include)i(\014les.)177 631 y(While)k(this)h(approac)o(h)g(ma)o(y)e(seem)i(exp)q(ensiv)o(e)h(in)e (memory)m(,)f(it)h(is)h(almost)e(necessary)k(in)e(order)g(to)g(supp)q(ort)177 680 y(forw)o(ard)c(references.)20 b(T)m(o)12 b(merely)g(scan)h(the)h(input)e (\014le,)h(recording)g(the)h(macro)d(names,)h(but)h(lea)o(ving)f(the)h(text) 177 730 y(on)h(disk,)f(w)o(ould)g(require)i(man)o(y)d(random)g(access)k(disk) e(seeks.)177 797 y(In)h(con)o(trast,)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(nev)o(er)h(builds)e (an)h(in)o(ternal)g(represen)o(tation)i(of)d(the)i(pro)q(duct)g(\014le.)22 b(Instead,)15 b(eac)o(h)177 847 y(piece)e(of)e(output)h(is)f(written)h (immediately)c(to)k(the)g(pro)q(duct)h(\014le.)k(This)11 b(means)g(that)h(as) g(long)e(as)i(the)g(input)g(\014le)177 897 y(\014ts)j(in)e(memory)m(,)e(the)j (pro)q(duct)h(\014le)f(can)g(b)q(e)h(arbitrarily)e(large.)18 b(It)c(also)f(means)h(that)g(users)h(need)g(not)f(fear)g(to)177 947 y(de\014ne)g(or)f(call)f(macros)g(that)h(they)g(kno)o(w)f(will)g(expand)h (to)f(megab)o(ytes)g(of)h(text.)18 b(Nor)13 b(need)g(they)h(fear)f(placing) 177 997 y(a)j(call)g(to)g(suc)o(h)h(a)f(macro)f(as)h(part)g(of)g(an)g(actual) g(parameter.)25 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)15 b(do)q(es)i(not)g(ev)o(er)g(expand)f (actual)177 1046 y(parameters)j(in)o(ternally)m(.)31 b(In)18 b(fact,)i(it)e(do)q(es)h(not)g(expand)g(them)f(un)o(til)f(it)i(hits)f(the)i (corresp)q(onding)f(formal)177 1096 y(parameter)13 b(during)g(its)g (expansion)g(of)g(the)h(called)e(macro.)17 b(A)o(t)c(that)g(p)q(oin)o(t,)g (it)g(lo)q(oks)f(up)i(the)f Fm(expr)n(ession)h Fr(\(not)177 1146 y(the)h(expansion)e(of)h(the)g(expression\))h(for)f(the)g(corresp)q (onding)h(actual)f(parameter,)f(and)h(starts)h(expanding)e(it.)177 1297 y Fi(3.14)70 b(W)-6 b(ea)n(v)n(e)177 1405 y Fr(If)17 b(the)g(scanner,)i (parser,)f(and)f(analyser)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(successfully)h(\(i.e.)e(with)h(no)f (errors,)j(sev)o(ere)f(errors,)h(or)e(fatal)177 1455 y(errors\))g(completed,) e(and)g(the)h(W)m(ea)o(v)o(e)f(option)f(\()p Fl(+T)p Fr(\))h(is)h(turned)g (on)f(\(it)g(is)g Fm(o\013)h Fr(b)o(y)f(default\),)g(then)h(the)g(W)m(ea)o(v) o(e)177 1505 y(comp)q(onen)o(t)c(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(is)i(in)o(v)o(ok)o (ed)e(to)h(generate)i(a)e(text)h(\014le)g(in)e(the)i(format)e(of)h(a)g (particular)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter.)177 1555 y(The)f(result,)h(when)f(fed)g (through)g(the)h(particular)e(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j(and)e(prin)o(ted,)g(is)g(a)f (fully)g(t)o(yp)q(eset)i(represen)o(tation)177 1605 y(of)h(the)i(en)o(tire)g (input)e(\014le)h(complete)f(with)h(cross)h(referencing)g(information.)177 1735 y Fd(3.14.1)55 b(T)-5 b(arget)19 b(T)n(yp)r(esetter)177 1829 y Fr(Curren)o(tly)m(,)14 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(pro)q(duces)i(do)q(cumen)o (tation)d(\014les)i(in)f(the)h(format)d(of)i(only)g(one)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)j (|)d(T)1883 1838 y(E)1906 1829 y(X.)177 1879 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)f(the)h(W)m (ea)o(v)o(e)e(pac)o(k)n(age)h(of)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(is)h(fairly)f(small,)e (and)j(it)f(is)h(hop)q(ed)g(that)g(it)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(rewritten)177 1928 y(so)f(as)f(to)g(pro)o(vide)g(a)g(collection)g(of)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i (mo)q(dules)d(from)g(whic)o(h)h(the)h(user)g(will)e(b)q(e)i(able)f(to)g(c)o (ho)q(ose)h(using)177 1978 y(a)h(command)d(line)i(argumen)o(t.)177 2108 y Fd(3.14.2)55 b(Cross)20 b(Reference)c(Num)n(b)r(ering)177 2202 y Fr(When)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(pro)q(duces)i(its)e(t)o(yp)q(eset)h(do)q (cumen)o(tation,)e(it)h Fm(numb)n(ers)g Fr(eac)o(h)h(section)g(and)e(eac)o(h) i(macro)177 2252 y(de\014nition)e(and)h(cross)h(references)h(the)f(macro)d (de\014nitions.)27 b(The)17 b(exact)g(sc)o(heme)g(used)h(has)e(b)q(een)i (carefully)177 2302 y(though)o(t)c(out.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)c(as)g(it)f(can)h (b)q(e)h(a)e(little)g(confusing)h(to)g(the)g(b)q(eginner,)g(it)g(is)g (explained)f(here)i(in)f(full.)177 2369 y(The)d(most)f(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f (thing)h(is)h(that)g(there)h(is)e Fm(no)j(r)n(elation)d Fr(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i (the)f(macro)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering)f(and)i(the)g(section)177 2419 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering.)28 b(In)17 b(Kn)o(uth's)h(W)m(eb)f(there)i(are)f (only)f(section)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers.)29 b(In)18 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)f(the)h(n)o (um)o(b)q(ering)e(of)177 2469 y(sections)f(and)f(macros)f(is)h(separated.)177 2536 y(In)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)f Fm(se)n(ctions)h Fr(are)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)e (hierarc)o(hically)h(in)f(ascending)h(order.)22 b(F)m(or)15 b(example,)e(the)j(second)177 2586 y(lev)o(el-C)i(section)i(of)e(the)i(third) e(lev)o(el-B)h(section)h(of)e(the)h(\014rst)h(lev)o(el-A)e(section)i(is)f(n)o (um)o(b)q(ered)f(\\1.3.2".)31 b(In)177 2635 y(con)o(trast,)17 b Fm(macr)n(o)f(de\014nitions)h Fr(are)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)g(sequen)o(tially) f(in)h(ascending)g(order.)24 b(F)m(or)16 b(example,)f(the)h(\014rst)177 2685 y(macro)c(de\014nition)h(is)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(1,)g(the)i(second)g(is)f (n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(2,)f(and)h(so)g(on.)18 b(Note)13 b(that)g(it)g(is)g Fm(macr)n(o)h(de\014nitions)177 2735 y Fr(that)k(are)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered,)g (not)f Fm(macr)n(os)p Fr(.)29 b(This)17 b(distinction)h(is)f(necessary)j(b)q (ecause)f(additiv)o(e)e(macros)f(\(i.e.)h(the)177 2785 y(ones)f(with)e Fl(+=)p Fr(\))g(can)h(b)q(e)h(de\014ned)g(b)o(y)e(a)h(collection)f(of)g (partial)g(de\014nitions)h(scattered)i(throughout)e(the)g(input)177 2835 y(\014le.)j(A)c(single)g(additiv)o(e)f(macro)f(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)j (de\014ned)g(in)e(de\014nitions)h(5,)f(67,)g(128,)g(and)h(153.)1042 2940 y(89)p eop %%Page: 90 91 90 90 bop 177 42 a Fi(3.15)70 b(F)-6 b(unnelW)g(eb)23 b(Shell)177 167 y Fd(3.15.1)55 b(In)n(tro)r(duction)177 269 y Fr(One)19 b(of)f(the)h(goals)e(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(is)g(that)g(it)g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e) i(extremely)f(p)q(ortable.)31 b(Huge)19 b(e\013orts,)h(desp)q(erate)177 319 y(actions,)e(and)g(great)g(sacri\014ces)h(w)o(ere)f(made)f(in)g(the)h (name)f(of)g(p)q(ortabilit)o(y)m(.)27 b(F)m(or)17 b(example,)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)g(is)177 369 y(written)e(in)e(C.)177 444 y(An)i(equally)e(imp)q(ortan)o (t)g(goal)g(w)o(as)i(that)f(of)g(correctness)k(and)c(reliabilit)o(y)m(.)j(T)m (o)d(this)h(end,)f(it)g(w)o(as)h(determined)177 494 y(that)d(a)f(large)g (automated)f(suite)i(of)f(test)h(programs)e(b)q(e)i(prepared)h(to)e(assist)h 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y(incorrect)d(or)f(if)f(they)i(are)f(unable)g(to)f(successfully)j(op)q (erate)e(on)g(argumen)o(t)f(\014les.)177 688 y Fo(3.15.7.1)48 b(Absen)o(t)177 782 y Fr(The)19 b Fl(absent)d Fr(command)g(p)q(erforms)h(no)h (action)g(except)i(to)d(return)j(a)e(status.)31 b(If)18 b(the)g(\014le)h(sp)q (eci\014ed)g(in)f(its)177 832 y(argumen)o(t)13 b(do)q(esn't)h(exist)h(it)e (returns)i(success)i(status,)d(otherwise)h(it)e(returns)j(sev)o(ere)f (status.)177 922 y Fl(Syntax)21 b(:)g(absent)g(=)g("absent")g(s)g(filename) 177 972 y(Example:)f(absent)h(result.out)177 1062 y Fr(This)16 b(command)d(is)i(useful)h(in)f(regression)i(testing)f(for)f(making)e(sure)k (that)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f Fm(hasn)l('t)g Fr(pro)q(duced)i(a)177 1112 y(particular)d(output)g(\014le.)177 1234 y Fo(3.15.7.2)48 b(Co)q(dify)177 1329 y Fr(The)14 b Fl(codify)f Fr(command)e(tak)o(es)j(t)o(w) o(o)f(argumen)o(ts:)k(an)d(input)g(\014le)f(and)h(an)f(output)h(\014le.)k(It) c(reads)h(eac)o(h)f(line)f(of)177 1378 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y(The)g(follo)o(wing)e(p)q (oin)o(ts)i(describ)q(e)h(the)g(rules)f(for)g(determining)e(the)j(result)g (status.)228 2010 y(1.)20 b Fl(diff)13 b Fr(ab)q(orts)h(with)g(a)f(sev)o(ere) j(error)f(if)e(the)h(log)f(\014le)h(cannot)g(b)q(e)h(op)q(ened)g(or)e (created)j(for)d(app)q(ending.)228 2091 y(2.)20 b(An)14 b(ordinary)f(error)i (is)f(generated)h(if)e(either)i(or)f(b)q(oth)g(of)f(the)i(input)e(\014les)i (cannot)f(b)q(e)g(op)q(ened.)228 2172 y(3.)20 b(If,)15 b(at)h(the)g(end)h(of) e(the)h(run,)g(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(input)g(\014les)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(not)h(b)q (een)h(pro)o(v)o(en)f(to)f(b)q(e)i(iden)o(tical,)e(and)g(the)281 2222 y Fl(ABORT)e Fr(k)o(eyw)o(ord)h(is)f(presen)o(t,)i Fl(diff)e Fr(returns)j(sev)o(ere)f(status.)228 2303 y(4.)20 b Fl(diff)10 b Fr(returns)j(success)h(status)e(if)f(none)g(of)g(the)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f (conditions)g(\(or)h(similar)c(conditions\))k(o)q(ccur,)g(ev)o(en)281 2353 y(if)h(the)h(t)o(w)o(o)g(\014les)g(are)g(di\013eren)o(t.)177 2463 y(The)k Fl(diff)f Fr(command)d 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f(scripts)g(to)f(displa)o(y)g(a)g(sum-)177 699 y(mary)f(of)i(the)g(results)h (of)e(the)i(test.)22 b(If)14 b(the)i(summary)c(indicates)j(that)g(no)g(pair)f (of)g(\014les)h(di\013ered,)h(then)f(there)177 749 y(is)f(no)g(need)g(to)g (lo)q(ok)f(in)h(the)g Fl(diff)f Fr(log)g(\014le.)177 918 y Fo(3.15.7.7)48 b(Di\013zero)177 1036 y Fr(The)13 b Fl(diffzero)d Fr(command)g(zeros)j(the)g(di\013eren)o(t)g(summary)d(coun)o(ters)j(used)g(b) o(y)f(the)h Fl(diff)e Fr(and)h Fl(diffsummary)177 1086 y Fr(commands.)177 1231 y Fl(Syntax)43 b(:)21 b(diffzero)f(=)i("diffzero")177 1281 y(Examples:)e(diffzero)177 1426 y Fr(The)g Fl(diffzero)e Fr(command)f(w)o(as)j(added)g(so)g(as)g(to)f(allo)o(w)f(regression)j(testing) f(shellscripts)h(to)f(zero)g(their)177 1476 y(di\013erences)c(coun)o(ters)e (at)f(the)h(start)g(of)e(a)h(run.)18 b(This)13 b(allo)o(ws)f(testers)k(to)d (in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)f(the)i(same)e(regression)i(testing)177 1526 y(script)h(t)o(wice)f(in)f(one)i(in)o(teractiv)o(e)f(session)h(without)e 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y(generate)e(an)f(output)g(\014le,)f(it)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)i (extremely)e(undesirable)h(for)g(the)h(old)e(v)o(ersion)h(to)f(b)q(e)i(used.) 177 2439 y(ENEO)h(stands)h(for)e Fo(E)p Fr(stablish)g(the)h Fo(N)p Fr(on)g Fo(E)p Fr(xistence)h Fo(O)p Fr(f.)22 b(Most)16 b(op)q(erating)f(systems)h(pro)o(vide)f(a)h(command)177 2489 y(to)f(delete)h(\014les.)23 b(T)o(ypically)13 b(these)k(commands)c(are)i(v)o (erbs)h(suc)o(h)g(as)f(\\delete",)h(\\remo)o(v)o(e",)e(and)h(\\kill".)k(As)d (a)177 2539 y(consequence,)h(the)f(designers)g(of)e(delete)i(commands)d (usually)h(consider)i(the)f(command)e(to)h(ha)o(v)o(e)h(failed)f(if)g(it)177 2589 y(fails)e(to)h(\014nd)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(deleted.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(in)g(m)o(y)e(exp)q(erience,)k(the)e(most)f(common)e (use)k(for)e(the)i(delete)177 2639 y(command)f(is)j(to)f Fm(establish)i(the)f (non-existenc)n(e)i(of)e Fr(one)g(or)g(more)e(\014les.)24 b(T)o(ypically)m(,) 14 b(a)i(script)g(is)g(starting)g(up)177 2688 y(and)f(needs)i(to)e(clear)g (the)h(air)f(b)q(efore)h(getting)f(started.)23 b(If)15 b(the)h(\014les)f(are) h(there,)g(they)g(should)f(b)q(e)h(deleted;)h(if)177 2738 y(they)e(are)f (not,)f(then)i(that's)f(OK)g(to)q(o.)787 2723 y Fg(5)p 177 2796 709 2 v 223 2823 a Ff(5)241 2835 y Fh(As)e(far)f(as)g(I)h(kno)o(w,)e (the)h Fe(eneo)g Fh(command)d(is)k(original.)1042 2940 y Fr(95)p eop %%Page: 96 97 96 96 bop 177 42 a Fo(3.15.7.9)48 b(Execute)177 138 y Fr(The)20 b Fl(execute)d Fr(command)f(causes)21 b(a)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(text)g(\014le)f (to)g(b)q(e)g(executed)i(as)e(a)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(shellscript.)177 188 y(The)e(\014rst)h(argumen)o(t)d(is)i(the)g(name)f(of)g(the)h(script)g (\014le.)27 b(The)17 b(remaining)e(argumen)o(ts)h(are)h(assigned)g(to)f(the) 177 237 y(substitution)i(v)n(ariables)f Fl($1)p Fr(,)g Fl($2)p Fr(,)g Fn(:)7 b(:)g(:)o Fr(,)18 b Fl($9)p Fr(.)28 b(Substitution)17 b(v)n(ariables)g(in)g(the)h(range)g Fl($1)f Fr(to)g Fl($9)g Fr(that)h(do)f(not)177 287 y(corresp)q(ond)d(to)e(an)g(argumen)o(t)f(are)i (set)g(to)f(the)h(empt)o(y)e(string)h Fl("")p Fr(.)17 b Fl($0)12 b Fr(is)g(set)h(to)f(the)h(empt)o(y)e(string)h(regardless.)177 337 y(The)k(execute)h(command)12 b(can)k(b)q(e)f(used)h(recursiv)o(ely)m(,)g (allo)o(wing)d(shell)i(scripts)h(to)f(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)f(eac)o(h)i(other.)23 b(A)15 b(\014le)177 387 y(extension)g(default)e(of)h(\\)p Fl(.fws)p Fr(")e(\(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(Script\))g(applies)g(to)f(script)i(\014les.)177 485 y Fl(Syntax)43 b(:)21 b(execute)f(=)i("execute")e(s)i(filename)e ({argument_string)o(})177 534 y(Examples:)g(execute)g(megatest.fws)g (/usr/users/ross/)o(fwtes)o(t)f(!)395 584 y(execute)h(sloth)177 682 y Fr(The)14 b(\014rst)h(example)e(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g(will)g(result)h(in)g (the)g(follo)o(wing)e(substitution)i(v)n(ariable)e(assignmen)o(ts.)177 780 y Fl($0)22 b(=)f("")177 829 y($1)h(=)f("/usr/users/ross/f)o(wtest)o(")177 879 y($2)h(=)f("!")177 929 y($3)h(=)f("")177 979 y(...)177 1029 y($9)h(=)f("")177 1126 y Fr(It)16 b(should)f(b)q(e)g(stressed)j(that)d (there)i(are)f(no)f(lo)q(cal)f(v)n(ariables)h(in)g(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g (command)e(language;)h(the)177 1176 y(v)n(ariables)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)h(are)g (globally)e(mo)q(di\014ed.)177 1246 y(The)j Fl(execute)f Fr(command)e(w)o(as) i(added)h(to)g(allo)o(w)e(the)i(creation)h(of)e(sub-scripts)i(to)f(test)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(in)f(par-)177 1296 y(ticular)g(w)o(a)o(ys.)177 1421 y Fo(3.15.7.10)48 b(Exists)177 1517 y Fr(The)19 b Fl(exists)d Fr(command)g(p)q(erforms)h(no)h(action)g(except)i(to)d(return)j(a)e(status.) 31 b(If)18 b(the)g(\014le)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(in)f(its)177 1567 y(argumen)o(t)13 b(exists)i(it)e(returns)i(success)i(status,)d(otherwise)h (it)e(returns)j(sev)o(ere)f(status.)177 1665 y Fl(Syntax)21 b(:)g(exists)g(=)g("exists")g(s)g(filename)177 1714 y(Example:)f(exists)h (test6.fw)177 1812 y Fr(This)10 b(command)d(is)j(useful)g(in)g(regression)h (testing)f(for)g(ensuring)g(that)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(has)g(pro)q(duced)h(a)f (particular)177 1862 y(output)k(\014le.)177 1987 y Fo(3.15.7.11)48 b(Fixeols)177 2083 y Fr(The)13 b Fl(fixeols)f Fr(command)e(tak)o(es)j(t)o(w)o (o)f(\014lename)g(argumen)o(ts:)k(an)d(input)f(\014le)h(and)g(an)f(output)h (\014le.)18 b(It)13 b(reads)g(in)177 2133 y(the)f(input)f(\014le)g(and)g (writes)h(it)e(to)h(the)h(output)f(\014le)g(c)o(hanging)g(all)e(the)j(end)g (of)e(line)h(con)o(trol)g(c)o(haracter)h(sequences)177 2183 y(to)k(the)g(lo)q(cal)f(format.)22 b(It)15 b(can)h(also)f(tak)o(e)h(one)g (\014lename)f(argumen)o(t,)f(in)h(whic)o(h)h(case)h(it)e(replaces)i(the)f (target)177 2233 y(\014le)e(with)g(its)f(transformation.)177 2331 y Fl(Syntax)43 b(:)21 b(fixeols)f(=)i("fixeols")e(s)i(filename)e([s)h (filename])177 2380 y(Examples:)f(fixeols)g(imported.hak)g(result.kln)395 2430 y(fixeols)g(sloth.dat)177 2528 y Fr(The)12 b Fl(fixeols)e Fr(command)e(w)o(orks)k(b)o(y)f(parsing)g(the)h(input)f(\014le)g(in)o(to)g (alternating)f(runs)i(of)f(prin)o(table)g(c)o(haracters)177 2578 y(\(ASCI)q(I)i(20)f(to)g(ASCI)q(I)h(126\))e(and)i(runs)g(of)e(non-prin)o (table)h(c)o(haracters)i(\(all)e(the)h(others\).)18 b(It)13 b(then)g(parses)g(eac)o(h)177 2628 y(run)g(of)f(non-prin)o(table)f(c)o (haracters)j(from)d(left)h(to)g(righ)o(t)g(in)o(to)f(subruns)j(of)e(non-prin) o(tables)g(not)g(con)o(taining)f(the)177 2677 y(same)j(c)o(haracter)i(t)o (wice.)22 b(It)15 b(then)g(replaces)h(eac)o(h)g(subrun)g(with)e(a)h(nativ)o (e)f(EOL.)1479 2662 y Fg(6)1513 2677 y Fr(F)m(or)g(example,)f(if)i(a)f(nativ) o(e)177 2727 y(EOL)g(is)g Fl(X)p Fr(,)f(and)h Fl(ABCD)f Fr(are)h(non-prin)o (table)g(c)o(haracters,)h(and)f(the)g(\014le)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(con)o(v)o(erted)h (is)p 177 2757 709 2 v 223 2783 a Ff(6)241 2795 y Fh(Note:)j(A)13 b(nativ)o(e)f(EOL)h(can)g(b)q(e)f(inserted)f(in)o(to)h(a)h(text)f(\014le)g (in)h(a)g(p)q(ortable)e(manner)f(simply)i(b)o(y)g(writing)g(\\)p Fe(\\n)p Fh(")g(to)h(the)f(text)177 2835 y(output)e(stream.)1042 2940 y Fr(96)p eop %%Page: 97 98 97 97 bop 177 42 a 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y(testing)h(whic)o(h)f(relies)h(hea)o(vily)e(on)h(exact)h(comparisons)e(b)q (et)o(w)o(een)j(\014les.)k(The)12 b Fl(fixeols)f Fr(command)f(pro)o(vides)i (a)177 734 y(solution)g(to)h(this)g(problem)f(b)o(y)h(pro)o(viding)f(a)h(p)q (ortable)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(to)h(\\purify")f(text)i(\014les)f(whose)h(end)g(of)e (lines)h(ha)o(v)o(e)177 783 y(b)q(ecome)h(incorrect.)20 b(The)14 b(regression)i(testing)e(scripts)h(all)e(apply)h Fl(fixeols)e Fr(to)i(their)g(input)g(and)g(output)g(\014les)177 833 y(b)q(efore)h(eac)o(h) f(test.)177 985 y Fo(3.15.7.12)48 b(Fw)177 1095 y Fr(The)12 b Fl(fw)g Fr(command)d(allo)o(ws)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)i(prop)q(er)g(to)g(b)q(e)h (in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)e(from)f(a)h(shell)h(script.)18 b(The)12 b(syn)o(tax)g(is)g(almost)177 1145 y(iden)o(tical)h(to)h(the)h(syn)o(tax)e (with)h(whic)o(h)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(is)h(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)f(from)f(the)j(op) q(erating)e(system.)177 1276 y Fl(Syntax)43 b(:)21 b(fw)g(=)h("fw")f(s)h (ordinary_funnelw)o(eb_c)o(omman)o(d_lin)o(e)177 1325 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b(but)i(also)g(on)g(the)g(totalit)o(y)f(of)g(the)i (culture)g(and)e(services)j(surrounding)e(it)g(suc)o(h)g(as)g(license)h (costs,)177 1098 y(the)j(qualit)o(y)e(of)h(do)q(cumen)o(tation,)f(presence)k (of)d(a)g(standard)h(and)f(so)g(on.)31 b(This)19 b(c)o(hapter)g(addresses)h (these)177 1148 y(issues)15 b(from)d(a)i(user)h(p)q(ersp)q(ectiv)o(e.)177 1315 y Fi(5.2)70 b(The)22 b(User's)h(Commitme)o(n)n(t)d(T)-6 b(o)24 b(F)-6 b(unnelW)g(eb)177 1434 y Fr(One)20 b(of)f(the)i(problems)d (that)i(migh)o(t)d(prev)o(en)o(t)k(p)q(oten)o(tial)e(users)i(from)c(using)j (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(is)g(the)h(lev)o(el)f(of)177 1483 y(commitm)o(en)o(t)14 b(that)j(it)f(requires.)27 b(As)17 b(so)q(on)g(as)g(the)g(user)h(starts)f (creating)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f Fl(.fw)g Fr(\014les,)h(the)h(user)177 1533 y(b)q(ecomes)c(dep)q(enden)o(t)h(on)e(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(program,)f (as)h(the)h(\014les)g(so)f(created)i(will)d(b)q(ecome)i(unmanageable)177 1583 y(if)i(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(program)f(w)o(ere)i(to)g(b)q(ecome)f(una) o(v)n(ailable)e(for)j(some)e(reason.)27 b(There)17 b(are)g(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q (er)e(of)177 1633 y(w)o(a)o(ys)f(in)g(whic)o(h)h(computer)f(programs)f(can)i (b)q(ecome)f(una)o(v)n(ailable,)e(including)i(op)q(erating)g(system)h (upgrades,)177 1683 y(cop)o(yrigh)o(t)d(problems,)f(inabilit)o(y)f(to)h (\014x)h(bugs,)g(or)g(just)h(the)f(inabilit)o(y)e(of)h(the)i(program)d(to)i (b)q(e)h(p)q(orted)g(to)f(a)f(new)177 1732 y(target)k(platform.)177 1809 y(The)j(fact)f(is)g(that)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(de\014nes)j(an)e(input)g (language)g(and)g(that)g(curren)o(tly)h(there)h(is)e(only)f(one)i(im-)177 1859 y(plemen)o(tation)f(of)h(the)i(language.)32 b(Users)20 b(will)d(only)h(write)i(programs)d(using)i(that)g(language)e(if)h(they)i (feel)177 1908 y(comfortable)12 b(ab)q(out)i(the)h(a)o(v)n(ailabili)o(t)o(y)c (of)i(its)h(implemen)o(tatio)o(n.)177 1985 y(I)i(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)i (critically)d(a)o(w)o(are)h(of)g(these)i(issues)f(throughout)f(the)h(dev)o (elopmen)o(t)e(of)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(and)g(ha)o(v)o(e)177 2034 y(tak)o(en)i(ev)o(ery)g(p)q(ossible)g(step)h(to)f(mak)o(e)e(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)h(a)h(solid)e(base)j(on)o(to)e(whic)o(h)h(to)f(build)g(programs.)28 b(The)177 2084 y(follo)o(wing)11 b(p)q(oin)o(ts)j(describ)q(e)i(the)e (actions)g(I)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(tak)o(en.)295 2161 y Fo(GNU)19 b(license:)i Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)16 b(C)g(source)i(co)q(de)f(has)g(b)q(een)g (released)h(under)f(GNU)g(General)295 2210 y(Public)c(License)h(V)m(ersion)f (2.)18 b(This)13 b(means)f(that)h(the)h(source)g(co)q(de)g(to)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)f(will)g(alw)o(a)o(ys)295 2260 y(b)q(e)18 b(a)o(v)n(ailable)c(to)j(an)o (y)o(one)f(who)h(w)o(an)o(ts)g(it.)26 b(The)17 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(program)f (can)i(nev)o(er)h(b)q(e)g(tak)o(en)295 2310 y(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)13 b(from)f(y)o(ou.)295 2386 y Fo(P)o(ortabili)o(t)n(y:)22 b Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb) 17 b(has)g(b)q(een)h(designed)f(and)g(written)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(extremely)g(p)q (ortable.)295 2436 y(First,)g(all)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(really)g(do)q(es)h(is)f (read)h(and)g(write)f(text)h(\014les.)26 b(This)17 b(mak)o(es)e(it)h(easy)h (to)295 2486 y(mak)o(e)9 b(p)q(ortable.)17 b(Second,)11 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f (is)g(written)g(in)g(the)h(C)f(programmi)o(ng)d(language)p Fo([ANSI])295 2536 y Fr(with)15 b(p)q(ortabilit)o(y)e(as)i(a)f(ma)r(jor)g (design)g(goal.)20 b(Third,)14 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(has)f(already)h(b)q(een)h (p)q(orted)295 2586 y(to)d(four)h(p)q(opular)e(platforms:)k(SunOS,)e(V)-5 b(AX)14 b(VMS,)f(PC,)g(and)g(Macin)o(tosh)g(and)h(it)f(should)g(not)295 2635 y(pro)o(v)o(e)j(hard)g(to)f(mo)o(v)o(e)f(it)h(to)h(others.)24 b(F)m(ourth,)15 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(comes)h(with)f(a)g(h)o(uge)h(automated) 295 2685 y(regression)g(test)f(suite.)20 b(This)14 b(mak)o(es)f(it)h(easy)h (to)f(pinp)q(oin)o(t)f(problems)g(when)i(it)f(is)g(mo)o(v)o(ed)f(to)h(a)295 2735 y(new)f(platform.)j(P)o(ortabilit)o(y)11 b(is)h(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(b)q (ecause,)k(ev)o(en)e(if)f Fm(you)h Fr(are)g(not)g(using)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)295 2785 y(on)17 b(some)e(funn)o(y)h(platform,)f(y)o(ou)h(ma)o(y)e(w)o(an)o(t)j (to)f(send)h(a)g(computer)f(program)f(written)i(using)295 2835 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)d(to)f(someone)h(who)f(do)q(es.)1032 2940 y(109)p eop %%Page: 110 111 110 110 bop 295 42 a Fo(Qualit)o(y:)27 b Fr(The)20 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e (source)j(co)q(de)f(is)f(high)f(qualit)o(y)g(co)q(de.)35 b(Although)19 b(it)f(has)i(not)295 91 y(b)q(een)13 b(formally)c(dev)o(elop)q(ed)j(under)g (an)o(y)f(particular)h(co)q(ding)f(standard,)h(it)f(is)h(w)o(ell)f(designed)h (and)295 141 y(do)q(cumen)o(ted.)18 b(Design)c(decisions)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(not)g (b)q(een)h(tak)o(en)f(ligh)o(tly)m(.)295 216 y Fo(Do)q(cumen)o(tation:)20 b Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)c(is)g(w)o(ell)f(do)q(cumen)o(ted)h(b)o(y)g(this)h(man)o (ual)d(and)i(b)o(y)g(the)g Fm(F)m(un-)295 266 y(nelWeb)j(Hacker's)f(Manual)p Fr(.)29 b(This)17 b(is)g(imp)q(ortan)o(t)f(b)q(ecause)j(it)e(means)f(that)i (if)e(y)o(ou)h(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)295 316 y(send)c(someone)e(a)g(program)f (written)i(using)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)f(y)o(ou)g(can)h(simply)d(p)q(oin)o(t)i (them)g(to)h(this)295 366 y(man)o(ual)c(rather)k(than)f(ha)o(ving)e(to)h (explain)g(it)h(all)e(y)o(ourself.)17 b(It)10 b(is)h(also)f(comforting)e(for) j(managers)295 415 y(who)j(are)h(con)o(trolling)e(source)i(co)q(de)g(to)f (kno)o(w)g(that)g(the)h(format)d(in)i(whic)o(h)g(the)g(source)i(co)q(de)f(is) 295 465 y(written)g(is)e(w)o(ell-do)q(cumen)o(ted.)295 540 y Fo(Standardizatio)o(n:)i Fr(Users)g(who)e(create)h(source)h(\014les)e (using)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(are)h(not)f(only)f(com-)295 590 y(mitting)j(to)j(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(program;)h(they)h(are)g(also)f(in)o (v)o(esting)g(in)g(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(lan-)295 640 y(guage.)22 b(If)14 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)h(language)f(c)o(hanges)i(radically)d(for)i(some) f(reason,)i(then)g(this)f(in)o(v)o(est-)295 690 y(men)o(t)f(b)o(y)h(users)h (will)d(b)q(e)j(undermined.)k(T)m(o)14 b(protect)i(this)f(in)o(v)o(estmen)o (t,)f(I)h(in)o(tend)g(to)f(main)o(tain)295 740 y(an)g(\\o\016cial")e(v)o (ersion)j(of)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(whose)g(language)f(will)g(not)h(c)o(hange)h (radically)m(,)d(at)h(least)295 789 y(not)h(in)g(a)f(non)h(bac)o(kw)o(ard)g (compatible)e(manner.)177 864 y(It)17 b(is)f(m)o(y)f(hop)q(e)h(that)h(the)g (com)o(bination)d(of)i(these)h(factors)g(will)e(alleviate)g(an)o(y)h(fears)h (that)g(users)h(ma)o(y)c(ha)o(v)o(e)177 914 y(ab)q(out)g(committing)c(their) 15 b(source)g(\014les)f(to)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)177 1077 y Fi(5.3)70 b(Do)r(cumen)n(tation)177 1194 y Fr(The)14 b(follo)o(wing)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h (do)q(cumen)o(tation)g(is)h(a)o(v)n(ailable:)264 1311 y Fl("FunnelWeb)20 b(User's)64 b(Manual":)20 b(Tutorial,)g(Hints,)h(Reference)f(Manual.)264 1360 y("FunnelWeb)g(Hacker's)g(Manual":)g(Notes)h(on)g(Design)g(and)g (Implementation.)177 1477 y Fr(Ev)o(ery)o(one)14 b(in)o(v)o(olv)o(ed)e(with)h (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(should)h(read)h(the)g Fm(F)m(unnelWeb)h(User's)e(Manual)p Fr(.)19 b(It)13 b(con)o(tains)g(ev)o(ery-)177 1527 y(thing)h(y)o(ou)f(need)i (to)f(kno)o(w)f(ab)q(out)h(ho)o(w)f(to)h(use)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)i(In)d(fact,) f(y)o(ou)h(are)g(reading)g(it)f(no)o(w!)177 1602 y(The)18 b Fm(F)m(unnelWeb)h(Hacker's)f(Manual)g Fr(is)f(for)g(those)h(who)f(w)o(an)o(t) g(to)g(install,)g(mo)q(dify)m(,)e(\014x,)i(\014ddle)h(with,)f(and)177 1652 y(generally)d(hac)o(k)g(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(C)h(source)h(co)q(de.) 177 1727 y(Both)h(of)e(these)j(man)o(uals)c(are)j(shipp)q(ed)g(with)e(the)i (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(distribution)g(kit,)f(and)h(should)g(b)q(e)h(a)o(v)n (ailable)177 1777 y(on)g(y)o(our)f(mac)o(hine)f(in)i(the)g(form)e(of)h(LaT)m (eX)g(text)i(\014les.)23 b(If)16 b(y)o(ou)f(cannot)h(\014nd)g(them,)f(y)o(ou) g(can)h(obtain)f(them)177 1827 y(from)d(the)j(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(FTP)h(arc)o (hiv)o(e)g(\(see)i(Section)e(5.11\).)177 1990 y Fi(5.4)70 b(Registration)177 2106 y Fr(If)13 b(y)o(ou)g(install)g(or)g(use)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)d(please)i (register)h(b)o(y)e(\014lling)f(in)h(and)h(returning)g(the)g(registration)f (form)f(in)177 2156 y Fo(Figure)i(4)p Fr(.)k(F)m(eel)c(free)h(to)e(expand)i (the)f(form)e(if)h(there)i(is)f(not)g(enough)g(ro)q(om.)177 2231 y(Email)h(the)j(form)e(to)h Fl(ross@spam.adelaide)o(.edu.)o(au)p Fr(,)e(or)i(snail)g(mail)e(it)i(to)g(Ross)g(William)o(s,)f(16)g(Lerwic)o(k) 177 2281 y(Av)o(en)o(ue,)c(Hazelw)o(o)q(o)q(d)f(P)o(ark)g(5066,)f(Australia.) 17 b(Y)m(ou)11 b(ma)o(y)e(wish)i(to)g(mak)o(e)e(a)i(con)o(tribution)g(when)g (y)o(ou)g(register.)177 2331 y(See)k(Section)f(5.5)f(for)h(more)f (information.)177 2494 y Fi(5.5)70 b(Supp)r(ort)177 2610 y Fr(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)13 b(is)h(released)h(\\as)f(is")f(under)i(a)e(GNU)h (license,)g(and)g(no)f(formal)f(supp)q(ort)i(is)g(a)o(v)n(ailable.)i(Y)m(ou)d (ha)o(v)o(e)177 2660 y(the)20 b(righ)o(t)e(to)h(mak)o(e)e(c)o(hanges)j(to)f (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(and)h(to)g(use)h(the)f(mo)q(di\014ed)f(v)o(ersions)h (created)i(b)o(y)d(random)177 2710 y(programmers.)e(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(this) g(is)g(discouraged)g(\(see)h(Section)g(5.9\).)177 2785 y(In)h(fact)g(the)h (supp)q(ort)g(that)f(is)g(most)f(needed)i(is)f(y)o(our)g(\014nancial)f(supp)q (ort)i(for)f(the)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(dev)o(elop)q(ers!)177 2835 y(It)h(has)g(tak)o(en)h Fm(months)f Fr(of)g(full-tim)o(e)e Fm(unp)n(aid)j Fr(w)o(ork)e(to)h(bring)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(to)f(y)o(ou)h(in)g (its)g(curren)o(t)h(form.)26 b(I)1032 2940 y(110)p eop %%Page: 111 112 111 111 bop 264 602 a Fl(+------------------)o(----F)o(unnel)o(Web)19 b(Registration)g(Form-------------)o(----)o(-----)o(+)264 652 y(|)j(1.)f(Date:)1350 b(|)264 702 y(|)1547 b(|)264 751 y(|)22 b(2.)f(Title)g(and)g(name:)1132 b(|)264 801 y(|)1547 b(|)264 851 y(|)22 b(3.)f(Internet)f(email)h(address:)957 b(|)264 901 y(|)1547 b(|)264 951 y(|)22 b(4.)f(Snail)g(mail)g(address:)1044 b(|)264 1000 y(|)1547 b(|)264 1050 y(|)22 b(5.)f(Work)g(phone)g(number)g (\(country,area,n)o(umber)o(\):)585 b(|)264 1100 y(|)1547 b(|)264 1150 y(|)22 b(6.)f(Which)g(category)f(of)i(FunnelWeb)e(user)g(best)h (describes)f(you?)326 b(|)264 1200 y(|)153 b(Latent)86 b(-)21 b(Installed)f(FunnelWeb,)g(but)h(don't)g(intend)f(to)i(use)f(it.)86 b(|)264 1250 y(|)153 b(Beginner)42 b(-)21 b(Haven't)g(used)g(FunnelWeb)e (much)i(yet;)g(have)g(an)h(open)f(mind.)f(|)264 1299 y(|)153 b(Casual)86 b(-)21 b(Use)g(FunnelWeb)f(occasionally.)542 b(|)264 1349 y(|)153 b(Convert)64 b(-)21 b(Use)g(FunnelWeb)f(to)i(do)f(most)g (programming.)324 b(|)264 1399 y(|)153 b(Fanatic)64 b(-)21 b(FunnelWeb)f(has)h(become)g(a)g(way)h(of)f(life.)369 b(|)264 1449 y(|)1547 b(|)264 1499 y(|)22 b(7.)f(What)g(changes)g(or)g(new)g (features)f(would)h(you)g(like)g(to)h(see)f(in)g(FunnelWeb?)63 b(|)264 1548 y(|)1547 b(|)264 1598 y(|)g(|)264 1648 y(|)g(|)264 1698 y(|)g(|)264 1748 y(|)g(|)264 1797 y(|)g(|)264 1847 y(|)22 b(8.)f(Do)h(you)f(want)g(to)g(be)h(kept)f(informed)f(of)h(new)g(FunnelWeb)f (developments?)106 b(|)264 1897 y(|)1547 b(|)264 1947 y(+------------------)o (-----)o(-----)o(-----)o(----)o(-----)o(-----)o(-----)o(-----)o(-----)o(----) o(-----)o(+)343 2038 y Fh(T)m(o)433 b(register)e(as)h(a)281 2088 y(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)13 b(user,)i(please)f(\014ll)g(in)h(this)f(form)g(and) g(email)f(it)i(to)g Fe(ross@spam.)o(ad)o(ela)o(ide)o(.ed)o(u.a)o(u)p Fh(,)e(or)h(snail)g(mail)281 2138 y(it)f(to)f(Ross)h(Williams,)e(16)i(Lerwic) o(k)f(Av)o(en)o(ue,)g(Hazelw)o(o)q(o)q(d)f(P)o(ark)h(5066,)g(Australia.)18 b(Y)m(ou)13 b(ma)o(y)f(wish)g(to)h(mak)o(e)e(a)281 2188 y(con)o(tribution)d (when)j(y)o(ou)g(register.)i(See)e(Section)e(5.5)i(for)g(more)f(information.) 650 2279 y Fo(Figure)k(4)p Fr(:)k(The)d(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(registration)h (form.)1032 2940 y(111)p eop %%Page: 112 113 112 112 bop 177 42 a Fr(don't)15 b(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)h(incon)o(v)o(enience)g (users)i(who)d(install)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb,)g(pla)o(y)g(with)g(it,)h(and)f (then)i(hardly)e(ev)o(er)i(use)177 91 y(it.)i(If)c(y)o(ou)g(are)g(in)g(this)g 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y(and)d(see)h(what)f (comes)f(out.")17 b(3\))12 b(The)g(language)f(implemen)o(ted)f(b)o(y)h(the)i (F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(program)f(as)i(in)g(\\I)f(wrote)177 1855 y(the)k(program)d(in)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.")18 b(or)13 b(\\I)h(wrote)g(the)h (program)d(in)i(Ada)f(using)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.".)177 1931 y Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)g(\014le:)j Fr(A)d(\014le)g(whose)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)h(are)g (written)f(in)f(the)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(language.)177 2006 y Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)h(language:)j Fr(The)d(language)f(in)g(whic)o(h)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)f(input)h(\014les)g(are)h(written.)177 2082 y Fo(F)l(unnelW)l(eb)i(prop)q(er:)24 b Fr(Usually)m(,)16 b(when)h(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)g(is)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed,)f(it)h(pro)q(cesses)j(a)c(single)h(input)g (\014le)g(and)177 2132 y(then)e(terminates.)i(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)d(it)f(also)g (has)h(a)g(command)d(language)i(mo)q(de)f(in)i(whic)o(h)f(it)h(is)f(p)q (ossible)h(to)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)177 2182 y(\\F)m(unnelW)m(eb")g(man)o(y)e (times.)19 b(This)14 b(leads)h(to)f(confusion)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(\\F)m (unnelW)m(eb")d(the)i(outer)g(program)e(and)177 2232 y(\\F)m(unnelW)m(eb")19 b(the)h(inner)g(program.)34 b(T)m(o)18 b(a)o(v)o(oid)h(this)g(confusion,)i (the)f(inner)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(is)h(sometimes)177 2281 y(referred)c(to)e (as)g(\\F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(prop)q(er".)177 2357 y Fo(FW:)i Fr(An)f (abbreviation)f(for)g(\\F)m(unnelW)m(eb")g(that)h(is)g(used)h(wherev)o(er)g (appropriate.)177 2433 y Fo(Include)f(\014le:)j Fr(A)d(\014le)g(read)h(in)e (b)o(y)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(as)h(the)h(result)f(of)g(an)f(include)h(pragma)e (\()p Fl(@i)22 b(filename)p Fr(\).)177 2508 y Fo(Input)16 b(\014le:)k Fr(An)o(y)c(\014le)f(read)h(in)f(b)o(y)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)22 b(The)16 b(phrase)g(\\the)g(input)f(\014le")g(refers)i(to)f(the)g(ro)q(ot)f (input)177 2558 y(\014le)f(\(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(using)d(the)i Fl(+F)e Fr(option\).)177 2634 y Fo(Journal)h(\014le:)k Fr(An)c(output)g (\014le)g(con)o(taining)f(a)h(cop)o(y)f(of)h(the)g(output)h(sen)o(t)g(to)e (the)i(user's)g(console)f(during)g(an)177 2683 y(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)f(of)g (F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)18 b(In)13 b(other)i(systems,)f(this)g(\014le)f(is)h (sometimes)e(called)i(a)f(\\log)g(\014le".)177 2759 y Fo(Listing)g(\014le:)k Fr(An)d(output)h(\014le)e(summarizing)e(the)k(result)f(of)g(pro)q(cessing)h (an)e(input)h(\014le.)177 2835 y Fo(Macro:)19 b Fr(A)14 b(binding)f(of)g(a)h (name)f(to)g(a)h(string.)1032 2940 y(115)p eop %%Page: 116 117 116 116 bop 177 42 a Fo(Macro)14 b(de\014nition)o(:)h Fr(A)d(construct)i(app) q(earing)e(in)g(a)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(\014le)h(that)h(binds)f(a)g(name)f(to)h (a)f(text)i(string.)177 91 y(A)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(\014le)h(consists)h(of)f (a)f(series)i(of)f(macro)e(de\014nitions)i(surrounded)h(b)o(y)f(do)q(cumen)o (tary)f(text.)177 166 y Fo(Mapp)q(er:)18 b Fr(A)13 b(comp)q(onen)o(t)f(of)g (the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(program)g(that)g(reads)i(in)e(the)i(input)e(\014le)h (and)g(creates)h(a)f(cop)o(y)177 216 y(of)g(it)h(in)f(memory)m(.)177 291 y Fo(Option:)j Fr(An)e(parameter)f(in)o(ternal)f(to)i(the)f(F)m(unnelW)m (eb)g(program)f(whic)o(h)h(can)h(b)q(e)f(con)o(trolled)g(b)o(y)h(command)177 340 y(line)g(argumen)o(ts)f(or)h(pragmas.)177 415 y Fo(Output)h(\014le:)21 b Fr(An)o(y)15 b(\014le)g(written)h(b)o(y)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb.)22 b(This)16 b(includes)g(listing,)e(journal,)g(pro)q(duct,)i(and)g(do)q(cu-)177 465 y(men)o(tation)e(\014les.)21 b(\(W)m(arning:)f(During)14 b(most)g(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb's)h(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)f(the)i(term)e(\\output)h (\014le")g(w)o(as)177 515 y(also)10 b(used)i(to)f(refer)h(to)f(what)g(are)g (no)o(w)f(called)h(\\pro)q(duct)h(\014les".)17 b(This)11 b(turned)g(out)g(to) g(b)q(e)h(extremely)e(confusing)177 565 y(and)j(so)h(the)f(term)g(\\pro)q (duct)h(\014le")f(w)o(as)g(in)o(v)o(en)o(ted)g(to)h(distinguish)e(the)i (generic)g(from)e(the)i(sp)q(eci\014c.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)177 614 y(as)14 b(this)g(w)o(as)g(a)f(late)h(mo)q(di\014cation,)d(y)o(ou)j(ma)o (y)e(\014nd)i(some)f(o)q(ccurrences)k(of)c(the)i(old)e(use)h(of)g(\\output)g (\014le".\).)177 689 y Fo(P)o(arser:)20 b Fr(A)15 b(comp)q(onen)o(t)f(of)h (the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(program)g(that)h(pro)q(cesses)i(the)f(tok)o(en)f (list)g(generated)h(b)o(y)f(the)177 739 y(scanner)i(and)f(pro)q(duces)h(a)f (macro)e(table)i(and)f(a)h(do)q(cumen)o(t)f(list.)23 b(The)17 b(parser)g(mainly)c(analyses)j(the)g(input)177 789 y(\014le)e(at)g(the)g(syn) o(tactic)h(lev)o(el,)e(but)h(also)f(do)q(es)i(some)e(ligh)o(t)o(w)o(eigh)o(t) f(seman)o(tic)h(c)o(hec)o(king)h(to)q(o.)177 863 y Fo(Pragma:)j Fr(Single-line)11 b(directiv)o(es)j(that)e(app)q(ears)h(in)f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb) f(\014les.)18 b(Pragmas)11 b(con)o(trol)h(ev)o(erything)h(from)177 913 y(maxim)n(um)d(input)k(line)f(length)h(to)g(t)o(yp)q(esetter)i(dep)q (endence.)k(A)14 b(pragma)e(line)i(starts)h(with)e(\\)p Fl(@p)p Fr(".)177 988 y Fo(Prin)o(ted)18 b(do)q(cumen)o(tation:)25 b Fr(Sheets)c(of)d(pap)q(er)i(resulting)e(from)g(actually)g(t)o(yp)q (esetting)h(and)g(prin)o(ting)f(a)177 1038 y(do)q(cumen)o(tation)13 b(\014le.)177 1112 y Fo(Pro)q(duct)e(\014le:)k Fr(An)c(output)g(\014le,)g (generated)h(b)o(y)e(the)i(T)m(angle)d(comp)q(onen)o(t)h(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m (eb,)h(that)g(con)o(tains)f(the)177 1162 y(expansion)k(of)g(the)h(macros)e (in)h(the)h(input)f(\014le.)19 b(Note:)g(Other)d(names)d(considered)j(for)d (this)i(w)o(ere:)k(generated)177 1212 y(\014le,)14 b(expanded)g(\014le,)g (result)g(\014le,)g(program)e(\014le,)h(and)h(tangle)g(\014le.)177 1287 y Fo(Scanner:)j Fr(A)d(comp)q(onen)o(t)e(of)h(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f (program)f(that)i(scans)g(a)f(cop)o(y)h(of)e(the)j(input)e(\014le)g(in)g (memory)177 1337 y(and)h(generates)i(a)e(line)g(list)f(and)h(a)g(tok)o(en)g (list)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(fed)f(to)g(the)h(parser.)20 b(The)15 b(scanner)g(pro)q (cesses)i(the)e(input)177 1386 y(at)f(the)g(lexical)f(lev)o(el.)177 1461 y Fo(Script:)k Fr(A)d(\014le)f(con)o(taining)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(shell)f (commands.)177 1536 y Fo(Shell:)i Fr(A)c(command)d(language)i(in)o(terpreter) j(built)d(in)o(to)g(the)i(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)e(program.)16 b(The)11 b(in)o(terpreter)i(allo)o(ws)177 1586 y(the)19 b(user)f(to)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e) f(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(prop)q(er)i(man)o(y)d(times)h(during)g(a)h(single)f(in)o (v)o(o)q(cation)g(of)g(the)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)177 1636 y(program.)177 1710 y Fo(Sp)q(ecial)12 b(c)o(haracter:)17 b Fr(A)c(distinguished)f(c)o (haracter)i(in)d(a)h(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(input)g(\014le)h(that)f(in)o(tro)q (duces)h(a)g(sp)q(ecial)177 1760 y(sequence.)32 b(By)19 b(default)e(the)i(sp) q(ecial)f(c)o(haracter)h(is)f(\\)p Fl(@)p Fr(".)29 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)19 b(it)f(can)g(b)q(e)g(c)o(hanged)h(using)e(the)i(\\)p Fl(@=)p Fr(")177 1810 y(sp)q(ecial)14 b(sequence.)177 1885 y Fo(Sp)q(ecial)f (sequence:)k Fr(A)12 b(sp)q(ecial)h(sequence)i(is)e(a)f(construct)i(in)o(tro) q(duced)f(b)o(y)g(the)g(sp)q(ecial)g(c)o(haracter.)19 b(Sp)q(ecial)177 1934 y(sequences)e(are)e(used)g(to)g(de\014ne)g(a)f(structure)j(in)d(a)g(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(input)g(\014le)g(that)h(exists)g(at)f(a)g(higher)h(lev)o(el)f (to)177 1984 y(the)k(surrounding)g(text.)29 b(A)17 b(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)g(input) g(\014le)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(considered)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(a)f(sequence)i(of)e (text)h(and)177 2034 y(sp)q(ecial)c(sequences.)177 2109 y Fo(T)l(angle:)21 b Fr(This)16 b(is)f(the)h(name)e(for)i(the)g(comp)q(onen)o(t)e(of)h(F)m (unnelW)m(eb)g(that)h(generates)h(one)f(or)f(more)g(pro)q(duct)177 2159 y(\014les)f(con)o(taining)f(the)i(expansion)e(of)h(macros)f(in)g(the)i (input)e(\014le.)177 2233 y Fo(T)o(yp)q(esetting)h(directiv)o(e:)j Fr(A)e(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)f(directiv)o(e)h(whose)h(sole)e(e\013ect)i(is)f(to)f (mo)q(dify)f(the)i(w)o(a)o(y)f(in)g(whic)o(h)177 2283 y(the)h(input)e(\014le) h(is)g(represen)o(ted)j(in)c(the)i(do)q(cumen)o(tation)d(\014le.)177 2358 y Fo(W)l(ea)o(v)o(e:)23 b Fr(This)16 b(is)f(the)i(name)e(for)g(the)i (comp)q(onen)o(t)e(of)g(F)m(unnelW)m(eb)h(that)g(generates)h(a)f(do)q(cumen)o (tation)f(\014le)177 2408 y(con)o(taining)e(t)o(yp)q(esetting)i(commands)c (represen)o(ting)16 b(the)e(input)g(\014le.)1032 2940 y(116)p eop %%Page: 117 118 117 117 bop 177 378 a Fj(App)s(endix)34 b(B)177 610 y Fp(References)177 851 y Fo([ANSI])21 b Fr(Australian)f(Standard)h(AS)f(3955-1991,)f (\\Programming)e(Languages)j(|)g(C",)g(\(ISBN:)g(0-7262-)177 901 y(6970-0\),)c(12)h(July)g(1991.)27 b(Iden)o(tical)17 b(to:)24 b(In)o(ternational)17 b(Standard)g(ISO/IEC)h(9899:)23 b(1990)16 b(Programming)177 951 y(Languages)e(|)f(C.)177 1025 y Fo([ANZE])k Fr(\\Australia,)f(New)g(Zealand)g(Encyclop)q(edia",)g(En)o(try:)22 b(\\F)m(unnel-w)o(eb)15 b(spiders",)i(V)m(ol)e(7,)g(pp.)h(564{)177 1075 y(565,)d(Ba)o(y)h(Bo)q(oks,)f(Sydney)m(,)h(\(ISBN:)g(85835{127{7\),)d (1975.)177 1150 y Fo([BSI82])f Fr(British)h(Standards)g(Institute,)g(\\Sp)q (eci\014cation)g(for)f(Computer)g(Programmi)o(ng)e(Language)i(P)o(ascal",)177 1200 y(Publication)15 b(BS6192:1982,)e(British)j(Standards)g(Institute,)h(P)m (.O.)e(Bo)o(x)g(372,)g(Milton)f(Keynes,)j(MK146LO,)177 1249 y(1982.)177 1324 y Fo([Gries81])8 b Fr(Gries)i(D.,)f(\\The)h(Science)h(of)e (Programming)o(",)e(Springer-V)m(erlag,)j(\(ISBN:)g(0-387-90641-X\),)c(1981.) 177 1399 y Fo([Humphries91])13 b Fr(Humphries)i(B,)g(\\Neglected)h(P)o(o)q (ems)f(and)g(Other)h(Creatures",)h(Angus)f(and)f(Rob)q(ertson,)177 1449 y(Sydney)m(,)f(\(ISBN:)g(0-207-17212-9\),)c(1991.)177 1523 y Fo([Kernighan88])15 b Fr(Kernighan)i(B.W.,)g(Ritc)o(hie)f(D.M.,)g (\\The)h(C)g(Programming)c(Language",)k(\(second)h(edi-)177 1573 y(tion,\\ANSI)13 b(C"\),)g(Pren)o(tice)j(Hall,)c(\(ISBN:)i (0-13-110362-8\),)d(1988.)177 1648 y Fo([Kn)o(uth83])j Fr(Kn)o(uth)h(D.E.,)f (\\The)h(WEB)g(System)f(of)h(Structured)h(Do)q(cumen)o(tation",)d(\(W)m(eb)i (User)h(Man)o(ual,)177 1698 y(V)m(ersion)e(2.5,)f(No)o(v)o(em)o(b)q(er,)f (1983\),)h(Stanford)g(Univ)o(ersit)o(y)m(,)g(1983.)177 1773 y Fo([Kn)o(uth84])f Fr(Kn)o(uth)j(D.E.,)d(\\The)i(T)767 1781 y(E)790 1773 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