\chapter{Rests} \section{Ordinary rests} A separate macro is defined for each kind of ordinary rest. They cause a space after the symbol, just like spacing note commands, but they have no parameters. A whole rest is coded as \keyindex{pause}, half rest \keyindex{hpause} or \keyindex{hp}, quarter rest \keyindex{qp} or \keyindex{soupir}, eighth rest \keyindex{ds}, sixteenth rest \keyindex{qs}, $32$nd~rest \keyindex{hs}, and $64$th rest \keyindex{qqs}. Dotted rests may be obtained by using \keyindex{pausep}, \keyindex{hpausep} or \keyindex{hpp}, \keyindex{qpp}, \keyindex{dsp}, \keyindex{qsp}, \keyindex{hsp} and \keyindex{qqsp}, and double-dotted rests by \keyindex{pausepp}, \keyindex{hpausepp} or \keyindex{hppp}, \keyindex{qppp}, \keyindex{dspp}, \keyindex{qspp}, \keyindex{hspp} and \keyindex{qqspp},. Longer rests, normally interpreted as lasting two or four bars respectively, can be coded as \keyindex{PAuse} and \keyindex{PAUSe}, which yield: \begin{music}\nostartrule \generalmeter{\meterfrac44} \startextract \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar\PAuse\en}% \NOTEs\en\bar \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar\PAUSe\en}% \NOTEs\en \endextract \end{music} %\check \noindent The command \keyindex{Hpause} $p$ $n$ provides an arbitrary length pause at pitch $p$ and of length $n$ \keyindex{noteskip}. For example, \verb|\NOTes\Hpause4{0.83}\en| produces \begin{music} \nostartrule \startextract \NOTes\Hpause4{0.83}\en \endextract \end{music} \section{Raising rests and non-spacing rests}\index{raising rests} All the previous rests (except \keyindex{pausep}, \keyindex{hpausep} and \keyindex{Hpause}) are \ital{hboxes}, which means that they can be vertically offset if needed using the standard \TeX\ command \keyindex{raise}. For example: \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} \raise 2\Interligne\qp \raise 3mm\qqs \end{verbatim} \end{quote} \noindent where \keyindex{Interligne} is the distance from one staff line to the next. Similarly, non-spacing rests may be coded using the \TeX\ command \keyindex{rlap}, as in \begin{music}\nostartrule \startextract \notes\ibbu0h{-1}\zccl e\qb0h\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\qs\qb0e\en \notes\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\ds\qb0f\tqu0g\en \endextract \end{music}\noindent for which the coding is \begin{verbatim} \notes\ibbu0h{-1}\zccl e\qb0h\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\qs\qb0e\en \notes\raise-4\Interligne\rlap\ds\qb0f\tqu0g\en \end{verbatim} In addition, four special macros are available to raise or lower a whole or half rest. The ordinary \verb|\pause| or \verb|\hpause| cannot be used outside the staff because a short horizontal line must be added to distinguish between the whole and the half rest. The commands, which are non-spacing\footnote{Editor's note: The reason for having defined these as non-spacing is not obvious}, are are \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} \item \keyindex{liftpause}~$n$ to get a \hbox to10pt{\liftpause{-2}\hss} raised from original position by $n$ staff line intervals, \item \keyindex{lifthpause}~$n$ to get \hbox to10pt{\lifthpause{-1}\hss} raised the same way. \item \keyindex{liftpausep}~$n$ to get a \hbox to10pt{\liftpausep{-2}\hss} raised from original position by $n$ staff line intervals, \item \keyindex{lifthpausep}~$n$ to get \hbox to10pt{\lifthpausep{-1}\hss} raised the same way. \end{itemize} %\check \section{Bar-centered rests}\label{barcentered} Sometimes it is necessary to place a rest (or some other symbols) exactly in the middle of the notes region of a bar (i.e., excluding any initial clef and key or time signatures). This can usually be done with combinations of the commands \keyindex{atnextbar}, \keyindex{centerbar}, \keyindex{cPAUSe}, \keyindex{cPAuse}, \keyindex{cpause}, \keyindex{chpause}, \keyindex{cHpause} $n$, as demonstrated in the following example: \begin{music} \generalmeter\meterC \generalsignature{3} \setclef1\bass \setstaffs1{2} \parindent0pt \startextract \NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cpause}|\en}% \generalsignature{-3}\changecontext \NOTes\ha{Nc}|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cpause}\en}% \setclef1\alto\changeclefs% \generalmeter{\meterfrac21}\changecontext% \NOTEs\wh d\pause|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cPAuse}\en}% \bar \NOTEs|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}|\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}\en}% \endextract \end{music} \noindent with the coding \begin{verbatim} \generalmeter\meterC \generalsignature{3} \setclef1\bass \setstaffs1{2} \parindent0pt \startextract \NOtes|\qa{cegj}\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cpause}|\en}% \generalsignature{-3}\changecontext \NOTes\ha{Nc}|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cpause}\en}% \setclef1\alto\changeclefs% \generalmeter{\meterfrac21}\changecontext% \NOTEs\wh d\pause|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes|\centerbar{\cPAuse}\en}% \bar \NOTEs|\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}|\centerbar{\cHpause{12}}\en}% \endextract \end{verbatim}\noindent The following abbreviations are provided: \begin{quote} \begin{tabular}{lcl} \keyindex{centerpause}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cpause}|\\ \keyindex{centerhpause}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\chpause}|\\ \keyindex{centerPAuse}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cPAuse}|\\ \keyindex{centerPAUSe}& for & \verb|\centerbar{\cPAUSe}|\\ \keyindex{centerHpause} $n$ & for & \verb|\centerbar{\cHpause| $n$\verb|}| \end{tabular} \end{quote} Material other than these rests may be used as arguments to \verb|\centerbar|, as in:\\ \begin{music} \nostartrule \generalmeter\meterC \parindent0pt \startextract \NOTEs\sk\hqsk\en\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn{9}{\meterfont7}}% \centerbar{\cPAUSe\off{2\elemskip}\cPAuse\off{2\elemskip}\cpause}\en}\bar \NOtes\ql{ghij}\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\liftpause2}\en}\bar \NOTes\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}\bar \NOTes\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\loffset{0.7}{\centerbar{\Fermataup l\wh j}}\en} \endextract \end{music} \noindent for which the coding is: \begin{verbatim} \generalmeter\meterC \parindent0pt \startextract \NOTEs\en\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn{9}{\meterfont7}}% \centerbar{\cPAUSe\off{2\elemskip}\cPAuse\off{2\elemskip}\cpause}\en}\bar \NOtes\ql{ghij}\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\liftpause2}\en}\bar \NOTes\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\duevolte}\en}\bar \NOTes\en \def\atnextbar{\znotes\loffset{0.7}{\centerbar{\Fermataup l\wh j}}\en} \endextract \end{verbatim} In the last measure, it has been necessary to use \keyindex{loffset} to correct the centering of the off-center command \verb|\wh|\ldots. %To get proper positioning of \keyindex{centerbar} material before %a clef change, you may use an invisible bar line as in %\begin{quote} %\begin{verbatim} %\setclef1\bass %\startextract% %\NOTEs\Hpause4{0.83}\en %\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn9{\meterfont{4}}}\en}% %\qspace\setemptybar\bar% invisible bar line %\setclef1\alto\zchangeclefs\bar% %\NOtes\qa{abcd}\en %\endextract %\end{verbatim} %\end{quote} %which produces % %\begin{music} %\nostartrule %\nobarnumbers %\setclef1\bass %\startextract% %\NOTEs\Hpause4{0.83}\en %\def\atnextbar{\znotes\centerbar{\ccn9{\meterfont{4}}}\en}% %%\qspace\setemptybar\bar% invisible bar line %\setclef1\alto\changeclefs\bar% %\NOtes\qa{abcd}\en %\endextract %\end{music}