\chapter{Miscellaneous Other Notations} %avre \section{Metronomic indications} %Metronomic indication deserves a special macro. The mention: % %\medskip %\centerline{\def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\hup}{60}} % %\smallskip\noindent %is coded by \keyindex{metron}\verb|{\hup}{60}| (normally embedded in %\keyindex{Uptext} which is in turn embedded within \verb|\notes...\en|). % % On the other hand, music writers sometimes want to specify that the duration %of a previous note is equal to a distinct furthernote. Thus % % \smallskip %\centerline{\def\nbinstruments{0}\metronequiv{\qup}{\qu}} % %\smallskip\noindent %is coded by \keyindex{metronequiv}\verb|{\qup}{\qu}|. By way of example, the notations \begin{quote} \def\nbinstruments{0} \metron{\qu}{60} \quad and\quad \def\nbinstruments{0}\metronequiv{\qup}{\qu} \end{quote} are respectively coded as \keyindex{metron}\verb|{\qu}{60}| and \keyindex{metronequiv}\verb|{\qup}{\qu}|, which are normally placed using \keyindex{Uptext}. Also, you can set a smaller metronomic indication like \begin{quote} \def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\smallnotesize\lqu}{ca.~72} \quad or \quad \def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\tinynotesize\lqu}{ca.~72} \end{quote} by writing \begin{quote} \verb|\metron{\smallnotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}| \end{quote} or \begin{quote} \verb|\metron{\tinynotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}| \end{quote} \section{Accents} You may use\footnote{Note from the editor: the reason the names of some of these macros don't seem to suggest the terms used in the descriptions is that apparently Daniel Taupin had in mind other terms, such as \emph{pizzicato}.} \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} \item \keyindex{upz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{staccato}) to put a dot above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lpz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{staccato}) to put a dot below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{usf}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{sforzando}) to put a $>$ accent above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lsf}\pitchp~(lower \itxem{sforzando}) to put a $>$ accent below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{ust}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{tenuto}) to put a hyphen above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lst}\pitchp~(lower \ital{tenuto}) to put a hyphen below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{uppz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{staccatissimo}) to put a solid vertical wedge above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lppz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{staccatissimo}) to put an inverted solid vertical wedge below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{usfz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{forzato}) to put a ``dunce cap'' above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lsfz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{forzato}) to put an inverted ``dunce cap'' below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{upzst}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{mezzo-staccato/portato}) to put a dot and a hyphen above a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{lpzst}\pitchp~(lower \ital{mezzo-staccato/portato}) to put a dot and a hyphen below a note head at pitch $p$, \item \keyindex{flageolett}\pitchp~to put a small circle above a note head at pitch $p$. \end{itemize} These marks are horizontally centered relative to solid note heads. To compensate for the fact that whole notes are wider, you may use \begin{quote} \keyindex{wholeshift}\verb|{|\ital{Any nonspacing macro}\verb|}| \end{quote} to center accents (and other items) above or below a whole note. For example, \keyindex{Fermataup}\pitchp~(described in Section~{\ref{ornaments}}) is \emph{defined} as \keyindex{wholeshift}\verb|{|\keyindex{fermataup}\pitchp\verb|}|. There are also variants of the most common accents\footnote{Thanks to Klaus {\sc Bechert}'s corrections.} which will be automatically positioned above or below a beam. They are spelled like the corresponding normal accent, but preceded with the letter \verb|b|, and their argument, instead of the pitch, is the beam reference number . Thus \medskip \begin{music}\nostartrule \startextract \Notes\ibu0f3\busfz0\qb0f\bupz0\qb0g\bust0\qb0h% \buppz0\qb0i\busf0\qb0j\butext0\tqh0k\en \Notes\Ibl0lg5\blsfz0\qb0l\blpz0\qb0k\blst0\qb0j% \blppz0\qb0i\blsf0\qb0h\bltext0\tqb0g\en \zendextract \end{music} \noindent was coded as \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \startextract \Notes\ibu0f3\busfz0\qb0f\bupz0\qb0g\bust0\qb0h% \buppz0\qb0i\busf0\qb0j\butext0\tqh0k\en \Notes\Ibl0lg5\blsfz0\qb0l\blpz0\qb0k\blst0\qb0j% \blppz0\qb0i\blsf0\qb0h\bltext0\tqb0g\en \zendextract \end{verbatim}\end{quote} \zkeyindex{busfz} \zkeyindex{bupz} \zkeyindex{bust} \zkeyindex{buppz} \zkeyindex{busf} \zkeyindex{butext} \zkeyindex{blsfz} \zkeyindex{blpz} \zkeyindex{blst} \zkeyindex{blppz} \zkeyindex{blsf} \zkeyindex{bltext} The macros \verb|\bltext| and \verb|\butext| are detailed in the next section, where the mystery of why they produce the number~$3$ is resolved. \section{Numbers and brackets for xtuplets}\label{tuplet} The following table lists all the special macros that place a number indicating an xtuplet. Some also place a bracket above or below the notes, and are intended for use with unbeamed notes. In the table, $p$ is a pitch, $k$ is a number, $n$ is a beam number, $w$ is a bracket width in \verb|\internote|s, and $s$ is the bracket slope as a multiple of $1.125$~degrees. The macro \verb|\txt| contains a default number which will be placed by the first and third through sixth macros, and is initially defined as \verb|\def\txt{3}|. The macro \verb|\tuplettxt| serves the same role for the last two macros. The font used is defined by \verb|\txtfont| and is, by default, \verb|\eightit| (in normal music size) but may be re-defined. \zkeyindex{txtfont} The first four commands in the table are normally used with beamed xtuplets. As indicated in the last column, the last four produce a sloping bracket and may be used with unbeamed xtuplets. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{lclcc} \hline ~ & Number & ~ & Needs & ~ \\ Macro and arguments & printed & Where invoked & Bracket \\ \hline \verb|\triolet|\pitchp & \verb|\txt| & before beam & none \\ \verb|\xtuplet|\itbrace{k}\pitchp & $k$ & before beam & none \\ \verb|\butext|\itbrace{n} & \verb|\txt| & before note at number & none \\ \verb|\bltext|\itbrace{n} & \verb|\txt| & before note at number & none \\ \verb|\uptrio|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\txt| & before first note & solid \\ \verb|\downtrio|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\txt| & before first note & solid \\ \verb|\uptuplet|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\tuplettxt| & before first note & with gap \\ \verb|\downtuplet|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\tuplettxt| & before first note & with gap \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \medskip Here are some examples of the first six macros in the table:\\ \vskip-3pt \begin{music} \parindent0mm \generalmeter{\meterfrac24} \nostartrule \startpiece \addspace\afterruleskip \notesp\xtuplet6n\isluru0l\ibl0l0\qb0{lllll}\tslur0l\tqb0l\en\bar \notesp\triolet n\isluru0l\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tslur0n\tqb0n\en \notesp\ibslurd0k\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tdbslur0m\tqb0m\en\bar \Notesp\triolet o\isluru0l\ql{lm}\tslur0n\ql n\en\bar \Notesp\uptrio o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en %avrb \Notesp\downtrio O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en %avre \endpiece \end{music} whose coding is \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \notesp\xtuplet6n\isluru0l\ibl0l0\qb0{lllll}\tslur0l\tqb0l\en\bar \notesp\triolet n\isluru0l\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tslur0n\tqb0n\en \notesp\ibslurd0k\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tdbslur0m\tqb0m\en\bar \Notesp\triolet o\isluru0l\ql{lm}\tslur0n\ql n\en\bar \Notesp\uptrio o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en \Notesp\downtrio O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en \end{verbatim}\end{quote} \zkeyindex{xtuplet}\zkeyindex{triolet} \medskip Next are examples using \keyindex{uptuplet} and \keyindex{downtuplet}. A re-definition of \verb|\tuplettxt| inside a notes group only applies inside that group and leaves the default definition intact. To get the number properly centered in the gap, you must include some extra space after the number in the definition of \verb|\tuplettxt|. As you can see in the last bar, if the span becomes too small, the macros still won't provide enough room for the number in the gap; in this case it would be better to use the macros without gaps. % Examples: % % Draw a triplet bracket over the notes, starting at pitch "p", % 1.25\noteskip wide, with a slope up of 3-3/8 degrees: % % \uptuplet p{1.25}3 % % Draw a sextuplet bracket under the notes, starting at pitch "a", % 2.5\noteskip wide, with a slope down of 4-1/2 degrees: % % \def\tuplettxt{\smallppff 6\/\/} % \downtuplet{a}{2.5}{-4} \begin{music} %\input tuplet \parindent0mm \generalmeter{\meterfrac24} %\startpiece \nostartrule \startextract \addspace\afterruleskip \notesp\triolet o\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tqb0n\en \notesp\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tqb0m\en\bar \notesp\def\tuplettxt{5\/\/}\uptuplet o{4.1}2\cl{jklmn}\en\bar \Notesp\uptuplet o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en \Notesp\downtuplet O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en\bar \notesp\uptuplet o16\ccl l\en\notesp\cccl n\en \notesp\downtuplet O16\ccu e\en\notesp\cccu g\en %\endpiece \endextract \end{music} \noindent with coding \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \parindent0mm \generalmeter{\meterfrac24} \startextract \addspace\afterruleskip \notesp\triolet o\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tqb0n\en \notesp\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tqb0m\en\bar \notesp\def\tuplettxt{5\/\/}\uptuplet o{4.1}2\cl{jklmn}\en\bar \Notesp\uptuplet o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en \Notesp\downtuplet O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en\bar \notesp\uptuplet o16\ccl l\en\notesp\cccl n\en \notesp\downtuplet O16\ccu e\en\notesp\cccu g\en \end{verbatim}\end{quote} A modern notation uses a \emph{ratio} such as $5$:$6$ to specify the intended duration of an x-tuplet. This is supported in \musixtex\ by the command \keyindex{xxtuplet}, as in \begin{music} \nostartrule \startextract\addspace\afterruleskip \notes\xxtuplet5:6o\ibl0j3\qb0{jklm}\tql0n\en \endextract \end{music} \noindent with coding \verb|\xxtuplet5:6o\ibl0j3\qb0{jklm}\tql0n|. For the other x-tuplet commands (apart from \verb|\triolet|, which is defined in terms of \verb|\xtuplet|), it is possible to define \verb|\txt| or \verb|\tupletxt| as a ratio, as in \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \def\txt{5:6} \end{verbatim}\end{quote} \section{Ornaments} \label{ornaments} \subsection{Simple ornaments}\index{ornaments} The argument $p$ in the following macros for ordinary ornaments is the pitch at which the ornament itself appears. They are all nonspacing macros. You may use \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} \item \keyindex{mordent}\pitchp\ for \hbox to .75em{\mordent 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Mordent}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Mordent 0\hss} \item \keyindex{shake}\pitchp\ for \hbox to .75em{\shake 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Shake}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shake 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Shakel}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakel 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Shakesw}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakesw 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Shakene}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakene 0\hss} \item \keyindex{Shakenw}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakenw 0\hss} \item \keyindex{turn}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\turn 0\hss} \item \keyindex{backturn}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\backturn 0\hss} \item \keyindex{tr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\tr 0\hss} \item \keyindex{trt}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\trt 0\hss}\quad (J. S.~Bach's \textit{trillo und mordant}) \item \keyindex{xtr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.5em\xtr 0\hss} \item \keyindex{ptr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.5em\ptr 0\hss} \end{itemize} To compensate for the fact that whole notes are wider, you may use \begin{quote} \keyindex{wholeshift}\verb|{|\mbox{\ital{Any nonspacing macro}}\verb|}| \end{quote} to center any of these ornaments above (or below) a whole note. In the following macros for fermatas, the argument $p$ is the pitch of the notehead on which the fermata rests, assuming no additional vertical adjustments are needed for stems or intervening staff lines. They are all nonspacing macros. You may use \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex} \item \keyindex{fermataup}\pitchp\ for \raisebox{0ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\fermataup1\en}}, \end{itemize} \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{3ex} \item \keyindex{fermatadown}\pitchp\ for \raisebox{0ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\fermatadown2\en}}, \item \keyindex{Fermataup}\pitchp\ for \raisebox{-1ex}[-1ex][0ex]{\musicintextnoclef{\notes\Fermataup 7\zwh{'c}\en}}~, centered over a whole note, \item \keyindex{Fermatadown}\pitchp\ for \raisebox{-1ex}[0ex][0ex]{\musicintextnoclef{\notes\Fermatadown1\zwh{'c}\en}}~, centered under a whole note. \end{itemize} \bigskip A \itxem{breath} mark \raisebox{-5ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\zbreath\en}} can be put just above the staff with \keyindex{zbreath}. This is a nonspacing macro. On the other hand, \keyindex{cbreath} will cause a space of one \verb|\noteskip| and place the comma midway through the space. The \keyindex{caesura} command inserts a slash \verb|0.5\noteskip| before the place it is entered, while adding no space: \begin{music}\nostartrule \startextract \NOTes\zhu j\hl{^e}\caesura\en \Notes\zcu j\cl e\en \zendextract \end{music} \subsection{Arpeggios} \ital{Arpeggios} (i.e.~~~\arpeggio{-2}3) can be coded with the macro \keyindex{arpeggio}\pitchp\itbrace{m} where $p$ is the pitch of the base of the arpeggio symbol and $m$ is its height in units of \verb|\interligne|, the distance from one staff line to the next. It should be issued before the affected chord. It is automatically positioned to the left of the chord, but inserts no spacing. Its variant \keyindex{larpeggio} sets the arpeggio symbol roughly one note head width to the left of the default position, and is intended to avoid collision with single accidentals on chord notes. \subsection{Arbitrary length trills} There are two styles of arbitrary length trills\index{trills}, each with two variants. For a trill with preassigned length, use \keyindex{trille}\pitchp\itbrace{l} for \hbox to 1cm{\noteskip1cm\trille11\hss} or \keyindex{Trille}\pitchp\itbrace{l} for~~\hbox to 2cm{\noteskip1cm\Trille12\hss}, where $p$ is the pitch and $l$ the length in current \verb|\noteskips|. To let \musixtex\ compute the length of the trill, or if it extends across a system break, you can use \keyindex{Itrille}$n$\pitchp\ to start a plain trill, where $n$ is a trill reference number between 0 and 5; then \keyindex{Ttrille}$n$ to terminate it. To get the {\it tr} at the beginning, use \keyindex{ITrille}$n$\pitchp\ to start the trill and \verb|\Ttrille|$n$ to close it. \begin{sloppypar} As with other elements, you can specify the maximum number directly with \keyindex{setmaxtrills}\verb|{|$m$\verb|}|, where $7