\documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage[delims]{lgreek} \usepackage{doc} \MakeShortVerb\| \newenvironment{TeXystuff}% {\small\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{0.9}\smallskip}% {\par\smallskip} \title{Using Greek Fonts with \LaTeX} \author{Silvio Levy\\ Princeton University \\ Fine Hall, Washington Road\\ Princeton, NJ, 08544\\ (\texttt{levy@princeton.edu})\\[5pt] \emph{modified for \LaTeX2e by}\\[5pt] Timothy Murphy\\ School of Mathematics\\ Trinity College Dublin\\ (\texttt{tim@maths.tcd.ie})} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} In this document I hope to show that typesetting Greek in \LaTeX\ using the |lgreek| package (and the |gr| fonts) can be as easy as typesetting English text, and leads to equally good results. This is meant to be a tutorial, not an exhaustive discussion; some \TeX nical remarks that should be useful after the reader has acquired some familiarity with the fonts are printed in fine print. \end{abstract} \section{The Alphabet} In order to typeset Greek text, you need to go into ``Greek mode.'' This is achieved by typing |\begin{greek}| anywhere in your document; Greek mode will remain in effect until you type a matching |\end{greek}|. While in Greek mode, the letters `a' to `z' and `A' to `Z' come out as Greek letters, according to the following code: \begin{center} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt} \begin{tabular}{cccccccccccccccccccccccc} $a$&$b$&$g$&$d$&$e$&$z$&$h$&$j$&$i$&$k$&$l$&$m$& $n$&$x$&$o$&$p$&$r$&$s$&$t$&$u$&$f$&$q$&$y$&$w$\\ |a|&|b|&|g|&|d|&|e|&|z|&|h|&|j|&|i|&|k|&|l|&|m|& |n|&|x|&|o|&|p|&|r|&|s|&|t|&|u|&|f|&|q|&|y|&|w| \end{tabular} \end{center} There is no digamma yet. The same character `s' will print as `$c$' or `$s$', depending on its position in a word. \begin{TeXystuff} The system does this by accessing a ligature of `s' with any other letter that follows it. If, for some reason, you want to print an initial/medial sigma by itself (as in the table above), or at the end of a word, you should type `c'. \end{TeXystuff} Try to typeset some simple text now. Create a file containing the following lines: \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} \documentclass{article} \usepackage{lgreek} \begin{document} This is English text. \begin{greek} This is Greek text. \end{greek} \end{document} \end{verbatim} \end{quote} When you \TeX\ this file, you get the following gibberish: \begin{quote} %\hbox{ This is English text. \begin{greek} This is Greek text. \end{greek} %} \end{quote} If you give the |delims| option for the package then the character |$| can be used in place of both |\begin{greek}| and |\end{greek}|, as eg \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} This is English text. $This is Greek text.$ \end{verbatim} \end{quote} The control sequences |\(|\dots|\)| are still available for in-text math. \section{Accents and Breathings} To get an acute, grave or circumflex accent over a vowel, type |'|, |`| or |~|, respectively, before the vowel. To get a rough or smooth breathing, type |<| or |>| before the vowel (or rho) and any accent that it may have. To get an iota subscript, type \verb"|" \emph{after} the vowel. A diaeresis is represented by |"|, and if accompanied by an accent it can come before or after the accent. For example, \hbox{\verb">en >arq\~h| >\~hn en >arq~h| >~hn agap\~w}| gives \hbox{$\texttt{s''>agap~w}$}. (Try it.) On the other hand, there are no ``italic'' or slanted Greek fonts, so |\it| and |\sl| will give you the same fonts as outside Greek mode. The various constructions under %\AMSTeX\ and \LaTeX\ for increasing or decreasing point sizes don't \LaTeX\ for increasing or decreasing point sizes don't work yet; they will in a future release. The characters that form diacritics (|<|, |>|, |'|, |`|, |\~|, |"| and \verb"|") are treated differently depending on whether or not you're in Greek mode. More exactly, under plain \TeX\ these characters (with the exception of |\~|) have a |\catcode| of 12: they print as themselves, and they cannot appear in control words. But in Greek mode |'|, |`|, |\~|, |"| and \verb"|" are ``letters'', that is, they have a |\catcode| of 11, while |<| and |>| are active, with a |\catcode| of 13. This may be important even for beginners because it means that |'|, for example, can be taken as part of a control word. Thus the sequence \begin{verbatim} \begin{greek} wm'ega\hfil'alfa \end{greek} \end{verbatim} \noindent will cause an error message about an undefined control sequence |\hfil'alfa|, instead of printing \begin{quote} \begin{greek} wm'ega\hfil 'alfa \end{greek} \end{quote} as you might expect. (I hope classicists will forgive this use of the modern Greek one-accent system.) The solution, of course, is to remember to add a blank after the |\hfil|. \begin{TeXystuff} A more subtle problem arises when you use Greek text in macro arguments, if the arguments are scanned while you're outside Greek mode. This is because \TeX\ assigns |\catcode|s to tokens as it first reads them, so when the argument is plugged into the body of the macro the characters above have the wrong |\catcode|. If the legendary Jonathan Horatio Quick were to write \begin{quote} \begin{verbatim} \def\hellenize#1{\begin{greek}#1\end{greek}} \hellenize{d'uo >`h tre~is,} \end{verbatim} \end{quote} he would be unpleasantly surprised by the following output: \begin{quote} \def\hellenize#1{\begin{greek}#1\end{greek}} \hellenize{d'uo >`h tre~is,} \end{quote} \enlargethispage{24pt} which can be explained as follows: the |\~|, which should be a letter, is seen as an active character, and expands to a blank as in plain \TeX; while the breathing, which should be active, is not, and in particular it doesn't do the right thing when next to the grave accent. Solutions to this problem require a bit of wizardry, and will not be discussed here; see, for example, Reinhard Wonneberger's article in the October, 1986 issue of {\it TUGboat}, especially pages 179--180. \end{TeXystuff} \end{document}