\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{report} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{textcomp} %\usepackage{endnotes} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage[german,french,american]{babel} \usepackage[autostyle]{csquotes} %\usepackage[document]{ragged2e} \usepackage[authordate-trad,backend=biber,autolang=none,booklongxref=false,% bibencoding=latin1,postnotepunct,compresspages,strict]{biblatex-chicago} % \usepackage[style=chicago-authordate,backend=biber,usecompiler=true,% % babel=hyphen,bibencoding=auto,sorting=nyt,cmslos,autocite=inline]{biblatex} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage{gentium} %\renewcommand*{\rmdefault}{fgn}% The font (gentium) used for pdf \usepackage{ifthen} \usepackage{setspace} \usepackage{vmargin} \setpapersize{A4} \setmarginsrb{1in}{20pt}{1in}{.5in}{1pt}{2pt}{0pt}{2mm} \usepackage{url} \urlstyle{rm} \appto\bibsetup{\sloppy} \providecommand{\cmslink}[1]{#1}% In case someone prints the annotations. \hyphenation{evans-ton clem-ens mc-hugh ho-ro-witz} \setlength{\dimen\footins}{9.5in} \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} \setlength{\parskip}{5pt} \protected\def\onethird{{\scriptsize\raisebox{.7ex}{1}% \hspace{-0.1em}\raisebox{.2ex}{/}\hspace{-0.03em}3}} \newcommand{\cmd}[1]{\texttt{\textbackslash #1}} \usepackage[colorlinks,urlcolor=blue,citecolor=black, plainpages=false,breaklinks=true]{hyperref} \bibliography{dates-test} %%\onehalfspacing \begin{document} \section*{The Chicago authordate-trad Specification:% \ Testing Only} \label{sec:spec} \subsection*{Please see cms-dates-intro.pdf first} \label{bibernote} Starting with \textsf{biblatex} version 1.5, in order to adhere to the author-date specification you will need to use \textsf{Biber} to process your .bib files, as \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ (and its more recent variants) will no longer provide all the features the style requires. For this release, you really need the current versions of \textsf{Biber} (2.10) and \textsf{biblatex} (3.10), which contain features and bug-fixes on which my own code relies. The advice that follows in this document assumes that you are using \textsf{Biber}; if you wish to continue using \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ then you need \textsf{biblatex} version 1.4c and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} 0.9.7a. (Please contact me at the email address in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf} if you have any difficulty obtaining a copy of this earlier release.) \subsection*{Editions} \label{editions} This file documents the \textsf{authordate-trad} specification which, as envisaged by the \emph{Manual} \autocite*[15.45]{chicago:manual}, grafts the traditional Chicago author-date title formatting onto the current, 16th-edition recommendations for the remainder of the reference apparatus. This newest edition implemented significant changes to what the author-date specification has, historically, recommended, and there are certain to be users who prefer the older format with titles capitalized sentence-style and not, in the case of most un-book-like entries, enclosed in quotation marks. I have implemented the \textsf{authordate-trad} style for such users. To compare it with the standard style, please see \textsf{cms-dates-sample.pdf}. You can also still use the 15th-edition styles from \textsf{biblatex-chicago}, which have been updated with some improvements borrowed from the 16th edition, but which are now strongly deprecated. (See \textsf{biblatex-chicago15.pdf} and \textsf{cms15-dates-sample.pdf}.) I would encourage all users to switch to one of the 16th-edition styles as soon as possible, as I am concentrating all of my development time there. \subsection*{Usage} \label{usage} As a general rule, you'll probably want to use the \cmd{autocite} command for most citations. For most sources, the result will be exactly as you expect it to be. A few examples: \autocite{adorno:benj}; \autocite{ashbrook:brain}; \autocite{babb:peru}; \autocite{barcott:review:15}. Any page references should also appear as you expect: \autocite[338]{batson}; \autocite[79]{beattie:crime}; \autocite[36]{boxer:china}. \subsection*{Repeated citations} \label{sec:ibidem} Repeated citations are somewhat complicated. The Chicago author-date style doesn't use \enquote{\emph{Ibid},} but in general a repeated citation on the same page will print only the page reference: \autocite{browning:aurora}; \autocite[45]{browning:aurora}. Technically, this should only occur when a source is cited \enquote{more than once in one paragraph} \autocite[15.26]{chicago:manual}, so you can use the \cmd{citereset} command from \textsf{biblatex} to achieve the greatest compliance, as the package only offers automatic resetting on part, chapter, section, and subsection boundaries, while \textsf{biblatex-chicago} automatically resets the tracker at page breaks: \citereset\cmd{citereset}\ \autocite[15.27]{chicago:manual}. If you are going to repeat a source, make sure that the cite command provides a postnote --- when using \textsf{biblatex-chicago} you'll no longer get any annoying empty parentheses, but you will get another standard citation, which may add too much clutter: \autocite{chicago:manual}. If you don't need to cite a specific page, then it may be better, or at least more concise, only to use one citation command rather than two. \subsection*{Other citation commands} \label{sec:other} The other citation commands from \textsf{biblatex} also work fine: \cmd{textcite}: \textcite{conley:fifthgrade}; \cmd{autocite*}: \autocite*{connell:chronic}; \cmd{cite}: \cite{conway:evolution}; \cmd{cite*}: \cite*{davenport:attention}; \cmd{foot\-note} with \cmd{autocite};\footnote{\autocite{donne:var:15}.}\ \cmd{footcite} (=\cmd{cite} inside a \cmd{footnote}). \footcite{dunn:revolutions} Multicites should work as you expect, too: \cmd{autocites}: \autocites{dyna:browser}{eliot:pound}; \cmd{autocites} by the same author: \autocites{pirumova}{pirumova:russian}; \cmd{autocites} by the same author with postnotes: \autocites{pirumova}[14]{pirumova:russian}; \cmd{textcites} by the same author with postnotes: \textcites[37]{pirumova}{pirumova:russian}. \subsection*{Shorthands} \label{sec:shorthands} Chicago's author-date style only seems to recommend the use of shorthands as abbreviations for long authors' names, particularly institutional names \autocite[15.36]{chicago:manual}. By default, I have followed this recommendation: \cmd{autocites}: \autocites{bsi:abbreviation}{iso:electrodoc}; \cmd{textcites}: \textcites{bsi:abbreviation}{iso:electrodoc}. This \textsf{shorthand} will by default appear at the head of the entry in the list of references, followed by the parenthesized expansion of the shorthand, taken from the \textsf{author} field. (This is a change from the 15th edition.) You will usually also need a \textsf{sortkey} field to make sure that the entry is alphabetized by the \textsf{shorthand} rather than by the \textsf{title}. If you use a \cmd{printshorthands} command, the list of shorthands will still be printed, so you now have a variety of options available for presenting the expansions depending on your specific requirements. Please note, also, that you can get back something approaching the \enquote{standard} behavior of shorthands if you give the \texttt{cmslos=false} option to \textsf{biblatex-chicago} in your document preamble. \subsection*{Mildly problematic entries} \label{sec:problematic} In most entries, the absence of an author can be supplied by, e.g., an editor or a translator: \autocite{chaucer:alt}; \autocite{silver:gawain}. Sometimes an anonymous work's author is known or can be guessed: \autocite{horsley:prosodies}; \autocite{cook:sotweed}. Alternatively, in some cases the \textsf{title} may appear in place of the \textsf{author}: \autocite{anon:stanze}; \autocite{virginia:plantation}. The 16th edition is less than enthusiastic about the use of \enquote{\texttt{Anon.}}\ as author. By default, in most entry types, an absent \textsf{date} will automatically provoke \textsf{Biber} into searching for other sorts of dates in the entry, in the order \textsf{year, eventyear, origyear, urlyear}: e.g., \autocite{evanston:library}, which only has a \textsf{urlyear}. In three entry types --- \textsf{Music}, \textsf{Review}, and \textsf{Video} --- this search order is \textsf{eventyear, origyear, year, urlyear}, as in these types the earliest year should take precedence (cf.\ page~\pageref{sec:audiovisual}, below). Beginning with this release, you can change the default search order, for all but the three types just mentioned, by using the \texttt{cmsdate} option in the preamble of your document, instead of (or in addition to) using it in the \textsf{options} field of individual entries. Setting that option in the preamble either to \enquote{\texttt{both}} or \enquote{\texttt{on}} makes the document-wide search order: \textsf{origyear, year, eventyear, urlyear}. This may be useful for documents that contain many entries with multiple dates, and where you want \emph{always} to present the earlier (i.e., \textsf{orig}) dates at the head of reference list entries and in citations. You can eliminate some of these dates from the running, or change the search order, using the \cmd{DeclareLabeldate} command in your preamble, but please be aware that I have hard-coded the possibilities above into the author-date style in order to cope with some tricky corners of the specification. If you reorder these dates, and your references enter these tricky corners, the results might be surprising. (Cf.\ section~4.5.8 in \textsf{biblatex.pdf} and especially section~5.2, s.v.\ \enquote{\textsf{date}} in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf} for the gory details.) In most entry types, the absence of all four possible dates will automatically produce \mbox{\enquote{\texttt{n.d.}\hspace{-2pt}}} instead: \autocite{bernstein:shostakovich}. You can also give it yourself in the form \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}}: \autocite{ross:thesis}. A date that can be guessed should appear within square brackets: \autocite{clark:mesopot}. Forthcoming works are straightforward, assuming you remember to use the \cmd{autocap} macro and the \textsf{year} (instead of the \textsf{date}) field, so that the word appears correctly in both citations and the list of references: \autocite{author:forthcoming}; \autocite{contrib:contrib}. The 16th edition of the \emph{Manual} has changed the rules for entries with more than one date \autocite[15.38]{chicago:manual}. First, \textsf{Music}, \textsf{Review}, and \textsf{Video} entries have their own rules, which are applied automatically. (Once again, see page~\pageref{sec:audiovisual}, below.) For other entry types, there are two options, corresponding to two different states of the \texttt{cmsdate} entry (or preamble) option. The default is \texttt{cmsdate=off}: \autocite{maitland:equity}. Here, setting the \textsf{pubstate} field to \texttt{reprint} ensures that a notice of the original publication date will be printed at the end of the reference list entry. Alternatively, you can use \texttt{cmsdate=both}: \autocite{emerson:nature}; \autocite{maitland:canon}. \texttt{cmsdate=new} and \texttt{cmsdate=old} are both now synonyms of \texttt{both}, while \texttt{cmsdate=on} is still available even though it falls outside the specification: \autocite{james:ambassadors}. These options, in combination with others available in your .bib files, can cover a wide range of difficult cases. Please see the next section below, the documentation in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.pdf}, particularly in section~5.2, s.v.\ \enquote{\textsf{date},} and also the following entries in \textsf{dates-test.bib}: \autocites{schweitzer:bach}{white:russ}{white:ross:memo}. \subsection*{Corners of the specification} \label{sec:corners} In some cases, the \emph{Manual} isn't altogether clear about how to present entries in the author-date style. I'm pretty certain about most of what follows, but if you interpret the specification differently please let me know. \subsubsection*{InReference entries} \label{sec:inref} These present several peculiarities: the title of the work should always take the place of any author, no \enquote{\texttt{n.d.}\hspace{-2pt}} will automatically be provided, and any postnote field will be enclosed in quotation marks preceded by \enquote{\texttt{s.v.}\hspace{-2pt}} for \enquote{\emph{sub verbo}.} This allows you to refer to alphabetized articles in well-known reference works: \autocite[Hume, David]{ency:britannica}; \autocite[Sibelius, Jean]{grove:sibelius}; \autocite[BibTeX]{wikiped:bibtex}. \subsubsection*{Author-less Article, Review, and Manual entries} \label{sec:authless:art} In \textsf{Article} and \textsf{Review} entries with the \texttt{magazine} entrysubtype, the absence of an author automatically places the \textsf{journaltitle} of the periodical in citations and at the head of the entry in the list of references: \autocite{gourmet:052006}. (Without the entrysubtype, you'll get the \textsf{title} at the head rather than the \textsf{journaltitle}.) You can cite newspaper and magazine articles entirely within the text, i.e., without them appearing in the reference list \autocite[15.47]{chicago:manual}, if you set the \texttt{cmsdate=full} entry option: \autocite{lakeforester:pushcarts}; \autocite{nyt:trevorobit}. In \textsf{Manual} entries, the \textsf{organization} field does the same: \autocite{dyna:browser}. If you wish to present an abbreviated form of the journal (or organization) name only in citations, then the \textsf{shortauthor} field --- or in other cases the \textsf{shorthand} field --- is the place for it, making sure to include formatting: \autocite{unsigned:ranke}; \autocite{bsi:abbreviation}. \subsubsection*{Misc entries with an entrysubtype} \label{sec:misc} When citing individual letter-like pieces from an unpublished archive where only an \textsf{origdate} is present, you no longer need to set the \texttt{cmsdate} option in your .bib entry, as \textsf{Biber} and \textsf{biblatex-chicago} now handle this automatically: \autocite{creel:house}. Non-letters, e.g., interviews, use the \textsf{date} field, so you don't need \texttt{cmsdate} there, either: \autocite{spock:interview}. For undated pieces you can put \cmd{bibstring\{nodate\}} in the \textsf{year} field: \autocite{dinkel:agassiz}. For citing whole collections, see the next section. \subsubsection*{entrysubtype = \{classical\}} \label{sec:classical} This option's name derives from its use for citing texts from classical antiquity, though in the author-date style especially it can be put to use in several other contexts. In a nutshell, any entry with such an \textsf{entrysubtype} will be treated, in citations only, not as author-date but as author-title. (Entries in the list of references, e.g., a particular edition of Aristotle, will still appear in standard author-date format.) A \cmd{cite*} or \cmd{autocite*} command will, in such a case, produce the title rather than the year. Some examples should make this clearer: %\enlargethispage{-\baselineskip} Classical works: without abbreviation: \autocite{aristotle:metaphy:trans}; with abbreviation: \autocite{aristotle:metaphy:gr}; \autocite{plato:republic:gr}; using standard pagination: \autocite*[3.2.996b5--8]{aristotle:metaphy:gr}; \autocite*[420e]{plato:republic:gr}; work cited by page of a modern edition, i.e., without \textsf{entrysubtype}: \autocite[198]{euripides:orestes}. Sacred works, e.g., the Bible and the Qur'an: \autocite[25:19--36:43]{genesis}. An unpublished archive, from which more than one work has been cited: \autocite[file 12]{house:papers}. (Both this and the previous example use a Misc entry with \texttt{classical} \textsf{entrysubtype}.) \subsubsection*{Comments inside citations} \label{sec:comments} If you wish to include a comment inside the parentheses of a citation, it will need to be separated by a semicolon \autocite[15.23]{chicago:manual}. If you have a \textsf{postnote}, then you can manually provide the punctuation and comment in that field, e.g., \autocite[4; the unrevised trans.]{stendhal:parma}. Without a \textsf{postnote}, you now have two choices. You can enable the new \texttt{postnotepunct} package option, which allows you simply to type \cmd{autocite[; the unrevised trans.]\{stendhal:\ parma\}} \citereset\autocite[; the unrevised trans.]{stendhal:parma}, or you can continue to use a separate \textsf{Misc} or \textsf{CustomC} entry containing just the text of the comment in the \textsf{title} field, \textsf{entrysubtype} \texttt{classical}, and \textsf{options} \texttt{skipbib}. An \cmd{autocites} command calling both the main text and the comment will then do the trick, e.g., \autocites{chicago:manual}{chicago:comment}. \subsubsection*{Multiple authors} \label{sec:multiple} The default settings in \textsf{biblatex-chicago} are \texttt{maxnames=3,minnames=1} in citations and \texttt{max\-bibnames=10,minbibnames=7} in the list of references (these latter parameters set in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}). In practice, this means that an entry like hlatky:hrt, with 5 authors, will present all of them in the list of references but will truncate to one in citations, like so: \autocite{hlatky:hrt}. For the vast majority of circumstances, these settings are exactly right for the Chicago author-date specification. However, if \enquote{a reference list includes another work \emph{of the same date} that would also be abbreviated as [\enquote{Hlatky et al.}] but whose coauthors are different persons or listed in a different order, the text citations must distinguish between them} \autocite[15.28]{chicago:manual}. The (\textsf{Biber}-only) \textsf{biblatex} option \texttt{uniquelist}, set for you in \textsf{biblatex-chicago.sty}, will automatically handle many of these situations for you, but it is as well to understand that it does so by temporarily suspending the limits, listed above, on how many names to print in a citation. Without \texttt{uniquelist}, \textsf{biblatex} would present such a work as, e.g., (Hlatky et al. 2002b), while hlatky:hrt would be (Hlatky et al. 2002a). This does distinguish between them, but inaccurately, as it suggests that the two different author lists are exactly the same. With \texttt{uniquelist}, the two citations might look like (Hlatky, Boothroyd et al.\ 2002) and (Hlatky, Smith et al.\ 2002), which is what the specification requires. If, however, the distinguishing name occurs further down the author list --- in fourth or fifth position in our examples --- then the default settings would produce citations with all 4 or 5 names printed, which can become awkwardly long. In such a situation, you can provide \textsf{shortauthor} fields that look like this: \{\{Hlatky et al., Quality of life,\}\} and \{\{Hlatky et al., Depressive symptoms,\}\}, using a shortened title to distinguish the references. This would produce (Hlatky et al., Quality of life, 2002) and (Hlatky et al., Depressive symptoms, 2002), as the spec recommends. There is, unfortunately, no simpler way that I know of to deal with this situation. \subsubsection*{Audiovisual entries} \label{sec:audiovisual} According to the \emph{Manual}, \enquote{Chicago recommends a more comprehensive approach to dating audiovisual materials than in previous editions.} This means, for instance, that, even when consulting a digital copy, \enquote{it is generally useful to give information about the original source.} Also, \enquote{the date of the original recording should be privileged in the citation} \autocite[15.53]{chicago:manual}. The rather more book-like entries are generally unaffected by these changes, so published (\textsf{Audio}) and unpublished (\textsf{Misc}) scores are no problem at all: \autocite{schubert:muellerin}; \autocite{verdi:corsaro}; \autocite{shapey:partita:15}. The dating of online materials has been enhanced: \autocite{coolidge:speech}; \autocite{horowitz:youtube}; \autocite{pollan:plant}. The most significant changes, however, appear in \textsf{Music} and \textsf{Video} entries, where every effort should be made to find date(s) for sources: \autocite{auden:reading}; \autocite{friends:leia}; \autocite{handel:messiah}; \autocite{holiday:fool}; \autocite{nytrumpet:art}. Others perhaps require further information in the entry or genuinely are better suited to presentation in running text: \autocite{beethoven:sonata29}. The standard \textsf{biblatex} tools for subdividing reference lists are all available if you want to follow the \emph{Manual's} recommendations on presenting this kind of material separately from other sources. \subsection*{Further examples (mainly for testing purposes)} \label{testing} Article: \autocite{assocpress:gun}; \autocite{brown:bremer}; \autocite{chu:panda}; \autocite{conley:fifthgrade}; \autocite{connell:chronic}; \autocite{ellis:blog}; \autocite{friedman:learning}; \autocite{garaud:gatine}; \autocite{garrett:15}; \autocite{gibbard:15}; \autocite{kern}; \autocite{kimluu:diethyl:15}; \autocite{lewis:15}; \autocite{loften:hamlet}; \autocite{loomis:structure:15}; \autocite{morgenson:market}; \autocite{osborne:poison:15}; \autocite{reaves:rosen}; \autocite{rozner:liberation}; \autocite{schneider:mittelpleistozaene}; \autocite{sewall:letter}; \autocite{stenger:privacy}; \autocite{terborgh:preservation}; \autocite{wall:radio}; \autocite{warr:ellison}; \autocite{white:callimachus}. Artwork: \autocite{leo:madonna}. Audio: \autocite{greek:filmstrip}; \autocite{weed:flatiron}. Book: \autocite{barrows:reading}; \autocite{churchill:letters}; \autocite{cohen:schiff}; \autocite{cotton:manufacture}; \autocite{creasey:ashe:blast}; \autocite{creasey:morton:hide}; \autocite{creasey:york:death}; \autocite{davenport:attention}; \autocite{feydeau:farces}; \autocite{furet:passing:eng}; \autocite{furet:passing:fr}; \autocite{hopp:attalid}; \autocite{howell:marriage}; \autocite{lach:asia}; \autocite{lecarre:quest}; \autocite{levistrauss:savage}; \autocite{lynch:webstyle}; \autocite{maisonneuve:relations}; \autocite{mchugh:wake:15}; \autocite{menchu:crossing}; \autocite{meredith:letters}; \autocite{michelangelo:poems}; \autocite{mla:style}; \autocite{natrecoff:camera}; \autocite{palmatary:pottery}; \autocite{pelikan:christian}; \autocite{rodman:walk}; \autocite{schellinger:novel}; \autocite{sechzer:women}; \autocite{sereny:cries}; \autocite{soltes:georgia}; \autocite{stendhal:parma}; \autocite{suangtho:tectona}; \autocite{thompson:making}; \autocite{tillich:system}; \autocite{times:guide}; \autocite{turabian:manual}; \autocite{walker:columbia}; \autocite{wauchope:ceramics}; \autocite{weber:saugetiere}; \autocite{weresz}; \autocite{white:total}; \autocite{wright:evolution}; \autocite{wright:theory}. BookInBook: \autocite{bernhard:boris}; \autocite{bernhard:ritter}. Collection: \autocite{brush:ornithology}; \autocite{harley:cartography}; \autocite{harley:ancient:cart}; \autocite{kamrany:economic}; \autocite{prairie:state}; \autocite{zukowsky:chicago}. Image: \autocite{bedford:photo}. InBook: \autocite{ashbrook:brain}; \autocite{phibbs:diary}; \autocite{will:cohere}. InCollection: \autocite{centinel:letters}; \autocite{ellet:galena}; \autocite{keating:dearborn}; \autocite{lippincott:chicago}; \autocite{sirosh:visualcortex}; \autocite{wiens:avian}. InProceedings: \autocite{frede:inproc}. InReference: \autocite[absolute]{oed:cdrom}. Manual: \autocite{dyna:browser}. Misc: \autocite{roosevelt:speech:trad}. Music: \autocite{floyd:atom}; \autocite{mozart:figaro}; \autocite{rubinstein:chopin}. Online: \autocite{harwood:biden}; \autocite{powell:email}. Patent: \autocite{petroff:impurity}. Periodical: \autocite{good:wholeissue}; \autocite{whittington:water}. Report: \autocite{herwign:office}. Review: \autocite{ac:comment:trad}; \autocite{bundy:macneil}; \autocite{Clemens:letter}; \autocite{kozinn:review}; \autocite{ratliff:review:15}; \autocite{wallraff:word}. SuppBook: \autocite{friedman:intro}; \autocite{polakow:afterw}; \autocite{prose:intro}. Thesis: \autocite{murphy:silent:15}. Unpublished: \autocite{nass:address}. Video: \autocite{cleese:holygrail}; \autocite{hitchcock:nbynw}. % \printshorthands % No longer necessary in author-date. % \nocite{*} \printbibliography[notkeyword=nosample,title=References] \end{document} %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: t %%% End: