\documentclass[a4paper]{article} \usepackage[LGR,T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{luainputenc} % XeTeX in 8-bit compatibility mode fails :( % LuaTeX in 8-bit compatibility mode: % hyphenation in Greek text parts fails! % (would require the 8-bit, a loader fix for luatex). % \usepackage{textalpha} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage[unicode]{hyperref} % \usepackage{bookmark} \usepackage{parskip} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{lmodern} % \usepackage{kerkis} % \usepackage{gfsdidot} % \usepackage{dejavu} % Load the Babel package with Greek and English language definitions: % % Uncomment the desired language variant % Default: modern monotonic Greek \usepackage[greek,english]{babel} % Obsolete: used instead of `greek', kept for backwards compatibility: % \usepackage[polutonikogreek,english]{babel} % For backwards compatibility, you can also use % \selectlanguage{polutonikogreek} instead of \selectlanguage{greek} etc. % if the (modern) polytonic Greek language variant is selected. % uncomment for modern polytonic Greek % \languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko} % uncomment for ancient Greek \languageattribute{greek}{ancient} % \message{Latin encoding is \latinencoding} \begin{document} \title{Test the Greek support for Babel} \author{Günter Milde} \date{2020/11/10} \maketitle The babel option ``greek'' activates the support for the Greek language defined in the file \texttt{greek.ldf} (source \texttt{greek.dtx}). \section{Language Switch} The declaration \verb|\selectlanguage| switches between languages. \begin{quote} \selectlanguage{greek} Τί φήις; Ἱδὼν ἐνθέδε παῖδ’ ἐλευθέραν τὰς πλησίον Νύμφας στεφανοῦσαν, Σώστρατε, ἐρῶν άπῆλθες εὐθύς; \end{quote} The macro \verb|\foreignlanguage| sets its second argument in the specified language. This is intended for short text parts or single words like \foreignlanguage{greek}{Βιβλιοθήκη}. There should be no inserted space before or after the language switch (may happen if there are unescaped linebreaks in the font or language definitions): \begin{quote} Change script with \verb|ensuregreek|: |\ensuregreek{do\~ulos}|. Change language with \verb|\foreignlanguage|: |\foreignlanguage{greek}{do\~ulos}|. \end{quote} \section{Font Encoding} In Greek text parts, the font encoding is automatically set to LGR if an 8-bit TeX engine is used. (See \url{test-unicode-greek.tex} for usage of babel-greek with XeTeX or LuaTeX.) LGR has Greek characters in the slots reserved in a TeX \emph{standard text font encoding}. This means you need an explicit font encoding change for every Latin letter and some other symbols if the current font encoding is LGR. Babel defines the declaration \verb|\latintext| and the command \verb|\textlatin| to switch to the T1 or OT1 font encoding or typeset the argument using this encoding. Switching to a font encoding supporting the Greek script is possible without switching the Babel language using the declarations \verb|\greekscript| (no switch if the current encoding supports Greek script (e.g. the Unicode font encoding TU)) or \verb|\greektext| (always switch to LGR) and the corresponding macros \verb|\ensuregreek| or \verb|\textgreek|. These commands do not start a new paragraph: \greekscript Φίλων τοῦ \textlatin{TeX} (ΕΦΤ) -- \latintext Friends (\ensuregreek{F\'ilwn}) of TeX. \texttt{greek.ldf} has some workarounds, so that macros relying on Latin characters in standard positions keep working. We test, that these definitions do not overwrite the selection of pre-composed characters for ``copyright'' and ``registered trade mark'' by \emph{textcomp} (try copy and paste from the PDF output): Latin: A \& O, © ® ™ \\ Greek (LGR): \ensuregreek{Α \& Ω, © ® ™} or input as macro \ensuregreek{\textAlpha{} \textampersand{} \textOmega{}, \textcopyright{} \textregistered{} \texttrademark{}}. The ampersand should also work in mathematical mode: $ 1 \& 2 $ To prevent Roman numerals being typeset in Greek letters we need to adopt the internal LaTeX commands. Note that this may cause errors when roman numerals are used in a situation where the macros need to be expanded: \makeatletter Latin: \@roman{1}, \@roman{2}, \@roman{3}, \@roman{4}, \ldots, \@roman{1975} \@Roman{1}, \@Roman{2}, \@Roman{3}, \@Roman{4}, \ldots, \@Roman{1975} Greek: \ensuregreek{ \@roman{1}, \@roman{2}, \@roman{3}, \@roman{4}, \ldots, \@roman{1975} \@Roman{1}, \@Roman{2}, \@Roman{3}, \@Roman{4}, \ldots, \@Roman{1975} } \makeatother \section{MakeUppercase, MakeLowercase} Capital Greek letters have diacritics (except the dialytika and sub-iota) to the left (instead of above) and drop them in uppercase, e.g. \ensuregreek{μαΐστρος $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{μαΐστρος}}. Upcased letters with diacritics keep the dialytika. This is implemented for all input variants of diacritics with dialytika. (\texttt{greek.ldf} has \emph{composite command} definitions to ensure this also works for accent characters "upcased" to the charcter No 159.) \foreignlanguage{greek}{\"i \"'i \"`i \"~i \'"i \`"i \~"i \"u \"\'u \"\`u \"\~u ϊ ΐ ῒ ῗ ΐ ῒ ῗ ϋ ΰ ῢ ῧ $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\"i \"'i \"`i \"~i \'"i \`"i \~"i \"u \"\'u \"\`u \"\~u ϊ ΐ ῒ ῗ ΐ ῒ ῗ ϋ ΰ ῢ ῧ } } Tonos and dasia mark a \emph{hiatus} (break-up of a diphthong) if placed on the first vowel of a diphthong (\ensuregreek{\'ai, \'au, \'ei, \'>ai, \'>au, \'>ei}). A dialytika must be placed on the second vowel if they are dropped: (\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{\'ai, \'au, \'ei, \'>ai, \'>au, \'>ei}}). \selectlanguage{greek} % from teubner: άυλος/ΑΫΛΟΣ \'aulos $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\'aulos}, \'>aulos $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\'>aulos}, % from http://diacritics.typo.cz/index.php?id=69 μάινα -> ΜΑΪΝΑ m\'aina $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{m\'aina}, % from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neugriechische_Orthographie#Das_Trema % κέικ, ἀυπνία/αϋπνία k\'eik, $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{k\'eik} \accpsili{a}upn\'ia $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{\accpsili{a}upn\'ia} \selectlanguage{english} There are several alternative styles for the capitalized sub-iota. In order to let the Up/Downcasing work also with the Latin transcription defined by the LGR font encoding, ``babel-greek'' also defines lc/uccodes for non-standard assignments: \selectlanguage{greek} ', ", `, >, <, | $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{', ", `, >, <, |} \selectlanguage{english} The uppercase of the zero-width space at the place of ``v'' is kept to point to the glyph at the position of ``V'', the Dasia-Oxia accent (\ensuregreek{\MakeUppercase{v}}): \begin{quotation} greek-1.3i 2000/10/02: uc code of `v' is switched to V so that mixed text appears correctly in headers. \end{quotation} Use \verb+\textcompwordmark+: not \foreignlanguage{greek}{avu $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{avu}} but \foreignlanguage{greek}{a\textcompwordmark u $\mapsto$ \MakeUppercase{a\textcompwordmark u}} The following subsections test MakeUppercase and MakeLowercase with all characters defined in lgrenc.dfu: \subsection{Greek and Coptic} \newcommand{\GreekAndCoptic}{\ensuregreek{ ʹ͵ͺ; ΄ ΅Ά·ΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫϘϚϜϠ}} \newcommand{\greekandcoptic}{\ensuregreek{ άέήίΰαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώϙϛϝϟϡ}} Characters of the Greek and Coptic Unicode Block: \begin{quote} \GreekAndCoptic\\ \greekandcoptic \end{quote} MakeUppercase: \begin{quote} \MakeUppercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\ \MakeUppercase{\greekandcoptic} \end{quote} \end{document} Letters and sub-iota upcased, other diacritics except dialytika dropped. There is no capital Koppa in LGR, therefore \ensuregreek{ϟ} is left unchanged with MakeUppercase. MakeLowercase: \begin{quote} \MakeLowercase{\GreekAndCoptic}\\ \MakeLowercase{\greekandcoptic} \end{quote} The lowercase of \ensuregreek{Σ} is the «auto-sigma» (\verb+\textautosigma+): \ensuregreek{ΣΣ $\mapsto$ \MakeLowercase{ΣΣ}}. Add a ZWNJ or use the \verb+\noboundary+ macro to prevent conversion to final sigma: \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{ΣΣ‌}}. The lowercase of GREEK LETTER STIGMA \ensuregreek{Ϛ} is \ensuregreek{\MakeLowercase{Ϛ}} not \verb|\textvarstigma| (\ensuregreek\textvarstigma). % \newpage \subsection{Greek extended} Characters of the Greek extended Unicode block: \selectlanguage{greek} ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ \\ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ \\ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ \\ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ \\ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ \\ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ \\ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ \\ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ \\ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ \\ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ \\ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ \\ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ \\ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ \\ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί ῝ ῞ ῟ \\ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` \\ ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾ \selectlanguage{english} MakeUppercase: \selectlanguage{greek} \MakeUppercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\ \MakeUppercase{ ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾ } \selectlanguage{english} MakeLowercase: \selectlanguage{greek} \MakeLowercase{ ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ ᾽ ι ᾿ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ῀ ῁ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ ῍ ῎ ῏ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί ῝ ῞ ῟ }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ ῭ ΅ ` }\\ \MakeLowercase{ ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ ´ ῾ } \selectlanguage{english} \section{Babel Strings} Babel defines macros for several autogenerated strings so that they may appear in the choosen language. babel-greek uses LICRs in order to let the string macros work independent of the font encoding, in both 8-bit and Unicode-aware TeX. \subsection{Captions} \selectlanguage{greek} \prefacename, \refname, \abstractname, \bibname, \chaptername, \appendixname, \contentsname, \listfigurename , \listtablename, \indexname, \figurename, \tablename, \partname, \enclname, \ccname, \headtoname, \pagename, \seename, \alsoname, \proofname, \glossaryname, \selectlanguage{english} \subsection{Months} \selectlanguage{greek} \newcounter{foo} \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \stepcounter{foo} \month=\value{foo} \today \\ \selectlanguage{english} \section{Greek Numerals} See greek.pdf for the formation rules of Greek numerals. Some examples: \selectlanguage{greek} \greeknumeral{1}, \greeknumeral{2}, \greeknumeral{3}, \greeknumeral{4}, \greeknumeral{5}, \greeknumeral{6}, \greeknumeral{7}, \greeknumeral{8}, \greeknumeral{9}, \greeknumeral{10}, \greeknumeral{11}, \greeknumeral{12}, \greeknumeral{20}, \greeknumeral{345}, \greeknumeral{500}, \greeknumeral{1997}, \greeknumeral{2013}, \Greeknumeral{1}, \Greeknumeral{2}, \Greeknumeral{3}, \Greeknumeral{4}, \Greeknumeral{5}, \Greeknumeral{6}, \Greeknumeral{7}, \Greeknumeral{8}, \Greeknumeral{9}, \Greeknumeral{10}, \Greeknumeral{11}, \Greeknumeral{12}, \Greeknumeral{20}, \Greeknumeral{345}, \Greeknumeral{500}, \Greeknumeral{1997}, \Greeknumeral{2013}, \selectlanguage{english} Enumerated lists use Greek numerals in the second and fourth level: \selectlanguage{greek} \begin{enumerate} \item \textlatin{Item} 1 \begin{enumerate} \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1 \begin{enumerate} \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1 \begin{enumerate} \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1.1 \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.1.2 \end{enumerate} \item \textlatin{Item} 1.1.2 \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} \selectlanguage{english} \end{document}