Unofficial LaTeX reference manual.
\LaTeX. Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as LaTeX.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
\end{document}
\begin{document} line and an
\end{document} line.
\documentclass and the \begin{document} commands.
This area is called the preamble.
\begin{document}, \end{document} pair defines an
.lof file that is used to make a list of
figures, a .lot file used to make a list of tables, and a
.toc file used to make a table of contents (.fmt) files.fmt) files.fmt file, which can
be read much more quickly than the corresponding &tex; source.
.xdv file, a variant of DVI,
and translates that to PDF using the (x)dvipdfmx
program, but this process is automatic. The .xdv file is only
useful for debugging.
u variant supports Unicode. See
-dev command and format for
all of the above:
-dev formats make it easy for anyone to help test
documents and code: you can run, say, pdflatex-dev instead of
pdflatex, without changing anything else in your environment.
Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the -dev
versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet
times after a release, the commands will be equivalent.
dev formats&textrdquo; by Frank Mittelbach, TUGboat 40:2,
\. The name itself then consists of either
(a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
\pagebreak
differs from \Pagebreak (the latter is not a standard command).
Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
commands in the same case as they are defined.
{...}. Optional arguments are
contained in square brackets, [...]. Generally, but not
universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes
first, before any required arguments.
]) hide it inside curly braces, as
in \item[closing bracket {]}]. Similarly, if an optional
argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
* form that
is related to the form without a *, such as \chapter and
\chapter*. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
to command.
*-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
expl3expl3 xparsexparse expl3 and
xparse packages are part of the &latex;2e format. They
provide a completely different underlying programming language
syntax. We won&textrsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
package documentation and other &latex; manuals.
\begin{environment-name}
...
\end{environment-name}
\begin{verse} and \end{verse}.
\begin{verse}
There once was a man from Nantucket \\
...
\end{verse}
document environment,
a \begin{document} ... \end{document} pair.
*); both the \begin and \end texts must
include the star.
\begin{tabular}[t]{r|l}
... rows of table ...
\end{tabular}
ctan.org web site
offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
\documentclass[options]{class}
\documentclass command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
specify more than one option, separate them with a comma.
\documentclass[option1,option2,...]{class}
slides accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is 10pt):
10pt 11pt 12pt
geometrygeometry letterpaper set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put \pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth and
\pdfpageheight=\paperheight in your document&textrsquo;s preamble.
geometrygeometry geometry package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
slides class.
slides classslides class offers the option clock for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
\usepackage[options]{pkg}.
\usepackage{pkg1,pkg2,...}, or use multiple
\usepackage commands.
\documentclass command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
\usepackage.
smcmemo.cls and begin your documents with
\documentclass{smcmemo}.
Memo from the
SMC Math Department is for a class.
&arobase; as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
containing that command with \makeatletter and
\makeatother. smcmemo might have commands
\smc&arobase;tolist, \smc&arobase;fromlist, etc.
\NeedsTeXFormat
and \ProvidesClass or \ProvidesPackage commands.
smcmemo
class might be called with an option to read in a file with a list of
people for the to-head, as \documentclass[mathto]{smcmemo}, and
therefore needs to define a command
\newcommand{\setto}[1]{\def\&arobase;tolist{#1}} used in that
file.
\documentclass[option list]{class
name}, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
declare \documentclass[11pt]{article} to set the default
document font size.
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{stub}[2017/07/06 stub to start building classes from]
\DeclareOption*{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
article class, and then loads the
article class to provide the basis for this class&textrsquo;s code.
\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math
\usepackage{cabin} % sans serif
\usepackage[varqu,varl]{inconsolata} % sans serif typewriter
\usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX
\usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal
fontenc package\usepackage[font_encoding]{fontenc}
\usepackage[font_encoding1, font_encoding2, ...]{fontenc}
fontspecfontspec pdflatex engine
(fontspec package.
\accent (\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
lmodernlmodern cm-supercm-super T1 and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type 3. You want vector fonts. Use a
package such as lmodern or cm-super to get a font that
extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default using vector fonts.
\encodingdefault
to be the last encoding in the option list.
OML, T1, OT1, and
then OMS, and set the default to OT1.
T1 encoded fonts other than the default Computer
Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
fonts before loading T1 encoded fonts from the default.
\DeclareFontEncoding\DeclareFontEncoding{encoding}{text-settings}{math-settings}
\LastDeclaredEncoding
(\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
\selectfont and \fontencoding commands. The
math-settings are the commands that &latex; will use whenever the
font is accessed as a math alphabet.
\newcommand may cause an error. In addition, such
files should contain \ProvidesFile line (\...Default commands only in a
package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files
should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
\DeclareTextAccent\DeclareTextAccent{cmd}{encoding}{slot}
\^A, the system will put the accent in slot 2
over the A character, which is represented in ASCII as 65.
(This holds unless there is a relevant DeclareTextComposite or
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand declaration;
\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
\DeclareTextAccent
does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
transcript file.
\DeclareTextAccentDefault\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\cmd}{encoding}
\DeclareTextAccent for that encoding then this
command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
encoding.
OT1 be the default encoding for
the accent \", declare this.
\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\"}{OT1}
\" when the current encoding does not have a
definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
OT1
\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\cmd}
{\UseTextAccent{encoding}{\cmd}{#1}}
\DeclareTextAccentDefault works for any one-argument
\DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand\DeclareTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}{defn}
\DeclareTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}[nargs]{defn}
\DeclareTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\ProvideTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}{defn}
\ProvideTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}[nargs]{defn}
\ProvideTextCommand{\cmd}{encoding}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\cmd, which will be specific to one
encoding. The command name cmd must be preceded by a backslash,
\. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining
\cmd does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust
even if the code in defn is fragile (\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 }
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble
...
Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
OT1 then you get an error like
LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
OT1.
\ProvideTextCommand variant does the same, except that it
does nothing if \cmd is already defined. The
\DeclareTextSymbol command is faster than this one for simple
slot-to-glyph association (\newcommand (\cmd takes. This number includes any optional argument.
Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that
\cmd will have no arguments. And, if optargdefault
is present then the first argument of \cmd is optional,
with default value optargdefault (which may be the empty string).
If optargdefault is not present then \cmd does not
take an optional argument.
\DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\cmd}{defn}
\ProvideTextCommandDefault{\cmd}{defn}
\cmd, for when that command
is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should
only use encodings known to be available.
\copyright available.
\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
\DeclareTextCommandDefault should not occur in the encoding
definition files since those files should declare only commands for use
when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
\ProvideTextCommandDefault has exactly the same behavior as
\DeclareTextCommandDefault except that it does nothing if
\cmd is already defined (\DeclareTextComposite\DeclareTextComposite{\cmd}{encoding}{simple_object}{slot}
\^o will cause
&latex; to typeset lowercase o by taking the character
directly from slot 224 in the font.
\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
\DeclareTextAccent or with a one-argument
\DeclareTextCommand. In \DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2} command.
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\cmd}{encoding}{arg}{code}
\DeclareTextComposite that runs
arbitrary code with \cmd.
\i.
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
\cmd will have already been declared with \DeclareTextAccent
or as a one argument \DeclareTextCommand.
\DeclareTextSymbol\DeclareTextSymbol{\cmd}{encoding}{slot}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
19} has the same effect but is slower ('023), or
hexadecimal (as in "13), although decimal has the advantage that
single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
\cmd has already been defined then
\DeclareTextSymbol does not give an error but it does log the
redefinition in the transcript file.
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\cmd}{encoding}
\cmd but
there is no associated \DeclareTextSymbol for that encoding, then
this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as
described for encoding.
\textdollar then use the one from OT1, declare this.
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\cmd}
{\UseTextSymbol{encoding}{\cmd}}
\DeclareTextSymbolDefault can be used to define a
default for any zero-argument \LastDeclaredEncoding\LastDeclaredEncoding
\DeclareFontEncoding command stores the name so that it can be
retrieved with this command (\LastDeclaredEncoding rather than give the
name of the encoding explicitly.
\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}
\DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0}
\UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent\UseTextSymbol{encoding}{\cmd}
\UseTextAccent{encoding}{\cmd}{text}
\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
\ss):
{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{enc_in_use}\selectfont a}}
OT1.
\text... commands,
are used with an argument as in \textit{text}. This is
the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
corresponding declaration form, which is often useful. This
form takes no arguments, as in {\itshape text}. The
scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment
form such as \begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}, which we&textrsquo;ll
describe further at the end of the section.
\sffamily\bfseries or \bfseries\sffamily.
\nocorrlist, which by default consists of period and comma.
To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
\nocorr at the start or end of the command argument, such as
\textit{\nocorr text} or \textsc{text \nocorr}.
\emph{text} command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for \textit. For example, \emph{start
text \emph{middle text} end text} will result in the
start text and end text in italics, but middle text
will be in roman.
{\cmd...} instead of
\cmd{...}.
\em command is the unconditional version of \emph.
\mathbf{\mathit{symbol}} does not
create a boldface and italic symbol; instead, it will just be in
italics. This is because typically math symbols need consistent
typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
\mathversion{bold} can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. \mathversion{normal} restores the default.
\oldstylenums{numerals} will
typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo;
numerals, which all have the same height as uppercase letters.
&latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect \textbf
(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in
Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also;
sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ
entry: \normalsize (default)10pt 11pt 12pt
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize (default)
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge
\begin{quotation} \small
The Tao that can be named is not the eternal Tao.
\end{quotation}
\small lasts until the end of the
quotation environment. It would also end at the next type
style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
in curly braces {\small This text is typeset in the small font.}.
$\small mv^2/2$,
results in LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small
invalid in math mode, and the font size doesn&textrsquo;t
change. To work with a too-large formula, often the best option is to
use the displaymath environment (amsmath package. For inline
mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative is something
like {\small $mv^2/2$}. (Sometimes \scriptsize and
\scriptstyle are confused. Both change the font size, but the
latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is
typeset. \begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}. However, in practice
this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
end of the environment without careful consideration, so it&textrsquo;s
generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
\begin and
\end, nearly every command that does not take an argument
technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would
only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the
environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that
this particular use is not rare.)
\onecolumn\onecolumn
onecolumn then this is the default
behavior (\twocolumn\twocolumn \twocolumn[prelim one column text]
twocolumn then this is the default
(\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}. You must change
it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}, before the two-column
mode starts.
\textwidth. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
width of each of the two columns, \columnwidth, to be half of
\textwidth minus \columnsep.
table* and
figure* are two columns wide, whereas the unstarred environments
table and figure take up only one column (table* or figure* environment must not
exceed 0.7\textheight. If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
[tp] location specifier to tell &latex; to try to put
the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.
[t!] location specifier to override the effect of
\dbltopfraction for this particular float.
\dbltopfraction to a suitably large number,
to avoid going to float pages so soon.
\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}.
0.5. Change it with \renewcommand.
12pt plus2pt minus2pt for a document set at 10pt or
11pt, and 14pt plus2pt minus4pt for a document set at
12pt.
20pt plus2pt
minus4pt.
2.
\twocolumn&textrsquo;s optional argument of to create a
title that spans the two-column article:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\newcommand{\authormark}[1]{\textsuperscript{#1}}
\begin{document}
\twocolumn[{% inside this optional argument goes one-column text
\centering
\LARGE The Title \\[1.5em]
\large Author One\authormark{1},
Author Two\authormark{2},
Author Three\authormark{1} \\[1em]
\normalsize
\begin{tabular}{p{.2\textwidth}&arobase;{\hspace{2em}}p{.2\textwidth}}
\authormark{1}Department one &\authormark{2}Department two \\
School one &School two
\end{tabular}\\[3em] % space below title part
}]
Two column text here.
\flushbottom\raggedbottom (textheight to make compatible pages, or you
can add some vertical stretch glue between lines or between paragraphs,
as in \setlength{\parskip}{0ex plus0.1ex}. Your last option
is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(\flushbottom state is the default only if you select the
twoside document class option (\raggedbottomtwoside document class
option (twocolumn is in effect (article, report, and book classes is 12pt,
at all type sizes.
article and report
classes is 25pt. In the book class the default is: if the
document is set at 10pt then it is 0.25in, and at 11pt or 12pt
it is 0.275in.
article and report
classes is 30pt. In the book class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is 0.35in, while at 11pt it is
0.38in, and at 12pt it is 30pt.
list
(\linewidth is to
equal \textwidth but for each nested list the \linewidth
is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s \leftmargin and
\rightmargin (\reversemarginpar changes that (and
\normalmarginpar changes it back).
\marginparpush in both book and
article classes are: 7pt if the document is set at 12pt,
and 5pt if the document is set at 11pt or 10pt.
\marginsep, in article class the default is
10pt except if the document is set at 10pt and in two-column mode
where the default is 11pt.
\marginsep in book class the default is 10pt in
two-column mode and 7pt in one-column mode.
\marginparwidth in both book and article
classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of \paperwidth
− \textwidth, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
\oddsidemargin length is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option twoside is chosen and on all pages when
oneside is in effect. When twoside is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
\evensidemargin.
\oddsidemargin is 40% of the
difference between \paperwidth and \textwidth, and
\evensidemargin is the remainder.
\documentclass[a4paper]{article} (\documentclass[a4paper]{article} (article or report
the default is 43\baselineskip, while for a book it is
41\baselineskip. At a type size of 11pt the default is
38\baselineskip for all document classes. At 12pt it is
36\baselineskip for all classes.
article or report document, the default is 345pt
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is 360pt at 11pt,
and it is 390pt at 12pt. For a book document, the default
is 4.5in at a type size of 10pt, and 5in at 11pt or 12pt.
\textwidth remains the width of the
entire page body, while \columnwidth is the width of one column
(\textwidth remains the width of the
entire page body (and \columnwidth the width of the entire
column), while \linewidth may decrease for nested lists.
\parbox
(minipage or \parbox.
\hsize is the &tex;
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal &latex; documents.
\paperheight − 2in −
\headheight − \headsep − \textheight − \footskip,
and then divided by two.
\baselineskip & \baselinestretch\baselineskip is a rubber length (\baselineskip
while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
command \fontsize (\baselineskip&textrsquo;s value is reset every time a font change
happens and so any direct change to \baselineskip would vanish
the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line
spacing, see the discussion of \baselinestretch below.
\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}
then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10\baselineskip is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
\baselineskip is not a property of each line but of the
entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph,
such as a single {\Huge Q}, will be squashed into its line.
&tex; will make sure it doesn&textrsquo;t scrape up against the line above but
won&textrsquo;t change the \baselineskip for that one line to make extra
room above. For the fix, use a \strut (\baselineskip that &tex; uses for the paragraph is
the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be
scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs.
Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as
bad style, so in effect the display is part of the paragraph.
Because this display is in footnotesize, the entire paragraph has the
baseline spacing matching that size.
{\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$}
\baselineskip then &tex; inserts vertical glue to make up
the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the
lines would be too close together, closer than \lineskiplimit,
then &tex; instead uses \lineskip as the interline glue. The
second is that &tex; doesn&textrsquo;t actually use the depth of the previous
line. Instead it uses \prevdepth, which usually contains that
depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or
just after a rule, \prevdepth has the value -1000\lineskiplimit is 0\lineskip is 1\baselinestretch. It scales
\baselineskip, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command,
not a length, so change the scale factor as in
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont.
\linespread{factor} in the preamble.
For double spacing, take factor to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
\baselineskip is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The
\linespread command is defined as
\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{factor} so it won&textrsquo;t
take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it with
\selectfont.)
setspacesetspace setspace package. The basic example:
\usepackage{setspace}
\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
\singlespacing to return the spacing to normal. In the
document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use
environments, such as \begin{doublespace}
... \end{doublespace}. The package also has commands to do
arbitrary spacing: \setstretch{factor} and
\begin{spacing}{factor} ... \end{spacing}.
This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
captions. See the package documentation.
figure (table (float.
figure and table, in
both article and book classes, is tbp.
btp has the same effect as tbp. All that
placement does is that if a letter is not present then the
algorithm does not try that location. Thus, &latex;&textrsquo;s default of
tbp is to try every location except placing the float where it
occurs in the source.
\clearpage command to start a new page and
insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
use the \afterpage{\clearpage}. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
flafterflafter t specifier in
the placement parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the t is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the flafter package or using the command
\suppressfloats[t], which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
\renewcommand{parameter}{decimal between 0 and 1}):
\setlength{parameter}{length
expression}):
\setcounter{ctrname}{natural
number}):
\caption\caption{caption-text}
\caption[short-caption-text]{caption-text}
figure or
table environment (\begin{figure}
\vspace*{1cm}
\caption{Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.}
\label{fig:CushingPic}
\end{figure}
\caption command will label the caption-text with
something like Figure 1: for an article or
Figure 1.1: for a book. The text is centered if it is
shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it
takes more than one line.
\caption command also saves that information for use in a list of
figures or list of tables (\caption command uses the optional
short-caption-text, so that the shorter text appears in the list
of tables, rather than the longer caption-text.
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|*{3}{c}|}
\hline
4 &9 &2 \\
3 &5 &7 \\
8 &1 &6 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption[\textit{Lo Shu} magic square]{%
The \textit{Lo Shu} magic square, which is unique among
squares of order three up to rotation and reflection.}
\label{tab:LoShu}
\end{table}
figure or table.
For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the
\caption between the \centering and the
\begin{tabular}.
\caption that updates the counter, and so any \label
must come after the \caption. The counter for the figure
environment is named figure, and similarly the counter for the
table environment is table.
\protect in front
of any fragile commands. captioncaption caption package has many options to adjust how the caption
appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption
always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
sectioning-command{title}
sectioning-command*{title}
sectioning-command[toc-title]{title}
\subsection{Motivation}.
book,
report, and article, except that \chapter is
not available in article.
\part book, report), 0 (article)
\chapter \section \subsection \subsubsection \paragraph \subparagraph *-form of sectioning commands*-form that prints title as usual
but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
An example of using this is for an appendix in an article. The
input \appendix\section{Appendix} gives the output A
Appendix (\section*{Appendix} (articles often omit a
table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences
from the \section command may not matter).
secnumdepth then the titles for this sectioning command will be
numbered (tocdepth then the table
of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit
(\subsection you will have
a \section and, in a book class document, that before a
\section you will have a \chapter. Otherwise you can get
something like a subsection numbered 3.0.1.
titlesectitlesec \renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}} in the
preamble (titlesec.
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{level} will suppress
numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than level
(secnumdepth is 1 in an article then
a \section{Introduction} command will produce output like
1 Introduction while \subsection{Discussion} will
produce output like Discussion, without the number. &latex;&textrsquo;s
default secnumdepth is 3 in \setcounter{tocdepth}{level} makes the
sectioning units at level be the smallest ones listed
(tocdepth is 1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
tocdepth is 3 in \part\part{title}
\part*{title}
\part[toc-title]{title}
book,
report, and article, all have this command.
\part{VOLUME I \\
PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U.\ S.\ GRANT}
\chapter{ANCESTRY--BIRTH--BOYHOOD.}
My family is American, and has been for generations,
in all its branches, direct and collateral.
\part command outputs a part number
such as Part I, alone on its line, in boldface, and in large
type. Then &latex; outputs title, also alone on its line, in
bold and in even larger type. In class book, the &latex;
default puts each part alone on its own page. If the book is two-sided
then &latex; will skip a page if needed to have the new part on an
odd-numbered page. In report it is again alone on a page, but
&latex; won&textrsquo;t force it onto an odd-numbered page. In an article
&latex; does not put it on a fresh page, but instead outputs the part
number and part title onto the main document page.
* form shows title
but it does not show the part number, does not increment the
part counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
\part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life}
indentfirstindentfirst article, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
indentfirst.
titlesectitlesec \part is titlesec.
See its documentation on CTAN.
\chapter\chapter{title}
\chapter*{title}
\chapter[toc-title]{title}
book and
report have this command but article does not.
\chapter{Loomings}
Call me Ishmael.
Some years ago---never mind how long precisely---having little or no
money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I
thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of
the world.
\huge). It then puts title on a fresh line, in boldface
type that is still larger (size \Huge). It also increments the
chapter counter, adds an entry to the table of contents
(* form shows title on a fresh line, in boldface.
But it does not show the chapter number, does not increment the
chapter counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
headings in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
prior chapter.) This example illustrates.
\chapter*{Preamble}
\chapter[Weyl]{Hermann Klaus Hugo (Peter) Weyl (1885--1955)}
\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
indentfirstindentfirst indentfirst.
\renewcommand{\chaptername}{Lecture} or this
(\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\&arobase;chapapp}{Lecture}
\makeatother
babelbabel babel.
titlesectitlesec \chapter command, you can copy its
definition from the &latex; format file and make adjustments. But
there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is
titlesec. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
sense of what it can do.
\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\chapter}
{\Huge\bfseries} % format of title
{} % label, such as 1.2 for a subsection
{0pt} % length of separation between label and title
{} % before-code hook
\chapter* it keeps the chapter in the table of contents and the
running headers.
\section\section{title}
\section*{title}
\section[toc-title]{title}
article,
book, and report all have this command.
In this Part we tend to be more interested in the function,
in the input-output behavior,
than in the details of implementing that behavior.
\section{Turing machines}
Despite this desire to downplay implementation,
we follow the approach of A~Turing that the
first step toward defining the set of computable functions
is to reflect on the details of what mechanisms can do.
book and report the
default output is like 1.2 title (for chapter 1,
section 2), alone on its line and flush left, in boldface and a
larger type (the type size is \Large). The same holds in
article except that there are no chapters in that class so it
looks like 2 title.
* form shows title.
But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
section counter, produces no table of contents entry, and does
not affect the running header. (If you use the page style
headings in a two-sided document then the header will be from the
prior section.)
\section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second,
by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom,
Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen,
Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.}
\section[Truth is, I cheated; my life story]{Truth is,
I cheated\\my life story}
indentfirstindentfirst indentfirst.
titlesectitlesec \section command, there
are a number of options. One is the \&arobase;startsection command
(titlesec. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\section}
{\normalfont\Large\bfseries} % format of title
{\makebox[1pc][r]{\thesection\hspace{1pc}}} % label
{0pt} % length of separation between label and title
{} % before-code hook
\titlespacing*{\section}
{-1pc}{18pt}{10pt}[10pc]
\subsection\subsection{title}
\subsection*{title}
\subsection[toc-title]{title}
article,
book, and report all have this command.
We will show that there are more functions than Turing machines and that
therefore some functions have no associated machine.
\subsection{Cardinality} We will begin with two paradoxes that
dramatize the challenge to our intuition posed by comparing the sizes of
infinite sets.
book and report the
default output is like 1.2.3 title (for chapter 1,
section 2, subsection 3), alone on its line and flush left, in
boldface and a larger type (the type size is \large). The same
holds in article except that there are no chapters in that class
so it looks like 2.3 title.
* form shows title.
But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
subsection counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow}
indentfirstindentfirst indentfirst.
titlesectitlesec \subsection command. One is the \&arobase;startsection command
(titlesec. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
\usepackage{titlesec} % in preamble
\titleformat{\subsection}[runin]
{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries} % format of the title
{\thesubsection} % label
{0.6em} % space between label and title
{} % before-code hook
\subsubsection, \paragraph, \subparagraph\subsubsection{title}
\subsubsection*{title}
\subsubsection[toc-title]{title}
\paragraph{title}
\paragraph*{title}
\paragraph[toc-title]{title}
\subparagraph{title}
\subparagraph*{title}
\subparagraph[toc-title]{title}
article, book, and report all have
these commands, although they are not commonly used.
\subsubsection{Piston ring compressors: structural performance}
Provide exterior/interior wall cladding assemblies
capable of withstanding the effects of load and stresses from
consumer-grade gasoline engine piston rings.
article, book, and
report. For \subsubsection the title is alone on
its line, in boldface and normal size type. For \paragraph the
title is inline with the text, not indented, in boldface and
normal size type. For \subparagraph the title is inline
with the text, with a paragraph indent, in boldface and normal size type
(Because an article has no chapters its subsubsections are
numbered and so it looks like 1.2.3 title, for
section 1, subsection 2, and subsubsection 3. The other
two divisions are not numbered.)
* form shows title. But it does not increment the
associated counter and produces no table of contents entry (and does not
show the number for \subsubsection).
indentfirstindentfirst indentfirst.
titlesectitlesec \&arobase;startsection command (titlesec. See the documentation on CTAN.
\appendix\appendix
\chapter commands start an appendix. In
an article it does the same, for \section commands. It also
resets the chapter and section counters to 0 in a
book or report, and in an article resets the section and
subsection counters.
\chapter{One} ...
\chapter{Two} ...
...
\appendix
\chapter{Three} ...
\chapter{Four} ...
\appendix the numbering will be
Appendix A and Appendix B. appendixappendix appendix package adds the command
\appendixpage to put a separate Appendices in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command \addappheadtotoc
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
Appendices with a command like
\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}, as well as a
number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
\frontmatter, \mainmatter, \backmatter\frontmatter ... \mainmatter ... \backmatter ...
book class document differently according to which part
of the document is being produced. All three commands are optional.
\frontmatter command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter&textrsquo;s title
appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
here, use the *-version (\mainmatter command changes the behavior back to the expected
version, and resets the page number.
\backmatter command leaves the page numbering alone but
switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
\&arobase;startsection, typesetting sectional unit headings\&arobase;startsection{name}{level}{indent}{beforeskip}{afterskip}{style}
\section or \subsection.
titlesec package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with \&arobase;startsection, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard &latex; book and report classes the commands
\chapter and \report are not constructed in this way. To
make such a command you may want to use the \secdef command.
\&arobase;startsection has the form
\&arobase;startsection{name}
{level}
{indent}
{beforeskip}
{afterskip}
{style}*[toctitle]{title}
\renewcommand{\section}{\&arobase;startsection{name}
{level}
{indent}
{beforeskip}
{afterskip}
{style}}
\section while keeping its standard calling form
\section*[toctitle]{title} (in which, for reminder,
the star * is optional). \renewcommand{\section}{...}, the
\&arobase;startsection{...} must come last in the definition. See the
examples below.
\&arobase;startsection, for the section: level is 1, indent is 0-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex,
afterskip is 2.3ex plus 0.2ex, and style is
\normalfont\Large\bfseries.
subsection: level is 2, indent is 0-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex ,
afterskip is 1.5ex plus 0.2ex, and style is
\normalfont\large\bfseries.
subsubsection: level is 3, indent is 0-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex,
afterskip is 1.5ex plus 0.2ex, and style is
\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries.
\makeatletter command and a
\makeatother. (Probably the error message You can't use
`\spacefactor' in vertical mode. means that you forgot this.)
\renewcommand because &latex;&textrsquo;s standard classes have already
defined a \section. For the same reason it does not define a
section counter, or the commands \thesection and
\l&arobase;section.
\renewcommand\section{%
\&arobase;startsection{section}% \&arobase;startsection/name name name
{1}% \&arobase;startsection/level level level
{0pt}% \&arobase;startsection/indent indent indent
{-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -.2ex}% \&arobase;startsection/beforeskip beforeskip beforeskip
{2.3ex plus.2ex}% \&arobase;startsection/afterskip afterskip afterskip
{\centering\normalfont\Large\bfseries}% \&arobase;startsection/style style style
}
subsection titles in small caps type, inline with the paragraph.
\renewcommand\subsection{%
\&arobase;startsection{subsection}% \&arobase;startsection/name name name
{2}% \&arobase;startsection/level level level
{0em}% \&arobase;startsection/indent indent indent
{-1ex plus 0.1ex minus -0.05ex}% \&arobase;startsection/beforeskip beforeskip beforeskip
{-1em plus 0.2em}% \&arobase;startsection/afterskip afterskip afterskip
{\scshape}% \&arobase;startsection/style style style
}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}% show counters this far down
\newcounter{subsubparagraph}[subparagraph]% counter for numbering
\renewcommand{\thesubsubparagraph}% how to display
{\thesubparagraph.\&arobase;arabic\c&arobase;subsubparagraph}% numbering
\newcommand{\subsubparagraph}{\&arobase;startsection
{subsubparagraph}%
{6}%
{0em}%
{\baselineskip}%
{0.5\baselineskip}%
{\normalfont\normalsize}}
\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsubparagraph{\&arobase;dottedtocline{6}{10em}{5em}}% for toc
\newcommand{\subsubparagraphmark}[1]{}% for page headers
\label{eq:GreensThm} and then reference it, as with
See equation~\ref{eq:GreensThm}. &latex; will automatically
work out the number, put it into the output, and will change that number
later if needed.
We will see this with Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm}. % forward reference
...
\begin{theorem} \label{th:GreensThm}
...
\end{theorem}
...
See Theorem~\ref{th:GreensThm} on page~\pageref{th:GreensThm}.
\label. So if \label is in \label.
\ref
that appears before the associated \label. If this is the first
time that you are compiling the document then you will get LaTeX
Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross references right
and in the output the forward reference will appear as two question
marks ??, in boldface. A similar thing happens if you
change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
cleverefcleveref cleveref package enhances &latex;&textrsquo;s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm} then
\cref{th:Nerode} will output Theorem 3.21, without you
having to enter the &textldquo;Theorem.&textrdquo;
\label\label{key}
\label{key} assigns to key the number of the
current sectional unit. Inside an environment with numbering, such as a
table or theorem environment, \label{key}
assigns to key the number of that environment. Retrieve the
assigned number with the \ref{key} command
(\label{fig:Post} is a
label for a figure with a portrait of Emil Post. This helps to avoid
accidentally creating two labels with the same name, and makes your
source more readable. Some commonly-used prefixes:
\newlabel{label}{{currentlabel}{pagenumber}}.
Here currentlabel is the current value of the macro
\&arobase;currentlabel that is usually updated whenever you call
\refstepcounter{counter}.
sec:test will get the number of the current
section and the key fig:test will get the number of the figure.
(Incidentally, put labels after captions in figures and tables.)
\section{section name}
\label{sec:test}
This is Section~\ref{sec:test}.
\begin{figure}
...
\caption{caption text}
\label{fig:test}
\end{figure}
See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
\pageref\pageref{key}
\label{key} command appears.
\label{key} then you get something like
LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
input line 11.
\label{eq:main} is used both for the formula number
and for the page number. (Note that the two references are forward
references so this document would need to be compiled twice to resolve
those.)
The main result is formula~\ref{eq:main} on page~\pageref{eq:main}.
...
\begin{equation} \label{eq:main}
\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{NP}
\end{equation}
\ref\ref{key}
\label command (\label{key} then you get something like
LaTeX Warning: Reference `th:GrensThm' on page 1 undefined on
input line 11.
\ref{popular} produces 2. Note that
it is a forward reference since it comes before \label{popular}
so this document would have to be compiled twice.
The most widely-used format is item number~\ref{popular}.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Plain \TeX
\item \label{popular} \LaTeX
\item Con\TeX t
\end{enumerate}
cleverefcleveref cleveref package includes text such as Theorem in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
xr packagexrxr xr-hyperxr-hyper \usepackage{xr}
\externaldocument{document-basename}
\usepackage{xr}
\externaldocument[reference-prefix]{document-basename}
\usepackage{xr}
\externaldocument{exercises}
\externaldocument[H-]{hints}
\externaldocument{answers}
\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
are exactly two vertices.
See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}.
The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}.
H- for the reference from the hints file is needed
because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the
exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the
number from the later file.
hyperref package then in place of
xr, put \usepackage{xr-hyper} before the
\usepackage{hyperref}. Also, if any of the multiple documents
uses hyperref then they all must use it.
\begin and ends with \end,
like this:
\begin{environment-name}
...
\end{environment-name}
\begin{table*}...\end{table} will cause an error like:
! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
\end{table}.
abstractabstractabstract \begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
article and report document classes
(article class produces a displayed
paragraph. Document class option titlepage causes the abstract
to be on a separate page (report class.
\begin{abstract}
We compare all known accounts of the proposal made by Porter Alexander
to Robert E Lee at the Appomattox Court House that the army continue
in a guerrilla war, which Lee refused.
\end{abstract}
abstractabstract \documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
...
\begin{document}
\title{Babe Ruth as Cultural Progenitor: a Atavistic Approach}
\author{Smith \\ Jones \\ Robinson\thanks{Railroad tracking grant.}}
\twocolumn[
\begin{&arobase;twocolumnfalse}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
Ruth was not just the Sultan of Swat, he was the entire swat
team.
\end{abstract}
\end{&arobase;twocolumnfalse}
]
{ % by-hand insert a footnote at page bottom
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\footnotetext[1]{Thanks for all the fish.}
}
arrayarrayarray \begin{array}{cols}
column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
...
\end{array}
\begin{array}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
...
\end{array}
equation (&). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (\begin{equation*}
\chi(x) =
\left| % vertical bar fence
\begin{array}{ccc}
x-a &-b &-c \\
-d &x-e &-f \\
-g &-h &x-i
\end{array}
\right|
\end{equation*}
\begin{array}{rcl}...\end{array} gives three columns: the
first flush right, the second centered, and the third flush left. See
array diverges from tabular. The
first is that array entries are typeset in math mode, in
textstyle (p{...}, which causes the entry to be typeset in
text mode. The second is that, instead of tabular&textrsquo;s parameter
\tabcolsep, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an array is
governed by
\arraycolsep, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is 5pt so that between two columns comes
10amsmathamsmath amsmath
package. It comes with environments pmatrix for an array
surrounded by parentheses (...), bmatrix for an array
surrounded by square brackets [...], Bmatrix for an
array surrounded by curly braces {...}, vmatrix for
an array surrounded by vertical bars |...|, and
Vmatrix for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars ||...||, along with a number of other array constructs.
amsmathamsmath amsmath package.
\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
\begin{equation}
\begin{vmatrix}{cc} % array with vert lines
a &b \\
c &d
\end{vmatrix}=ad-bc
\end{equation}
arrayarray dcolumndcolumn array package has
many useful extensions, including more column types. The dcolumn
package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
the documentation on CTAN.
centercentercenter \begin{center}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{center}
\\, to get a line break (center)figure
environment.
\begin{center}
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fufillment \\
of the Requirements of \\[0.5ex]
the School of Environmental Engineering
\end{center}
\begin{center}
My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink
alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\
I grew up in that belief. ---Richard Burton
\end{center}
\centering{\centering ... }
\begin{group}
\centering ...
\end{group}
figure, or in a parbox.
\centering declaration causes the graphic to be
horizontally centered.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{ctan_lion.png}
\caption{CTAN Lion} \label{fig:CTANLion}
\end{figure}
\centering ends with the \end{figure}.
center environment, the \centering command does
not add vertical space above and below the text. That&textrsquo;s its advantage
in the above example; there is not an excess of space.
ww {\centering xx \\ yy} zz is
surrounded by blank lines then &latex; will create a paragraph whose
first line ww xx is centered and whose second line, not centered,
contains yy zz. Usually what is desired is for the scope of the
declaration to contain a blank line or the \end command of an
environment such as figure or table that ends the
paragraph unit. Thus, if {\centering xx \\ yy\par} zz is
surrounded by blank lines then it makes a new paragraph with two
centered lines xx and yy, followed by a new paragraph with
zz that is formatted as usual.
descriptiondescriptiondescription \begin{description}
\item[label of first item] text of first item
\item[label of second item] text of second item
...
\end{description}
\begin{description}
\item[lama] A priest.
\item[llama] A beast.
\end{description}
\item command (\item[Main point], because there is
no sensible default. Following the \item is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
\item[\texttt{label text}] then it will appear in bold
typewriter, if that is available. The simplest way around this, in this
example to get non-bold typewriter, is to use declarative style:
\item[{\tt label text}]. Similarly, get the standard roman
font with \item[{\rm label text}].
description environments does not change the default label; it is
boldface and flush left at all levels.
enumitem is useful for customizing
lists.
\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{%
{\hspace{\labelsep}\textsc{#1}}}
displaymathdisplaymathdisplaymath \begin{displaymath}
mathematical text
\end{displaymath}
fleqn; see displaymath environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
equation environment (amsmathamsmath amsmath package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
\[math\] is a synonym for the environment
\begin{displaymath} math \end{displaymath} but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
displaymath will likely be unique.
$$math$$ from Plain &tex; is
sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for displaymath. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all;
$$ doesn&textrsquo;t support the fleqn option (\begin{displaymath}
\int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3
\end{displaymath}
\( \int_1^2 x^2\,dx=7/3 \) produces.
documentdocumentdocument document environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every &latex; document. \AtBeginDocument\AtBeginDocument{code}
\begin{document} is
executed, at the very end of the preamble. The code is executed after
the font selection tables have been set up, so the normal font for the
document is the current font. However, the code is executed as part of
the preamble so you cannot do any typesetting with it.
\AtEndDocument\AtEndDocument{code}
\end{document} is executed,
before the final page is finished and before any leftover floating
environments are processed. If you want some of the code to be executed
after these two processes then include a \clearpage at the
appropriate point in code.
enumerateenumerateenumerate \begin{enumerate}
\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
...
\end{enumerate}
enumerate list environment must have at least one item;
having none causes the &latex; error Something's wrong--perhaps a
missing \item.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Johnny Hayes (USA)
\item Charles Hefferon (RSA)
\end{enumerate}
\item command (\item an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in \item[Interstitial label], then the next item
will continue the interrupted sequence (\item is optional text, which may
contain multiple paragraphs.
enumerate environments,
or within any paragraph-making environment such as itemize
(enumerate environment uses the counters \enumi through
\enumiv (enumitem is
useful for customizing lists.
\renewcommand
(\labelenumi
through \labelenumiv. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Shows as boldface A
\item Shows as boldface B
\end{enumerate}
eqnarrayeqnarrayeqnarray amsmatheqnarrayeqnarray environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen
amsmath package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the align
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
working with old documents.
\begin{eqnarray}
first formula left &first formula middle &first formula right \\
...
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray*}
first formula left &first formula middle &first formula right \\
...
\end{eqnarray*}
eqnarray)array environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand (&), and with rows
separated by double backslash \\).
eqnarray)\\*) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (eqnarray places an equation number on every
line (using the equation counter), unless that line contains a
\nonumber command. The starred form eqnarray* omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
\lefteqn is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
\begin{eqnarray*}
\lefteqn{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n} \\
&\leq &y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_n \\
&= &z+y_3+\cdots+y_n
\end{eqnarray*}
equationequationequation \begin{equation}
mathematical text
\end{equation}
displaymath environment (equation counter.
\begin{equation} and
\begin{equation}, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
amsmathamsmath amsmath package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
figurefigurefigure \begin{figure}[placement]
figure body
\caption[loftitle]{title} % optional
\label{label} % optional
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[placement]
figure body
\caption[loftitle]{title} % optional
\label{label} % optional
\end{figure*}
parbox of width \textwidth.
h for here,
t for top, b for bottom, and p for
on a separate page of floats. For the effect of these options on
the float placement algorithm, see figure* is used when a document is in
double-column mode (b
in \caption command specifies caption
text for the figure (\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{CTANlion.png}
\caption{The CTAN lion, by Duane Bibby}
\end{figure}
filecontentsfilecontentsfilecontents filecontents*filecontents* \begin{filecontents}[option]{filename}
text
\end{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents*}[option]{filename}
text
\end{filecontents*}
filecontents prefixes the content of the created file with a
header of &tex; comments; see the example below. The starred
version filecontents* does not include the header.
\documentclass command. It is
commonly used to create a .bib or other such data file from the
main document source, to make the source file self-contained.
Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file,
again making the source self-contained.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{filecontents}{JH.sty}
\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron}
\end{filecontents}
\usepackage{JH}
\begin{document}
Article by \myname.
\end{document}
%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
%% generated by the `filecontents' environment
%% from source `test' on 2015/10/12.
%%
\newcommand{\myname}{Jim Hef{}feron}
flushleftflushleftflushleft \begin{flushleft}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushleft}
flushleft\\. For the declaration form
see \noindent\begin{minipage}{3in}
\begin{flushleft}
A long sentence that will be broken by \LaTeX{}
at a convenient spot. \\
And, a fresh line forced by the double backslash.
\end{flushleft}
\end{minipage}
\raggedright{\raggedright ... }
\begin{environment} \raggedright
...
\end{environment}
quote
or in a parbox. For the environment form
see flushleft environment, the \raggedright
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end
command that ends the paragraph unit.
\raggedright in each second column keeps &latex; from doing
very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
that \raggedright is inside the curly braces {...} to
delimit its effect.
\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
Team alpha &{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
Team beta &{\raggedright This team ensures that the water
cooler is never empty.} \\
\end{tabular}
flushrightflushrightflushright \begin{flushright}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{flushright}
flushright)\\. For the declaration form
see flushleft by
flushright.
\raggedleft{\raggedleft ... }
\begin{environment} \raggedleft
...
\end{environment}
quote
or in a parbox. For the environment form
see flushright environment, the \raggedleft
command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or \end
command that ends the paragraph unit.
\raggedright by
\raggedleft.
itemizeitemizeitemize \begin{itemize}
\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
...
\end{itemize}
\item within the environment; having none causes the
&latex; error Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item.
\begin{itemize}
\item Pencil and watercolor sketch by Cassandra
\item Rice portrait
\end{itemize}
babel package
with another language than USenglish&textmdash;as a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, •. The format of the labeling
depends on the nesting level; see below.
\item command (\item an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in \item[Optional label], then by default
Optional label will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the
\item is the text of
the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
enumerate (itemize environment uses the commands \labelitemi
through \labelitemiv to produce the default label (note the
convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names
that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each
level.
\textbullet)
\normalfont\bfseries\textendash)
\textasteriskcentered)
\textperiodcentered)
\renewcommand. For instance, this makes
the first level use diamonds.
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
itemize list is determined by the
parameters \leftmargini through \leftmarginvi. (This also
uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the
command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
2.5em in level 1 (2em in two-column mode), 2.2em in
level 2, 1.87em in level 3, and 1.7em in level 4, with
smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
enumitemenumitem itemize,
enumerate and description environment use the same list
layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
for information about customizing list layout, see enumitem is useful for customizing lists.
\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
itemize*
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item (\parskip is not list-specific,
\newenvironment{itemize*}%
{\begin{itemize}%
\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
\setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
{\end{itemize}}
letter environment: writing lettersletterletter listlistlist \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing}
\item[optional label of first item] text of first item
\item[optional label of second item] text of second item
...
\end{list}
description, enumerate, and itemize
environments (list environment is most often used in macros. For
example, many standard &latex; environments that do not immediately
appear to be lists are in fact constructed using list, including
quotation, quote, and center (list environment to define a new custom
environment.
\newcounter{namedlistcounter} % number the items
\newenvironment{named}
{\begin{list}
{Item~\Roman{namedlistcounter}.} % labeling
{\usecounter{namedlistcounter} % set counter
\setlength{\leftmargin}{3.5em}} % set spacing
}
{\end{list}}
\begin{named}
\item Shows as ``Item~I.''
\item[Special label.] Shows as ``Special label.''
\item Shows as ``Item~II.''
\end{named}
\labelwidth. If the label is wider than that, the
additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
list you can override the default labeling by giving \item an
optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
above \item[Special label.]; \usecounter{countername} (\item that does not have an optional argument.
\makelabel, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
typesets in LR mode (named example, before the
definition of the environment add
\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}, and between
the \setlength command and the parenthesis that closes the
spacing argument also add \let\makelabel\namedmakelabel.
Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to \let\makelabel\fbox puts the labels inside a
framed box. Another example of the \makelabel command is below,
in the definition of the redlabel environment.
itemize can be
different than the values shown here.) See also the figure that follows
the list. Each is a length (plus and minus components,
to give &tex; flexibility in setting the page. Change each with a
command such as \setlength{itemsep}{2pt plus1pt minus1pt}.
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
leftmargin, of the
first line each item. Its default value is 0pt.
\parsep. The defaults
for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s article, book,
and report classes at 10 point size are: 4pt plus2pt
minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and
\topsep (that is, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at
11 point are: 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt, \parsep (that is,
2pt plus1pt minus1pt), and \topsep (that is, 2pt
plus1pt minus1pt). The defaults at 12 point are: 5pt plus2.5pt
minus1pt, \parsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt), and
\topsep (that is, 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt).
0.5em.
\makelabel returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
If \makelabel returns text of width less than or equal to
\labelwidth then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is that the label is typeset
flush right in a box of this width.
\leftmargin+\itemindent-\labelsep-\labelwidth
from the left margin of the enclosing environment.
\leftmargini-\labelsep, (which is 2em in one column
mode and 1.5em in two column mode). At the second level it is
\leftmarginii-\labelsep, and at the third level it is
\leftmarginiii-\labelsep. These definitions make the
label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
\leftmargini, while a list that is nested inside
a top-level list has this margin set to \leftmarginii. More
deeply nested lists get the values of \leftmarginiii through
\leftmarginvi. (Nesting greater than level five generates the
error message Too deeply nested.)
\leftmargini is
2.5em (in two column mode, 2em), \leftmarginii is
2.2em, and \leftmarginiii is 1.87em.
\leftmargin, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value
is 0pt.
4pt
plus2pt minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 0pt. The
defaults at 11 point size are: 4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt,
2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 0pt. The defaults at 12 point
size are: 5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt, 2.5pt plus1pt
minus1pt, and 0pt.
\topsep+\parskip, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the &latex; source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
following the list is blank does not matter.)
2pt
plus1 minus1pt, 2pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt
minus1pt. The defaults at 11 point are: 3pt plus1pt minus1pt,
3pt plus1pt minus1pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt). The
defaults at 12 point are: 3pt plus2pt minus3pt, 3pt plus2pt
minus2pt, and 1pt plus0pt minus1pt.
0pt.
It must be non-negative.
\parskip (8pt plus2pt minus4pt,
4pt plus2pt minus1pt, and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The
defaults at 11 point are: 9pt plus3pt minus5pt, 4.5pt
plus2pt minus1pt, and 2pt plus1pt minus1pt. The defaults at 12
point are: 10pt plus4pt minus6pt, 5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt,
and 2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt.
\linewidth (\setlength{\leftmargin}{0.25\linewidth}.
-\&arobase;lowpenalty, that is, -51. Because it is negative,
it somewhat encourages a page break at each spot. Change it with,
e.g., \&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
-51).
-51).
-51).
enumitemenumitem enumitem is useful for customizing lists.
\usepackage{color}
\newcounter{cnt}
\newcommand{\makeredlabel}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1.}}
\newenvironment{redlabel}
{\begin{list}
{\arabic{cnt}}
{\usecounter{cnt}
\setlength{\labelwidth}{0em}
\setlength{\labelsep}{0.5em}
\setlength{\leftmargin}{1.5em}
\setlength{\itemindent}{0.5em} % equals \labelwidth+\labelsep
\let\makelabel=\makeredlabel
}
}
{\end{list}}
\item: An entry in a list\item text of item
\item[optional-label] text of item
\item
{[} is an open square bracket; otherwise, &latex; will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
\item[Close square bracket, {]}]. \begin{enumerate}
\item Moe
\item[sometimes] Shemp
\item Larry
\end{enumerate}
trivlist: A restricted form of list\begin{trivlist}
...
\end{trivlist}
\item without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
the \item command is part of the environment&textrsquo;s definition. For
instance, the center environment is defined essentially like
this:
\newenvironment{center}
{\begin{trivlist}\centering\item\relax}
{\end{trivlist}}
trivlist in this way allows the macro to inherit some
common code: combining vertical space of two adjacent environments;
detecting whether the text following the environment should be
considered a new paragraph or a continuation of the previous one;
adjusting the left and right margins for possible nested list
environments.
trivlist uses the current values of the list
parameters (\parsep is set to the
value of \parskip, and \leftmargin, \labelwidth,
and \itemindent are set to zero.
\begin{trivlist}
\item The \textit{Surprise} is not old; no one would call her old.
\item She has a bluff bow, lovely lines.
\end{trivlist}
mathmathmath \begin{math}
math
\end{math}
math environment inserts given math material within
the running text. \(...\) and $...$ are synonyms.
minipageminipageminipage \begin{minipage}{width}
contents
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[position][height][inner-pos]{width}
contents
\end{minipage}
minipage
is similar to \parbox (\begin{minipage}{3in}
Stephen Kleene was a founder of the Theory of Computation.
He was a student of Church, wrote three influential texts,
was President of the Association for Symbolic Logic,
and won the National Medal of Science.
\end{minipage}
minipage.
\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} contents
\end{minipage}. (Get the natural height with an empty argument,
[].)
minipage
vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
---\begin{minipage}[c]{0.25in}
first\\ second\\ third
\end{minipage}
c to b or t.
minipage. You can enter any value
larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the minipage&textrsquo;s natural
height and &latex; will not give an error or warning. You can also set
it to a height of zero or a negative value.
minipage&textrsquo;s natural height. To
see the effect of the options, run this example with the various choices
in place of b.
Text before
\begin{center}
---\begin{minipage}[c][3in][b]{0.25\textwidth}
first\\ second\\ third
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
Text after
minipage. Change
that with a command such as \setlength{\parindent}{1pc} at
the start of contents.
minipage environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at
the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
uses the \mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary
footnote counter (\begin{center} % center the minipage on the line
\begin{minipage}{2.5in}
\begin{center} % center the table inside the minipage
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\textsc{Monarch} &\textsc{Reign} \\ \hline
Elizabeth II &63 years\footnote{to date} \\
Victoria &63 years \\
George III &59 years
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\end{minipage} which may not be their logical place.
siunitxsiunitx % siunitx to have the S column specifier,
% which aligns numbers on their decimal point.
\usepackage{siunitx}
\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{&arobase;{}c&arobase;{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}
\hspace{0.1\textwidth}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{r|S}
% \multicolumn to remove vertical bar between column headers
\multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &
% braces to prevent siunitx from misinterpreting the
% period as a decimal separator
{Pop. (million)} \\ \hline
The Bronx &1.5 \\
Brooklyn &2.6 \\
Manhattan &1.6 \\
Queens &2.3 \\
Staten Island &0.5
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
picturepicturepicture \begin{picture}(width,height)
picture command
\end{picture}
\begin{picture}(width,height)(xoffset,yoffset)
picture command
\end{picture}
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
\put(0,0){\vector(2,1){4}} % for every 2 over this vector goes 1 up
\put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ first leg}}
\put(4,2){\vector(1,2){2}}
\put(5,4){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ second leg}}
\put(0,0){\vector(1,1){6}}
\put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\ }}
\end{picture}
picture environment has one required argument, a pair of
positive real numbers (width,height). Multiply these by the
value \unitlength to get the nominal size of the output, i.e.&noeos;
the space that &latex; reserves on the output page. This nominal size
need not be how large the picture really is; &latex; will draw things
from the picture outside the picture&textrsquo;s box.
\unitlength to get the coordinates of the point at the
lower-left corner of the picture.
\unitlength has been set to 1mm, the
command
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
(2.4,-5)
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A coordinate is a not a length,
it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength,
so if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate
2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
\unitlength is 1pt. It is a rigid
length (\setlength command
(picture
environment.
picture environment supports using standard arithmetic
expressions as well as numbers.
\put(1,2){...}, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
further up the page, for example, is \put,
\multiput, \qbezier, and \graphpaper. The most
often used is \put. This
\put(11.3,-0.3){...}
\put command creates an LR box (\mbox (\put command. The reference point
will be the lower left corner of the box. In this picture
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
...\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\end{picture}
\line(1,1){1} does not call for a
line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of
1.)
\multiput, qbezier, and graphpaper commands are
described below.
\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
\begin{picture}(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
\put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}
\put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{X Treasure here}}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\textwidth from
the left margin, and 0.35\textwidth up from the bottom of the
picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
page header to get repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages.
\put\put(xcoord,ycoord){content}
\unitlength in picture.
\put(4.5,2.5){Apply the \textit{unpoke} move}
\multiput\multiput(x,y)(delta_x,delta_y){num-copies}{obj}
\begin{picture}(10,10)
\linethickness{0.05mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){10}{\line(0,1){10}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){10}{\line(1,0){10}}
\linethickness{0.5mm}
\multiput(0,0)(5,0){3}{\line(0,1){10}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,5){3}{\line(1,0){10}}
\end{picture}
\qbezier\qbezier(x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3) \qbezier[num](x1,y1)(x2,y2)(x3,y3)
(x1,y1),
(x2,y2), and (x3,y3). That is,
the curve runs from (x1,y1) to (x3,y3), is quadratic, and is
such that the tangent line at (x1,y1) passes through
(x2,y2), as does the tangent line at (x3,y3).
\qbezier(1,1)(1.25,0.75)(1,0)
\qbeziermax (change this value with
\renewcommand).
\qbezier for
that curve.
\begin{picture}(8,4)
\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis
\put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side
\put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}} % right side
\qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
\qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
\thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
\put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}
\put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal Rule}}
\end{picture}
\graphpaper\graphpaper(x_init,y_init)(x_dimen,y_dimen) \graphpaper[spacing](x_init,y_init)(x_dimen,y_dimen)
graphpapgraphpap graphpap package.
The grid&textrsquo;s origin is (x_init,y_init).
Grid lines come every spacing units (the default is 10).
The grid extends x_dimen units to the right and y_dimen units up.
All arguments must be positive integers.
\usepackage{graphpap} % in preamble
...
\begin{picture}(6,20) % in document body
\graphpaper[2](0,0)(12,20)
\end{picture}
\line\line(x_run,y_rise){travel}
\put(1,3){\line(2,5){4}}
\put(x_init,y_init){\line(x_run,y_rise){travel}},
if x_run is negative then the line&textrsquo;s ending point has a first
coordinate that is less than x_init. If y_rise is negative
then the line&textrsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
y_init.
LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.
pict2epict2e TikZTikZ PSTricksPSTricks MetaPostMetaPost AsymptoteAsymptote picture, see the package pict2e
(\linethickness\linethickness{dim}
\thinlines and
\thicklines in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
lines, circles, or ovals (\thinlines\thicklines\circle\circle{diameter}
\circle*{diameter}
* form produces a filled-in circle.
(5,7).
\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
\circle are, in points, the even
numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For \circle* they are all the
integers from 1 to 15.
\oval\oval(width,height) \oval(width,height)[portion]
tr, br, bl, or tl.
\put(5,7){\oval(3,7)[t]}
\shortstack\shortstack[position]{line 1 \\ ... }
\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0)
\put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y
\put(-0.2,2){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}}
\end{picture}
\makebox (\shortstack objects)\\. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a tabular or array environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X} the first and last rows are taller than
the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle
rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can
adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline
spacing with \shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X} (\shortstack{X \\
\rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X} or by using \\&textrsquo;s optional
argument \shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}.
\shortstack command is also available outside the
picture environment.
\vector\vector(x_run,y_rise){travel}
\vector you must chooses integers between −4 and 4,
inclusive. Also, the two you choose must be relatively prime. Thus,
\vector(2,1){4} is acceptable but \vector(4,2){4} is
not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
\makebox (picture)picture)\makebox(rec-width,rec-height){text}
\makebox(rec-width,rec-height)[position]{text}
picture environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because rec-width and rec-height are numbers specifying
distances in terms of the \unitlength (\makebox command (\unitlength and height 4
times \unitlength.
\put(1,2){\makebox(3.5,4){...}}
position specifies where in the box
the text appears. The default is to center it, both horizontally
and vertically. To place it somewhere else, use a string with one or
two of these letters.
\framebox (picture)\framebox(rec-width,rec-height){text}
\framebox(rec-width,rec-height)[position]{text}
picture environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
\unitlength (\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}
\framebox(2.5,3){test text}
\fboxrule and there is a blank space
\fboxsep between the frame and the contents of the box.
\fbox (\frame (\frame\frame{contents}
\framebox
(\dashbox\dashbox{dash-len}(rect-width,rect-height){text}
\dashbox{dash-len}(rect-width,rect-height)[position]{text}
picture environment, although you can use it outside of there,
because lengths are numbers specifying the distance in terms of the
\unitlength (\put(0,0){\dashbox{0.1}(5,0.5){My hovercraft is full of eels.}}
0.1\unitlength long, the box&textrsquo;s width is
5\unitlength and its height is 0.5\unitlength.
quotation & quotequotationquotation quotequote \begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
\leftmargin and the text is right-justified.
quotation
environment, paragraphs are indented by 1.50pt plus 1pt. In the quote
environment, paragraphs are not indented and there is vertical space
between paragraphs (it is the rubber length \parsep).
\begin{quotation} \small\it
Four score and seven years ago
... shall not perish from the earth.
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---Abraham Lincoln
\end{quotation}
tabbingtabbingtabbing \begin{tabbing}
row1col1 \= row1col2 ... \\
row2col1 \> row2col2 ... \\
...
\end{tabbing}
tabular (array (\kill command (which is described below):
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill
Ship \>Guns \>Year \\
\textit{Sophie} \>14 \>1800 \\
\textit{Polychrest} \>24 \>1803 \\
\textit{Lively} \>38 \>1804 \\
\textit{Surprise} \>28 \>1805 \\
\end{tabbing}
tabbing environment and the more widely-used
tabular environment put text in columns. The most important
distinction is that in tabular the width of columns is
determined automatically by &latex;, while in tabbing the user
sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that tabular
generates a box, but tabbing can be broken across pages.
Finally, while tabular can be used in any mode, tabbing
can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph,
without indentation.
\hspace command at the beginning
of a tabbed row. The right margin of the tabbing environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
\linewidth.
tabbing environment contains a sequence of tabbed
rows. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
\begin{tabbing} and each row ends with \\ or
\kill. The last row may omit the \\ and end with just
\end{tabbing}.
tabbing environment has a current tab stop
pattern, a sequence of tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create n corresponding columns. Tab stop 0 is
always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
stop number i is set if it is assigned a horizontal
position on the page. Tab stop number i can only be set if
all the stops 0, &dots;, have already been set; normally
later stops are to the right of earlier ones.
tabbing environment is typeset
ragged right and left-aligned on the current tab stop. Typesetting is
done in LR mode (tabbing environment.
They are all fragile (\>, \<, \',
\\, or \kill command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
\` command moves
all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or
\end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right margin
of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or
\' command between the \` and the \\ or
\end{tabbing} command that ends the line.
tabbing environment, the commands \=, \' and
\` do not produce accents as usual (\a=, \a' and \a`.
\\ except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any \=, \+ or \- commands in that line remain in
effect.
\pushtabs.
tabbing environment.
\' to left of current tab stop.
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n > 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
function fact(n : integer) : integer;
begin
if n > 1 then
fact := n * fact(n-1);
else
fact := 1;
end;
algorithm2ealgorithm2e listingslistings mintedminted fancyvrbfancyvrb algorithm2e,
fancyvrb, listings, and minted.
tabletabletable \begin{table}[placement]
table body
\caption[loftitle]{title} % optional
\label{label} % also optional
\end{table}
table environment contains a tabular
\begin{table}
\centering\small
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Author}}
&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textit{Piece}} \\ \hline
Bach &Cello Suite Number 1 \\
Beethoven &Cello Sonata Number 3 \\
Brahms &Cello Sonata Number 1
\end{tabular}
\caption{Top cello pieces}
\label{tab:cello}
\end{table}
table:
the table body may contain text, &latex; commands, graphics, etc. It is
typeset in a parbox of width \textwidth.
\caption command is also optional. It specifies caption
text title for the table (\begin{table}[b]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{r|p{2in}} \hline
One &The loneliest number \\
Two &Can be as sad as one.
It's the loneliest number since the number one.
\end{tabular}
\caption{Cardinal virtues}
\label{tab:CardinalVirtues}
\end{table}
tabulartabulartabular \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
column 1 entry &column 2 entry ... &column n entry \\
...
\end{tabular*}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textit{Player name} &\textit{Career home runs} \\
\hline
Hank Aaron &755 \\
Babe Ruth &714
\end{tabular}
tabular&textrsquo;s argument
{l|l}.
&. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, \\. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with \hline.
tabular\\ is optional, unless an \hline
command follows to put a rule below the table.
tabular consist of:
tabular*, not allowed for tabular. Specifies
the width of the tabular* environment. The space between columns
should be rubber, as with &arobase;{\extracolsep{\fill}}, to allow
the table to stretch or shrink to make the specified width, or else you
are likely to get the Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
... warning.
|,
\hline, and \vline in the tabular and array
environments. The default is .4pt. Change it as in
\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}.
tabular and
array environments is multiplied. The default is 1, for
no scaling. Change it as \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}.
|| specifier. The default is 2pt.
\setlength.
tabular
environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
\multicolumn\multicolumn{numcols}{cols}{text}
array or tabular entry that spans several columns.
The first argument numcols gives the number of columns to span.
The second argument cols specifies the formatting of the entry,
with c for centered, l for flush left, or r for
flush right. The third argument text gives the contents of that
entry.
\begin{tabular}{lccl}
\textit{ID} &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textit{Name}} &\textit{Age} \\
\hline
978-0-393-03701-2 &O'Brian &Patrick &55 \\
...
\end{tabular}
array or tabular environment is broken into parts, where
each part (except the first) begins with l, c, r,
or p. So from \begin{tabular}{|r|ccp{1.5in}|}
the parts are |r|, c, c,
and p{1.5in}|.
array or tabular
environment&textrsquo;s intercolumn area default adjoining this multicolumn
entry. To affect that area, this argument can contain vertical bars
| indicating the placement of vertical rules, and &arobase;{...}
expressions. Thus if cols is |c| then this multicolumn
entry will be centered and a vertical rule will come in the intercolumn
area before it and after it. This table details the exact behavior.
\begin{tabular}{|cc|c|c|}
\multicolumn{1}{r}{w} % entry one
&\multicolumn{1}{|r|}{x} % entry two
&\multicolumn{1}{|r}{y} % entry three
&z % entry four
\end{tabular}
\multicolumn has the cols specifier r with no
initial vertical bar. Between entry one and entry two there will be a
vertical rule; although the first cols does not have an ending
vertical bar, the second cols does have a starting one. Between
entry two and entry three there is a single vertical rule; despite that
the cols in both of the surrounding multicolumn&textrsquo;s call for
a vertical rule, you only get one rule. Between entry three and entry
four there is no vertical rule; the default calls for one but the
cols in the entry three \multicolumn leaves it out, and
that takes precedence. Finally, following entry four there is a
vertical rule because of the default.
tabular definition&textrsquo;s default intercolumn
area specification, including the placement of vertical rules.
tabular definition the first column
is specified to default to left justified but in the first row the entry
is centered with \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}.
Also in the first row, the second and third columns are spanned by a
single entry with \multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}},
overriding the specification to center those two columns on the page
range en-dash.
\begin{tabular}{l|r&arobase;{--}l}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}}
&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline
Baroque &1600 &1760 \\
Classical &1730 &1820 \\
Romantic &1780 &1910 \\
Impressionistic &1875 &1925
\end{tabular}
tabular specification by default puts a vertical
rule between the first and second columns, no such vertical rule appears
in the first row here. That&textrsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
cols part of the first row&textrsquo;s first \multicolumn command.
\vlinetabular or array environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
bar | is more common. This command is rarely used in the
body of a table; typically a table&textrsquo;s vertical lines are specified in
tabular&textrsquo;s cols argument and overridden as needed with
\multicolumn (\hfill moves the \vline to the left edge of the
cell. But that is different than putting it halfway between the two
columns, so between the first and second columns there are two vertical
rules, with the one from the {c|cc} specifier coming before the
one produced by the \vline\hfill. In contrast, the first row&textrsquo;s
third entry shows the usual way to put a vertical bar between two
columns. In the second row, the ghi is the widest entry in its
column so in the \vline\hfill the \hfill has no effect and
the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
g, with no whitespace.
\begin{tabular}{c|cc}
x &\vline\hfill y &\multicolumn{1}{|r}{z} \\ % row 1
abc &def &\vline\hfill ghi % row 2
\end{tabular}
\cline\cline{i-j}
array or tabular environment, draw a horizontal rule
beginning in column i and ending in column j. The
dash, -, must appear in the mandatory argument. To span a single
column use the number twice, as with \cline{2-2}.
\begin{tabular}{llrr}
a &b &c &d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}
e &f &g &h
\end{tabular}
\hlinetabular or
array environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.
\hline, the
tabular second row&textrsquo;s line ending double backslash \\
is required.
\begin{tabular}{ll} \hline\hline
Baseball &Red Sox \\
Basketball &Celtics \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
thebibliographythebibliographythebibliography \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
...
\end{thebibliography}
This work is based on \cite{latexdps}.
Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}.
...
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{latexdps}
Leslie Lamport.
\textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1993.
\bibitem{texbook}
Donald Ervin Knuth.
\textit{The \TeX book}.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
... based on \cite{latexdps} produces the matching
... based on [1]. The second \cite produces [1,
2]. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references.
\bibitem
commands. The tradition is to use 9 for bibliographies with less
than 10 references, 99 for ones with less than 100, etc.
\chapter and the
default title is Bibliography, that title is in the macro
\bibname. For \section and the default is References, the
title is in macro \refname. Change it by redefining the command,
as with \renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}, after
\begin{document}.
babelbabel babel will automatically
redefine \refname or \bibname to fit the selected
language.
\bibitem\bibitem{cite_key}
\bibitem[label]{cite_key}
enumi counter. The citation key
enumi counter is not incremented. With this
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem[Lamport 1993]{latexdps}
Leslie Lamport.
\textit{\LaTeX{}: a document preparation system}.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1993.
\bibitem{texbook}
Donald Ervin Knuth.
\textit{The \TeX book}.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
thebibliography
environment; see ... based on
\cite{latexdps} will produce ... based on [Lamport 1994].
\bibitem entries having a label with those that
do not then &latex; will number the unlabelled ones sequentially. In
the example above the texbook entry will appear as [1]
Donald ..., despite that it is the second entry.
\bibitem writes it to the auxiliary file
\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993} and
\bibcite{texbook}{1} to appear in that file. The \begin{document} command and then the
information is available for \cite commands. This explains why
you need to run &latex; twice to resolve references: once to write it
out and once to read it in.
\bibitem or
change its cite_key you may get LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may
have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right. Fix it by
recompiling.
\cite\cite{keys}
\cite[subcite]{keys}
The ultimate source is \cite{texbook}.
...
\begin{thebibliography}
\bibitem{texbook}
Donald Ervin Knuth.
\textit{The \TeX book}.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1983.
\end{thebibliography}
thebibliography
environment. More information in See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook} might produce
See 14.3 in [1, p. 314].
\cite writes
information to the auxiliary file \cite{latexdps} writes
\citation{latexdps} to that file. This information is used by
Bib&tex; to include in your reference list only those works that you
have actually cited; see \cite{texbok} then you need to correct the spelling. On the
other hand, if you have just added or modified the bibliographic
information and so changed the \nocite\nocite{keys}
thebibliography (thebibliography environment
directly (\bibliographystyle{bibstyle}
\bibliography{bibfile1, bibfile2, ...}
\bibliography command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
files named &arobase;book{texbook,
title = {The {{\TeX}}book},
author = {D.E. Knuth},
isbn = {0201134489},
series = {Computers \& typesetting},
year = {1983},
publisher = {Addison-Wesley}
}
&arobase;book{sexbook,
author = {W.H. Masters and V.E. Johnson},
title = {Human Sexual Response},
year = {1966},
publisher = {Bantam Books}
}
\cite and
\nocite will be listed in the document&textrsquo;s bibliography. Thus you
can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
files, and rely on Bib&tex; to include in this document only those that
you used.
\nocite all keys\nocite can also be
the single character *. This means to implicitly cite all
entries from all given bibliographies.
\bibliography or \bibliographystyle
in your document (or, less likely, any \cite or \nocite
command), Bib&tex; will issue an error message. Because Bib&tex;
can be used with any program, not just &latex;, the error messages
refer to the internal commands read by Bib&tex; (from the \bibdata\bibliography
\bibstyle\bibliographystyle
\citation\citation\cite, \nocite
\bibliographystyle
command, Bib&tex; complains as follows:
I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file document.aux
theoremtheoremtheorem \begin{theorem}
theorem body
\end{theorem}
\newtheorem (\newtheorem{lem}{Lemma} % in preamble
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
...
\begin{lem} % in document body
text of lemma
\end{lem}
The next result follows immediately.
\begin{thm}[Gauss] % put `Gauss' in parens after theorem head
text of theorem
\end{thm}
amsmathamsmath amsthmamsthm amsthm and amsmath
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
packages include a large number of options for theorem environments,
such as styling options.
titlepagetitlepagetitlepage \begin{titlepage}
... text and spacing ...
\end{titlepage}
\begin{titlepage}
\vspace*{\stretch{1}}
\begin{center}
{\huge\bfseries Thesis \\[1ex]
title} \\[6.5ex]
{\large\bfseries Author name} \\
\vspace{4ex}
Thesis submitted to \\[5pt]
\textit{University name} \\[2cm]
in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of \\[2cm]
\textsc{\Large Doctor of Philosophy} \\[2ex]
\textsc{\large Mathematics} \\[12ex]
\vfill
Department of Mathematics \\
Address \\
\vfill
\today
\end{center}
\vspace{\stretch{2}}
\end{titlepage}
titlepage
environment, use \maketitle (verbatimverbatimverbatim \begin{verbatim}
literal-text
\end{verbatim}
\ character does not start commands, it
produces a printed \, and carriage returns and blanks are taken
literally. The output appears in a monospaced typewriter-like font
(\tt).
\begin{verbatim}
Symbol swearing: %&$#?&eosexcl;.
\end{verbatim}
literal-text is that it cannot include
the string \end{verbatim}.
cprotectcprotect \section. This is not the same as
commands being fragile (verbatim environment changes the catcode regime before
processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
when the macro was called. However, the cprotect package can
help with this.
listingslistings mintedminted verbatim environment. For
instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
files, or parts of those files. Such packages include listings,
and minted.
fancyvrbfancyvrb verbatimboxverbatimbox fancyvrb. Another is verbatimbox.
\verb\verb char literal-text char \verb* char literal-text char
\tt) font.
\verb.
This is \verb!literally! the biggest pumpkin ever. And this is the best squash, \verb+literally!+
\verb has its literal-text surrounded with
exclamation point, !. The second instead uses plus, +,
because the exclamation point is part of literal-text.
\verb or \verb* and char,
or between char and literal-text, or between
literal-text and the second occurrence of char (the
synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
other). The delimiter must not appear in literal-text. The
literal-text cannot include a line break.
*-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
urlurl url
is a better option than the \verb command, since
it allows line breaks.
listingslistings mintedminted \verb. One is listings, another is minted.
cprotectcprotect \verb in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a \section. It is not a question of \verb
being fragile (\verb command changes the catcode regime before reading its
argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a
macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a
token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called.
However, the cprotect package can help with this.
verseverseverse \begin{verse}
line1 \\
line2 \\
...
\end{verse}
Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\ On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
verse\\, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
\begin{verse}
\makebox[\linewidth][c]{\textit{Shut Not Your Doors} ---Walt Whitman}
\\[1\baselineskip]
Shut not your doors to me proud libraries, \\
For that which was lacking on all your well-fill'd shelves, \\
\qquad yet needed most, I bring, \\
Forth from the war emerging, a book I have made, \\
The words of my book nothing, the drift of it every thing, \\
A book separate, not link'd with the rest nor felt by the intellect, \\
But you ye untold latencies will thrill to every page.
\end{verse}
\\\\ \\[morespace]
\\* \\*[morespace]
\title{My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe}
\\*, tells &latex; not to start a new page
between the two lines, by issuing a \nobreak.
\\. Instead leave a
blank line between the two paragraphs. And don&textrsquo;t put in a sequence of
\\&textrsquo;s to make vertical space. Instead use
\vspace{length}, or
\leavevmode\vspace{length}, or
\vspace*{length} if you want the space to not be thrown
out at the top of a new page (\\ command is mostly used outside of the main flow of text
such as in a tabular or array environment or in an
equation environment.
\\ command is a synonym for \newline
(p{...} column in a tabular
environment; \\ command is a macro, and its definition changes by context
so that its definition in normal text, a center environment, a
flushleft environment, and a tabular are all different.
In normal text when it forces a linebreak it is essentially a shorthand
for \newline. It does not end horizontal mode or end the
paragraph, it just inserts some glue and penalties so that when the
paragraph does end a linebreak will occur at that point, with the short
line padded with white space.
\\ to ask for a new line, rather than to end the current line.
An example is if you have \begin{document}\\ or, more likely,
something like this.
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
\\
In that vertical space put your mark.
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
\vspace{\baselineskip}.
\obeycr & \restorecr\obeycr command makes a return in the input file (^^M,
internally) the same as \\, followed by \relax. So each
new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
\restorecr command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
verbatim (aaa bbb \obeycr ccc ddd eee \restorecr fff ggg hhh iii
aaa bbb ccc ddd eee fff ggg hhh iii
\newline\newline command is
equivalent to double-backslash (tabular or
array environment. In a column with a specifier producing a
paragraph box such as typically p{...}, \newline will
insert a line end inside of the column; that is, it does not break the
entire tabular row. To break the entire row use \\ or its
equivalent \tabularnewline.
\begin{tabular}{p{1in}&arobase;{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}}
Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\- (discretionary hyphen)\- commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that
&latex; might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust
(\- command is for exceptional cases.
\begin{tabular}{rp{1.75in}}
Isaac Asimov &The strain of
anti-intellectualism
% an\-ti-in\-tel\-lec\-tu\-al\-ism
has been a constant thread winding its way through our
political and cultural life, nurtured by
the false notion that democracy means that
`my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge'.
\end{tabular}
\- command only allows &latex; to break there, it does not
require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
Hef-\linebreak feron. Of course, if you later change the text
then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
care.
\discretionary (generalized hyphenation point)\discretionary{pre-break}{post-break}{no-break}
\discretionary appears
then &tex; puts pre-break at the end of the current line and puts
post-break at the start of the next line. If there is no line
break here then &tex; puts no-break.
ffi form a ligature. But
&tex; can nonetheless break between the two f&textrsquo;s with this.
di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult
\fussy & \sloppy\fussy usually avoids too much space between
words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely,
\sloppy avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword
spacing.
\fussy. Line breaking in a paragraph is
controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the
paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or \par or displayed
equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include
that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
sloppyparsloppyparsloppypar \begin{sloppypar}
... paragraphs ...
\end{sloppypar}
\sloppy in effect (\begin{sloppypar}
Her plan for the morning thus settled, she sat quietly down to her
book after breakfast, resolving to remain in the same place and the
same employment till the clock struck one; and from habitude very
little incommoded by the remarks and ejaculations of Mrs.\ Allen,
whose vacancy of mind and incapacity for thinking were such, that
as she never talked a great deal, so she could never be entirely
silent; and, therefore, while she sat at her work, if she lost her
needle or broke her thread, if she heard a carriage in the street,
or saw a speck upon her gown, she must observe it aloud, whether
there were anyone at leisure to answer her or not.
\end{sloppypar}
\hyphenation\hyphenation{word1 ...}
-.
\hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness}
\hyphenation
commands accumulate.
\linebreak & \nolinebreak\linebreak \linebreak[zero-to-four]
\nolinebreak \nolinebreak[zero-to-four]
\nolinebreak[1] is a suggestion that another place may be better.
The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands
are fragile (\boilerplatelegal{} \linebreak[2]
We especially encourage applications from members of traditionally
underrepresented groups.
\linebreak, the spaces in the line are stretched
out so that the break point reaches the right margin. \clearpage & \cleardoublepage \clearpage
\cleardoublepage
\cleardoublepage also makes the next page of
content a right-hand page, an odd-numbered page, if necessary inserting
a blank page. The \clearpage command is robust while
\cleardoublepage is fragile (\cleardoublepage command will put in a blank page, but it
will have the running headers and footers. To get a really blank
page, use this command.
\let\origdoublepage\cleardoublepage
\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{%
\clearpage
{\pagestyle{empty}\origdoublepage}%
}
\chapter command to do this then
add the line \let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage.
\newpage (\newpage ends the current column while
\clearpage and \cleardoublepage end the current page.
\newpage\newpage
\clearpage and \cleardoublepage also
end the current page, in addition they clear pending floats
(\clearpage and \cleardoublepage end
the current page, possibly leaving an empty column, while
\newpage only ends the current column.
\pagebreak (\newpage command will cause the new page to start right where
requested. This
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, \newpage \noindent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
\newpage does not vertically
stretch out the page, as \pagebreak does.
\enlargethispage\enlargethispage{size}
\enlargethispage*{size}
\textheight for the current page. The required
argument size must be a rigid length (\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}
\enlargesthispage* tries to squeeze the material
together on the page as much as possible, for the common use case of
getting one more line on the page. This is often used together with an
explicit \pagebreak.
\pagebreak & \nopagebreak\pagebreak \pagebreak[zero-to-four]
\nopagebreak \nopagebreak[zero-to-four]
\nopagebreak[1] suggests to
&latex; that another spot might be preferable. The higher the number,
the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
(Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, \pagebreak a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
\pagebreak the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
margin. This can look strange, and if \flushbottom is in effect
this can cause you to get Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active. \samepage, which tries to only
allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
samepage, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
Noe l Coward quipped that having to read a footnote is like having to go downstairs to answer the door, while in the midst of making love.\footnote{% I wouldn't know, I don't read footnotes.}
\footnotemark and
the \footnotetext commands, which is useful in special
circumstances.
\footnote\footnote{text}
\footnote[number]{text}
There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon's
\textit{Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{%
After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained,
``One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method
of printing the Book'' and suggested that they ``only to be printed
at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page.''}
footnote counter.
\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}, which
uses a sequence of symbols (\setcounter{footnote}{0}.
slides, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
0.4pt, and horizontal size of 0.4\columnwidth long.
Change the rule with something like this.
\renewcommand{\footnoterule}{% Kerns avoid vertical space
\kern -3pt % This -3 is negative
\hrule width \textwidth height 1pt % of the sum of this 1
\kern 2pt} % and this 2
\footnotesize fonts (\setlength{\footnotesep}{11pt}.
\footnote command is fragile (\footnote; for instance, you cannot use it in an argument to a
sectioning command such as \chapter (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; minipage environment the \footnote command uses the
mpfootnote counter instead of the footnote counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
environment, not at the bottom of the page. And by default they are
shown alphabetically. \footnotemark\footnotemark \footnotemark[number]
\footnotemark without the optional argument then it
increments the footnote counter, but if you use the optional
number then it does not. The next example produces several
consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.}
and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
\thanks is a version of \footnote), by-hand giving the
number of the footnote.
\title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem}
\author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds}
\and A C Doyle\thanks{Durham University}
\and S Holmes\footnotemark[1]}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\newcounter{footnoteValueSaver}
All babies are illogical.\footnote{%
Lewis Carroll.}\setcounter{footnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}}
Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.\footnote{%
Captain Hook.}
Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
cleverefcleveref hyperrefhyperref cleveref.
\usepackage{cleveref}[2012/02/15] % in preamble
\crefformat{footnote}{#2\footnotemark[#1]#3}
...
The theorem is from Evers.\footnote{\label{fn:TE}Tinker, Evers, 1994.}
The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
hyperrefhyperref hyperref.
\footnotetext\footnotetext{text}
\footnotetext[number]{text}
\footnotemark (\section{Full sets\protect\footnote{This material due to ...}}
\section
\section[Please]{Please\footnote{%
Don't footnote in chapter and section headers!}}
\protect is needed in front of \footnote here because
what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
tabular or array environment the \footnote
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
minipage environment as here (\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth} \centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textsc{Ship} &\textsc{Book} \\ \hline
\textit{HMS Sophie} &Master and Commander \\
\textit{HMS Polychrest} &Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Lively} &Post Captain \\
\textit{HMS Surprise} &A number of books\footnote{%
Starting with \textit{HMS Surprise}.}
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
minipage, footnote marks are lowercase letters. Change
that with something like
\renewcommand{\thempfootnote}{\arabic{mpfootnote}}
(minipage. To have them appear at the bottom of the main page, as
part of the regular footnote sequence, use the \footnotemark and
\footnotetext pair and make a new counter.
\newcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}
\begin{center}
\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
\setcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}{\value{footnote}} \centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textsc{Woman} &\textsc{Relationship} \\ \hline
Mona &Attached\footnotemark \\
Diana Villiers &Eventual wife \\
Christine Hatherleigh Wood &Fiance\footnotemark
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}% percent sign keeps footnote text close to minipage
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
Little is known other than her death.}%
\stepcounter{mpFootnoteValueSaver}%
\footnotetext[\value{mpFootnoteValueSaver}]{%
Relationship is unresolved in XXI.}
\end{center}
tablefootnotetablefootnote table environment (tablefootnote package.
\usepackage{tablefootnote} % in preamble
...
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
\textsc{Date} &\textsc{Campaign} \\ \hline
1862 &Fort Donelson \\
1863 &Vicksburg \\
1865 &Army of Northern Virginia\tablefootnote{%
Ending the war.}
\end{tabular}
\caption{Forces captured by US Grant}
\end{table}
bigfootbigfoot bigfoot extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
\usepackage{bigfoot} % in preamble
\DeclareNewFootnote{Default}
\DeclareNewFootnote{from}[alph] % create class \footnotefrom{}
...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom{%
Noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}}
\newcommand & \renewcommand\newcommand{\cmd}{defn}
\newcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\newcommand{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\newcommand*{\cmd}{defn}
\newcommand*{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\newcommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\renewcommand{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\renewcommand*{\cmd}{defn}
\renewcommand*{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\renewcommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\DeclareRobustCommand in \long). With the default form, arguments can be
multiple paragraphs.
{} after the command
(\cmd{} , and another solution is to use an explicit control
space (\cmd\ ).
\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith} results in \RS being
replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar:
\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}.
\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
I highly recommend \student{} to you. The
second has a variable argument, so that \defref{def:basis} expands to
Definition~\ref{def:basis}, which ultimately expands to
something like Definition~3.14.
\newcommand{\nbym}[2]{$#1 \times #2$} is invoked as
\nbym{2}{k}.
\newcommand{\salutation}[1][Sir or Madam]{Dear #1:}
\salutation gives Dear Sir or Madam: while
\salutation[John] gives Dear John:. And
\salutation[] gives Dear :.
\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.
Howe, is associated with #1, while
Dewey and Cheatem are associated with #2
and #3. Because of the optional argument,
\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem} will give the output I employ
Dewey, Cheatem, and company.
\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}, in this sentence,
The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}.
\, it
will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
control sequence token.
\ followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
control sequence name.
\ followed by one non-letter character.
\relax command does nothing, the following will print
Hello!Hel\relaxlo!
\relax, including the newline are
ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
(\providecommand\providecommand{\cmd}{defn}
\providecommand{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\providecommand{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\providecommand*{\cmd}{defn}
\providecommand*{\cmd}[nargs]{defn}
\providecommand*{\cmd}[nargs][optargdefault]{defn}
\newcommand. If a command of this name already exists then
this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV}
From \myaffiliation.
\newcommand,
the repeated use of \providecommand does not give an error.
\makeatletter & \makeatother\makeatletter ... definition of commands with &arobase; in their name .. \makeatother
&arobase;. The \makeatletter
declaration makes the at-sign character have the category code of a
letter, code 11. The \makeatother declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code 12, its default value.
\ the catcode 0. Command names
consist of a category 0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
by letters, category 11 characters (except that a command name can
also consist of a category 0 character followed by a single
non-letter symbol).
&arobase; in their name. These commands are mainly intended for package
or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a
package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode 12.
\makeatletter and \makeatother inside a
&arobase;, by having them surround your
definition. Don&textrsquo;t use these inside \usepackage and \documentclass commands already
arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
catcode 11.
macros2emacros2e \thesis&arobase;universityname that the user wants to change. These
three lines should go in the preamble, before the
\begin{document}.
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\thesis&arobase;universityname}{Saint Michael's College}
\makeatother
\&arobase;ifstar\newcommand{\mycmd}{\&arobase;ifstar{\mycmd&arobase;star}{\mycmd&arobase;nostar}}
\newcommand{\mycmd&arobase;nostar}[nostar-num-args]{nostar-body}
\newcommand{\mycmd&arobase;star}[star-num-args]{star-body}
*, an asterisk.
Examples are the table and table* environments and the
\section and \section* commands.
\newenvironment and \renewenvironment allow the
environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write
\newenvironment{myenv} or
\newenvironment{myenv*} and continue the definition as
usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being
a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above,
there will be a user-called command, given above as \mycmd, which
peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For instance, &latex;
does not really have a \section* command; instead, the
\section command peeks ahead. This command does not accept
arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept
arguments. In the synopsis these two are \mycmd&arobase;nostar and
\mycmd&arobase;star. They could take the same number of arguments or a
different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a &latex;
document a command using an at-sign &arobase; in its name must be
enclosed inside a \makeatletter ... \makeatother block
(\&arobase;ifstar defines the command \ciel and a
variant \ciel*. Both have one required argument. A call to
\ciel{blue} will return "not starry blue sky" while
\ciel*{night} will return "starry night sky".
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\ciel&arobase;unstarred}[1]{not starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel&arobase;starred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel}{\&arobase;ifstar{\ciel&arobase;starred}{\ciel&arobase;unstarred}}
\makeatother
``My name is \agentsecret*{Bond},
\agentsecret{James}{Bond}.'' is equivalent to entering the commands
``My name is \textsc{Bond}, \textit{James} textsc{Bond}.''
\newcommand*{\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred}[2]{\textit{#1} \textsc{#2}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret&arobase;starred}[1]{\textsc{#1}}
\newcommand*{\agentsecret}{%
\&arobase;ifstar{\agentsecret&arobase;starred}{\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred}}
\agentsecret*{Bond} and
\agentsecret * {Bond} are equivalent. However, the
standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
suffixsuffix xparsexparse \&arobase;ifstar. (1) The suffix package allows the
construct \newcommand\mycommand{unstarred-variant}
followed by
\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{starred-variant}.
(2) &latex; provides the xparse package, which allows
this code:
\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
{starred-variant}%
{unstarred-variant}%
}
\newcounter: Allocating a counter\newcounter{countername}
\newcounter{countername}[supercounter]
[supercounter] then the
counter countername will be reset to zero whenever
supercounter is incremented. For example, ordinarily
subsection is numbered within section so that any time you
increment section, either with \stepcounter
(\refstepcounter
(\newcounter{asuper} \setcounter{asuper}{1}
\newcounter{asub}[asuper] \setcounter{asub}{3} % Note `asuper'
The value of asuper is \arabic{asuper} and of asub is \arabic{asub}.
\stepcounter{asuper}
Now asuper is \arabic{asuper} while asub is \arabic{asub}.
asuper
twice, then you get something like LaTeX Error: Command \c&arobase;asuper
already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual..
\newcounter{jh}[lh] when lh is not a
defined counter will get you LaTeX Error: No counter 'lh'
defined.
\newlength\newlength{\len}
\len has to be a control sequence (\ under
normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as
72.27pt or 1in plus.2in minus.1in (a &latex; length
register is what plain &tex; calls a skip register). The
initial value is zero. The control sequence \len must not
be already defined.
\newlength{\graphichgt}
\newsavebox\newsavebox{\cmd}
\newsavebox{\logobox}
\savebox{\logobox}{LoGo}
Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
\newenvironment & \renewenvironment\newenvironment{env}{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment*{env}{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment*{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{env}{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment*{env}{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment*{env}[nargs]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment*{env}[nargs][optargdefault]{begdef}{enddef}
\begin{env} ... body ... \end{env}.
*-form of environment commands\small is limited to
the quote and does not extend to material following the environment.
quotation
except that it will be set in smaller type.
\newenvironment{smallquote}{%
\small\begin{quotation}
}{%
\end{quotation}
}
\newenvironment{point}[1]{%
\noindent\textbf{#1}
}{%
}
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
\begin{quotation}
\noindent\textit{#1}:
}{%
\end{quotation}
}
\begin{citequote}[Lincoln]
...
\end{citequote}
\newsavebox{\quoteauthor}
\newenvironment{citequote}[1][Shakespeare]{%
\sbox\quoteauthor{#1}%
\begin{quotation}
}{%
\hspace{1em plus 1fill}---\usebox{\quoteauthor}
\end{quotation}
}
\newtheorem\newtheorem{name}{title}
\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within]
\newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title}
\newtheorem{name}{title}, creates
an environment that will be labelled with title; see the first
example below.
\newtheorem{name}{title}[numbered_within],
creates an environment whose counter is subordinate to the existing
counter numbered_within, so this counter will be reset when
numbered_within is reset. See the second example below.
\newtheorem{name}[numbered_like]{title},
with optional argument between the two required arguments, creates an
environment whose counter will share the previously defined counter
numbered_like. See the third example.
\ref value will be that of
\thenumbered_within (\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
First def
\end{defn}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
Second def
\end{defn}
\newtheorem&textrsquo;s optional argument numbered_within is given as
section, so the output is like Definition 1.1 and
Definition 2.1.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
First def
\end{defn}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
Second def
\end{defn}
thm environment to use the same
counter as defn. It gives Definition 1.1, followed
by Theorem 2.1 and Definition 2.2.
\newtheorem{defn}{Definition}[section]
\newtheorem{thm}[defn]{Theorem}
\begin{document}
\section{...}
\begin{defn}
First def
\end{defn}
\section{...}
\begin{thm}
First thm
\end{thm}
\begin{defn}
Second def
\end{defn}
\newfont\newfont{\cmd}{font description}
\cmd that will change the current font.
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, \.
at dimen or scaled factor, where a
factor of 1000 means no scaling. For &latex;&textrsquo;s purposes,
all this does is scale all the character and other font dimensions
relative to the font&textrsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
\newfont{\testfontat}{cmb10 at 11pt}
\newfont{\testfontscaled}{cmb10 scaled 1100}
\testfontat abc
\testfontscaled abc
\protect\protect.
\section{section
name} command it writes the section name text to the
\caption{...}
command (\thanks{...} command
(tabular and
array environments (\protect. Every fragile commands must be
protected with their own \protect.
\protect command doesn&textrsquo;t hurt, length
commands are robust and should not be preceded by a \protect
command. Nor can a \protect command be used in the argument to
\addtocounter or \setcounter command.
\caption command gives a mysterious error
about an extra curly brace. Fix the problem by preceding each
\raisebox command with \protect.
\begin{figure}
...
\caption{Company headquarters of A\raisebox{1pt}{B}\raisebox{-1pt}{C}}
\end{figure}
\tableofcontents command gives an error
because the \(..\) in the section title expands to illegal &tex;
in the \(..\)
to \protect\(..\protect\).
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
...
\section{Einstein's \( e=mc^2 \)}
...
\ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend\ignorespaces
\ignorespacesafterend
\ignorespaces is often used when defining commands via
\newcommand, or \newenvironment, or \def. The
example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
shown in the enumerate list, users must not put any space between
the command and the question text.
\newcommand{\points}[1]{\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item\points{10}no extra space output here
\item\points{15} extra space between the number and the `extra'
\end{enumerate}
\newcommand{\points}[1]{%
\makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces}
\fullname will reproduce that.
\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title
\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here
\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title
\end{tabular}
\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}.
\ignorespaces is also often used in a \newenvironment
at the end of the begin clause, as in
\begin{newenvironment}{env
name}{... \ignorespaces}{...}.
\ignorespacesafterend. An example is that this will show a much
larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
between the second and third.
\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}}
\begin{eq}
e=mc^2
\end{eq}
\begin{equation}
F=ma
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
E=IR
\end{equation}
% immediately after the
\end{eq} will make the vertical space disappear, but that is
inconvenient. The solution is to change to
\newenvironment{eq}{\begin{equation}}{\end{equation}\ignorespacesafterend}.
xspacexspace \usepackage{xspace}
...
\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}
\xspace macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
characters.
\$), &tex;
gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
has Vermont placed snugly against the period, without any
intervening space.
\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
Our college is in \VT .
The \VT{} summers are nice.
\ for this. xspace package provides \xspace. It is for writing
commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place
at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space
after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}
Our college is in \VT .
\VT summers are nice.
,.'/?;:!~-),
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
and the commands \footnote or \footnotemark. Add to that
list as with \xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii} which adds
\myfni and \myfnii to the list, and remove from that
list as with \xspaceremoveexception{!}.
\xspace. Putting it in
a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
But it isn&textrsquo;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
\xspace will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so \xspace can make editing material harder and more
error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
\. Thus, associated with
the \chapter command is the chapter counter that keeps
track of the chapter number.
part paragraph figure enumi chapter subparagraph table enumii section page footnote enumiii subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection
mpfootnote counter is used by the \footnote command
inside of a minipage (enumi
through enumiv are used in the enumerate environment, for
up to four levels of nesting (\newcounter. \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol: Printing counters\alph{counter} in your source will result in a lowercase
letter a appearing in the output.
\alph{enumi}. Note that the counter name does not
start with a backslash.
\ast\dagger\ddagger\S\P\parallel\ast\ast\dagger\dagger\ddagger\ddagger\usecounter\usecounter{counter}
list environment
(\item is called without its optional argument then
counter is incremented by \refstepcounter, making its value
be the current ref value (\newcounter{testcounter}
\newenvironment{test}{%
\begin{list}{}{%
\usecounter{testcounter}
}
}{%
\end{list}
}
\value\value{counter}
\newcounter{test} \setcounter{test}{5}
\newcounter{other} \setcounter{other}{\value{test}}
\addtocounter{test}{1}
Test counter is \arabic{test}.
Other counter is \arabic{other}.
\value command is not used for typesetting the value of the
counter. For that, see \setcounter or \addtocounter but
\value can be used anywhere that &latex; expects a number, such
as in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}. It must not be
preceded by \protect (\hspace{4\parindent}.
\setcounter{myctr}{3} \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
\setcounter\setcounter{counter}{value}
\setcounter{section}{5}. Note that the
counter name does not start with a backslash.
theorem has value 12 then the
second line will print XII.
\setcounter{exercise}{\value{theorem}}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
\addtocounter\addtocounter{counter}{value}
\setcounter{section}{5}
\addtocounter{section}{2}
Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
\refstepcounter\refstepcounter{counter}
\stepcounter (\ref value
to be the result of \thecounter.
\ref value is set
locally, i.e., inside the current group.
\stepcounter\stepcounter{counter}
\refstepcounter in that this one does
not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
\ref value to be the result of \thecounter
(\day & \month & \year\day for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), \month for the month of
the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and \year for
the year. When &tex; starts up, they are set from the current values
on the system. The related command \today produces a string
representing the current day (\day=-2 \month=13 \year=-4 \today
10pt
does not contain a plus or minus component. (Plain
&tex; calls this a dimen.) A rubber length (what plain
&tex; calls a skip or glue) such as with 1cm
plus0.05cm minus0.01cm can contain either or both of those
components. In that rubber length, the 1cm is the natural
length while the other two, the plus and minus
components, allow &tex; to stretch or shrink the length to optimize
placement.
% make a black bar 10pt tall and #1 wide
\newcommand{\blackbar}[1]{\rule{#1}{10pt}}
% Make a box around #2 that is #1 wide (excluding the border)
\newcommand{\showhbox}[2]{%
\fboxsep=0pt\fbox{\hbox to #1{#2}}}
XXX\showhbox{100pt}{\blackbar{100pt}}YYY
1cm minus
0.05cm, the natural length is 1XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{101pt}\hspace{100pt minus 2pt}\blackbar{101pt}}YYY
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{105pt}\hspace{100pt minus 1pt}\blackbar{105pt}}YYY
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 10pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{95pt}\hspace{100pt plus 1pt}\blackbar{95pt}}YYY
1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.02ex.
XXX\showhbox{300pt}{%
\blackbar{100pt}% left
\hspace{0pt plus 50pt}\blackbar{80pt}\hspace{0pt plus 10pt}% middle
\blackbar{100pt}}YYY % right
\hspace&textrsquo;s must stretch 20 points. Because the two are
plus 50pt and plus 10pt, &tex; gets 5/6 of the stretch
from the first space and 1/6 from the second.
plus or minus component of a rubber length can contain
a fill component, as in 1in plus2fill. This gives the
length infinite stretchability or shrinkability so that &tex; could set
it to any distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across
the page.
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{godel.png}%
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}\includegraphics{einstein.png}%
\hspace{0pt plus 1fill}
\end{minipage}
fil,
fill, and filll. The later ones are more infinite than
the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
(\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in} and
\setlength{\zlength}{3\ylength} then the value of
\zlength is 3in.
\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus
0.01ex} is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed
than a definition given in points.
\setlength\setlength{\len}{amount}
\len has to be a control sequence (\ under
normal circumstances. The amount can be a rubber length
(I told the doctor I broke my leg in two places.
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
He said stop going to those places.
\newlength, for example if
you mistype it as in
\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...},
then you get an error like Undefined control sequence. <argument>
\sepcindent. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
then you get an error like Missing number, treated as zero..
\addtolength\addtolength{\len}{amount}
\len has to be a control sequence (\ under
normal circumstances. The amount is a rubber length
(\parskip starts with the value 0pt plus 1pt
Doctor: how is the boy who swallowed the silver dollar?
\addtolength{\parskip}{1pt}
Nurse: no change.
1pt plus 1pt for the second paragraph.
\newlength, for example if
you mistype it as in
\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...},
then you get an error like Undefined control sequence. <argument>
\sepcindent. If the amount uses some length that has not been
declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as
\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}, then you get
something like Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent.
If you leave off the backslash at the start of \len, as in
\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}, then you get something like
You can't use `the letter p' after \advance.
\settodepth\settodepth{\len}{text}
\len
has to be a control sequence (\ under normal circumstances.
\newlength{\alphabetdepth}
\settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetdepth
\newlength, if for example you
mistype the above as \settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...},
then you get something like Undefined control sequence. <argument>
\aplhabetdepth. If you leave the backslash out of \len, as in
\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...} then you get something like
Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox.
\settoheight\settoheight{\len}{text}
text argument. The length name \len
has to be a control sequence (\ under normal circumstances.
\newlength{\alphabetheight}
\settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetheight
\newlength, if
for example you mistype as
\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}, then you get something
like Undefined control sequence. <argument> \alphabetheight. If
you leave the backslash out of \len, as in
\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...} then you get something like
Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox.
\settowidth\settowidth{\len}{text}
\len
has to be a control sequence (\ under normal circumstances.
\newlength{\alphabetwidth}
\settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
\the\alphabetwidth
\newlength,
if for example you mistype the above as
\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}, then you get something
like Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth. If
you leave the backslash out of \len, as in
\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...} then you get something like
Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox.
\stretch\stretch{number}
\fill units of stretchability (\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}%
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}
\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble
\clearpage\thispagestyle{empty}%
\vspace*{\stretch{1}} % stretchable space at top
\it
}{%
\vspace{\stretch{3}} % space at bot is 3x as at top
\clearpage
}
...
\begin{dedication} % in document body
We dedicate this book to our wives.
\end{dedication}
\numexpr expression \dimexpr expression \glueexpr expression \muglue expression
\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax will
produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a
line (the only purpose of \the is to show the result in the
document). Analogously, \romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax will
produce ix, and \the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax
will produce 10.0pt plus 2.0pt.
\advance, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places
where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width
of the \parbox.
\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}
\begin{center}
\parbox{\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3}{With malice toward none
with charity for all with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
the right let us strive on to finish the work we are in to bind up the
nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and
for his widow and his orphan \textasciitilde\ to do all which may
achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with
all nations. ---Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, from the
memorial}
\end{center}
\numexpr
produces an integer, \dimexpr produces a dimension, etc.
\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset gives the error Illegal unit
of measure (pt inserted). This is because for \dimexpr and
\glueexpr, the input consists of a dimension or glue value
followed by an optional multiplication factor, and not the other way
around. Thus \the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax is valid and produces
10.0pt, but \the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax gives the
Illegal unit error.
\relax (which will be absorbed), or up to the first
non-valid token. Thus, \the\numexpr2+3px will print
5px, because &latex; reads the \numexpr2+3, which is
made up of numbers, and then finds the letter p, which cannot
be part of a number. It therefore terminates the expression and
produces the 5, followed by the regular text px.
\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 < 10pt Yes\else No\fi, the less than
sign terminates the expression and the result is No (in a
standard &latex; article).
+, -, * and
/ along with parentheses for subexpressions, (...). In
glue expressions the plus and minus parts do not need
parentheses to be affected by a factor. So \the\glueexpr 5pt plus
1pt * 2 \relax results in 10pt plus 2pt.
\the\numexpr\dimexpr
1pt\relax\relax will result in 65536, which is 1pt
converted to scaled points (sp\glueexpr here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going
the other way, a \numexpr inside a \dimexpr or
\glueexpr will need appropriate units, as in
\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax, which produces
3.0pt.
mu, or fil, etc. The
arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling
operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which
is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as
intermediate value. The result of each operation is again checked to
be in the allowed range.
\divide, which truncates). Thus
\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax puts 10.0pt in the document,
because it rounds 3/2 to 2, while
\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax produces 5.0pt.
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. ``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day, ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
% and
span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns
are identical:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\begin{document}
First paragraph.
Second paragraph.
\newpage
First paragraph.
% separator lines may contain blank characters.
Second paragraph.
\end{document}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
2^{|S|} > |S|
\end{equation}
\section argument
\section{aaa
bbb}
\par\par, \par
\par command is entirely equivalent. This
command is robust (\par rather than a blank line simply for
readability.
\newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{%
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou}
\par command does nothing and is ignored. In
paragraph mode, the \par command terminates paragraph mode,
switching &latex; to vertical mode (\par command in a math mode. You also cannot
use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning
commands, e.g.&noeos; \section (\par command is not the same as the \paragraph
command. The latter is, like \section or \subsection, a
sectioning command used by the &latex; document standard classes
(\par command is not the same as \newline or the line
break double backslash, \\. The difference is that \par
ends the paragraph, not just the line, and also triggers the addition of
the between-paragraph vertical space \parskip (xyz
\setlength{\parindent}{3in}
\setlength{\parskip}{5in}
\noindent test\indent test1\par test2
\indent & \noindent\indent
\noindent
\indent command
first outputs an empty box whose width is \parindent. These
commands are robust (\par. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
paragraph, use \noindent.
\noindent command has no effect,
because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The
\indent command&textrsquo;s only effect is to output a space.
... end of the prior paragraph. \noindent This paragraph is not indented.
The data
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{rl} ... \end{tabular}
\end{center}
\noindent shows this clearly.
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} in the preamble. If you do that,
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
\parskip (indentfirstindentfirst indentfirst.
\parindent & \parskip\setlength{\parindent}{horizontal len}
\setlength{\parskip}{vertical len}
\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
\parindent in one-column documents is 15pt when the
default text size is 10pt, 17pt for 11pt, and
1.5em for 12pt. In two-column documents it is 1em.
(These values are set before &latex; calls \normalfont so
em is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use
a different font then to set \parindent to 1\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}} in the
preamble.)
\parskip in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
classes is 0pt plus1pt.
\marginpar{right}
\marginpar[left]{right}
\marginpar
occurs.
\reversemarginpar
(see below). If you are using one-sided layout (document option
oneside) then it goes in the right margin. If you are using
two-sided layout (document option twoside) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
twocolumn) then it goes in the nearest margin.
\reversemarginpar then &latex; will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
\normalmarginpar.
\hspace{0pt}.
mathmath displaymathdisplaymath equationequation The wave equation for \( u \) is
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u
\end{displaymath}
where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant.
\( and finished by the matching ending \).
Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the
displaymath environment. Note that any mathematical text
whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character,
is handled in math mode.
contrast x+y with \( x+y \)
\( mathematical material \)
$ mathematical material $
\begin{math} mathematical material \end{math}
\(x\) and $y$. You can use these in paragraph
mode or in LR mode (\begin{displaymath}
mathematical material
\end{displaymath}
\begin{equation}
mathematical material
\end{equation}
equation environment, &latex; puts a formula number
alongside the formula. The construct \[ math \] is
equivalent to \begin{displaymath} math
\end{displaymath}. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (amsmathamsmath amsfontsamsfonts mathtoolsmathtools amsmath and amssymb (also be aware of the mathtools
package that is an extension to, and loads, amsmath). New
documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages.
Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
base^exp
base^{exp}
base_exp
base_{exp}
^) or a subscript (with
underscore, _).
0&textrsquo;s and 1&textrsquo;s are subscripts while the
2&textrsquo;s are superscripts.
\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \)
e^{-2x}.
This example&textrsquo;s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression
for the exponent.
\begin{displaymath}
(3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683
\qquad
3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987
\end{displaymath}
e^{x^2} and x_{i_0} give correct
output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
base a determined exp. If you enter \(3^3^3\) then
you get Double superscript.
\begin{displaymath}
\int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
\end{displaymath}
x=a to make the entire expression a
subscript.
{}_t K^2. The empty curly braces {} give the
subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
attaching to a prior symbols.
the expression x^2, will get you
the error Missing $ inserted.
mhchemmhchem mhchem; see CTAN.
comprehensivecomprehensive $\pi$ in your source,
you will get the pi symbol 03C0. See the &textldquo;Comprehensive
&latex; Symbol List&textrdquo; package at
\parallel.
< and angle bracket \langle.
*, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: \star, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
\setminus, and
\textbackslash for backslash outside of math mode.
\cap.
\circ.
\cup.
\top.
amssymb package.
\cdot.
\bigcap.
\bullet.
\bigcirc.
$S^\complement$ (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package. Also used:
$S^{\mathsf{c}}$ or $\bar{S}$.
\bigcup.
\vdash.
amssymb package.
\Diamond, circle bullet \bullet.
\Doteq.
\Downarrow double line down arrow.
\downarrow single line down arrow.
\varnothing.
\varepsilon 03B5. Related:
the set membership relation \in 2208.
\geq.
\ge.
\leftarrow.
\ll.
\Longleftrightarrow
with a \thickmuskip on either side.
\Re.
\epsilon03F5 and small letter script
epsilon \varepsilon.
\wedge.
See also logical or \lor.
<. Matches \rangle.
\{. Matches \rbrace.
[. Matches \rbrack.
\rceil.
\leq.
\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}} in the
preamble and then use \Leadsto instead.
\leftarrow.
\gets. Similar: double-line left
arrow \Leftarrow.
\leftrightarrow.
\Leftrightarrow.
\le.
\floor.
amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
\gg.
\neg.
\Longleftarrow.
\Longleftrightarrow.
\mapsto.
\Longrightarrow.
\vee.
See also logical and \land.
\longmapsto.
\mid is for a set \{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}.
\vert and | produce the same single-line
vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class
ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for \vert and for norm see the entry for \Vert.
\vDash.
\neq.
\lnot. Sometimes instead used for
negation: \sim.
\ne.
\owns. Similar: is a member
of \in.
\not,
particularly with the amssymb package. For example, \notin
is typographically preferable to \not\in.
\nsubseteq.
\bigodot.
\bigoplus.
\bigotimes.
\ni. Similar: is a member
of \in.
\|.
\bot uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
\varphi 03C6.
\varpi 03D6.
<.
\leq.
$f^\prime$; $f^\prime$
and $f'$ produce the same result. An advantage of the second
is that $f'''$ produces the desired symbol, that is, the same
result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$, but uses rather less
typing. You can only use \prime in math mode. Using the right
single quote ' in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
>. Matches:\langle.
\}. Matches \lbrace.
]. Matches \lbrack.
\lceil.
\mathbb{R}; to access
this, load the amsfonts package.
\upharpoonright. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package.
\varnothing. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the \lfloor.
amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
\varrho 03F1.
\rightarrow.
\to. Similar: right double line
arrow \Rightarrow.
\backslash and also
\textbackslash outside of math mode.
\varsigma 03C2.
cap.
cup. Related: variable-sized
operator \bigsqcup.
\subset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package.
\subseteq.
\supset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package.
\supseteq.
* and \ast, which
are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
>.
\leq.
\Sigma.
\sqrt{...} typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
\vartheta 03D1.
\cdot.
\rightarrow.
\bot.
\lhd. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
amssymb and
use \vartrianglelefteq (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
amssymb and
use \vartrianglerighteq (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
\uparrow.
\Uparrow.
\updownarrow.
\Updownarrow.
&backslashchar;restriction.
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package.
\cup. Related:
variable-sized operator \biguplus.
\epsilon 03F5. Related: set
membership \in.
\emptyset. Related:
\revemptyset. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the amssymb package.
\phi 03D5.
\pi 03C0.
\rho 03C1.
\sigma 03C3.
\theta 03B8.
\dashv.
\wedge. Similar: variable-sized
operator \bigvee.
mathtools package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
\mid because it
is a relation. mathtools
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
\land. See also
logical or \vee. Similar: variable-sized
operator \bigwedge.
amsfontsamsfonts latexsymlatexsym latexsym and amsfonts packages contain many more.
\Downarrow \downarrow \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leftarrow \Leftarrow \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow \longleftarrow \Longleftarrow \longleftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \Longrightarrow \longrightarrow \mapsto \nearrow \nwarrow \Rightarrow \rightarrow, or \to \searrow \swarrow \uparrow \Uparrow \updownarrow \Updownarrow \to and \mapsto
is: \( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \).
amscdamscd tikz-cdtikz-cd tikz-cd and amscd.
\boldmath & \unboldmath\boldmath \( math \)
\unboldmath \( math \)
\boldmath command takes place inside an
\mbox,
we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
\boldmath is only called in a text mode, here LR
mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set v
and u.
Trouble: \(
\boldmath x \), then you get something like LaTeX Font Warning:
Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11 and LaTeX
Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
11.
bmbm \boldmath. New documents should use
the bm package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
...
we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
\boldmath.
\usepackage{amssymb} % in preamble
...
\mathbb{uppercase-letter}
\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
\mathbb{N} gives blackboard bold symbol 2115,
representing the natural numbers.
\mathcal{uppercase-letters}
Let the graph be \( \mathcal{G} \).
\mathcal{g} outputs a close curly brace symbol.
(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
\( [0,1) \).
( ) { or \lbrace } or \rbrace [ or \lbrack ] or \rbrack \lfloor \rfloor \lceil \rceil \langle \rangle / \backslash | or \vert \| or \Vert mathtoolsmathtools mathtools package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert} in your preamble
then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
in math mode). The starred form, such as
\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}, has the height of the vertical bars
match the height of the argument. The unstarred form, such as
\abs{\frac{22}{7}}, has the bars fixed at a default height.
This form accepts an optional argument, as in \abs[size
command]{\frac{22}{7}}, where the height of the bars is given in
size command, such as \Bigg. Using instead \lVert
and \rVert as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
same behavior.
\left & \right\left delimiter1 ... \right delimiter2
\begin{equation}
\left(\begin{array}{c}
1 \\
0 \\
\end{array}\right)
\end{equation}
\left must have a matching \right. In the above
example, leaving out the \left( gets the error message
Extra \right. Leaving out the \right) gets You
can't use `\eqno' in math mode.
amsmathamsmath mathtoolsmathtools \begin{equation}
f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
1 &\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\
f(n-1)+3n^2 &\mbox{--else}
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation}
\{ (amsmath and mathtools allow you to get the above
construct through in a cases environment.)
\left ... \right pair make a group. One consequence is that
the formula enclosed in the \left ... \right pair cannot have
line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and
&latex;-generated automatic ones. In this example, &latex; breaks the
equation to make the formula fit the margins.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \)
\left and \right
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet \( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
\left ... \right make a group, all the usual grouping
rules hold. Here, the value of \testlength set inside the
equation will be forgotten, and the output is 1.2pt.
\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}
\begin{equation}
\left( a+b=c \setlength{\testlength}{3.4pt} \right)
\the\testlength
\end{equation}
\left ... \right pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in \( \sin(x) =
\sin\left(x\right) \) the one after the equals sign has more space
around the x. That&textrsquo;s because \left( ... \right) inserts
an inner node while ( ... ) inserts an opening node. The second
way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they
form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
\begin{equation}
\left[ \int_{x=r_0}^{\infty} -G\frac{Mm}{r^2}\, dr \right]
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right)
\end{equation}
\( \left|
|x|+|y| \right| \). It can also choose delimiters that are too large,
as here.
\begin{equation}
\left( \sum_{0\leq i<n} i^k \right)
\end{equation}
\left on the first line and
\right on the last because they must be paired.
\bigl, \bigr, etc.\bigldelimiter1 ... \bigr info delimiter2 \Bigl info delimiter1 ... \bigr info delimiter2 \biggl info delimiter1 ... \biggr info delimiter2 \Biggl info delimiter1 ... \Biggr info delimiter2 info
\bigl[...\bigr]; strictly speaking they need not be
paired, see below), or one of:
\bigmdelimiter \Bigm info delimiter \biggm info delimiter \Biggm info delimiter info
\bigm|), or one of:
\bigdelimiter \Big info delimiter \bigg info delimiter \Bigg info delimiter info
\big[).
\bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
\bigl...\bigr in a paragraph without
causing &latex; to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
for displayed equations.
\begin{tabular}{l}
\(\displaystyle \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \) \\ % good
\(\displaystyle \sin\bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg) \) \\ % bad
\end{tabular}
\sin and the open parenthesis.
\begin{equation}
\int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b
\end{equation}
amsmathamsmath \frac with the \tfrac command
from the amsmath package), and as with this larger slash.
\begin{equation}
\lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1
\end{equation}
\left...\right pair (\begin{equation}
\Biggl[ \pi/6 ]
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\biggl\{ a\in B \biggm| a=\sum_{0\leq i<n}3i^2+4 \biggr\}
\end{equation}
\begin{array}{cccc}
a_{0,0} &a_{0,1} &a_{0,2} &\ldots \\
a_{1,0} &\ddots \\
\vdots
\end{array}
\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\).
\(
x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \). Another example is the above array example. A
synonym is \mathellipsis. A synonym from the amsmath
package is \hdots.
The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken. (In a paragraph
mode or LR mode a synonym for \ldots is \dots.)
amsmathamsmath amsmath package has the command \dots to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
for the first two uses of the \dots command.
\usepackage{amsmath} % in preamble
...
Suppose that \( p_0, p_1, \dots, p_{n-1} \) lists all of the primes.
Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
multiple of any \( p_i \).
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
\dots to
determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
line has a \cdot following \dots so &latex; outputs an
ellipsis that is on the math axis, vertically centered. However, the
third usage has no follow-on character so you have to tell &latex; what
to do. You can use one of the commands: \dotsc if you need the
ellipsis appropriate for a comma following, \dotsb if you need
the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator
or relation symbol, \dotsi for dots with integrals, or
\dotso for others.
\alpha\beta\gamma, \Gamma\delta, \Delta\varepsilon, \epsilon\zeta\eta\theta, \vartheta\iota\kappa\lambda, \Lambda\mu\nu\xi, \Xi\pi, \Pi\rho, \varrho\sigma, \Sigma\tau\phi, \varphi, \Phi\chi\psi, \Psi\omega, \Omegaunicode-mathunicode-math \newcommand\omicron{o}. The package unicode-math has
\upomicron for upright omicron and \mitomicron for math
italic.
\in is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)
\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)
amsmathamsmath amsmath package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
briefly, you can define an identity operator with
\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id} that is like the ones
above but prints as id. The starred form
\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op} sets any limits above and
below, as is traditional with \lim, \sup, or \max.
\imath or jmath (\(\underline{y}\) the line is lower than in
\(\underline{x}\). This command is fragile (ulemulem ulem does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
documentation on CTAN. See also \overline{x+y}.
Note that this differs from the command \bar ((1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3) emphasizes the telescoping part.
Attach text to the brace by using subscript, _, or superscript,
^, as here.
\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{>1/2}+
\underbrace{1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8}_{>1/2}+\cdots
\end{displaymath}
\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}. See also
\underbrace.
mathtoolsmathtools mathtools adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
y=m x then
&latex; ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
as .
f(x) and the dx, here done with the \, command:
\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
\thickspace is something like 5/18 times the width of
a M.
\smash\smash{subformula}
\smash command &latex; would separate its line from the line
above it, and the uneven line spacing might be unsightly.
To compute the tetration $\smash{2^{2^{2^2}}}$,
evaluate from the top down, as $2^{2^4}=2^{16}=65536$.
\smash the printed expression could run into the
line above so you may want to wait until the final version of the
document to make such adjustments.)
\smash by using \fbox to
surround the box that &latex; will put on the line. The
\blackbar command makes a bar extending from 10 points below
the baseline to 20 points above.
\newcommand{\blackbar}{\rule[-10pt]{5pt}{30pt}}
\fbox{\blackbar}
\fbox{\smash{\blackbar}}
\smash command appears often in mathematics to adjust the
size of an element that surrounds a subformula. Here the first radical
extends below the baseline while the second lies just on the baseline.
\begin{equation}
\sqrt{\sum_{0\leq k< n} f(k)}
\sqrt{\vphantom{\sum}\smash{\sum_{0\leq k< n}} f(k)}
\end{equation}
\vphantom to give the \sqrt command an
argument with the height of the \sum (\smash command can
appear in other contexts. However, it doesn&textrsquo;t change into horizontal
mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
\leavevmode, as in the bottom line below.
xxx xxx xxx
\smash{yyy} % no paragraph indent
\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
mathtoolsmathtools mathtools has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom\phantom{subformula}
\vphantom{subformula}
\hphantom{subformula}
\phantom command creates a box with the same height, depth,
and width as subformula, but empty. That is, this command causes
&latex; to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
&latex; will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer,
but will not show that answer.
\begin{displaymath}
\int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}}
\end{displaymath}
\vphantom variant produces an invisible box with the same
vertical size as subformula, the same height and depth, but having
zero width. And \hphantom makes a box with the same width as
subformula but with zero height and depth.
\vphantom in the first expression tells
&tex; to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the
two expressions come out at the same level.
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{j\in\{0,\ldots\, 10\}\vphantom{3^{3^{3^j}}}}
\sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j
\end{displaymath}
\smash.
\vphantom.
mathtoolsmathtools \makebox (\settodepth (\settoheight
(\settowidth (mathtools package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
amsmathamsmath \operatorname
command from the package amsmath.
\leavevmode.
\mathstrut\mathstrut\mathstrut
\strut for mathematics. $\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$ gives output where the
second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space
without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$.
\mathstrut command adds the vertical height of an open
parenthesis, (, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
\vphantom{(}, so see \strut is that \mathstrut adds no
depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of
an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
amount of space, use \rule with a width of zero. \sum_{0\leq
i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms} will give
output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol.
But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right
rather than below, so it won&textrsquo;t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a
displayed context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be
larger than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}.
\displaystyle, or \textstyle, or
\scriptstyle, or \scriptscriptstyle.
\begin{tabular}{r|cc}
\textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline
Arithmetic &$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$
&$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}$ \\
Geometric &$a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1}$
&$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\
\end{tabular}
\displaystyle declaration,
the Geometric line&textrsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
we get
$\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$
\displaystyle applies to only part of the formula, and it is
delimited by being inside curly braces, as {\displaystyle ...}.
\begin{equation}
a_0+\frac{1}{
\displaystyle a_1+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
\displaystyle a_2+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{
\displaystyle a_3}}}
\end{equation}
\displaystyle declarations, the denominators would be
set in script style and scriptscript style. (The \mathstrut
improves the height of the denominators; : & \colon: \colon
:, is a relation.
With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
amsmathamsmath \colon to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
\{x\colon 0\leq x<1\}.
amsmathamsmath amsmath package defines \colon for use
in the definition of functions f\colon D\to C. So if you want
the colon character as a punctuation then use \mathpunct{:}.
\*\*
\times symbol, 00D7, before
that break.
\( A_1\* A_2\* A_3\* A_4 \), if there is no line break then
&latex; outputs it as though it were \( A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 \). If
a line break does happen, for example between the two middle ones, then
&latex; sets it like \( A_1 A_2 \times \), followed by the
break, followed by \( A_3 A_4 \).
\frac \frac{numerator}{denominator}
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}} \end{displaymath}. In inline math
mode it comes out small; see the discussion of \displaystyle
(\sqrt\sqrt{arg}
\sqrt[root-number]{arg}
x+y as \sqrt[3]{x+y}.
The radical grows with the size of arg (as the height of the
radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for
a large enough arg, it is vertical).
\surd character (\stackrel\stackrel{text}{relation}
\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}.
\mbox command. As in paragraph mode,
&latex;&textrsquo;s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
in paragraph mode, in LR mode &latex; never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although &latex; will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put
that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
box won&textrsquo;t fit there.)
\int
differs in the two situations.)
\vbox. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
vertical analogue of LR mode.
\parbox command
or a minipage then &latex; is put into paragraph mode. But it
will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
parbox, &latex; is in inner paragraph mode. Its more usual
situation, where it can put page breaks, is outer paragraph mode
(\ensuremath\ensuremath{formula}
\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{dx}}
In $\int f(x)\, \dx$, the \dx{} is an infinitesimal.
\ensuremath command is useful but not a panacea.
\newcommand{\alf}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
You get an alpha in text mode: \alf.
But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
fancyhdrfancyhdr fancyhdr is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
\maketitle\maketitle
article class where it is at the top
of the first page. (titlepage document class option.)
\maketitle appearing in its usual place,
immediately after \begin{document}.
\documentclass{article}
\title{Constructing a Nuclear Reactor Using Only Coconuts}
\author{Jonas Grumby\thanks{%
With the support of a Ginger Grant from the Roy Hinkley Society.} \\
Skipper, \textit{Minnow}
\and
Willy Gilligan\thanks{%
Thanks to the Mary Ann Summers foundation
and to Thurston and Lovey Howell.} \\
Mate, \textit{Minnow}
}
\date{1964-Sep-26}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
Just sit right back and you'll hear a tale, a tale of a fateful trip.
That started from this tropic port, aboard this tiny ship. The mate was
a mighty sailin' man, the Skipper brave and sure. Five passengers set
sail that day for a three hour tour. A three hour tour.
...
\maketitle, either in the preamble or in the document body.
\author\author\and commands. To separate lines
within a single author&textrsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&textrsquo;s
institution or address, use a double backslash, \\. If you omit
the \author declaration then you get LaTeX Warning: No
\author given.
\date then &latex; uses the current date (\date{}.
\title\\. If you
omit the \title declaration then you get LaTeX Error: No
\title given.
\maketitle command. (Many publishers will provide a class to use
in place of article that formats the title according to their
house requirements.)
\pagenumbering\pagenumbering{number-style}
\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
...
\section{Main}\pagenumbering{arabic}
...
page counter (\pagestyle\pagestyle{style}
fancyhdrfancyhdr fancyhdr is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
on CTAN.
headings or myheadings. The
document source below produces an article, two-sided, with the pagestyle
headings. On this document&textrsquo;s left hand pages, &latex; wants (in
addition to the page number) the title of the current section. On its
right hand pages &latex; wants the title of the current subsection.
When it makes up a page, &latex; gets this information from the
commands \leftmark and \rightmark. So it is up to
\section and \subsection to store that information there.
\documentclass[twoside]{article}
\pagestyle{headings}
\begin{document}
... \section{Section 1} ... \subsection{Subsection 1.1} ...
\section{Section 2}
...
\subsection{Subsection 2.1}
...
\subsection{Subsection 2.2}
...
\section
issue a command \markboth, setting \leftmark
to Section 2 and setting \rightmark to blank.
And, &latex; has \subsection issue a command \markright,
setting \rightmark to Subsection 2.1, etc.
\markboth and \markright:
headings or myheadings. A left hand page
heading left-head is generated by the last \markboth
command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
right-head is generated by the first \markboth or
\markright that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
\thispagestyle\thispagestyle{style}
\pagestyle (plain style, as is the default (\documentclass{book}
\pagestyle{headings}
\begin{document}
\chapter{First chapter}
...
\chapter{Second chapter}\thispagestyle{empty}
...
plain style has a page number on it, centered in the footer.
To make the page entirely empty, the command
\thispagestyle{empty} immediately follows the second
\chapter.
\enspace & \quad & \qquad\enspace \quad \qquad
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{womensmile.png}%
\qquad\includegraphics{mensmile.png}
\end{center}
\quad and \qquad. These
are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice
in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
\hspace.
\hspace\hspace{length}
\hspace*{length}
plus or minus component, or both (\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}}
*-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines any white
space&textmdash;glues and kerns&textmdash;that come at a line break are discarded. The
*-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space).
\parbox{0.8\linewidth}{%
Fill in each blank: Four \hspace*{1in} and seven years ago our
fathers brought forth on this continent, a new \hspace*{1in},
conceived in \hspace*{1in}, and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created \hspace*{1in}.}
* then &latex; discards the blank.
\hspace separates the three graphics.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{lion.png}% comment keeps out extra space
\hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{tiger.png}%
\hspace{1cm minus 0.25cm}\includegraphics{bear.png}
\end{center}
\hspace has minus 0.25cm,
each can shrink a little if the three figures are too wide. But each
space won&textrsquo;t shrink more than 0.25\hfill\hfill
\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
\hfill command is equivalent to \hspace{\fill} and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
\hspace*{\fill} (\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{&arobase;{}c&arobase;{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{figure}
\hspace*{\fill}%
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph0.png}}%
\hfill\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics{graph1.png}}%
\hspace*{\fill}%
\caption{Comparison of two graphs} \label{fig:twographs}
\end{figure}
\hspace*&textrsquo;s where the space could otherwise be dropped.
\hss\hss
\makebox command to get the
effects of \hss (\hss makes the Z stick out to the right,
overwriting the Y. In the second line the Z sticks out to the left,
overwriting the X.
X\hbox to 0pt{Z\hss}Y
X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
\hss you get something like Overfull \hbox
(6.11111pt too wide) detected at line 20.
\spacefactor\spacefactor=integer
\spacefactor command
(from Plain &tex;) allows you to, for instance, have the space
after a period stretch more than the space after a word-ending letter.
A man's best friend is his
dog. After it, &tex; puts in a fixed extra space, and also allows the
glue to stretch 3 times as much and shrink 1/3 as much, as the glue
after friend, which does not end in a period.
\spacefactor in paragraph mode or LR mode
(\the\spacefactor or \showthe\spacefactor.
\spacefactor: if you get errors
like You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical mode, or You
can't use `\spacefactor' in math mode., or Improper \spacefactor
then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
\&arobase; capital-letter\&arobase;.
The songs \textit{Red Guitar}, etc.\ are by Loudon Wainwright~III\&arobase;.
\&arobase; before it. The first period ends the abbreviation
etc. but not the sentence. The backslash-space, \ ,
produces a mid-sentence space.
\&arobase; before the period. This holds even if
there is an intervening right parenthesis or bracket, or right single or
double quote, because the spacing effect of that period carries through
those characters. For example, this
Use the \textit{Instructional Practices Guide},
(a book by the MAA)\&arobase;.
\&arobase; command is only for a text mode. If you use it outside of
a text mode then you get You can't use `\spacefactor' in vertical
mode (\ ), or a tie, (~), or \&arobase;.
Examples are Nat.\ Acad.\ Science, and Mr.~Bean, and
(manure, etc.\&arobase;) for sale (note in the last one that the
\&arobase; comes before the closing parenthesis).
\frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing\frenchspacing \nonfrenchspacing
\frenchspacing
(the command is from plain &tex;) switches to the tradition that all
spaces are treated equally.
\normalsfcodes\normalsfcodes
\ \
\begin{tabular}{rl}
One blank:& makes some space \\
Three blanks:& in a row \\
Three spaces:&\ \ \ in a row \\
\end{tabular}
\hspace;
see \TeX in \TeX\ (or \LaTeX). (But using curly braces
has the advantage of still working whether the next character is a blank
or any other non-letter, as in \TeX{} (or \LaTeX{}) in which
{} can be added after \LaTeX as well as after
\TeX.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending
an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in Prof.\ Smith
or Jones et al.\ (1993) (\\\ .
one word
~before~after
~, produces a space between before and
after at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
\mbox (Chapter~12, or Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}, or
Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}.
(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded.
siunitxsiunitx $745.7.8$~watts (the
siunitx package has a special facility for this) or
144~eggs. This includes between a month and day number in a date:
October~12 or 12~Oct. In general, in any expressions where
numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
AD~565, or 2:50~pm, or Boeing~747, or
268~Plains Road, or \$$1.4$~billion. Other common
choices here are a thin space (equals~$n$, or
less than~$\epsilon$, or given~$X$, or modulo~$p^e$
for all large~$n$ (but compare is~$15$ with is $15$~times
the height). Between mathematical symbols in apposition with nouns:
dimension~$d$ or function~$f(x)$ (but compare with
length $l$~or more). When a symbol is a tightly bound object of a
preposition: of~$x$, or from $0$ to~$1$, or in
common with~$m$.
$1$,~$2$, or~$3$ or $1$,~$2$,
\ldots,~$n$.
Donald~E. Knuth, or Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo, or
Charles~XII&textmdash;but you must give &tex; places to break the line
so you might do Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la
Vall\'ee~Poussin.
\thinspace & \negthinspace\thinspace \negthinspace
\, and \! (\, as a synonym for \thinspace in text mode.
\thinspace is as the space between nested
quotes:
Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
\thinspace
between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides,
think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
style-specific use is between initials, as in D.\thinspace E.\
Knuth.
amsmathamsmath amsmath package, or as
of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, they can be used in text mode as
well as math mode, including \! for \negthinspace; but
otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
\/before-character\/after-character
\/, &latex;
takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any
scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much
horizontal space.
\/, the before-character
italic f would hit the after-character roman H
\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
\emph and \textit and
\textsl to change fonts, &latex; automatically inserts the
italic correction when needed (\em and \itshape and
\slshape do not automatically insert italic corrections.
pdf\/\TeX. However, most
upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
\fontdimen1), to determine whether
to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
particular font commands.
\hrulefill & \dotfill\hrulefill \dotfill
Name:~\makebox[2in]{\hrulefill}
\noindent John Aubrey, RN \dotfill{} Melbury Lodge
\null at the
start or end.
\renewcommand{\hrulefill}{%
\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt }
\renewcommand{\dotfill}{%
\leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern0pt }
\begin{minipage}{4cm}
\centering
\hrulefill\\
Signed
\end{minipage}
\bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip\bigskip \medskip \smallskip
Mr Saumarez would have something rude to say to him, no doubt: he was at home again, and it was delightful. \bigskip ``A hundred and fifty-seven miles and one third, in twenty-four hours,'' said Peter.
\vspace{\bigskipamount}, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the book and
article classes is 12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt.
\vspace{\medskipamount}, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the book
and article classes is 6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt.
\vspace{\smallskipamount}, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
book and article classes is 3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt.
\vspace, if you use it in mid-paragraph
then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
these are best between paragraphs.
\bigbreak, \medbreak, and \smallbreak
are similar but also suggest to &latex; that this is a good place to
put a page break (\bigbreak & \medbreak & \smallbreak\bigbreak \medbreak \smallbreak
\addvspace). In addition, they terminate a paragraph where
they are used: this example
abc\bigbreak def ghi jkl mno pqr
\strut\strut
0.7\baselineskip
and depth at least 0.3\baselineskip. Essentially, &latex;
inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip} (\baselineskip changes with the current font or fontsize.
\strut keeps the box inside the frame from
having zero height.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[2in]{\strut}
\strut at the end of its first
item&textrsquo;s second line.
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
\noindent\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}
\item test
\item test
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}
\item test
\item test
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test}}
\item \fbox{test}
\item \fbox{test}
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.2\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \fbox{\parbox[t]{15pt}{test \\ test\strut}}
\item \fbox{test}
\item \fbox{test}
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}%
\fbox to show what&textrsquo;s happening. The
first item \parbox of the third list goes only to the bottom of
its second test, which happens not have any characters that
descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives
the needed extra below-baseline space.
TikZTikZ AsymptoteAsymptote \strut command is often useful in graphics, such as in
TikZ or Asymptote. For instance, you may have a command
such as \graphnode{node-name} that fits a circle around
node-name. However, unless you are careful the node-name&textrsquo;s
x and y will produce different-diameter circles because
the characters are different sizes. A careful \graphnode might
insert a \strut, then node-name, and then draw the circle.
\rule is useful in
many circumstances. In this table, the zero-width rule keeps the top of
the first integral from hitting the \hline. Similarly, the
second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
\begin{tabular}{rl}
\textsc{Integral} &\textsc{Value} \\
\hline
$\int_0^x t\, dt$ &$x^2/2$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex} \\
$\int_0^x t^2\, dt$ &$x^3/3$ \rule{0em}{2.5ex}
\end{tabular}
\\[2.5ex] will put more room between the header line and the
\hline rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
\vspace\vspace{length}
\vspace*{length}
plus
or minus component (And I slept.
\vspace{1ex plus 0.5ex}
The new day dawned cold.
*-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, &latex; discards vertical space at a page break and the
*-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
between the two questions.
Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \).
\vspace*{2cm plus 0.5cm}
Question: Find the derivative of \( x^5+5x+9 \).
\vspace in the middle of a paragraph (i.e., in
horizontal mode) then the space is inserted after the line containing
the \vspace command; it does not start a new paragraph at the
\vspace command.
\begin{document}
1) Who put the bomp in the bomp bah bomp bah bomp?
\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
2) Who put the ram in the rama lama ding dong?
\vspace{1in plus 1fill}
\end{document}
\vfill\vfill
\vspace{\fill}, except that
\vfill ends the current paragraph whereas \vspace{\fill}
adds the infinite vertical space below its line, irrespective of the
paragraph structure. In both cases that space will disappear at a page
boundary; to circumvent this see the starred option
in \begin{document}
Lost Dog!
\vfill
Lost Dog! % perfectly in the middle
\vfill
Lost Dog!
\end{document}
\addvspace\addvspace{vert-length}
\addvspace&textrsquo;s in a sequence then together they only add the
space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
vert-length&textrsquo;s in that sequence. This command is fragile
(picture draws a scale over which
to rules are placed. In a standard &latex; article the length
\baselineskip is 12\baselineskip and the
10\addvspace.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{color}
\begin{document}
\setlength{\unitlength}{2pt}%
\noindent\begin{picture}(0,0)%
\multiput(0,0)(0,-1){25}{{\color{blue}\line(1,0){1}}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,-5){6}{{\color{red}\line(1,0){2}}}
\end{picture}%
\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%
\par\addvspace{10pt}% \addvspace{20pt}%
\par\noindent\rule{0.25\linewidth}{0.1pt}%
\end{document}
\addvspace. It does not make the gap
20\baselineskip
and 20\addvspace in a sense does the opposite of
its name&textmdash;it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
theorem environment begins and ends with \addvspace so
that two consecutive theorem&textrsquo;s are separated by one vertical
space, not two.
\addvspace means that you were not in vertical mode when you hit
this command. One way to change that is to precede \addvspace
with a \par command (adjustboxadjustbox adjustbox.
\mbox & \makebox\mbox{text}
\makebox{text}
\makebox[width]{text}
\makebox[width][position]{text}
\mbox command is robust, while \makebox is fragile
(text is not broken into lines, you can use \mbox
to prevent hyphenation. In this example, &latex; will not hyphenate
the tank name, T-34.
The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
\mbox and \makebox, are
roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
text. (They are like plain &tex;&textrsquo;s \hbox.)
\makebox[\linewidth]{Chapter Exam}
\depth, \height, \width,
\totalheight (this is the box&textrsquo;s height plus its depth). For
example, to make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size you can say this.
\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
\makebox is to make zero-width text boxes. This
puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
\newcommand{\pts}[1]{\makebox[0em][r]{#1 points\hspace*{1em}}}
\pts{10}What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
TikZTikZ AsymptoteAsymptote \makebox similarly when making graphics, such as in TikZ
or Asymptote, where you put the edge of the text at a known
location, regardless of the length of that text.
\makebox that is used within the
picture environment, where the length is given in terms of
\unitlength (\\ nor \par will give you a new line; for instance
\makebox{abc def \\ ghi} outputs abc defghi while
\makebox{abc def \par ghi} outputs abc def ghi, both on
a single line. To get multiple lines see \fbox & \framebox\fbox{text}
\framebox{text}
\framebox[width]{text}
\framebox[width][position]{text}
\mbox and \makebox except
for the frame (\fbox command is
robust, the \framebox command is fragile (\fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.}
\fbox{...} and
\framebox{...}, are roughly the same. As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
width as width and the position of the text inside that box as
position. \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}}
\strut ensures a total height of \baselineskip
(\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt} (\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}
({\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}%
\framebox{%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}}
\setlength local.
\mbox and \makebox, &latex; will not break lines
in text. But this example has &latex; break lines to make a
paragraph, and then frame the result.
\framebox{%
\begin{minipage}{0.6\linewidth}
My dear, here we must run as fast as we can, just to stay in place.
And if you wish to go anywhere you must run twice as fast as that.
\end{minipage}}
picture environment has a version of the \framebox
command where the units depend on picture&textrsquo;s \unitlength
(\parbox\parbox{width}{contents}
\parbox[position]{width}{contents}
\parbox[position][height]{width}{contents}
\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{contents}
\begin{picture}(0,0)
...
\put(1,2){\parbox{1.75in}{\raggedright Because the graph is a line on
this semilog paper, the relationship is
exponential.}}
\end{picture}
minipage environment
(\parbox (except for contents) are the same
as those for minipage. For convenience a summary of the options
is here but see c or m to make the vertical center of the
parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the
default), or t to match the top line of the parbox with
the baseline of the surrounding material, or b to match the
bottom line.
parbox. Its default is the value of
position. Its possible values are: t to put the
content at the top of the box, c to put it in the vertical
center, b to put it at the bottom of the box, and s to
stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
stretchable space).
\raisebox\raisebox{distance}{text}
\raisebox{distance}[height]{text}
\raisebox{distance}[height][depth]{text}
\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
$f\restricted{A}$
\depth, \height,
\width, \totalheight (this is the box&textrsquo;s height plus its
depth).
\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{lion.png}}
\qquad
\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
\includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{meta.png}}
\end{center}
\height is the height of \sbox & \savebox\sbox{box-cmd}{text}
\savebox{box-cmd}{text}
\savebox{box-cmd}[width]{text}
\savebox{box-cmd}[width][pos]{text}
\makebox (\. You must
have previously allocated the box register box-cmd with \newsavebox
(\sbox command is robust while
\savebox is fragile (\newsavebox{\fullname}
\sbox{\fullname}{John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt}
...
\usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too!
Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
\newcommand macro variable is efficiency, that &latex; need not
repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
\sbox{box-cmd}{text} and
\savebox{box-cmd}{text}, are roughly equivalent.
As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
the box width as width, and the position of the text inside that
box as position. \sbox and \savebox commands the text is
typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test} and
\usebox{\newreg} then you get testtest, while if you
enter \sbox{\newreg}{test \par test} and
\usebox{\newreg} then you get test test, but no error or
warning. To fix this use a \parbox or minipage as here.
\newsavebox{\areg}
\savebox{\areg}{%
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}}
...
\usebox{\areg}
\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble
\newsavebox{\sealreg}
\savebox{\sealreg}{%
\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%
\begin{picture}(0,0)%
\put(1.5,-2.5){%
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=2in]{companylogo.png} \\
Office of the President
\end{tabular}}
\end{picture}%
}
\markright{\usebox{\sealreg}}
\pagestyle{headings}
picture environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
\noreg has not already been defined then you get something like
Undefined control sequence. <argument> \noreg.
lrbox\begin{lrbox}{box-cmd}
text
\end{lrbox}
\sbox and \savebox
commands, and is equivalent to them. box-cmd. The variable name
box-cmd must begin with a backslash, \. You must allocate
this box register in advance with \newsavebox
(tabular.
\newsavebox{\jhreg}
\begin{lrbox}{\jhreg}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\
Jim Hef{}feron
\end{tabular}
\end{lrbox}
...
\usebox{\jhreg}
\usebox\usebox{box-cmd}
\sbox or \savebox, or the lrbox
environment. For more information and examples, \.) This command is robust (\usepackage{color} in your document preamble to use the
commands described here.
color package options\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{color}
\definecolor{name}{model}{specification}
\definecolor{silver}{rgb}{0.75,0.75,0.74}
Hi ho,
\textcolor{silver}{Silver}!.
\definecolor{logocolor}{RGB}{145,92,131} % RGB needs pdflatex
\newcommand{\logo}{\textcolor{logocolor}{Bob's Big Bagels}}
\textcolor{name}{...}
\textcolor[color model]{color specification}{...}
\color{name}
\color[color model]{specification}
\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:}
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
\definecolor in exactly the same
way that we just used the builtin color magenta.
\definecolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{rgb}{1.0,0.11,0.0}
I'm thinking about getting a \textcolor{MidlifeCrisisRed}{sports car}.
\textcolor and \color differ in that the first is
a command form, enclosing the text to be colored as an argument. Often
this form is more convenient, or at least more explicit. The second
form is a declaration, as in The moon is made of {\color{green}
green} cheese, so it is in effect until the end of the current group
or environment. This is sometimes useful when writing macros or as
below where it colors everything inside the center environment,
including the vertical and horizontal lines.
\begin{center} \color{blue}
\begin{tabular}{l|r}
UL &UR \\ \hline
LL &LR
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\definecolor{highlightcolor}{RGB}{225,15,0}
\begin{equation}
\int_a^b \textcolor{highlightcolor}{f'(x)}\,dx=f(b)-f(a)
\end{equation}
Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
rgb takes three
numbers, gray takes only one.
The selection was \textcolor[gray]{0.5}{grayed out}.
\textcolor{green}{kind of \textcolor{blue}{blue}}
\colorbox{name}{...}
\colorbox[model name]{box background color}{...}
\fcolorbox{frame color}{box background color}{...}
\fcolorbox[model name]{frame color}{box background color}{...}
\fcolorbox
command puts a frame around the box. For instance this
Name:~\colorbox{cyan}{\makebox[5cm][l]{\strut}}
\strut (so the depth is
-.3\baselineskip and the height is \baselineskip). This
puts white text on a blue background.
\colorbox{blue}{\textcolor{white}{Welcome to the machine.}}
\fcolorbox commands use the same parameters as \fbox
(\fboxrule and \fboxsep, to
set the thickness of the rule and the boundary between the box interior
and the surrounding rule. &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults are 0.4pt and
3pt, respectively.
{\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}
\fcolorbox{black}{red}{Under no circumstances turn this knob.}}
\pagecolor{name}
\pagecolor[color model]{color specification}
\nopagecolor
\pagecolor{white}, although that will make a white background
rather than the default transparent background.)
...
\pagecolor{cyan}
...
\nopagecolor
\include{graphicx} % goes in the preamble
...
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{plot.pdf}
\usepackage{graphicx} or
\usepackage{graphics}. Most of the time, graphicx is the
better choice.
picture environment
(graphics package options\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphics}
\usepackage[comma-separated option list]{graphicx}
graphicx package has a format for optional arguments to the
\includegraphics command that is convenient (it is the key-value
format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
the graphics or graphicx package with \usepackage
there are two kinds of available options.
graphics package configuration\graphicspath\graphicspath{list of directories inside curly braces}
\includegraphics{lion.png}
instead of having to give its path.
\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
...
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
\graphicspath declaration is optional. If you don&textrsquo;t include
it then &latex;&textrsquo;s default is to search all of the places that it
usually looks for a file (it uses &latex;&textrsquo;s \input&arobase;path). In
particular, in this case one of the places it looks is the current
directory.
{pix}. Do this even if there is only one directory.
Each directory name must end in a forward slash, {"my docs/"}. Getting one of these rules wrong
will cause &latex; to report Error: File `filename' not
found.
\graphicspath{ {pix/} {../pix/} }
...
\usepackage{lion.png}
\graphicspath command does not recursively search subdirectories:
if you issue \graphicspath{{a/}} and the graphic is in
\graphicspath{{/home/jim/logos/}} or
\graphicspath{{C:/Users/Albert/Pictures/}}. However, using
these means that the document is not portable. (You could preserve
portability by adjusting your &tex; system settings configuration file
parameter TEXINPUTS; see the documentation of your system.)
\graphicspath anywhere in the document. You can use
it more than once. Show its value with
\makeatletter\typeout{\Ginput&arobase;path}\makeatother.
\include{chapters/chap1}. If in
\graphicspath{{plots/}} then
&latex; will not search for graphics in \DeclareGraphicsExtensions\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{comma-separated list of file extensions}
\includegraphics{functionplot}.
\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.png,PNG,.pdf,.PDF}
...
\includegraphics{lion} % will find lion.png before lion.pdf
\DeclareGraphicsExtensions in
your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
the most recent .pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
grfextgrfext grfext package.
\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin&arobase;extensions}\makeatother.
\DeclareGraphicsRule\DeclareGraphicsRule{extension}{type}{size-file extension}{command}
\DeclareGraphicsRule{.mps}{mps}{.mps}{}
\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
graphics and
graphicx packages.
\includegraphicsgraphics package:
\includegraphics{filename}
\includegraphics[urx,ury]{filename}
\includegraphics[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename}
\includegraphics*{filename}
\includegraphics*[urx,ury]{filename}
\includegraphics*[llx,lly][urx,ury]{filename}
graphicx package:
\includegraphics{filename}
\includegraphics[key-value list]{filename}
\includegraphics*{filename}
\includegraphics*[key-value list]{filename}
\includegraphics* will
clip the graphic to the size specified, while for the unstarred form any
part of the graphic that is outside the box of the specified size will
over-print the surrounding area.
\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{plot.pdf}
\end{center}
\includegraphics{graphics/plot.pdf}. To specify a list
of locations to search for the file, \includegraphics{"sister picture.jpg"}.
\includegraphics{filename} command decides on the
type of graphic by splitting filename on the first dot. You can
instead use filename with no dot, as in
\includegraphics{turing}, and then &latex; tries a sequence of
extensions such as .png and .pdf until it finds a file
with that extension (\includegraphics{{plot.2018.03.12.a}.pdf}. Or, if you use
the graphicx package then you can use the options type and
ext; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package figure environment so &latex; can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
(\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{lungxray.jpg}
\caption{The evidence is overwhelming: don't smoke.} \label{fig:xray}
\end{figure}
\usepackage{caption} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{pix/nix.png}
\captionof{figure}{The spirit of the night} \label{pix:nix} % optional
\end{center}
\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{&arobase;{}c&arobase;{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{plot}}
\hspace{1em}
\vcenteredhbox{\begin{minipage}{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{displaymath}
f(x)=x\cdot \sin (1/x)
\end{displaymath}
\end{minipage}}
\end{center}
graphics package then the only options involve the
size of the graphic (but see [urx,ury] and it gives the coordinates of the top
right corner of the image, as a pair of &tex; dimensions (bp. In
this case, the lower left corner of the image is assumed to be at (0,0).
If two optional arguments are present then the leading one is
[llx,lly], specifying the coordinates of the image&textrsquo;s
lower left. Thus, \includegraphics[1in,0.618in]{...} calls for
the graphic to be placed so it is 1 inch wide and 0.618 inches
tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
graphicx package gives you many more options. Specify them
in a key-value form, as here.
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1in,angle=90]{lion}
\hspace{2em}
\includegraphics[angle=90,width=1in]{lion}
\end{center}
%%BoundingBox that appears in the file. It has four values,
giving the lower coordinate, lower coordinate, upper
coordinate, and upper coordinate. The units are
PostScript points, equivalent to &tex;&textrsquo;s big points, 1/72 inch.
For example, if an %%BoundingBox 10
20 40 80 then its natural size is 30/72 inch wide by
60/72 inch tall.
\includegraphics[type=png,ext=.xxx,read=.xxx]{lion}
will read the file \rotateboxgraphics package:
\rotatebox{angle}{material}
graphicx package:
\rotatebox{angle}{material}
\rotatebox[key-value list]{angle}{material}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\rotatebox{45}{Character} &\rotatebox{45}{NATO phonetic} \\
A &AL-FAH \\
B &BRAH-VOH
\end{tabular}
\rotatebox[origin=c]{45}{\includegraphics[width=1in]{lion}}
graphics package then the rotation is about the
reference point of the box. If you use the graphicx package
then these are the options that can go in the key-value list,
but note that you can get the same effect without needing this
package, except for the x and y options
(\scalebox\scalebox{horizontal factor}{material}
\scalebox{horizontal factor}[vertical factor]{material}
\reflectbox{material}
\scalebox{0.5}{DRINK ME} and \scalebox{2.0}{Eat Me}
\scalebox{0.5}{\includegraphics{lion}}
graphicx package then you can accomplish the same
thing with optional arguments to \includegraphics
(\reflectbox command abbreviates
\scalebox{-1}[1]{material}. Thus, Able was
I\reflectbox{Able was I} will show the phrase Able was I
immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
\resizebox\resizebox{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material}
\resizebox*{horizontal length}{vertical length}{material}
3cm, transform material to make it
that size. If either horizontal length or vertical length
is an exclamation point ! then the other argument is used
to determine a scale factor for both directions.
\resizebox{0.5in}{!}{\includegraphics{lion}}
\resizebox takes vertical length to be
the box&textrsquo;s height while the starred form \resizebox* takes it to
be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
quarter-inch with \resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This
box has both height and depth.}}.
\depth, \height, \totalheight, and
\width to refer to the original size of the box. Thus, make the
text two inches wide but keep the original height with
\resizebox{2in}{\height}{Two inches}.
% is for comments. They are
called reserved characters or special characters. They are
all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \
\ in front of the character. Thus,
typing \$1.23 will produce $1.23 in your output.
\~{} (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
font circumflex use \^{}. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter \textbackslash{}.
\verb!! as below (the double backslash \\ is only
there to split the lines in the output).
\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
\verb!# $ % & { } _ ~ ^ \!
\end{center}
\uppercase{text}
\lowercase{text}
\MakeUppercase{text}
\MakeLowercase{text}
\uppercase and \lowercase are set up by default to work
only with the 26 letters a&textndash;z and A&textndash;Z. The &latex; commands
\MakeUppercase and \MakeLowercase commands also change
characters accessed by commands such as \ae or \aa. The
commands \MakeUppercase and \MakeLowercase are robust
but they have moving arguments (\MakeUppercase{Let $y=f(x)$} produces LET Y=F(X). Another
example is that the name of an environment will be changed, so that
\MakeUppercase{\begin{tabular} ... \end{tabular}} will
produce an error because the first half is changed to
\begin{TABULAR}.
\Schoolname produces
COLLEGE OF MATHEMATICS.
\newcommand{\schoolname}{College of Mathematics}
\newcommand{\Schoolname}{\expandafter\MakeUppercase
\expandafter{\schoolname}}
textcasetextcase textcase package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard &latex; commands \MakeUppercase and
\MakeLowerCase.
mfirstucmfirstuc mfirstuc.
expl3expl3 expl3 package as of 2020. The article &textldquo;Case changing: From
&tex; primitives to the Unicode algorithm&textrdquo;, (Joseph Wright,
TUGboat 41:1,
\symbol command. For example, the visible space character
used in the \verb* command has the code decimal 32 in the
standard Computer Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as
\symbol{32}.
'
prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a " prefix, so the
visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
\symbol{'40} or \symbol{"20}.
textcomp package for some (technically, those in the
TS1 font encoding).
\ldots
and \dots also work in math mode.
f\textcompwordmark i produces fi without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
\textcapitalcompwordmark form has the cap height of the font
while the \textascendercompwordmark form has the ascender height.
\$)\$)---)---)The playoffs---if you're lucky
enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.&textrsquo; Conventions
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
--)--)see pages 12--14&textrsquo;.
eurosymeurosym eurosymeurosym eurosym package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
!`)!`)\textfiguredash above;
the pdf&tex; approximation is an em-dash.
\textfiguredash
above; the pdf&tex; approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
?`)?`)``)``)'')'')`)`)')')babelbabel polyglossiapolyglossia babel package, which
supports pdf&latex;, Xe&latex; and Lua&latex;. The
polyglossia package provides similar support with the latter
two engines.
\capital... commands shown here produce alternative forms for
use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
\i produces a dotless i,
\j produces a dotless j.
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
\accent\accent number character
\accent18 e \accent20 e \accent21 e \accent22 e \accent23 e
\accent use may differ between fonts. In &latex; it is
desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building
them using \accent. Using glyphs that already contain the
accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation
whereas \accent disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font
encoding where accented glyphs are absent).
\spacefactor to 1000 (\accent provides for a single accent mark and a single letter
combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between
letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where
the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that
conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of \accent in these
cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
inputenc package\usepackage[encoding-name]{inputenc}
\"a is used. This would make source files for anything
but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
encoding is more convenient.
inputenc package is how &latex; knows what encoding is
used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
inputenc only with the pdf&tex; engine
(inputenc,
such as latin1, then you will get the error inputenc is
not designed for xetex or luatex.
inputenc package error such as Invalid UTF-8 byte "96
means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
is a left single quote from a web page using latin1 inside a
&latex; input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
&latex; equivalent command or character.
\inputencoding{encoding-name}. The most common values
for encoding-name are: ascii, latin1,
latin2, latin3, latin4, latin5,
latin9, latin10, and utf8.
\rule\rule{width}{thickness}
\rule[raise]{width}{thickness}
\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
amsthmamsthm amsthm package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
\noindent\rule{\textwidth}{0.4pt}
\today\today
babelbabel polyglossiapolyglossia babel or polyglossia, or
classes such as \today. For example,
the following will output 4 juillet 1976:
\year=1976 \month=7 \day=4
\documentclass{minimal}
\usepackage[french]{babel}
\begin{document}
\today
\end{document}
\today uses the counters \day, \month, and
\year (datetimedatetime datetime package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{ % comment out lines below to omit compiling
pref,
chap1,
chap2,
append,
bib
}
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{pref}
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
\include{chap2}
\appendix
\include{append}
\backmatter
\include{bib}
\end{document}
\includeonly{...} except for chap1, and compile again,
then &latex; will only process the material in the first chapter.
Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
However, the advantage of the \includeonly command is that
&latex; will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
\includeonly.
\endinput\endinput
\include{filename}, inside \endinput will not be included. This command is
optional; if \endinput then &latex;
will read all of the file.
\input{chap1} and this is \chapter{One}
This material will appear in the document.
\endinput
This will not appear.
\endinput halfway
through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
which half contains the error, moving \endinput to halfway
through that area further narrows down the location. This process
rapidly finds the offending line.
\endinput, &latex; continues to read to the end of
the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
This allows you, for instance, to close an \if... with a
\fi.
\include & \includeonly\includeonly{ % in document preamble
...
filename,
...
}
...
\include{filename} % in document body
\include command does three things: it executes
\clearpage (\clearpage. This command can only
appear in the document body.
\includeonly command controls which files will be read by
&latex; under subsequent \include commands. Its list of
filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even
earlier, e.g., the command line; it can&textrsquo;t appear in the document body.
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
preamble,
articles,
amendments
}
\begin{document}
\include{preamble}
\include{articles}
\include{amendments}
\end{document}
\chapter{Preamble}
We the People of the United States,
in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
\includeonly&textrsquo;s lines with preamble and amendments
and run &latex; again then the resulting document shows only the
material from \includeonly then
&latex; will include all the files you call for with \include
commands.
\include command makes a new page. To avoid that, see
\include
and \includeonly. That example also uses \input for some
material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
chapters/chap1,
}
\begin{document}
\include{chapters/chap1}
\end{document}
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
"amo\space amas\space amat"
}
\begin{document}
\include{"amo\space amas\space amat"}
\end{document}
\documentclass{book}
\includeonly{
{"amo amas amat"}
}
\begin{document}
\include{{"amo amas amat"}}
\end{document}
\include, not allowed\include inside a file that is being included or
you get LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested. The
\include command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
get LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.
\include does not exist, for instance if you
\include{athiesm} but you meant \include{atheism},
then &latex; does not give you an error but will warn you No file
athiesm.tex. (It will also create \include the root file in itself then you first get
LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble. Later runs get
TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]. To fix
this, you must remove the inclusion \include{root} but
also delete the file \input\input{filename}
\input{macros}
\input{"amo\space amas\space amat"}
\input{{"amo amas amat"}}
\tableofcontents \listoffigures \listoftables
\chapter, etc.
\tableofcontents.
&latex; will produce a table of contents on the book&textrsquo;s first page.
\documentclass{book}
% \setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
...
\chapter{...}
...
\section{...}
...
\subsection{...}
...
\end{document}
\section command has level 1. tocdepth
\tableofcontents is in \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command, as
above.
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
\section{First section}
\subsection{First subsection}
...
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2}
\contentsline
(section or
subsection, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
components. The hook \numberline determines how the sectioning
number, 1 or 1.1, appears in the table of contents
(\contentsline, First section or First subsection,
is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, 2, is
the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
\l&arobase;section-unit commands such as
\l&arobase;section{text}{pagenumber} and
\l&arobase;subsection{text}{pagenumber}. These commands
often use the \&arobase;dottedtocline command
(\listoffigures and \listoftables produce a
list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in
files with extension \tableofcontents but the latter is more common, so we use it
for most examples.
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{text}.
(\addtocontents, as with the command
\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}, which adds
vertical space to the list of figures (\&arobase;tocrmarg and the page number is flush right in that space,
inside a box of width \&arobase;pnumwidth. By default
\&arobase;tocrmarg is 2.55em and \&arobase;pnumwidth is
1.55em. Change these as with
\renewcommand{\&arobase;tocrmarg}{3.5em}.
toclofttocloft tocbibbindtocbibbind tocloft is convenient for
adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
tocbibbind will automatically add the bibliography, index,
etc. to the table of contents.
\tableofcontents, etc.
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}
babelbabel polyglossiapolyglossia babel or polyglossia
will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
\&arobase;dottedtocline\&arobase;dottedtocline{section-level-num}{indent}{numwidth}{text}{pagenumber}
\&arobase;dottedtocline commands.
\l&arobase;section, \l&arobase;subsection,
etc., to format the content lines. For example, the \newcommand*\l&arobase;section{\&arobase;dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsection{\&arobase;dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsubsection{\&arobase;dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\&arobase;dottedcline appears to have been given only
three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
the final text and pagenumber arguments in the synopsis
from a call to \contentsline (\&arobase;dottedtocline commands insert leaders, that
is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
\&arobase;dotsep. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka.&noeos;
mu, which are 1/18 em. Change it using
\renewcommand, as in \renewcommand{\&arobase;dotsep}{3.5}.
\addcontentsline\addcontentsline{ext}{unit}{text}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
\addcontentsline command writes information to the file
\contentsline{unit}{text}{num}, where
num is the current value of counter unit
(\chapter,
etc. (\caption inside a float
environment (\chapter*. But that
command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered
manually, as here.
\chapter*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}; note
that the page number 3 is automatically generated by the system,
not entered manually.
\addcontentsline are required.
\protect any fragile commands
(\addcontentsline command has an interaction with
\include (\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...} then lines
in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution
is to move \addcontentsline into the file being included.
\addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}}
\addtocontents\addtocontents{ext}{text}
\tableofcontents\newpage
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}
\tableofcontents
\addtocontents{toc}{~\hfill\textbf{Page}\par}
\chapter{...}
\addtocontents{toc}{%
\protect\vspace{2ex}
\textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par}
\addtocontents and \addcontentsline
is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the
page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above
examples show, \addtocontents is for material such as spacing.
\addtocontents command has two arguments. Both are
required.
\chapter use the
\addcontentsline command to store information. This command
creates lines in the \contentsline command (\addtocontents puts material directly in that file.
\addtocontents command has an interaction with
\include (\addtocontents{...}{...}\include{...} then lines in the
table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to
move \addtocontents into the file being included.
\contentsline\contentsline{unit}{text}{pagenumber}
\contentsline commands.
\chapter, \section, etc. for the table of
contents, or by the \caption command inside of a \figure
or \table environment (\tableofcontents, the command \chapter{Chapter One}
produces something like this in the file \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3}
\listoffigures then a figure
environment involving \caption{Test} will produce
something like this in \contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6}
\addcontentsline{filetype}{unit}{text},
where filetype is toc, lof, or lot
(toclofttocloft \contentline material is typeset, see
the tocloft package.
hyperrefhyperref hyperref package changes the definition of
\contentsline (and \addcontentsline) to add more
arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
Argument of \contentsline has an extra } when one adds/remove
the use of package hyperref and a compilation was already run.
Fix this error by deleting the \nofiles\nofiles
\nofiles command this example will not produce a
\documentclass{book}
\nofiles
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents\newpage
\chapter{...}
...
\nofiles command after you have run the file and gotten
a \numberline\numberline{number}
\contentsline command to typeset the section number
(1.1 to be
typeset flush left.
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2}
\&arobase;tempdima. That length is set by the commands
\l&arobase;section, \l&arobase;subsection, etc. Put section numbers
inside a natural-width box with
\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~} before
\tableofcontents.
\protect (\protect in this command,
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}
\numberline into the \contentsline
command in the \contentsline
{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6} (the page number 6
is automatically added by &latex;; \documentclass{article}
\usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands
\makeindex
% \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin{document}
...
Wilson's Theorem\index{Wilson's Theorem}
says that a number $n>1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}
...
\printindex
\end{document}
\index command
(\index writes its
information, such as Wilson's Theorem and the page number, to an
auxiliary file whose name ends in \printindex brings this
manipulated information into the output (\printindex command is in the source file.
\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}
produces a main entry of congruence with a subentry of and
Wilson's Theorem. For more, \makeindex and \printindex commands are independent.
Leaving out the \makeindex will stop &latex; from saving the
index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the \printindex
will cause &latex; to not show the index in the document output.
showidxshowidx multindmultind showidx
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
page where the \index appears. This can help in preparing the index.
The multind package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
theindextheindex \begin{theindex}
\item acorn squash, 1
\subitem maple baked, 2
\indexspace
\item bacon, 3
\subitem maple baked, 4
\end{theindex}
\item,
subentries use \subitem, and the lowest level uses
\subsubitem. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The
example above includes \indexspace to produce vertical space in
the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting
with a new letter.
\index\index{index-entry-string}
pdflatex test, then
process the index entries with makeindex test, and then compile
again with pdflatex test.
% file test.tex
...
W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function}
...
rate of growth\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate}
\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison} then
\index with the same
index-entry-string then you will get a single index entry with two
page numbers (unless they happen to fall on the same page). Thus,
adding as for Ackermann.\index{Ackermann} later in the same
document as above will give an index entry like Ackermann, 22,
151. Also, you can enter the index entries in any order, so for
instance \index{Ackermann!function} could come before
\index{Ackermann}.
W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann}
...
D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|(}
...
disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|)}
\index{Jones!program} and \index{Jones!results}, then
the output is the item Jones with no comma or page number,
followed by two subitems, like program, 50 and results,
51.
babelbabel polyglossiapolyglossia \index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's
function}}. You can instead get see also with seealso.
(The text see is defined by \seename, and see also
by \alsoname. You can redefine these either by using an
internationalization package such as babel or polyglossia,
or directly as with \renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also see}.)
\index{group|textit} (note the missing backslash on the
\textit command) and the system will apply that command to the
page number, here giving something like \textit{7}. You can
define your own one-input commands, such as
\newcommand{\definedpage}[1]{{\color{blue}#1}} and then
\index{Ackermann!function|definedpage} will give a blue page
number (\newcommand\indexownpage[1]{#1, \thepage}
... Epimenides.\index{self-reference|indexownpage}
\index{Ackermann!function|(definedpage}
...
\index{Ackermann!function|)}
$\alpha$-ring will cause it to be alphabetized according to
the dollar sign. You can instead enter it using an at-sign, as
\index{alpha-ring&arobase;$\alpha$-ring}. If you specify an entry
with an at-sign separating two strings, pos&arobase;text,
then pos gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
text produces the text of the entry. Another example is that
\index{Saint Michael's College&arobase;SMC} produces an index entry
SMC alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
would naturally give it.
!, or &arobase;, or |, or " character in
an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, ".
(The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.)
indexindex makeidx. One is index, which allows for
multiple indices and contains a command
\index*{index-entry-string} that prints the
index-entry-string as well as indexing it.
\index command writes the indexing information to the file
\indexentry{index-entry-string}{page-num},
where page-num is the value of the \thepage counter. On
occasion, when the \printindex command is confused, you have to
delete this file to start with a fresh slate.
\index command then you get a
message like this.
Runaway argument? {Ackermann!function
! Paragraph ended before \&arobase;wrindex was complete.
makeindex filename makeindex -s style-file filename makeindex options filename0 ...
\printindex (% book.isty
% $ makeindex -s book.isty -p odd book.idx
% creates the index as book.ind, starting on an odd page.
preamble
"\\pagestyle{empty}
\\small
\\begin{theindex}
\\thispagestyle{empty}"
postamble
"\n
\\end{theindex}"
", and the maximum length of a
string is 144 characters. The \n is for a newline and \t
is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
\\. If a line begins with a percent sign, %, then it is a
comment.
"\\begin{theindex}\n".
"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n".
"\n\n
\\indexspace\n" (\indexspace is a command inserting a rubber
length, by default 10pt plus5pt minus3pt).
group_skip nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
letter the lethead_prefix and lethead_suffix will be
inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative
then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is 0.
""
"".
"\n \\item
".
"\n \\subitem ".
"\n \\subsubitem ".
"\n \\subitem ".
\index{aaa|see{bbb}}). Default: "\n \\subitem ".
"\n \\subsubitem ".
"\n
\\subsubitem ".
", ".
", ".
", ".
", ".
"--".
72.
"\t\t".
indent_space is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is 16.
r, and numeric
or arabic n, and lowercase alphabetic a, and uppercase
roman R, and uppercase alphabetic A. Default:
"rnaRA".
xindex,
written in Lua (\printindex
makeidxmakeidx \usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex in the document preamble and
compile the document, then run the system command \printindex.
\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
...
\newglossaryentry{label}{settings}
...
\gls{label}.
...
\printglossaries
pdflatex filename), then run the command line command
makeglossaries filename, and then compile the document again.
\documentclass{...}
\usepackage{glossaries} \makeglossaries
\newglossaryentry{tm}{%
name={Turing machine},
description={A model of a machine that computes. The model is simple
but can compute anything any existing device can compute.
It is the standard model used in Computer Science.},
}
\begin{document}
Everything begins with the definition of a \gls{tm}.
...
\printglossaries
\end{document}
\makeglossary opens the file that will contain the
entry information, \printglossaries command where you want the glossaries to appear
in your document.
\newglossaryentry and \gls, there are similar
commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
CTAN.
\newglossaryentry\newglossaryentry{label}
{
name={name},
description={description},
other options, ...
}
\longnewglossaryentry{label}
{
name={name},
other options ...,
}
{description}
key=value.
\newglossaryentry{R}
{
name={\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}},
description={the real numbers},
}
\glspl or \Glspl (\gls\gls{label}
\glspl{label}
\Gls{label}
\Glspl{label}
\newglossaryentry (\newglossaryentry{N}{%
name={the natural numbers},
description={The numbers $0$, $1$, $2$, $\ldots$\&arobase;},
symbol={\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}},
}
...
Consider \gls{N}.
\glspl{label} produces the plural
of name (by default it tries adding an s). The third form
capitalizes the first letter of name, as does the fourth form,
which also takes the plural.
\documentclass{letter}
\address{senders address} % return address
\signature{sender name}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{recipient address}
\opening{salutation}
letter body
\closing{closing text}
\end{letter}
...
\end{document}
letter environment, whose argument
recipient address often contains multiple lines separated with a
double backslash, (\\). For example, you might have:
\begin{letter}{Ninon de l'Enclos \\
l'h\^otel Sagonne}
...
\end{letter}
letter environment resets the page number to 1,
and the footnote number to 1 also.
\\). &latex; will put the sender name
under the closing, after a vertical space for the traditional
hand-written signature.
letter environment body begins with a required
\opening command such as \opening{Dear Madam or Sir:}.
The letter body text is ordinary &latex; so it can contain
everything from enumerated lists to displayed math, except that commands
such as \chapter that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
Each letter environment body typically ends with a
\closing command such as \closing{Yours,}.
\closing. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like \cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}. There&textrsquo;s a similar \encl command for
a list of enclosures. And, you can add a postscript with \ps.
\longindentation. By default this is
0.5\textwidth. To make them flush left, put
\setlength{\longindentation}{0em} in your preamble.
\renewcommand{\today}{1958-Oct-12}. If put in your preamble
then it will apply to all the letters.
letter environment. The three lines
marked as optional are typically omitted.
\documentclass{letter}
\address{Sender's street \\ Sender's town}
\signature{Sender's name \\ Sender's title}
% optional: \location{Mailbox 13}
% optional: \telephone{(102) 555-0101}
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{Recipient's name \\ Recipient's address}
\opening{Sir:}
% optional: \thispagestyle{firstpage}
I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
\closing{Your most humble, etc.,}
\end{letter}
\end{document}
letter class.
\address\address{senders address}
\\.
letter environment.
\address declaration then it
is formatted as a personal letter.
\address{Stephen Maturin \\
The Grapes of the Savoy}
\cc\cc{name0 \\
... }
\closing. Put the names on different lines by separating them
with a double backslash, \\, as in:
\cc{President \\
Vice President}
\closing\closing{text}
\closing{Regards,}
\encl\encl{first enclosed object \\
... }
\closing.
Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, \\.
\encl{License \\
Passport}
\location\location{text}
firstpage.
\makelabels\makelabels % in preamble
letter environments. If
you just put \makelabels in the preamble then at the end of the
document you will get a sheet with labels for all the recipients, one
for each letter environment, that you can copy to a sheet of peel-off
address labels.
\startlabels,
\mlabel, and \returnaddress (and perhaps \name) in
the preamble. The command \startlabels sets the width, height,
number of columns, etc., of the page onto which the labels are printed.
The command \mlabel{return address}{recipient
address} produces the two labels (or one, if you choose to ignore the
return address) for each letter environment. The first argument,
return address, is the value returned by the macro
\returnaddress. The second argument, recipient address, is
the value passed in the argument to the letter environment. By
default \mlabel ignores the first argument, the return
address, causing the default behavior described in the prior paragraph.
\documentclass{letter}
\renewcommand*{\returnaddress}{Fred McGuilicuddy \\
Oshkosh, Mineola 12305}
\newcommand*\originalMlabel{}
\let\originalMlabel\mlabel
\def\mlabel#1#2{\originalMlabel{}{#1}\originalMlabel{}{#2}}
\makelabels
...
\begin{document}
\begin{letter}{A Einstein \\
112 Mercer Street \\
Princeton, New Jersey, USA 08540}
...
\end{letter}
\begin{letter}{K G\"odel \\
145 Linden Lane \\
Princeton, New Jersey, USA 08540}
...
\end{letter}
\end{document}
envlabenvlab envlab makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
\usepackage[personalenvelope]{envlab} and \makelabels
are all that you need to print envelopes.
\name\name{name}
\opening\opening{salutation}
\begin{letter}{...}. The argument
salutation is mandatory. For instance:
\opening{Dear John:}
\ps\ps{text}
\closing.
\ps{P.S. After you have read this letter, burn it. Or eat it.}
\signature\signature{first line \\
... }
\\. For example:
\signature{J Fred Muggs \\
White House}
\closing text
down to the \signature text is 6\medskipamount, which is
six times \medskipamount (where \medskipamount is equal to
a \parskip, which in turn is defined by default here to
0.7letter environment and before the \closing.
\signature{\vspace{-6\medskipamount}\includegraphics{sig.png}\\
My name}
\usepackage{graphicx} in the preamble
(\telephone\telephone{number}
firstpage
pagestyle is selected. If so, it appears on the lower right of the
page.
\openin & \openout\openin number=filename
\openout number=filename
\openin3; in
Lua&latex;, number can be between 0 and 127.
\newread\presidentsfile
\openin\presidentsfile=presidents
\typeout{presidentsfile is \the\presidentsfile}
\read\presidentsfile to\presidentline
\typeout{\presidentline}
\newread command allocates input stream numbers from 0
to 15 (there is also a \newwrite). The
\presidentsfile is more memorable but under the hood it is still
a number; the first \typeout gives something like
presidentsfile is 1. In addition, \newread keeps track of
the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an error like
! No room for a new \read. The second \typeout gives the
first line of the file, something like 1 Washington, George.
\immediate\openin number=filename or
\immediate\openout number=filename.
\closein number and
\closeout number.
\newwrite\presidentsfile
\openout\presidentsfile=presidents
\write\presidentsfile{1 Washington, George}
\closeout\presidentsfile
\openin, if &tex; cannot find the file then it does not give
an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
with \ifeof; one recourse is the command
\InputIfFileExists, \read\read number tomacro
\read5 to\data.
\email, and then closes the file.
\newread\recipientfile
\openin\recipientfile=email
\read\recipientfile to\email
\typeout{Email address: \email}
\closein\recipientfile
\read
will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
allowed, e.g., \nonstopmode; \typein (\input (\include (datatooldatatool datatool.
\typein\typein{prompt-msg}
\typein[cmd]{prompt-msg}
As long as I live I shall never forget \typein{Enter student name:}
Enter student name: \&arobase;typein=Aphra Behn
\typein{prompt-msg}, causes
the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the
input file in place of the \typein command.
cmd
argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a
backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be
the input that you typed. For example, this
\typein[\student]{Enter student name:}
\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
Enter student name: \student=John Dee Recommendation for John Dee.
\typeout\typeout{msg}
msg on the terminal and in the log file.
\newcommand{\student}{John Dee}
\typeout{Recommendation for \student .}
\student, commands that are defined with \newcommand or
\renewcommand (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
msg. Use the
command \space to get a single space, independent of surrounding
spaces. Use ^^J to get a newline. Get a percent character with
\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname.
\newlength{\jhlength}
\setlength{\jhlength}{5pt}
\typeout{The length is \the\jhlength.}
\write\write number{string}
\openout. For instance, \write6 writes to text
stream number 6.
\newwrite\myfile
\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
...
\immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!}
...
\immediate\closeout\myfile
\newwrite allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
name to make life easier, so that stream
\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile produces something like stream 3.
Then \openout associates the stream number with the given file
name. &tex; ultimately executed \write3 which puts the string
in the file.
test \write-1{Hello World!} puts Hello World!
followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the \wlog
command does; \write100{Hello World!}
puts the same in the log file but also puts Hello World!
followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
special as number; see below.)
\write\&arobase;auxout{string} to write to the current
\write\&arobase;mainaux{string} to write to the main
\write to
save the current page number, but when &tex; comes across a
\write it typically does not know what the page number is,
since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use \write
in one of three contexts:
\immediate\write\&arobase;auxout{string} %1
\write\&arobase;auxout{string} %2
\protected&arobase;write\&arobase;auxout{}{string} %3
\write\edef) so to prevent expansion you must use \noexpand,
toks, etc., except that you should use # instead of
##).
\write\shipout. At
\shipout, string is fully expanded.
\protected&arobase;write, is like the second except that
you can use \protect to avoid expansion. The extra first
argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
macros protected or to have some other special definition for the
write.
\write, string here
contains a control sequence \triplex which we&textrsquo;ve defined to be
the text XYZ:
\newwrite\jhfile
\openout\jhfile=test.jh
\newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
\write streams 16, 17, 18\write&textrsquo;s behavior when number is outside the range from 0
to 15 described above, in Plain &tex; \write16 and
\write17 were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
terminal; however, in &latex;, the natural way to do that is with
\typeout (\write18 command is
even more special; modern &tex; systems use it for giving commands to
the operating system (\write^^J, in \write\write outputs a single line. You can include a
newline with ^^J. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
file:
\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
answersanswers answers.
\write and security\write\write and security\newwrite\jhfile \openout\jhfile=../test.jh
Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p). ! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
\include{../filename} because &latex; will try to open
\message\message{string}
\typeout (\protect on any fragile commands in
string (\typeout always inserts a
newline at the end of string while \message does not, so
the latter can be useful.
before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
One Two Three Four I declare a thumb war.
^^J produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
between before and After will be a single space (from
the end of line following I}).
\message allows you more control over formatting, a
gotcha is that &latex; may mess up that formatting because it inserts
line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this
document body, where the Two has moved, to the one given above.
before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
\message{declare a thumb war.}After
\wlog\wlog{string}
\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
\wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.}
^^J to insert a newline.
\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.}
\wlog{The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.}
\write18\write18{shell_command}
AsymptoteAsymptote \usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
...
\newcommand{\fignum}{1}
\immediate\write18{cd pix && asy figure\fignum}
\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
asy program) on \write, here &latex;
expands macros in shell_command so that \fignum is
replaced by 1.
\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname} as the first line of the
file. Note that \jobname expands to the basename of the root
file unless the --jobname option is passed on the command line,
in which case this is the option argument.
texosquery below):
\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf > tmp.dat}
\input{tmp.dat}
\write is to wait until a page is
being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
(\immediate\write18{shell_command}.
latex --enable-write18 filename
(--shell-escape option is
a synonym, in &tex; Live.)
enable-write18 option. By default this list of allowed
commands is short and features only commands that are under the
control of the distribution maintainers (\write18\write18\write18SHELL environment variable, is ignored.
texosquerytexosquery texosquery package, which provides a convenient and secure
interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
\write18: shellescshellesc shellesc on top of the primitive
\write18 command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
\ShellEscape which works identically on all &tex; engines;
Lua&tex; intentionally did not retain \write18 as a way to
invoke a shell command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The
shellesc package also provides a command
\DelayedShellEscape, executed at \output time, for the
same reason.
pdflatex options argument
lualatex, or
(for DVI output) latex or dvilualatex, among others
(pdflatex thesis
dvilualatex, then you will get
DVI. The description here assumes pdf&latex;.
latex-engine options argument
hyperrefhyperref hyperref package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
\newcommand{\urlcolor}{black}
\else
\newcommand{\urlcolor}{blue}
\fi
\usepackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=\urlcolor]{hyperref}
...
\href{https://www.ctan.org}{CTAN} % in body
...
pdflatex book will give the CTAN link in blue. But
compiling it with
pdflatex "\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex"
pdflatex -jobname=students "\def\student{}\input{main}"
pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}"
jobname option is there because otherwise both files would be
called \documentclass{book}
\begin{document}
...
\include{chap1}
\include{chap2}
...
\end{document}
pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}"
\jobnamepdflatex thesis creates
thesis.pdf and also thesis.log and thesis.aux.
Here the job name is thesis.
latex-engine
options argument, where latex-engine is
thesis, then &tex; considers it to be the name of the file
to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the root
file (\input command,
and the jobname is the argument to \input.
-jobname option, as in pdflatex
-jobname=myname (-jobname option was specified, and the compilation stops before
any input file is met, then the log file will be named
texput jobnametexput jobname\input occurs as a result of being called by either
\documentclass or \RequirePackage. So this will produce
a file named pdflatex "\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}"
pdflatex "\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}"
\usepackage calls
\input.
\jobname expands to the jobname.
(When you run &latex; on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
returned by \jobname contains matching start and end quotes.)
In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
catcode 12 (other) except that spaces are category 10,
including letters that are normally catcode 11.
xstringxstring \IfBeginWith from the If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}%
{\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are
democracies.
\jobname inside of a document does not
change the name of the output file or the log file.
?. For instance,
running &latex; on this file
\newcommand{\NP}{\ensuremath{\textbf{NP}}}
The \PN{} problem is a million dollar one.
! Undefined control sequence.
l.5 The \PN
{} problem is a million dollar one.
?
\end{document} or misspelled it. In this case
&latex; gives you a * prompt. You can get back to the command
line by typing \stop and RETURN; this command does its
best to exit &latex; immediately, whatever state it may be in.
pdflatex test you might type pdflatex tste.
! I can't find file `tste'.
<*> tste
(Press Enter to retry, or Control-D to exit)
Please type another input file name:
beamer templatebeamer template and classbeamerbeamerbeamer beamer class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
article templatearticlebook templatebookbook templatebook\frontmatter, \mainmatter, and
\backmatter to control the typography of the three main areas
of a book (\include and \includeonly
(\includeonly. That will speed up compilation without losing
any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
need to come on a new page is brought in with \input instead of
\include. You don&textrsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit with
\input.)