From e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2019 13:46:59 +0900
Subject: Initial commit

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+% Note:   I have included the Phyzzx macros on the CMS distribution
+% tape for TeX at the request of several TeX users who have heard of it
+% or used it. Some of the information herein is specific to facilities
+% or practices at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.
+%                                     -- Alan Spragens 17 July 1986
+\input phyzzx
+\nopagenumbers
+\singlespace
+\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hbox to 1em{\hss.\hss}\hfill}
+\centerline{TABLE OF CONTENTS}
+\item{1.} INTRODUCTION\leaderfill 2
+\item{2.} BASICS\leaderfill 3
+\sitem{2.1} What is \TeX\ ?\leaderfill 3
+\sitem{2.2} What Is PHYZZX?\leaderfill 7
+\item{3.} STRUCTURING PREPRINTS\leaderfill 10
+\sitem{3.1} Chapters, Sections and Subsections\leaderfill 11
+\sitem{3.2} Other Subdivisions: Appendices
+and Acknowledgements\leaderfill 19
+\sitem{3.3} Controlling the Way Chapters
+are Numbered\leaderfill 21
+\item{4.} DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING
+AND NAMING THEM\leaderfill 23
+\sitem{4.1} A Simple Solution to Numbering
+Equations\leaderfill 25
+\sitem{4.2} Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool\leaderfill  28
+\sitem{4.3} Other Macros For Naming Equations\leaderfill  30
+\item{5.} REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE \hfil\break CAPTIONS:
+THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING \leaderfill  33
+\sitem{5.1} References: Stuff Which Comes
+at the Back\leaderfill 33
+\sitem{5.2} Figures and Tables\leaderfill 45
+\item{6.} FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH
+COME AT THE BOTTOM\leaderfill 47
+\item{7.} ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS,
+ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF\leaderfill 49
+\sitem{7.1} Fixed Format Lists:
+Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints\leaderfill 50
+\sitem{7.2} For Less
+Structure Consider Items\leaderfill 53
+\sitem{7.3} Having Your
+Cake and Eating It Too! -- Making Your Own Points
+\leaderfill 54
+\item{8.} MISCELLANEOUS
+STUFF ABOUT PAPERS\leaderfill 56
+\sitem{8.1} Page Numbers\leaderfill 56
+\sitem{8.2} Spacing\leaderfill 57
+\sitem{8.3} Commands Which Break
+Lines and Pages\leaderfill 58
+\sitem{8.4} Some Remarks About Penalties\leaderfill 59
+\sitem{8.5} The Titlepage\leaderfill 59
+\item{9.} MEMOS\leaderfill 66
+\eject
+\item{10.} TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY\leaderfill 71
+\sitem{10.1} Multiple Letters\leaderfill 74
+\item{11.} MISCELLANEOUS MACROS
+WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES\leaderfill 76
+\item{12.} GOODBYE\leaderfill 78
+\sitem{12.1} Using Your MYPHYX File\leaderfill 78
+\endpage
+ 
+ 
+\pagenumbers
+\FRONTPAGE
+\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - TN - 84 - \the\pubnum $}
+\pubnum{7}
+\date{October 1984}
+\pubtype={\ }
+\titlepage
+\vfil
+\title{EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT\ \
+{\bf
+PHYZZX}\ \ BUT DIDN'T KNOW TO ASK}
+\vskip .50in
+\author{M. Weinstein\doeack}
+\SLAC
+\vfil
+\endpage
+ 
+\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - PUB - \the\pubnum $}
+\def\hbreak{\hfil \break}
+\def\tc#1{\nextline \hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline }
+\def\tcon#1{\hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline }
+\newcount\tempchap  \tempchap=0
+\newcount\tempsec   \tempsec=0
+\def\storechap{\tempchap=\chapternumber}
+\def\recallchap{\chapternumber=\tempchap \advance\chapternumber by -1}
+\def\storesec{\tempsec=\sectionnumber }
+\def\recallsec{\sectionnumber=\tempsec }
+\chapterminspace=1pt
+\sectionminspace=1pt
+ 
+\chapter{INTRODUCTION}
+ 
+Hi \TeX\  fans, the time has come to document the new
+version of the macro package, PHYZZX.
+Vadim Kaplunovsky has updated it to
+run under \TeX 1.
+Since we envision this to be the penultimate version
+of PHYZZX, except for minor corrections to remove heretofore
+undiscovered bugs, it now pays to explain what PHYZZX is
+and how to use its various features in some detail.
+For those of you who are familiar with the old version of
+PHYZZX you can rest easy, this version has been designed to be
+as upward compatible as possible.
+Unfortunately, there are a few minor changes in the way some
+macros work simply because Knuth changed \TeX\  and made it
+impossible for us to keep some of the old commands.
+In general the changes make things easier to use and any file
+written for \TeX 97 will, with very few changes, run on \TeX  1.
+For this reason the adventurous user can begin by ignoring this
+writeup completely and try to run his old files.
+If luck is with you, you will not have to change anything;
+if luck deserts you, then either PHYZZX will help you along
+(only somewhat likely) or you will have to do a little reading.
+ 
+Our present incarnation of PHYZZX resides in two places.
+The FMT file (a term designed to strike terror into the hearts of
+those who have not been initiated into the high mysteries)
+is on the T--disk, and this is the version you really want to use.
+One uses the FMT file because it loads much faster and so you don't
+have the interminable wait for something to happen while the computer
+is reading all of the definitions contained in PHYZZX TEX.
+To use the FMT file all you have to do is make the first command
+to \TeX\  say {\tt\&phyzzx} instead of putting
+\tc{\\input phyzzx} in the file.
+ 
+For the curious we try to keep an updated version of the
+file PHYZZX TEX on the theory group disk.
+People interested in mucking around in the guts of this file
+in order to see how things were done and what goodies, not described
+in this writeup (and there are many),  are available
+can access this disk by
+saying
+\tc{GIME PUB\$TH }
+If you wish to use this file to convince yourself how much better it
+is to use an FMT file, you can do this by accessing the PUB\$TH disk
+and starting your file with
+\tc{\\input phyzzx}
+{\it For cognoscenti\/}:
+as in earlier incarnations you can tailor much of PHYZZX to
+your liking by having a file MYPHYX TEX on your A disk.
+Each time you run PHYZZX it loads this file.
+Any definitions which are in this file then take precedence over
+those specified in PHYZZX.
+So much for generalities, now on to specifics.
+ 
+\chapter{BASICS}
+ 
+\section{What is \TeX\ ?}
+ 
+In order to make this as simple as possible for the first time
+user, we will say a few words about what \TeX\ is, before going on
+to talk about what PHYZZX does.
+ 
+\TeX\ is the baby of Donald~E.~Knuth of Stanford University and
+it is our choice for the best available text processor for
+use at SLAC.
+{\it Clear as mud!} you say. {\it What the hell is a
+text processor ?}, you say.
+{\it How is it different from Xedit and Wylbur ?}, you say.
+Tell you what I'm gonna do, I'm going to tell you the answers to
+these questions even if you weren't perceptive enough to ask.
+A text processor is to Xedit and Wylbur what a publishing company
+(as embodied by editors and printers) is to
+a technical typist; namely, it is a thingamajig which takes a
+crudely typed manuscript and turns it into a book.
+Physicists and engineers all know that the
+nicer your paper looks before it goes out, the more your
+colleagues believe what is in it.
+Therefore we all want to use \TeX\
+to prepare our papers for journals, summer schools
+and conference proceedings.
+Some of us (hopefully that means some of you reading this
+introduction) will use \TeX\ to type our own papers, and some
+of us will rely on others for this task.
+In any event somewhere in that chain someone has to know how to
+use the thingamajig or beautiful manuscripts just won't come out the
+other end.
+In that case our colleagues won't know all of the wonderful things
+we have to say.
+To facilitate this process to some degree we wrote the macro package
+PHYZZX. In order
+to make PHYZZX and \TeX\ more accessible to people at the
+lab, we have generated this writeup.
+ 
+As I said,
+to all intents and purposes you and Xedit (or you and Wylbur, if
+you insist on living in prehistoric times) make a typist.
+Actually, you make a pretty good typist for text, but you
+don't do too well as a technical typist because neither
+Xedit nor Wylbur does a very good job at typing equations.
+You plus Xedit plus \TeX\ make a stupendous technical typist
+and a remarkably good printing company.
+Pursuing this analogy the process for producing a beautiful
+book quality manuscript starts with somebody typing the
+first draft.
+This somebody is presumably you, the reader, and the
+tools you use are your trusty computer terminal and an editor like
+Xedit.
+Obviously I have no intention of explaining how to use Xedit
+since this is probably unnecessary and anyhow, everything you
+have to know for the purpose of typing a text file
+can be easily learned by reading the {\bf IBM Virtual Machine/
+System product: CMS Primer}.
+Hence, this writeup assumes that you know how to log on to the
+computer and use the editor.
+ 
+To use the editor to start collecting a file which \TeX\ will
+turn into a beautiful paper, memo, or letter, you have to
+follow a simple procedure.
+First, in your incarnation as typist, you have log on
+and enter an editor (e.g., Xedit) by telling it you want to
+create a file whose name is {\bf CRAP} and whose filetype is {\bf TEX}.
+You accomplish this feat by typing something difficult like
+\tc{X {\rm (or XEDIT)} CRAP TEX A }
+whereupon the powers that be will throw you into the editor.
+At this point, since you are a person of discerning tastes,
+the very next line you enter is
+\tc{\\input phyzzx}.
+This command will make sure that when you tell the computer
+to print a version of the paper it will become an editor and instruct
+the typesetter to lay out the copy according to the criteria
+established by the macro package PHYZZX.
+The very next thing you do is skip a line (i.e., enter a blank line)
+in order to make your copy easy to read, and then
+start to enter your copy.
+So much for you as a typist.
+ 
+\subsection{You As An Editor: Correcting a Mistaken Impression}
+ 
+The preceding discussion indicates that you are to take your
+manuscript and type it into the editor in exactly the same way
+as you would at a typewriter.
+While this is a possible way of proceeding it is not really
+the best way to do things.
+In order to you to understand why this is true, you have to
+understand that once you have functioned as a typist, the
+next thing you have to be is an editor.
+ 
+An editor's job is to make sure the text looks good and that
+the printer knows how he is supposed to layout the copy which
+he receives.
+For example, he has to know:
+how much space to put between lines of text,
+what font to set chapter headings in, how much space to skip
+before and after a chapter heading, which math symbols are
+exponents, greek letters etc.
+Since you are the editor and \TeX\ is going to be the printer,
+you have to mark up the copy so that \TeX\ and/or PHYZZX knows
+what to do with it.
+This feat is accomplished by including editor's comments (or marks)
+in the text.
+These comments (or commands to \TeX ) have to have a special
+character in front of them so that \TeX\ will recognize them
+for what they are; this character is the $\backslash$, and the
+combination of a \\ followed by a string of characters
+is called a control sequence.
+One example of a control sequence is {\bf \\par} which tells
+\TeX\ to begin a new paragraph.
+Note that this is not a trivial thing since \TeX\ has to know
+to skip some extra space between the text in different paragraphs,
+indent the first line by some amount, etc.
+The basic version of \TeX\ has lots of control sequences
+which tell \TeX\ to do lots of wonderful things.
+To learn about these things (probably more than you initially
+want to know about how \TeX\ operates) you have to read
+{\it selectively} in the \TeX book written by Knuth.
+Since this discussion is between friends, let me warn you
+this book stinks as a reference manual and ain't so hot
+as an introduction to \TeX .
+Knuth has a philosophy of learning by ever increasing levels of
+mistakes which I (and many of my acquaintances) find
+at best distracting and at worst impenetrable.
+Unfortunately, this book is all that is
+available as an in depth introduction
+to the basic version of \TeX .
+If you want to know how to do sophisticated things which lie
+outside of the purview of PHYZZX you will have to read quite a
+lot of it.\foot{To get a feeling for \TeX\
+it is advisable to browse through the first three
+chapters and read about boxes and modes.
+If you just wish to type papers in the most straightforward way
+you can defer this reading until you are more experienced so long as
+you use PHYZZX.
+However, in any event, you must
+read the sections on typing math formulas,
+typing displayed equations and a little bit about making boxes
+since I have neither the time nor inclination to go into those things
+in this writeup, and you must have a basic idea of how this stuff
+works in order to proceed.
+After all, ostensibly this writeup is about how to use PHYZZX
+and is not a primer on \TeX .}
+A really good thing to read to get an idea of the basic
+things you can do with \TeX\ and to learn about the important control
+sequences is a primer entitled {\bf First Grade \TeX\ \bf A Beginner's
+\TeX\ Manual \rm by \it Arthur L. Samuel}.
+This is short, readable and contains everything you need to
+supplement this discussion of PHYZZX.
+You can request a copy of this manual from the SLAC Library \hbreak
+\vskip .10in
+\vbox{\kern 3\lineskip
+\centerline{ \bf First Grade Tex -- A Beginner's \TeX\ Manual}
+\centerline{by}
+\centerline{\it Arthur L. Samuel}
+\centerline{ STAN--CS--83--985}}
+ 
+Since you are going to be both typist and editor it pays for
+you to combine these jobs and mark up the manuscript at the
+same time that you type it.
+To be precise, this means that you want to type in equations
+so that superscripts, \break \eject \noindent
+subscripts, etc., are clearly indicated.
+You also want to type chapter headings, subchapter headings, etc.,
+in such a way that the font to be used, the space to be skipped
+above and below the heading, etc. are all clearly indicated.
+In general you want to tell the printer how to lay out the
+resulting copy as you type it in.
+This of course requires that you make many formatting decisions
+and then use the basic \TeX\ control sequences in order to tell
+it what to do.
+It will come as no surprise to you that this can get very
+complicated very quickly.
+That's where PHYZZX comes in.
+ 
+\section{What Is PHYZZX?}
+ 
+PHYZZX is a {\it macropackage} which is designed to make typing papers
+destined for Physical Review or Nuclear Physics as simple as possible.
+In addition it allows you to type letters and produce memos without
+knowing much about the way \TeX\ works.
+ 
+The first question which arises at this point is {\it What is a
+macropackage ?}, or for that matter {\it What is a macro?}.
+Despite the name a {\it macro} is not something eaten on a
+macrobiotic diet.
+It is a name for a simple thing.
+Unfortunately, this name has
+been carefully designed by computerniks
+to strike terror into the heart of occasional users and keep them
+in their place.  (There is nothing more annoying than an
+uppity occasional user.)
+Basically a macro is a way of defining an entry in a dictionary
+which is kept in the guts of the computer.
+The computer uses this dictionary to
+find the meaning of words which have been defined
+using the control sequence {\bf \\def}.
+A macropackage is, as the name implies, a package of macros (or
+definitions of commands) which we can use to give complicated
+formatting instructions to \TeX\ without having to go
+to the trouble of typing everything out each time we want to
+give the same instruction.
+ 
+It follows from this discussion that PHYZZX is just a collection
+of definitions which tell \TeX\ to do a well defined set of things
+to make the text which follows look just the way you want it to look.
+The best thing about a macropackage is that once it is written
+you only have to know what happens when you
+issue a given instruction;
+you don't have to know how it is made to happen.
+Although each of the commands which appear in the macropackage
+cause apparently simple things to happen, making them happen can
+get quite involved if you try to use the PLAIN version of \TeX .
+ 
+\subsection{Why Create A Macropackage like PHYZZX ?}
+ 
+Finally we get down to brass tacks.
+We already pointed out that you, the person preparing the
+manuscript, must to play the role of typist and editor.
+As editor you have the job of telling the printer how large to
+make chapter titles, what typeface to use for chapter titles,
+how much space to skip above and below a chapter title, etc.
+Having to give this set of instructions every time you want to
+type a chapter title can get to be a pain in the neck.
+Not only that, but imagine the problem of remembering exactly what
+format you want for chapter titles, section titles, subsection
+titles, etc., if -- as is the case with PHYZZX -- you use a different
+format for each one.
+Clearly, if one had to type all of this each time and keep all this
+information in one's head one would probably choose not to use
+\TeX\ at all.
+ 
+This discussion raises another point, namely that if one did
+not have a predefined set of macros to tell \TeX\ what to
+do at a certain point then you would have one more job dumped upon
+your shoulders.
+In addition to being typist and editor you would have to be a book
+designer.
+That means that you would have to make all of the esthetic decisions
+about the most attractive print to use for a given paper, the spacing
+to use between lines, the best way to number equations and
+the rest of that crap.
+This can be an onerous task which the average user doesn't want to
+have to deal with.
+Moreover, everybody has his own esthetic criteria (even though some
+people have more taste than others), so without
+a macropackage, to
+set the formats into predefined molds, there would be little
+or no uniformity in the layout of papers coming out of SLAC.
+While this would be no great tragedy, it could get confusing.
+ 
+Okay, so PHYZZX is a macropackage which provides a dictionary
+of editor's commands which allow one to easily format a
+document for the printer.
+It makes a set of esthetic choices for how these documents should
+look and, in the interests of simplicity, doesn't make it trivial
+for the casual user to mess around with these choices.
+(Actually, this is not really true since there are many
+ways in which PHYZZX can be tailored to your personal preferences,
+but we will discuss that as we go along.)
+The obvious question which comes up at this point is {\it Who
+made all of these esthetic decisions?\/}.
+In the interests of preserving the lives of the parties involved,
+anonymity must be preserved.
+Rest assured, however, it was a consultative process
+and many people had an input into the final result.
+Despite the fact that PHYZZX is an animal put together
+by a committee, we think it does its job fairly well.
+ 
+\subsection{ So, what does it do?}
+ 
+The main job which PHYZZX is designed to do is to make
+it easy to format SLAC preprints destined for submission to
+Physical Review or Nuclear Physics.
+Since these journals require different ways of handling line spacing,
+footnotes, references, etc., PHYZZX you need to specify the journal
+to which the preprint is to be submitted.
+Actually, you only have to tell if the journal is going to be
+Physical Review, since the default format is that for
+Nuclear Physics.
+This is because we, with our usual impeccable good taste,
+decided that the Nuclear Physics format was a better
+general purpose format.
+If you don't like our decision write your own macropackage.
+ 
+All kidding aside,
+changing to Physical Review format is easy, all you have to
+do is start your typing with
+\tc{\\input phyzzx}
+\tcon{\\PHYSREV}
+Note, when you are typing a control sequence everything counts; i.e.,
+\TeX\ cares about capital letters, small letters, spaces, etc.
+Be careful to copy just what you see typed here or it won't work;
+worse yet, it might work in an unexpected way.
+ 
+In addition to formatting papers PHYZZX does a great job of
+producing letters and memos.
+In each of these cases it produces, by itself, the appropriate
+letterhead and formats the text in a way appropriate to the
+document at hand.
+Since, however, we consider the preprint formatting capabilities
+of PHYZZX to be of paramount importance, we will discuss them first
+and turn to letters and memos when we have finished.
+ 
+ 
+\chapter{STRUCTURING PREPRINTS}
+ 
+A preprint is a document which eventually
+will be submitted to a journal for publication.
+In setting up PHYZZX we assumed that format of a preprint
+is essentially fixed.
+The size type to be used in the body of
+the preprint is chosen so that when run off on the laser printer
+and reduced for distribution it will be easily readable.
+In addition, normally we skip
+one and a half lines between lines of text.
+We think this looks most attractive with the size type we are using
+and makes the preprints a little shorter, saving paper.
+To satisfy the requirements of journals like Phys.Rev. Letters
+which specify the number of lines per inch which a
+manuscript must have, you must use double spacing;
+the command {\bf \\PHYSREV} automatically
+takes care of this, as well as
+a number of other things.
+ 
+Concerning spacing and other parameters you may well ask
+{\it How fixed is fixed ?\/}.
+The answer varies.
+For example,
+since we realize that people like to play around with line spacing
+to some degree, we have provided commands which we hope will
+enable you to change the average interline spacing to
+something closer to your heart's desire.
+The commands which perform this wondrous feat are
+\tc{\\singlespace}
+\tcon{\\doublespace}
+and
+\tc{\\normalspace}
+Obviously, {\bf \\doublespace} means twice {\bf \\singlespace};
+but {\it What is the meaning of \bf \\normalspace \it ?\/}.
+The answer to this question is that {\bf \\normalspace}
+corresponds to a spacing between single and doublespace.
+ 
+You might think, having read a little in the \TeX\ book,
+that you can achieve the same thing by changing {\bf \\baselineskip}
+and {\bf \\lineskip}.
+In a sense you would be correct.
+However, you should know that the commands {\bf \\doublespace}, etc.,
+do more; this is because
+they do different things depending upon the font and
+format you are using.
+If you want to do the same thing you will have to modify
+a lot of basic \TeX\ parameters or the esthetic impact of the
+document which emerges just won't be the same.
+ 
+All of this is by way of a parenthetical comment since it won't
+do you any good unless you know how to use the simplest version
+of PHYZZX first.
+ 
+\section{Chapters, Sections and Subsections}
+ 
+\subsection{Chapters}
+ 
+Most longer papers are divided into several parts in order
+to make them easier to read.
+These parts usually are preceded by headings or titles
+which indicate the subject to be covered in discussion which follows.
+Stylistically, several decisions have to be made about how
+these headings are to be set in type.
+You, as editor, have to tell the printer what to do.
+ 
+We will refer to the major divisions of a paper as chapters.
+In general each chapter has a heading.
+Our choice as book designers has been to set this heading in
+larger type and preface the text of the heading with a number.
+The number is automatically increased each time you declare a
+new chapter.
+In addition, some extra space is skipped both above and below
+each chapter heading.
+All of this magic is at your disposal if you simply use the
+{\bf \\chapter} command to indicate that the text you are
+about to type is the heading of a chapter.
+\storechap \storesec
+To be precise, the way you use this command is to type
+\tc{ \\chapter $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
+where $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ stands
+for the chapter name which you have to make
+up and insert.
+For example, the chapter title for this chapter was generated by
+typing
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it STRUCTURING PREPRINTS} $\}$}
+ 
+Note, I chose to type the heading in capitals.
+That's because I like the way it looks.
+You certainly don't have to do that.
+If you don't, but instead type
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it Structuring Preprints} $\}$}
+then you obtain \recallchap
+\chapter{Structuring Preprints}
+ 
+One thing to notice is the curly braces surrounding the text.
+These braces are absolutely necessary.
+They are grouping symbols which tell \TeX\ how much of the
+text to follow is to be considered part of the chapter heading
+and if they are omitted you will get a disastrous error message
+saying something like \TeX 's capacity is exhausted.
+Unfortunately, on the screen of a computer terminal,
+these symbols are easy to confuse with ( \
+and so you will have to be careful.
+If you are in {\bf XEDIT}
+you will be able to issue the command {\bf balance}.
+This is an {\bf XEDIT} command defined by an exec file on the U
+disk which counts matching pairs of curly braces.
+It is helpful in that it tells you there is a problem, but
+unfortunately it doesn't find the problem for you.
+ 
+In general you won't want to play around with the choice of font
+inside of a chapter heading and so, by default, you will
+get a roman font.
+However, you can play with it if you wish.
+We have provided a series of control sequences, or editors marks,
+which allow you to change between different fonts all of which
+have essentially the same size.
+Hence, if you type {\bf \\rm} you get the current roman font,
+if you type {\bf \\bf} you get the bold face version of the current font,
+if you type {\bf \\sl} you get a slanted version of the current font,
+if you type {\bf \\it} you get an italic font, and if
+you type {\bf \\tt} you usually get a typewriter font.
+I say that you usually get a typewriter font because we do not
+have typewriter available in all sizes of print.
+When we don't PHYZZX makes a substitution of the same font at a different
+size.
+Another font for which this happens is {\bf \\caps} which is
+a font \endpage \noindent which is made up of only capital letters.
+This font distinguishes between upper and lowercase letters only by size.
+As an example of switching fonts let us see what happens if we change
+font inside the command chapter.
+ 
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\bf{ \it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
+you get
+\chapter{\bf Formatting Text}
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\sl {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
+you get
+\chapter{\sl Formatting Text}
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\it {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
+you get
+\chapter{\it Formatting Text}
+\endpage
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\caps {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ }
+you get
+\chapter{\caps Formatting Text}
+Finally, if you type \recallchap
+\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\tt {\it Formatting Text} $\}$ }
+you get
+\chapter{\tt Formatting Text}
+ 
+While all of this is very nice you should note that the font
+used to set the chapter number does not change with the text.
+This illustrates something about \TeX 's grouping symbols.
+Since we put the control sequences for changing fonts inside the
+braces, only the text inside the braces is affected.
+That is, the change only occurs {\it locally}.
+In general any change you make inside a pair of curly braces only
+affects the material inside the braces, unless you force
+the effect to persist.
+(If you want to know how to do this look up the {\bf \\global}
+command in the \TeX\ book.)
+It follows, therefore, that if we want the number to change
+we have to change the font before we give the {\bf \\chapter}
+command.
+ 
+\medbreak
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{$\{$ \\bf \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text}$\} \}$}
+you get
+{\bf \chapter{Formatting Text}}
+\endpage
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{$\{$ \\sl \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$}
+you get
+{\sl \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
+\medbreak
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{$\{$ \\it \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
+you get
+{\it \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
+\goodbreak
+If you type \recallchap
+\tc{$\{$ \\caps \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
+you get
+{\caps \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
+\medbreak
+Finally, if you type \recallchap
+\tc{$\{$ \\tt \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ }
+you get
+{\tt \chapter{ Formatting Text}}
+\noindent Much better, no?
+ 
+We have already mentioned that PHYZZX put extra space
+above and below a chapter heading.
+Since all of the chapter headings for this writeup
+were generated using
+the command {\bf \\chapter}, you only have to examine them
+to see how \TeX\ handles these extra spaces.
+ 
+Another remark worth making is that in the current incarnation
+of PHYZZX you do not have to worry about chapter titles which
+are too long.
+The chapter macro is set up to split your line when necessary
+and automatically center each line.
+To accomplish this feat PHYZZX makes use of a control sequence
+called {\bf \\titlestyle}.
+The command {\bf \\titlestyle} is worth knowing about because
+sometimes you want to be able to type in a longish amount of
+material and want the various lines to be centered, not left or
+right adjusted after each break.
+Typing {\bf \\titlestyle$\{$ {\it text} $\}$} will accomplish this feat.
+In addition,
+if you don't like the way PHYZZX chooses to break the lines
+you can force your desires upon the machine by inserting: the
+command {\bf \\break}.
+This command forces the line to break at the point where the command is
+given.
+The command {\bf \\nobreak} will stop the line from
+breaking at an undesirable place, and the symbol \~ \ will
+insert some unbreakable space between words.
+This stuff is covered in the basic books on \TeX\ and we refer you to
+there for details.
+Combining these control sequences with the control sequence
+{\bf \\titlestyle} allows you to {\it easily}
+achieve many interesting effects.
+For example, you can generate an invitation by typing \hbreak
+{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
+\hbreak
+\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
+\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
+\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ } \hbreak
+and obtain
+\titlestyle {\it You are cordially invited \break
+to the coming out party for \break
+the new macro package \break
+\rm  PHYZZX \break }
+ 
+If you are really sharp, and I assume that you are, you will
+have noticed that the type in which the invitation is set is larger
+than the normal type.
+Remember that I already told you that titles are set in larger
+type than the basic text.
+I also told you that the commands {\bf \\rm}, {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\it},
+etc., change the style of the font but leave it the same size.
+What we have not discussed is how you change the size of the font
+the way {\bf \\titlestyle} does with impunity.
+Well, all things come to he who waits!
+Now's the time to discuss this point.
+ 
+Font sizes, as you learn from reading the \TeX book come in sizes
+measured in a mysterious printer's unit call {\it points}.
+You don't have to know what a point is, you only have to know that
+most of the text in this writeup is twelve point type, the titles
+are in fourteen point type and the footnotes are in ten point type.
+It is possible for you to force \TeX\ to use a particular size
+of type by saying {\bf \\tenpoint},{\bf \\twelvepoint} or
+{\bf \\fourteenpoint}; in which case the obvious thing happens.
+Thus, for example, if you change the typed instructions for generating
+the invitation to read \hbreak
+{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\twelvepoint
+\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
+\hbreak
+\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
+\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
+\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ }  \hbreak
+you get
+\vskip -\parskip
+\titlestyle {\twelvepoint \it You are cordially invited \break
+to the coming out party for \break
+the new macro package \break
+\rm  PHYZZX \break }
+\endpage
+\noindent and if you type \hbreak
+{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\tenpoint
+\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break
+\hbreak
+\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak
+\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak
+\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ }\hbreak
+the result is
+\titlestyle {\tenpoint \it You are cordially invited \break
+to the coming out party for \break
+the new macro package \break
+\rm  PHYZZX \break }
+ 
+\subsection{Sections}
+ 
+Now that we know everything about generating chapters, we turn
+to the problem of generating smaller subdivisions; namely,
+sections and subsections.
+ 
+\recallchap \recallsec
+The numbering is done as $\{ chapter number\}.\{section number\}$ .
+Each time you start a new chapter, the section numbers restart from
+1.
+You have already seen many examples of the results produced by
+the section macro in this writeup.
+As in the case of the chapter macro all of the numbering is taken
+care of automatically.
+To accomplish the feat of generating a new section heading you type
+\tc{\\section $\{$ {\it section heading} $\}$ }
+For example, if you type
+\tc{ \\section $\{$ {\it New Section} $\}$ }
+you get
+\advance\sectionnumber by -1 \section{ New Section }
+As in the case of chapter headings you can play with the
+fonts if you insist; however, remember that the space above and
+below chapter and section headings have been carefully matched
+to our choices of fonts.
+If you play too much, the esthetic balance of the final copy
+won't be the same.
+ 
+\subsection{Subsections}
+ 
+The smallest subdivision for which we have a formal macro
+defined is a subsection.
+Our choice has been to make subsections unnumbered and underlined.
+When you type the command {\bf \\subsection
+$\{$ {\it subsec.heading} $\}$ }
+you get the sort of heading which introduces this paragraph.
+All of the control sequences, {\bf \\chapter}, {\bf \\section} and
+{\bf \\subsection} force the start of a new paragraph, so in principle
+you do not have to skip lines as you type in text.
+However, from the point of being able to proofread your
+typed copy in order to make corrections, not skipping lines
+can be a disaster.
+ 
+The underlining of the text in the section macro is accomplished using
+the control sequence
+\tc{\\undertext $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
+This is a command worth knowing about, but in general using italics
+is a better way to emphasize text.
+ 
+This completes our discussion of the macros which handle the
+generation of titles for the major subdivisions of the usual paper.
+ 
+\section{Other Subdivisions: Appendices and Acknowledgements}
+ 
+In addition to chapters, sections and subsections, papers tend
+to have auxiliary junk attached.
+This extra junk is usually called either
+acknowledgements or appendices.
+To save you the bother of figuring out which font sizes and spacing
+choices are necessary to make these appendages
+consistent with the rest of the paper we also have
+control sequences to generate headings for them.
+Typing the command
+\tc{ \\ack }
+generates the line
+\ack
+Note the beauty of the typeface and the precisely chosen amounts of
+extra space which gracefully offset the title generated with this
+simple command.
+Once again, for the Philistines among you, you can play with
+the fonts using the commands {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\sl}, etc.;
+however, let the esthetic violence you do to the manuscript
+be on your own head.
+ 
+Generating appendices presents us with a slightly more complex
+situation and so you get more choices as to how to proceed.
+The questions which arise at this juncture are
+{\it How many appendices will there be ?\/} and
+{\it How do you want them numbered ?\/}.
+Clearly, if there is to be only one appendix then the choice is
+simple.
+In that event you generate a lovely heading by simply typing
+\tc{ \\appendix }
+which causes \TeX\ to generate the line
+\appendix
+If there are to be many appendices and you want to number them
+in any way which suits you, you only need type
+\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it text} $\}$ }
+note the capital letter appearing as the first letter of this control
+sequence.
+Remember, \TeX\ cares about upper and lowercase, so this is a
+different command from { \bf \\appendix}.
+ 
+Typing
+\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it A} $\}$ }
+generates
+\Appendix{A}
+\noindent Typing
+\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it I} $\}$ }
+generates
+\Appendix{I}
+\endpage
+\noindent and typing
+\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it 1} $\}$ }
+generates
+\Appendix{1}
+ 
+\recallchap \recallsec \advance\chapternumber by 1
+\def\chapterlabel{3.}
+\advance\sectionnumber by 1
+\def\sectionlabel{\number\sectionnumber \quad}
+ 
+This completes the discussion of the basic commands which generate
+division headings.
+Now we turn to a discussion of the special commands which
+PHYZZX has included to allow you to tailor the way in which
+these macros handle numbering conventions.
+ 
+\section{Controlling the Way Chapters are Numbered}
+ 
+The discussion to follow is really not necessary if what you want to
+learn is how to use PHYZZX to type a paper.
+This section is devoted to making PHYZZX do something out of
+the ordinary; i.e., something it ordinarily doesn't want to do.
+ 
+\subsection{Playing With Numbers}
+ 
+There will be times when you want to print out just a
+piece of a paper either because it is long, or because (as I
+understand is the case for that strange group of people called
+{\it experimental physicists}) many people are working on different
+chapters (perhaps even sections) of the same paper.
+In this event you probably want the chapter and section numbers to
+print correctly when you are proof reading so that you don't get
+confused.
+Rest easy, this can be done.
+PHYZZX defines two quantities which it updates and refers to when
+it needs chapter and section numbers.
+These quantities are called {\bf \\chapternumber} and
+{\bf \\sectionnumber} (big surprise!).
+You, as the editor, can tell PHYZZX to set these numbers to a
+specific value, say 7, by typing
+\tc{\\chapternumber$=$7}
+or
+\tc{\\sectionnumber$=$7}
+Note that for the first time you have encountered an $=$
+sign occurring in a statement to \TeX .
+You will encounter this sort of syntax many times,
+in general when it occurs it will be because it is the natural
+way to write something.
+ 
+Once you get involved in fooling with chapter and section numbers
+there are a few things you have to know.
+Both the {\bf \\chapter} and {\bf \\section} macros increase
+the respective chapter or section number by 1 before they print
+anything.
+Thus, if you want to get a chapternumber like 7 you set
+\tc{\\chapternumber$=$6}
+The same is true for setting the section number.
+If you are so perverse as to start in the middle of a chapter, then
+when you set the section number you must also set
+the chapter number, since it appears as part of the section
+heading.
+Actually, the quantity which appears in the section heading is
+called {\\bf \\chapterlabel} and to set it you have to say
+\tc{\\let\\chapterlabel={\it 6}}
+or whatever label you want instead of 6.
+This extra step is required because we really don't think its
+such a great idea to start in the middle of a chapter  and
+so didn't bother to make it too trivial to do so.
+If you are starting a chapter, then you don't have to worry
+about setting the section number since the command {\bf \\chapter}
+automatically resets the section number to 0.
+ 
+\subsection{Changing Styles}
+ 
+Another way you might want to modify the way PHYZZX handles divisions
+is to have it number chapters using letters, or roman numerals,
+instead of arabic numerals.
+Although this defeats the purpose of establishing some sort
+of uniformity of style for preprints, etc., it is possible to do.
+This feature was added to PHYZZX because we recognize that some
+folks, particularly experimentalists, just can't leave well
+enough alone.
+The mood of people like this begins to verge upon hysteria if
+they don't have knobs to twiddle and buttons to push.
+For this small number of benighted souls there exists the
+special command called {\bf \\chapterstyle}.
+You change the way in which PHYZZX numbers chapters by saying
+\settabs 2 \columns
+\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\alphabetic$\}$}& to get
+the l.c. letters a,b,c,$\ldots$ \cr
+\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Alphabetic$\}$}& to get
+the u.c. letters A,B,C,$\ldots$ \cr
+\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\roman$\}$} & to get
+the l.c. roman numerals i,ii,iii,$\ldots$ \cr
+\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Roman$\}$} & to get
+the u.c. roman numerals I,II,III,$\ldots$ \cr
+ 
+There is one more option open to you, that is to have all
+chapters, sections and subsections unnumbered.\foot{Note that
+this implies that all equations will automatically be sequentially
+numbered}
+To select this option you begin your file with the command
+\tc{\\unnumberedchapters}
+This is not too difficult, but it is long to type.
+ 
+One final remark.
+We have not made it possible, other than shutting it off
+completely, for you to change the style used when numbering subsections.
+All you get is {$ chapterlabel.section number $} no matter what you
+do.
+Moreover, the section number is always an arabic numeral.
+If you don't like this, write your own section macro.
+(This isn't as bad as it sounds.  We'll discuss doing this sort of
+thing at the end of this writeup.)
+ 
+\chapter{DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING AND NAMING THEM}
+ 
+We have now discussed the macros available for defining the basic
+parts of a paper and appropriately titling them.
+Now let us turn to the most important
+stuff -- other than text -- which appears in each section; namely
+equations.
+If you've done your homework and read Knuth or {\bf First Grade
+\TeX\ } you know that equations are typed in {\it math mode}
+and that you let \TeX\ know that you are in math mode by
+typing either \$ or \$\$ .
+Enclosing an equation inside a pair of single \$  signs
+puts it in ordinary mode; enclosing the same equation between
+matching pairs of \$\$ signs puts it in display mode.
+Regular math mode is used for inserting equations into a line of
+text.
+Since you have done your homework we don't have to say
+anything about this, since PHYZZX doesn't play with ordinary math mode
+at all.
+Display mode is used for generating equations which are to stand out
+from the ordinary text.
+It allows you to type  \hbreak
+{\bf \$\$} {\it (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 }{\bf\$\$ } \hbreak
+in order to get
+$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 $$
+This is called a displayed equation.
+ 
+Displayed equations are used in all journals and are usually
+numbered.
+In PLAIN \TeX\ there is a built in
+capability for allowing you to generate
+equation numbers; it is the macro {\bf \\eqno}.
+If you type \hbreak
+{\bf \$\$ \it  (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 \bf \\eqno({\it 13}) \$\$ }
+you get
+$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 \eqno(13) $$
+This example shows what the command {\bf \\eqno} does. It makes
+the material appearing to the right of this command into
+a label for the displayed equation and sticks it in the right hand
+side of the line.
+There is also the PLAIN \TeX\ command {\bf \\leqno} which does the same
+thing but puts the equation number on the left.
+For example, typing \hbreak
+{\bf \$\$ \it 7x+12 = 24 \bf \\leqno ({\it 13}) \bf \$\$ } \hbreak
+produces
+$$ 7x + 12 = 24 \leqno(13) $$
+ 
+{\it So}, you ask, {\it what does PHYZZX have to do with this?}
+Well the answer to that question depends upon who you are.
+If you are typing someone else's handwritten manuscript which is
+in final proofread form, then these macros for putting in
+equation numbers are all you need.
+If, however, you are the author of the paper, typing it in yourself,
+either from a rough copy or composing it directly at the
+terminal, then these two commands leave a great deal to be desired.
+ 
+To begin with, if you are anything like me, when composing
+at the typewriter you usually forget the number of the last
+equation you have typed.
+Of course you can always go back and look it up, but this is time
+consuming and sometimes difficult to do.
+In addition if, as is usually the case, you expect the manuscript
+to be changed after it is typed, then it is highly likely
+that equations will be added, deleted and moved around.
+In that case, if you have used {\bf \\eqno} or {\bf \\leqno}
+you will have to go through the text and change all of the
+equation numbers and all references to those numbers each time
+there is a revision.
+Clearly this can get to be a big nuisance.
+Wouldn't it be nice if \TeX\ would just take care of numbering
+all of the equations properly each time it prints the manuscript
+taking into account all of the revisions automatically.\hbreak
+\centerline{{\it Joy of joys} it can be done!}
+ 
+\section{A Simple Solution to Numbering Equations}
+ 
+PHYZZX has a macro {\bf \\eq} which can take care of this chore for
+you automatically.
+All you have to do is type \hbreak
+\tc{ \$\$ \it x + y = {\bf $\{$} 2 {\bf \\over} (x - y) {\bf $\}$}
+\bf  \\eqno\\eq \$\$}
+to get \hbreak
+$$ x + y =  {2 \over (x-y)} \eqno\eq $$
+and you will have automatically generated an equation number.
+The question is, {\it What sort of equation
+number will you generate ?\/}.
+Once again, this is a question of style.
+If you are in the Phys.Rev. format, or in the default Nuclear Physics
+format then the equation label is of the form
+{ \it chapterlabel.equation number}.
+Equations are numbered sequentially within each chapter, but
+when you change chapters the chapter number is increased by
+1 and the equation number is reset to 1.
+If you have chosen the format with unnumbered chapters and sections,
+then {\\eq } will automatically generate sequential equation numbers.
+As far as we are concerned this is the most satisfactory way of
+numbering things.
+For short papers, i.e. those with only one chapter, choose the unnumbered
+chapter format and all of your equations will be numbered sequentially;
+for longer papers, i.e. those which call for dividing them into
+chapters, numbering the equations by their chapter and number within
+the chapter makes it easier to refer to them.
+Sometimes, however, either out of perversity or because a paper
+has many chapters but very few equations, an author wishes to
+choose the format with numbered chapters but sequential equation numbers.
+This will happen if, before entering the first equation in your paper
+you type the command {\bf \\sequentialequations}
+Hence, in the default mode, typing
+\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x +   x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x +  8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it  x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+yields
+\equanumber=0
+$$  7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  3x +   x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  4x +  8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  7x +  4x^2 = 0  \eqno\eq $$
+$$   x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$
+If, however, you first type {\bf \\sequentialequations};
+then typing \hbreak
+\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x +   x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x +  8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+\tcon{ \$\$ \it  x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ }
+yields
+\sequentialequations
+$$  7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  3x +   x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  4x +  8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$
+$$  7x +  4x^2 = 0  \eqno\eq $$
+$$   x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$
+ 
+Since you are an astute reader you have no doubt noticed
+that what I have told you to this point only solves half of the
+problem.
+While {\bf \\eq} automatically generates equation numbers
+which, each time you run the paper through \TeX\ ,
+are automatically updated to conform to the order in which
+they appear in the text, we have no a priori way of knowing what these
+numbers are.
+The question is, {\it How do we get hold of these numbers so that
+we can refer to them in the text?\/}
+Well, {\bf \\eq} provides a partial solution to this problem by
+definiing the control sequence {\bf \\?} a synonym for that
+number each time it is invoked.
+Hence, typing {\bf \\?} at any point in the text causes \TeX\ to
+print the number of the last equation in which you used the
+command {\bf \\eq}.
+For example by typing {\it equation \bf \\?} we cause \TeX\ to print
+equation \? , which is the number of the last equation
+appearing in our examples.
+The only thing wrong with this solution is that the meaning of
+the symbol {\bf \\?} changes each time you invoke {\bf \\eq},
+so what happens if you want to refer back to an equation
+at several different points in the text?
+ 
+\section{Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool}
+ 
+In order to make it possible to refer back to a specific equation
+without knowing its number, PHYZZX has a way of giving the equation
+a symbolic name, like {\bf \\?}, which will always stand for the
+number of that equation.
+The macro which accomplishes this feat does this at the same time
+it generates (and prints) the number associated with this
+equation.
+Since this command does just one more thing than the command
+{\bf \\eq} does, we have given it a name which is just one
+letter longer; the name is {\bf \\eqn}.
+To use {\bf \\eqn} you type
+\tc{ \\eqn\\{\it equation\_name}}
+\equanumber=6
+Note carefully the \\ appearing before the equation name inside the
+braces.
+This backslash must always precede the name itself because you
+are using {\bf \\eqn} to define a new control sequence and, as
+we have already noted, control sequences always start with a \\ .
+Also note the grouping symbols.
+They tell \TeX\ to include everything in the braces as the
+equation name and they are necessary.
+To use this command you type something like \nextline
+{\bf {\it the value of} \$ \\pi \$ {\it is}} \nextline
+\tc{ \$\$ \\pi \\approx {\it 3.14159 } \\eqn\\{\it valueofpi}  \$\$ }
+to obtain \nextline
+ 
+the value of $\pi$ is
+$$ \pi \approx 3.14159 \eqn\valueofpi $$
+If you now type       \nextline
+{\it the circumference of a circle is given by} \nextline
+{\bf \$\$ {\it 2} \\pi {\it r}
+\^\  {\it 2} \\eqn\\{\it circumference} \$\$ }\nextline
+you define a new equation number and a new name.
+The result of this is  \nextline
+ 
+\noindent the circumference of a circle is given by
+$$  2\pi r^2 \eqn\circumference $$
+If we now type {\bf \\valueofpi} we get \valueofpi ,
+if we type {\bf \\circumference} we get \circumference .
+ 
+A little thought will convince you that this ability to name
+equations is a very powerful time saving tool.
+By giving names to equations you are able to refer to them
+at will without ever giving a thought to the number they
+will be assigned when the paper is printed.
+If you use the command {\bf \\eqn\\{\it name}} to
+deal with the numbering problem, then the number assigned to the
+equation and all references to the equation will always be correct.
+It won't matter if you delete equations, add equations, move
+equations around, or decide to switch from the normal conventions
+for numbering equations to sequential numbering, etc.
+ 
+\subsection{Restrictions on Equation Names}
+ 
+There are only a few simple rules you should observe when giving
+names to equations using the command {\bf \\eq}
+\pointbegin
+First, the name has to be proceeded by a \\ as we already noted
+\point
+Second, the rest of the name has to be all letters.
+{\it No numbers are allowed\/}.
+You may however use upper and lowercase letters, and names can
+be arbitrarily long.
+Everyone seems to have his own favorite way of naming equations
+in order to facilitate referring back to them later.
+I invite you to play around with this until you find a scheme
+which makes you comfortable.
+\point
+Third, try to remember to always use a different name for each
+equation.
+Neither \TeX\ nor PHYZZX will warn you if you give two equations
+the same name.
+They will quite happily change the meaning of the
+previously defined name to mean the number of the last equation
+to which you have given that name.
+If you wish this to happen, o.k., however be sure that is what you
+want or you will be in for some surprises later.
+\point
+Finally, {\it never use the name of any macro for an equation name},
+this road surely leads to disaster.
+For example, if you accidentally type {\bf \\eqn\\bf}
+you not only change the previous meaning of {\bf \\bf} but you
+also mess up any macro which uses that control sequence.
+ 
+As an example of this I note that the names {\bf \\herman},
+{\bf \\Suzanne}, {\bf \\duMMy } are all good names; however,
+{\bf \\jerk3}, {\bf \\don't} and {\bf \\sl} are not.
+There is one exception to this rule, you can give the name {\bf \\?}
+to an equation, which is what the macro {\bf \\eq} does.
+This is useful only if you intend to use it as a temporary name
+for an equation that will be referred to once or twice before
+the name is redefined.
+If you really want to give use numbers for you equation names
+roman numerals are all right.
+You can name equations {\bf \\eqi},{\bf \\eqii},$\ldots$,
+{\bf \\eqix }, etc.
+ 
+\section{Other Macros For Naming Equations}
+ 
+We have already noted that \TeX\ allows you to put equations
+on the left hand side of a line using the macro {\bf \\leqno}.
+For this reason, we too need a version of the naming macros
+which do the same thing.
+The obvious name for such a macro would be {\bf \\leqn}
+and it is invoked by typing
+\tc{\\leqn\\{\it equation.name}}
+If you include this in an equation the number comes out on the left.
+ 
+In addition to this obvious addition to the macro set
+there are macros meant to be used for the automatic numbering of
+aligned equations.
+To learn about aligned equations you should read in the \TeX book
+or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }.
+Assuming that you have done so, let me remind you how about how
+aligned equations are generated, in order to set the stage for
+explaining how the macros {\bf \\eqinsert}, {\bf \\leqinsert},
+{\bf \\mideqn} and {\bf \\midleqn} work.
+ 
+Aligned equations are, as the name implies, a set of equations
+which appear one after the other.
+In order to make the spacing between these equations look nice
+and in order to make them line up so as not to look messy
+PLAIN \TeX\ introduces the macro {\bf \\eqalign}.
+This macro produces a list of equations which are aligned with
+respect to some common feature of each equation, for example
+an $=$ sign.
+As with single displayed equations \TeX\ allows you to number these
+sets of equations as if they are a single equation by using the
+commands {\bf \\eqno}, {\bf \\leqno}.
+PHYZZX, too, is kind and permits exactly the same thing; to do this you
+use the commands {\bf \\eqn} and {\bf \\leqn}.
+Since {\bf \\eqalign} is a macro whose argument is the text of the
+equations, the way to use {\bf \\eqn}, etc. is to type them
+{\it after} the right $\}$ which closes the {\bf \\eqalign}    %{
+command.
+For example, typing \nextline
+{\bf \$\$ \\eqalign$\{$ \\cos $\{$ \\pi \\over {\it 6} $\}$\\ = \& \\
+\\sqrt$\{${\it 3/4}$\}$ \\cr \nextline
+\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 4}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 1/2}$\}$ \\cr
+\nextline
+\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 3}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 8}$\}$ \\cr $\}$
+\\eqn\\trig \$\$ }\nextline
+yields
+$$ \eqalign{\cos{\pi \over 6}\ = &\ \sqrt{3/4} \cr
+\cos{\pi\over 4}\ = &\ \sqrt{1/2} \cr
+\cos{\pi \over 3}\ =&\ \sqrt{8} \cr} \eqn\trig $$
+ 
+\subsection{Things to Remember About {\bf \\eqalign}}
+ 
+\pointbegin
+The entire argument of {\bf \\eqalign} must be enclosed in braces.
+Successive rows of the equation must be separated by the control
+symbol {\bf \\cr} to tell \TeX\ to make a carriage return.
+\point
+Every row contains two parts (or {\it templates}) separated
+by the special tabulation symbol \&.
+This symbol tells \TeX\ what character you want to line up in each
+line of the set of equations.
+If you want half of some of the lines to be empty that is all right,
+but the symbol \& must always appear.
+Left and right braces within a {\it template} must balance separately.
+\point
+PLAIN \TeX\ sometimes puts aligned equations too close together.
+If you want to force {\bf \\eqalign} to spread the lines apart
+somewhat there is a special control symbol for doing this.
+All you have to do is type {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it space}$\}$}
+instead of {\bf \\cr} at the end of each line.
+For example, {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 12pt}$\}$ } will force
+the lines 12pt further apart.
+The control sequence {\bf \\crr} is an abbreviation for
+{\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 10pt}$\}$}.
+ 
+Although it is not obvious from the previous example, {\bf \\eqalign}
+won't always put the equation number where you would like it.
+For example, if one of the equation lines is very long and
+pushes into the right hand margin, then {\bf \\eqalign} will
+put the equation number on a separate line below the last equation
+in the set.
+If, as often happens, there is only one or two long lines and
+there is room on one of the other lines for an equation number
+you can force \TeX\ to put it there if you wish.
+The way to do this is to use the PLAIN \TeX\ control sequence
+{\bf \\eqinsert} immediately following the {\bf \\cr} or
+{\bf \\cropen} ending the line you wish to have the equation on.
+If you type \nextline
+{\bf \$\$} $\ldots$ {\bf =\&} $\ldots$ {\bf \\cr \\eqinsert$\{$
+{\it equation.number}$\}$ \$\$ } \nextline
+then you get the equation number you specify on the line
+indicated.
+The corresponding PHYZZX macros which allow you to do this
+while at the same time automatically generating a name and number
+for the aligned set of equations are
+\tc{\\mideqn\\{\it name}}
+If you don't want to name the equation at the same time that
+you automatically generate a number for it you can simply use
+\tc{\\eqinsert\\eq}
+ 
+\subsection{Numbering Aligned Equations Independently}
+ 
+Sometimes you will wish to generate a set of aligned equations
+but refer to each of them individually.
+In this case you will wish to be able to number them independently.
+PLAIN \TeX\ provides the control sequence {\bf \\eqaligno}
+to handle this eventuality.
+The command {\bf \\eqaligno} works like {\bf \\eqalign}
+except that each equation line consists of three
+parts (or {\it templates\/}) separated by the character \&.
+The third template is where you put the appropriate label for
+that line of the set of equations.
+If you wish to number each equation line sequentially without
+generating a name, then all you have to do is type \nextline
+{\bf \$\$  \\eqaligno $\{$ {\it junk} \& {\it more junk} \&
+\\eq \\cr $\}$ \$\$ }\nextline
+If, however, you wish to name each line separately
+you {\it may not} use the macro {\bf \\eqn}.
+It will not work and will give you a peculiar message of the form
+{\it you cannot use {\bf \\eqno} inside {\bf \\eqalign}}.
+To name individual lines of aligned equations the correct macro
+to use is {\bf \\eqnalign $\{$ \\{\it name} $\}$ } as the
+entry for the third template followed by the command {\bf \\cr}.
+The same command will work in {\bf \\leqaligno} which works
+in exactly the same way as {\bf \\eqalign} but puts the contents
+of the third template to the left of each equation instead of to
+the right.
+In general, {\bf \\leqaligno} causes more difficulties than
+{\bf \\eqaligno} and you should read about it in the \TeX book
+before using it.
+ 
+\chapter{REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE CAPTIONS:
+THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING }
+ 
+\section{References: Stuff Which Comes at the Back}
+ 
+To this point we have discussed the partitioning of a document
+into it's major parts, and the automatic numbering and naming
+of equations.
+We now come to the question of generating references.
+In general a reference is signaled by attaching a
+label or reference mark, i.e.
+either a superscripted number or a superscripted number
+enclosed in delimiters (e.g., braces, brackets or parentheses),
+to a specified word in the text.
+This number indicates that in the back of the document, on a page
+(or pages) labelled REFERENCES, one will find a corresponding
+chunk of text prefaced by the same number.
+This text will usually be
+a reference to work published in some journal
+or some comment which is only marginally relevant to the subject
+being discussed.
+Your problem as typist and editor is to generate the appropriate
+number, attach it to the desired word and then type the desired
+text into a separate file of text at the same time numbering it
+with the corresponding number.
+You therefore are faced with several formatting decisions;
+namely, how to attach the reference number to the word in
+the text, and how to format the references when they are typed
+in the back of the paper.
+Clearly, there is a real need for a macro
+to help you handle this dull and repetitive chore.
+ 
+\subsection{What features should such a macro possess ?}
+ 
+First it should handle the task of
+attaching the desired number to the designated word, and
+then it should file away the pertinent text in a form which will
+allow it to be printed at the end of the paper.
+In addition to the mechanical act of attaching the reference mark and
+sending the text to another page, we would also like it
+to automatically generate the number for us; so that we don't have to
+constantly refer back to the number of the last reference
+inserted.
+As in the case of equations, this would be nice, since then
+the numbering will automatically come out correct even if we
+add, delete or move references around.
+Finally, since one often cites the same reference
+in many places in the text, it would be nice for the macro to
+allow us to name a reference (in the same way we named equations)
+so that we can cite it without ever knowing exactly
+what number PHYZZX has assigned to it.\nextline
+ 
+\centerline{PHYZZX \it has the macro capability to do all of this
+and more.}
+ 
+Since, however,
+there are may different ways in which people like to
+generate and cite references we had to make the commands for
+carrying out these tasks more flexible than those which we
+have been discussing to now.
+For this reason there are more of them to learn about
+and their syntax is a little more complicated.
+We will take them one at a time in increasing order of
+generality.
+ 
+\subsection{Single References}
+ 
+Let us deal with the simplest case first.
+Suppose you wish to generate a reference, mark the appropriate word
+and save the indicated text for printing in the back of the paper.
+The command used to accomplish this feat is
+{\bf \\ref}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{ \\ref$\{$\it text$\}$}
+where the indicated text is the material which you wish to have
+appear in the back of the paper.
+For example if you type\ref{This is the place you want to put a
+reference}{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it This is the place you want to put a
+reference \bf $\}$}; then PHYZZX will, as you see, generate a
+reference number, attach it to the word immediately preceding
+the macro command and store the text in a file on your A disk.
+Each time you invoke the macro {\bf \\ref} it increases the
+reference number by 1 and adds the next reference to the file on
+your A disk.
+Anytime that you wish to print this file all you have to do is
+type the command {\bf \\refout}.
+Normally, you would wait to do this until the end of the document;
+however, to see what happens we will now type {\bf \\refout} to
+obtain
+\nobreak
+\refout
+ 
+\referencecount=0
+Note, that the simple command {\bf \\ref} is like the command {\bf \\eq}:
+it automatically numbers the reference and stores it away,
+however it does not allow you the freedom of naming it.
+It is like {\bf \\eq} in another way;
+like {\bf \\eq} it automatically
+gives the reference the name {\bf \\?}.
+This allows you to refer to the last reference until
+you do something to redefine {\bf \\?}.
+Clearly, this command has only
+limited flexibility and one needs a more sophisticated command
+to allow you to individually name each reference.
+The command which does this is {\bf \\Ref}; the syntax for this
+command is
+\tc{\\Ref\\{\it name}$\{${\it text of reference}$\}$}
+where {\it name} is the name you wish to assign to this
+reference and {\it text} is the material which you wish to have
+appear on the page of references at the back of the document.
+To use the command {\bf \\Ref} you simply begin typing the
+appropriate reference immediately following the word to which
+the reference number is to be attached.
+For example if you type \nextline
+$ \ldots $ {\it this is the result obtained by Banks and
+Kaplunovsky{\bf \\Ref\\}junkname{\bf $\{$}T.\~\ Banks
+and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$}
+you get \nextline
+$\ldots$ this is the result
+obtained by Banks and Kaplnovsky\Ref{\junkname}{T.~Banks
+and V.~Kaplunovsky}\nextline
+Note that the word Kaplunovsky has a superscripted version of the
+current reference number attached to it and the text has disappeared.
+The text is stored away in a file called
+{\bf referenc.texauxil}.
+This file is automatically stored on your A disk
+when the \TeX\ file is processed.
+Once again, to print this stuff we type {\bf \\refout}
+ 
+\refout
+ 
+\noindent If we wish to refer to this reference we need only type
+{\it Ref. {\bf \\junkname}} to obtain Ref.\junkname .
+Note that when you type {\bf \\junkname} you do not automatically
+get a space after the number generated, even if you typed one.
+This is because \TeX\ eats a space which appears after a control
+sequence.
+If you want a space to follow the number you should type
+{\bf \\junkname\\ \quad }; i.e., {\bf \\junkname} followed
+by a {\bf \\ \it (space)}, which is \TeX 's control sequence for an
+extra space.
+ 
+\subsection{Gaining Ultimate Control of Referencing}
+ 
+Recapping, we see that
+the command {\bf \\Ref} basically does for references what {\bf \\eqn}
+does for equations.
+Ordinarily, {\bf \\Ref} is the most convenient version of the
+reference command and will be the one you will use most
+often.
+There will be situations, however, where you wish to generate a named
+reference without generating its reference mark.
+For example, you may be typing a formula, or a footnote and wish
+to put the superscripted reference mark inside the footnote or formula
+(or for that matter, inside some {\bf \\hbox} which you are
+defining).
+You must be careful because the command
+{\bf \\Ref} cannot be used in these situations.
+This has to do with the way in which it goes about doing its job.
+You really don't have to know the reasons why it won't work,
+you just have to know it won't.
+This problem is easily solved if you know how to use the most
+flexible form of the reference command; namely, the command
+\tc{\\REF\\{\it junkname}$\{$ {\it text }$\}$}
+As you see the syntax of this command is identical to {\bf \\Ref}
+and in fact, it does almost exactly the same thing.
+It generates a dummy name ({\bf \\junkname}) and writes the text
+material into the file {\bf referenc.texauxil}.
+The difference is that when {\bf \\REF} is finished it does not
+attach the reference mark to the preceding word.
+To attach the reference mark to a specific word you type the command
+{\bf \\refend} immediately following that word.
+Basically, what {\bf \\Ref} does is invoke the command {\bf \\REF}
+immediately followed by the command {\bf \\refend}.
+Dividing the reference generating command from the
+command which attaches the reference mark
+solves all of the aforementioned problems.
+If you wish to put a reference in a forbidden place, like a footnote,
+or hbox, or formula, all you have to do is use {\bf \\REF}
+somewhere before you enter the forbidden territory and then use
+{\bf \\refend} immediately following the place where you want the
+reference mark.
+ 
+\subsection{Generating Your Own Reference Marks}
+ 
+Since the referencing commands are the ones which are
+most often played with (because
+so many people have their own styles for referencing things) it
+is worth spending a few moments giving you a better understanding
+of the various subcommands which go into their construction.
+First, you should know that the current value of the number
+assigned to the last reference
+is filed away under the name
+{\bf \\referencecount}.
+To get hold of this number you type
+\tc{\\number\\referencecount}
+and then \TeX\ will type out the current value of this number.
+PHYZZX attaches this number to a word by invoking
+the command {\bf \\refmark}.
+The syntax of the control sequence {\bf \\refmark} is
+\tc{\\refmark$\{$ {\it number or name of reference}$\}$ }
+When this command is issued PHYZZX tells \TeX\ to generate a
+superscripted version of the material appearing inside the braces
+and attach it to the word immediately preceding the place where you
+typed this control sequence.
+It is not advisable to leave spaces between the word
+and the command {\bf \\refmark} (or for that matter {\bf \\ref, \\Ref}
+and {\bf \\refend}),
+because if space is left it might creep into the text.
+The command {\bf \\refmark} does one more thing, it changes the
+appearance of the reference mark depending upon whether the paper
+is in Nuclear Physics or Physical Review format.
+ 
+Since I have referred to {\bf \\refmark} as a subcommand
+it is only fair to give an example of how it is used.
+One place is in the definition of the command {\bf \\refend}.
+PHYZZX defines the command {\bf \\refend} to mean
+\tc{\\refmark$\{$\\number\\referencecount$\}$}
+Using {\bf \\REF} to define a reference outside
+of a forbidden region and using {\bf \\refend} inside this region
+to generate the reference mark provides only a partial solution to the
+problem we have been discussing.
+This is because {\bf \\refend} causes the current value
+of {\bf \\referencecount} to be printed.
+If, for some reason you wish to delay the printing of
+several reference names; or, if you wish to mix and match various
+references and stick them in a single reference mark, you can
+do this by typing {\bf \\refmark$\{$ \\junkname} $\ldots$ {\bf $\}$}
+In this way you can gain all but stylistic control
+of your reference marks.
+It is still true that {\bf \\refmark} changes the form of the
+reference mark depending upon whether the paper is headed for
+Phys.Rev. or Nucl.Phys.
+ 
+To gain total control of your reference marks
+you need to use the command {\bf \\attach}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\attach$\{$ \it stuff \bf $\}$}
+What {\bf \\attach} does is put {\it stuff} into math mode,
+make a superscript out of it and attach it to the word that
+comes before.
+It also spaces from that word so as to make the attached
+quantity look most natural.
+The {\bf \\attach} command does nothing at all to the reference
+mark and it is independent of the format of the paper.
+ 
+\subsection{Multiple References}
+ 
+You have now learned all you should know about generating
+single references and taking complete control of the way in which
+they generate reference marks.
+However, you still do not know everything about the
+way in which PHYZZX can handle references.
+This is because we have not yet discussed the question of
+multiple references.
+ 
+{\it What is a multiple reference?} and {\it Why should I care about
+multiple references?} you ask.
+Good question!
+In principle you don't need to care about them at all.
+You already have the basic tools for handling any referencing problem
+should the need arise, all you need to do is
+use the commands {\bf \\REF} and {\bf \\refmark}.
+Nevertheless, since multiple references occur frequently, especially
+in experimental papers, they merit a special
+construct to make them simpler to handle.
+ 
+The problem of generating multiple references comes up
+when you reach a point in the text where you wish to
+add a reference to several authors and at the same time
+you do not wish to have this saved as a single reference.
+This may happen for several reasons, the principal reason
+being that you may wish to refer to some of these references
+individually at a later point in the text.
+In this case there exists a set of commands which allow you
+to do this.
+These commands allow you to tell \TeX\ that the material to
+follow will define and name several references.
+They assign a number to each of these references,
+store them away individually and then attach the reference mark \nextline
+$\{$ {\it number of first ref. in set -- number of last ref. in set}$\}$
+\nextline
+The presence or absence of delimiters (in the form of brackets) depends
+upon whether or not you have typed {\bf \\PHYSREV}.
+The commands which perform this service are
+\tc{\\REFS\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text \bf$\}$}
+\tcon{\\REFSCON\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+and
+\tc{\\refsend  .}
+ 
+To use these commands to generate multiple references you invoke
+them sequentially.
+For example, suppose you wish the next three references to form
+a single multiple reference.
+Begin by selecting the word to which you wish to attach the
+reference mark.
+After the word to which you wish to attach the appropriate
+reference mark, you type in the first reference
+\referencecount=0
+\REFS\first{This is the first reference of a series.}
+\REFSCON\second{The papers just mentioned are unimaginative,
+stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.}
+\REFSCON\third{I am running out of references.}
+by typing \nextline
+{\bf \\REFS\\{\it first}\bf $\{$ \it
+This is the first reference of a series. \bf $\}$} \nextline
+You then type the next reference using the command {\bf \\REFSCON}
+as follows \nextline
+{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it second}\bf $\}\{$ \it
+The papers just mentioned are unimaginative,
+stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.\bf $\}$} \nextline
+In the same way you continue with {\bf \\REFSCON} to generate
+all succeeding references.
+Hence, to input the third reference you type \nextline
+{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it third}\bf $\{$ \it
+I am running out of references. \bf $\}$ } \nextline
+You finally cause PHYZZX to generate the reference mark by
+typing\refsend
+\tc{\\refsend}
+after the closing brace of the last reference.
+As you see, this set of macros has kept track of the numbers
+of the references, filed the text for
+each reference away and finally combined the number of the first
+and last reference in the set into a single reference mark and
+attached it to the word {\it typing}.
+To see what has been filed away we type {\bf \\refout}
+and obtain
+ 
+\refout
+ 
+If you wish to generate an automatically numbered multiple
+reference but have no need to name the individual references
+then we provide the commands {\bf \\refs} and {\bf \\refscon}.
+The syntax of these commands are
+\tc{\\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
+and
+\tc{\\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
+The command {\bf \\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} is equivalent
+to {\bf \\REFS\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
+and the command {\bf \\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+is equivalent to {\bf \\REFSCON\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}.
+The fact that the name {\bf \\?} is assigned
+to each reference in turn makes it less useful than in the command
+{\bf \\ref} and so you would not tend to use this command unless
+you are typing an already finalized manuscript.
+ 
+\subsection{The Problem of Long References }
+ 
+First, you we should observe that there is no problem combining
+many citations in a single reference.
+Obviously, this can be done by typing them in as the argument
+of any one of the reference commands.
+If, however, you wish to have a series of citations all appear
+under the same number, but wish to have them appear on
+individual lines all you have to do is follow each one by the
+command {\bf \\nextline}.
+What {\bf \\nextline} does is generate a neat break and starts
+\TeX\ off printing the material which follows at the beginning of
+a new line.
+The important fact about {\bf \\nextline} is that it preserves
+the indentation of the text established by the reference macro.
+ 
+This brings us to the second point.
+{\it What happens if you wish to have a reference which consists
+of several paragraphs ?\/}
+Here you have to be careful, since if you use the command {\bf \\par}
+or leave a blank line (which amounts to the same thing)
+you will spoil the indentation of the text material.
+To avoid this a special macro exists called {\bf \\subpar}.
+To get vertical space between text in a single reference
+type the command {\bf \\subpar}
+whenever you would ordinarily insert
+the command {\bf \\par} or leave a blank line.
+It will accomplish the same feat as {\bf \\par \\noindent}
+but it will not mess up the formatting of the reference page.
+ 
+Having discussed the way to properly generate long references, we
+now come to the problems this will cause.
+The fact is, \TeX\ has trouble writing long lines to
+an external file.
+Since, as far as \TeX\ is concerned the argument of any one of
+the reference macros is just one long line, there will come the
+time when \TeX\ will complain in a mysterious way.
+If you are running interactively it will issue a horrible looking
+PASCAL error message (sending the unforwarned into a case of
+cardiac arrest) and then continue with its processing.
+Since \TeX\ will resume processing after this frightening hiatus
+you will promptly recover, shake your head and say {\it Ain't
+computers peculiar?\/}.
+You will also, in all probability, ignore the fact that it happened.
+This will be a mistake.
+If you look in {\bf referenc.texauxil} on your A disk, you will find
+that \TeX\ has found one of the references is too long
+and has chopped it off, replacing most of the text by
+{\bf \\ETC}.
+I presume that in general this will not be what you intended.
+\nextline
+\titlestyle{\twelvepoint \it Have no fear, PHYZZX is here !}\nextline
+There is a control sequence which solves this problem; unfortunately,
+it is not a really neat solution.
+The solution is to go back into the reference and type
+{\bf \\splitout} at various places in the text.
+This command tells \TeX\ to begin sending a new line to the
+file.
+As I said, this is a solution but not an elegant one.
+We are saddened that the elegant solution has escaped us and
+hope that a \TeX pert out there will tell us a better way to proceed.
+ 
+\subsection{Questions of Style}
+ 
+Sometimes you will wish to attach a reference mark to a word
+which is immediately followed by a comma.
+This presents you with two choices neither of which produce
+truly satisfactory text.
+If you type \nextline
+\ $\ldots $ {\it this is the place,}{\bf \\refend} \nextline
+you get \nextline
+$\ldots $ this is the place,\refend \nextline
+and if you type  \nextline
+$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\refend}, \nextline
+you get
+$\ldots $ this is the place\refend , \nextline
+In the first case the reference mark is really attached to the
+comma, causing an unsightly extra amount of space;
+in the second case the reference mark separates the word from
+the comma, which is even worse.
+The way out of this predicament is to make use of Knuth's
+command {\bf \\rlap}
+If you type \nextline
+$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\rlap},{\bf \\refend} \nextline
+you get \nextline
+$\ldots $ this is the place\rlap,\refend \nextline
+which is much better.
+Obviously the same trick applies to the macros
+{\bf \\refsend}, {\bf \\refmark}, {\bf \\ref}, {\bf \\Ref} and
+{\bf \\attach}.
+ 
+Because of the way references work you always get a single
+space after an attached reference.
+Basically this means that if you attach the reference mark to
+the last word in a sentence, the next sentence will start too
+close.
+There is a way out of this dilemma.
+Type  \nextline
+{\it the  end of the world}{\bf \\rlap}.{\bf \\refend\\ \quad}
+The next\nextline
+which will produce \nextline
+the end of the world\rlap .\refend\   The next \nextline
+The {\bf \\ \quad} forces more space between the sentences.
+ 
+Finally, if you need a reference followed by a colon and want
+to get rid of the extra space that the reference macro puts in
+simply type {\bf \\refend\\unskip}.
+The command {\bf \\unskip} is a Knuth construct which eats
+the last extra space you entered.
+(Actually, it eats the last bit of glue that
+was inserted into the text, but that is a matter for \TeX perts.)
+ 
+\subsection{Typing Journal Entries: A Convenient Macro }
+ 
+Since many of the references which appear in a paper are
+citations of articles appearing in various physics journals
+we have a special macro to handle this problem.
+The reason one uses a macro to do this is that \TeX perts
+are expected to typeset such references with the journal name
+in as slanted ({\bf \\sl}) font, the volume number in boldface
+({\bf \\bf}) font and the remaining text in roman ({\bf \\rm}) font.
+You can either remember to do all of this or you can use the
+command {\bf \\journal}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\journal{\it journal name}{\bf \&}{\it volume number}%
+{\bf (}{\it year}\bf )}
+This command is used inside any
+one of the reference commands as follows:
+if you want to obtain the same result as typing \nextline
+{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf \\sl
+\it Nucl. Phys. \bf \~\
+\\bf \it B211 \bf \\rm \it (1983) 529 \bf $\}$} \nextline
+you need only type \nextline
+{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf
+\\journal \it Nucl.Phys.\bf \& \it B211 (83) 529 $\}$}
+This will produce a reference entry of the form \nextline
+\refitem{1.} T.~Banks and V.~Kaplunovsky \journal Nucl.Phys. & B211 (83)
+529
+ 
+Note, the blanks before {\bf \\journal}, before and after the
+character {\bf \&} and before and after the {\it (year)} are
+optional.
+If everything is working as it should they will have no effect
+on the final result.
+On the other hand, be careful about blanks within the parentheses;
+if you put them in they will appear.
+Thus, typing ( 83 ) produces a different result from typing (83).
+The first will result in the journal year being typed as 19 83
+and not 1983 which is, presumably, the desired result.
+ 
+\section{Figures and Tables}
+ 
+There are two other things which tend to appear at the end
+of a paper and to which one refers in the text.
+These are Figure Captions and Table Captions.
+In general these things come up as you are typing
+in some text and decide {\it Aha! This is a good place for a figure
+(or table)}.
+As with equations and references, it is convenient to be able
+to generate a number for this figure(table), name it and file
+away the text of the figure caption (or something which will remind
+you what figure you wanted to put there) in a file called
+{\bf figures.texauxil} (or {\bf tables.texauxil}) to be printed
+at the end of the paper.
+The commands which accomplish this feat are
+\tc{\\FIG\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text $\}$}
+and
+\tc{\\TABLE\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+As in all other variants of this naming convention,
+{\bf \\name} will be the name of the figure (or table)
+generated, and {\it text} is the material to be stored away
+in a file on your A disk.
+These commands work like the reference or equation commands
+in that the numbering is automatic and
+will always be correct no matter how you subsequently modify the
+text.
+The commands, analagous to {\bf \\refout}, which print the
+list of figure or table captions are
+\tc{\\figout}
+and
+\tc{\\tabout}
+which should come as no big surprise.
+ 
+There is a fundamental way in which the figure and table caption
+macros differ from the reference macros; namely, they do not
+automatically generate a reference mark.
+This is because you normally want to say something like \nextline
+$\ldots$ {\it as you can see from Fig. 7 } \nextline
+or something like that.
+The basic macros, i.e. {\bf \\FIG} or {\bf \\TABLE} permit
+you to type this in as you please.
+For example, one way to have \TeX\ generate the line above
+is to type \nextline \figurecount=7
+{$\ldots $ \it as you can see from \bf \\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text
+\bf $\}$} Fig.{\bf \~\ \\?} \nextline
+which will produce  \nextline
+$\ldots $ as you can see in \FIG{\?}{this is the picture of the Mona
+Lisa generated as a fractile} Fig.~\? \nextline
+Obviously, using this form of the command (either for a figure or
+a table) you have total control of what follows.
+Moreover, for simplicity I chose to name the figure {\bf \\?}
+since I only intended to refer to it this one time.
+It is clear that I could have given it any name.
+ 
+For those of you who are happy to use the command exactly in this
+way, i.e. to name the figure {\bf \\?}, file away the caption
+and then type either {\it Fig.\~\ \\?} or {\it fig.\~\ \\?}
+there are two macros, named {\bf \\Fig} and {\bf \\fig}
+respectively.
+The syntax of these commands is somewhat simpler; namely,
+\tc{\\Fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+and
+\tc{\\fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
+They are the analogues of the set of reference macros which
+automatically generate a reference mark whose name is {\bf \\?}
+after filing away the text of the figure caption.
+What they do is first execute the command \nextline
+\tc{\\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+and then follow this by either Fig.\~\ or fig.\~\ .
+The analagous macro for tables is
+\tc{\\Table$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}
+which performs the same task as typing
+\tc{\\TABLE\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ \rm Table\bf \~\ \\?}
+ 
+This completes our discussion of macros associated with {\it things
+which come at the back}.
+ 
+\chapter{FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH COME AT THE BOTTOM}
+ 
+Everybody knows what a footnote is and you have already seen an
+example of a footnote appearing on page~5.
+Basically what a footnote macro has to do is
+attach a footnote mark to a specified word and then
+file away material to be put at the bottom of the page
+(in ten point type).
+The macro has to decide what to do if the footnote is too long,
+or if many footnotes appear on the same page.
+In addition, it has to decide what footnote mark to generate.
+PHYZZX has two macros which carry out this feat.
+ 
+The first macro, {\bf \\foot}, has the syntax
+\tc{\\foot$\{$ \it text $\}$}
+where the text of the footnote is to be inserted between the
+braces.
+When you invoke this command immediately following the word
+to which you want to attach a footnote mark it does several
+things.
+First it generates the footnote mark and attaches it to the
+preceding word.
+If you are in the Nucl.Phys. format, this symbol will automatically
+be chosen from the set of symbols $\star$, $\dagger$, $\ast$,
+$\ddagger$, $\natural$, $\diamond$, $\bullet$ and $\nabla$.
+The macro will continually cycle through this table, according
+to a specified algorithm, in such a way that the same symbol
+will not (except in truly extraordinary circumstances) appear twice
+on a single page.
+If you are in PHYSREV mode, then the footnote mark will be a
+superscripted $\sharp$ sign followed by the current value of
+{\bf \\number\\footsymbolcount}.
+This is a truly ugly convention, however it is included only
+to provide something for people who insist on numbering footnotes.
+Actually, Phys.Rev. does not like footnotes and preferes this
+material be included in with the references as endnotes.
+ 
+Note, that as with references, the text of a footnote is
+indented using the \TeX\ command {\bf \\hangindent},
+hence to insert multi-paragraph footnotes one cannot use the {\bf \\par}
+command but must use instead the {\bf \\subpar} command.
+If you don't do this, but use {\bf \\par} (or equivalently insert a
+blank line) then \TeX\ will, obligingly, turn off the {\bf \\hangindent}.
+This will, of course, mess up the footnote considerably.
+ 
+\subsection{Hints and Warnings}
+ 
+Since footnotes use \TeX 's basic {\bf \\insert} command,
+they are meant to be used in {\it unrestricted horizontal mode}.
+In other words, you use them inside paragraphs, but outside
+of {\bf \\hbox}, {\bf \\centerline} or similar commands.
+If you don't understand the meaning of the phrase {\it unrestricted
+horizontal mode} you should read about it in the \TeX book,
+or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }.
+This fact means that one has to be careful in attempting combine
+certain other control sequences with the {\bf \\foot} command.
+ 
+\pointbegin
+Do not define references, figure captions, table captions, etc.,
+inside the text of a footnote.
+If you must put a reference mark inside a footnote use the command
+{\bf \\REF} somewhere before you start the footnote and then
+use {\bf \\refend} inside the text of the footnote.
+ 
+\point
+If you choose to invoke a footnote when you are in vertical mode
+between paragraphs, then the footnote, complete with its footnote
+mark, will be generated; however, since there is nothing to
+attach this mark to, no superscripted footnote mark will appear.
+Since the command will generate a footnote mark, the counter
+{\bf \\footsymbolcount} will be advanced and so, insofar as PHYZZX
+is concerned, the symbol is waiting around to be used.
+Hence, if you wish to attach this symbol to a word at a later point
+this can be accomplished by use of the subcommand {\bf \\footattach}.
+All you have to do to use {\bf \\footattach} is type it immediately
+following the word to which you wish to attach the footnote mark.
+This command works just like {\bf \\attach} or {\bf \\refmark}
+except that it attaches the current footnote mark and knows whether
+to use Nucl.Phys. or Phys.Rev. format.
+ 
+\point
+We already noted that if you wish to attach a footnote
+inside of a box (either horizonatal or vertical)
+the way to do it is to use {\bf \\foot} after the previous paragraph
+has ended, but before you make the box in question.
+Then use the command {\bf \\footattach} inside the box.
+What happens if you need to attach the footnote mark
+to something inside a box which appears inside a paragraph?
+In this case you can use the PLAIN command {\bf \\vadjust}
+to accomplish this feat.
+Simply type
+\tc{\\vadjust$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$\\nobreak}
+immediately before the box and then use {\bf \\footattach} inside
+the box.
+ 
+\subsection{Controlling Your Footnote Marks}
+ 
+Once again, this section is for those who wish to go beyond
+the mundane and use unusual symbols for their footnotes.
+This can be done by using the PHYZZX command
+\tc{\\footnote$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ }
+which will generate a footnote using the {\it symbol} you have
+specified as the footnote mark.
+The symbol can be any math mode symbol, or any outr\'e thing
+that you can think up.
+The symbol does have to be in math mode, so if it is something
+you made up instead of a math mode control sequence, be sure to
+{\bf \\hbox} it and enclose it in \$ signs.
+ 
+\chapter{ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS, ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF}
+ 
+You now have all of the necessary information to allow you
+to use PHYZZX to format a paper for the printer:  you can
+tell him to set up chapter, section and subsection headings;
+number equations; format the reference, figure caption and
+table caption page; format footnotes, keep track of how
+many are on a page and carry them over to succeeding pages if
+it is necessary.
+From a stylistic point of view there is nothing more for you
+to learn about papers.
+Using the basic commands defined in PLAIN \TeX\ and those
+PHYZZX macros which we have already discussed, you are now
+capable of generating a paper of the correct style to be
+the body of a SLAC preprint.
+What we have not discussed to this point are things like macros for
+title pages and macros which make typing special constructions
+simpler than they would be in PLAIN.
+ 
+In this section we will discuss a set of
+macros which make the construction
+of {\it itemized lists} particularly easy to achieve.
+Itemized lists appear most often when one is outlining a paper
+and trying to arrange the material in some systematic fashion.
+This sort of outline shows up in memos and the introduction to a
+paper.
+Itemized lists also appear in the body of the text when one wants
+to make a series of points and, at the same time, clearly separate them
+from the format of the general body of the text.
+ 
+Lists of this sort are conventionally set up as a series of indented
+paragraphs preceded by some sort of highlighting symbol.
+This symbol can be a number, letter, roman numberal or some math
+mode symbol such as a dot, star, diamond, etc.
+When used in writing outlines, etc., one indicates the major divisions of
+the outline by indenting the text associated with
+them some fixed amount and highlighting this text with a specific
+type of symbol.
+When itemizing the ideas which fall within each major division, one
+usually indents the text somewhat more than one did for the major
+divisions and highlights each of these sub-points with a symbol
+which differs in type from those used to highlight the major points.
+One then further subdivides each of these categories into smaller
+steps and indicates this fact by once again increasing the amount of
+indentation and once again changing the type of highlighting symbol used.
+So on ad-infinitum $\ldots$
+ 
+Obviously, at least for those of you who have read the \TeX book,
+all of this can be done using the commands {\bf \\hangindent}
+and {\bf \\hangafter}.
+However, if one is creating long lists of points, subpoints,
+subsubpoints, etc., then keeping track of the symbols and
+appropriate levels of indentation can get to be a problem.
+For this reason PHYZZX provides a series of macros to make this as simple
+as possible.
+As in the previous cases, we will begin by discussing the
+fixed format versions of the macros, which are the ones which are easiest
+to use, and go on to discuss the ones which allow you greater flexibility.
+ 
+\section{Fixed Format Lists: Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints}
+ 
+\subsection{Points}
+ 
+The macros {\bf \\point},{\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint}
+exist to make it easy to deal with itemized
+lists having up to three levels
+of indentation.
+The first level of indentation is the smallest and is generated by
+typing the command {\bf \\point} followed by the text associated with that
+point.
+Note that unlike the reference or footnote macros,
+the text associated with
+a {\bf \\point} {\it does not} need to be enclosed in braces.
+Points, etc. are constructed using the {\bf \\hangindent} command
+and so \TeX\ accepts all of the text up to the next {\bf \\par} (or blank
+line) and formats it as you desire.
+For this reason, if a point is to consist of more than one paragraph
+{\it do not use the {\bf \\par} command to generate the second paragraph}
+but, instead, use the special command {\bf \\subpar}.
+In addition to indenting the material to follow, the command
+{\bf \\point} also generates a number for the point and attaches it
+to the left of the first line.
+You have seen examples of points in other parts of this writeup; go back
+and look at them if my sentences are confusing.
+Each time you type {\bf \\point}
+PHYZZX generates a new paragraph, increases
+the number of the last point by one and appends this to the left of the
+first line of the new point.
+Obviously, this works well until you finish with a given set of points
+and then decide you want to make a new list of points at a later point
+in the same paper.
+Except in unusual circumstances you would like the first item on this
+list to be labelled 1, and not start up from the number assigned to
+the last point in the previous list.
+To avoid this sort of calamity you use a special command to begin
+a new set of points namely, the command {\bf \\pointbegin}.
+(Clearly this choice of nomenclature is far
+from sprightly and imaginative,
+but it is easy to guess what the correct command is even if you
+have forgotten it.)
+ 
+As an example suppose you type \nextline
+{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
+This is the first point I wish to make.  \nextline
+{\bf \\point} \nextline
+This is the second point. \nextline
+{\bf \\point} \nextline
+I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point. \nextline
+You then obtain
+\pointbegin
+This is the first point I wish to make.
+\point
+This is the second point.
+\point
+I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point.
+ 
+\noindent
+You then return to typing ordinary text by following the text of
+the last point in your list with a {\bf \\par} or blank line.
+ 
+\subsection{Subpoints and Subsubpoints}
+ 
+The format of a subpoint is that it is indented further and
+highlighted by lower case letters enclosed in parentheses.
+The command for generating a subpoint is {\bf \\subpoint}
+and, as with points, each time you type {\bf \\subpoint}
+you automatically generate the next letter in the alphabet
+as a highlight.
+As with points, in order to start the numbering over again
+you start each set of subpoints by typing
+{\bf \\subpointbegin} instead of {\bf \\subpoint}.
+For example, typing \nextline
+{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
+This is the first point I wish to make.  \nextline
+{\bf \\subpointbegin} \nextline
+This is the first subpoint. \nextline
+{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline
+This is the second subpoint \nextline
+{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline
+Etc. \nextline
+{\bf \\point} \nextline
+This is the second point. \nextline
+will generate
+\pointbegin
+This is the first point I wish to make.
+\subpointbegin
+This is the first subpoint.
+\subpoint
+This is the second subpoint
+\subpoint
+Etc.
+\point
+This is the second point.
+ 
+Subsubpoints are the last automatically provided subdivision
+and are generated using the commands {\bf \\subsubpointbegin}
+and {\bf \\subsubpoint}.
+They are indented still further and highlighted by lower case
+roman numerals enclosed in parentheses.
+I leave it to you to generate you own examples of subsubpoints,
+the syntax is completely similar to that of the previous examples.
+ 
+The command {\bf \\spoint} is acceptable as an abbreviation
+for {\bf \\subpoint}.
+Abbreviations for the other commands are similar; i.e.,
+\settabs 3 \columns
+\+ {\bf \\spointbegin} & for &{\bf \\subpointbegin} \cr
+\+ {\bf \\sspoint} & for & {\bf \\subsubpoint} \cr
+and
+\+ {\bf \\sspointbegin} & for & {\bf \\subsubpointbegin} \cr
+ 
+\section{For Less Structure Consider Items}
+ 
+There will come the time, especially for those of you who learn
+to use \TeX\ to generate transparencies, when you want to be able
+generate itemized lists, but you don't want the highlighting
+to happen automatically.
+Instead you might like to generate stuff with a {\bf \\bullet}
+or an {\bf \\ast} as a highlight.
+For those among you who are left brain dominated and
+feel the need for a macro set which
+takes care of the boring details of indentation, but allows
+you to play fast and loose with the highlights,
+PHYZZX provides the macros
+\tc{\\item$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$}
+\tc{\\subitem$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$}
+and
+\tc{\\subsubitem$\{$ \it symbol $\}$}
+(The last two commands can be abbreviated as {\bf \\sitem} and
+{\bf \\ssitem} respectively.)
+ 
+\item\bullet
+For example, this item was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\bullet}.
+Note that I did not put {\bf \\bullet} in braces since it
+is a single control sequence. If I had, however, it would have
+done no harm.
+Spaces and blank lines before {\bf \\item} are irrelevant,
+however, since {\bf \\bullet} is a control sequence and eats
+one space following it, you have to have at least one blank
+after {\it symbol}.
+Once again I caution you that if you put a blank line or {\bf \\par}
+after {\bf \\item} and before the text, or inside a multiparagraph
+{\bf \\item}, then you destroy the level of indentation.
+{\it Remember, indentation only holds for a single paragraph in \TeX .}
+ 
+\item\ast
+As a second example consider this item which was generated by
+typing {\bf \\item\\ast}
+ 
+\item\dash
+Or this, which was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\dash}.
+ 
+At this point I have inserted a blank line in my text and have
+caused the item to terminate and the text reverts to its ordinary
+format.
+ 
+\item\clubsuit
+This is item {\bf \\item\\clubsuit}
+ 
+\sitem\diamondsuit
+And this is {\bf \\sitem\\diamondsuit}
+ 
+\ssitem\dash
+Finally, this is a subsubitem; \nextline
+it was generated by typing
+{\bf \\ssitem\\dash}.
+ 
+\section{Having Your Cake and Eating It Too!}
+ 
+Clearly, the {\bf \\item},{\bf \\sitem} and {\bf \\ssitem}
+macros provide you with the ultimate in flexibility
+in the choice of highlighting conventions.
+With them alone you can choose your own format for numbered lists
+and never have to accept the format imposed by {\bf \\point}, etc.
+However, the total lack of structure of {\bf \\item}, etc.
+has a drawback; namely, if you use it to define your points, subpoints
+etc., you are responsible for keeping track of all of the numbering.
+This is certainly not too
+formidable a task, but it can get tedious. \nextline
+\centerline{\it  Fortunately,  there is a middle ground.}
+ 
+\subsection{Levels of Indentation}
+ 
+If all that you want to do is change the levels of indentation
+of points, subpoints and subsubpoints you only have to modify
+the parameter {\bf \\itemsize}.
+This parameter is a dimension stored away in \TeX 's memory
+and items are indented {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}, subitems are indented
+{\bf 1.75\\itemsize} and subsubitems are indented {\bf 2.5\\itemsize}.
+The current value of {\bf \\itemsize} is 30pt (30 points);
+however, you can change this by simply typing
+\tc{\\itemsize = \it 40pt}
+or whatever else strikes your fancy.
+ 
+\subsection{Getting More Serious}
+ 
+Let us suppose, although I cannot imagine that this could possibly
+be the case, that you have more serious problems with points, subpoints
+and subsubpoints.
+Perhaps you would prefer to define your own listing macros
+so that {\bf \\mypoint} generates a point whose highlight
+is a capital letter followed by a period; {\bf \\myspoint}
+generates a subpoint highlighted by a number square brackets;
+and {\bf \\mysspoint} generates a subsubpoint highlighted
+by a lowercase letter in parentheses.
+You have two options, you can write your own macro set
+or you can use the PHYZZX command {\bf \\newlist}.
+ 
+The command {\bf \\newlist} allows you to define your own
+listing macros which format things in a manner which is closer
+to your heart's desire.
+All you have to decide is what sort of delimiters you want
+around the highlighting number and what you want the numbering
+convention for that level of point to be.
+Your available choices are the five defined when we discussed
+changing chapterstyle; namely, {\bf \\Number},
+{\bf Alphabetic}, {\bf \\alphabetic},
+{\bf \\Roman} or {\bf \\roman}.
+ 
+The syntax of the newlist command is as follows
+\tc{\\newlist\\{\it name}= \it [left delim.][style]\& [right delim.] \&
+[dimen]; }
+(Note that the =, \& , and ; all count.)
+As an example of its application note that the {\bf \\point}
+command is defined by saying
+\tc{\\newlist\\point=\\Number\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;}
+This line tells PHYZZX to define a new command called
+{\bf \\point} and to have it generate a highlighting symbol
+which consists of no left delimiter, followed by a number,
+followed by a right delimiter which is a period and the indentation
+of a point is to be {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}.
+Similarly, subpoints are defined to be
+\tc{\\newlist\\subpoint=(\\alphabetic\&)\&1.75\\itemsize;}
+and subsubpoints are defined by saying
+\tc{\\newlist\\subsubpoint=(\\roman\&)\&2.5\\itemsize;}
+The abbreviations for {\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint}
+are obtained by following their definition with the
+statements
+\tc{\\let\\spoint=\\subpoint}
+\tcon{\\let\\sspoint=\\subsubpoint}
+Note, if you have chosen to redefine {\bf \\subpoint}
+and {\bf \\subsubpoint} using newlist, the commands {\bf \\spoint}
+and {\bf \\sspoint} will {\it not} be redefined unless you follow
+your newlist instructions with the two lines printed above.
+ 
+To define the new set of listing macros mentioned earlier you would type
+\tc{\\newlist\\mypoint=\\Alphabetic\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;}
+\tcon{\\newlist\\myspoint=[\\number \& ]\& 1.75\\itemsize;}
+and
+\tc{\\newlist\\mysspoint=(\\alphabetic\& )\& \\2.5\\itemsize;}
+Note, while there are only five styles available for numbering
+things, delimiters are limited only by your imagination.
+ 
+\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS STUFF ABOUT PAPERS}
+ 
+\section{Page Numbers}
+ 
+Page numbering is a totally automatic procedure
+and, in general, requires none of your attention.
+Normally, if you are not doing anything funny PHYZZX will
+produce a document whose pages are numbered consecutively
+starting from 1.
+In general the first page you get will be numbered, unless
+you have told PHYZZX not to do so.
+The macros {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}, {\bf \\MEMO}, {\bf \\letter}
+and {\bf \\titlepage} do issue such a command, and when
+invoked produce a document where all pages but the
+first page are numbered consecutively.
+If you type {\bf \\FRONTPAGE} then PHYZZX will complete the previous
+page (if there is any), set the current value of the page number to
+1 and then tells \TeX\ not to number this page.
+Visible numbers appear at the bottom of all the pages which follow
+and the first visible number is 2.
+The command {\bf \\Frontpage} is a synonym for {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}.
+The {\bf \\letter} and {\bf \\MEMO} macros, which
+will be discussed later,
+and the {\bf \\titlepage} macro, which is invoked when you are about
+to type the title page of your latest magnum opus, all suppress
+the printing of the pagenumber at the bottom of the first page.
+ 
+If you wish to start a document in the middle and set the pagenumber
+all you have to do is reset the counter called, of all things,
+{\bf \\pagenumber} by typing
+\tc{\\pagenumber= \it number}
+This will make the first page \TeX\ prints have this number.
+To make sure that the printing of this number is not suppressed
+you should also type {\bf \\frontpagefalse}.
+If you wish to have PHYZZX number the pages using roman numerals
+you can accomplish this by saying {\bf \\pagenumber=-1}
+(or {\bf \\pagenumber=-n} if you wish to start with the roman
+numeral equivalent to the number n).
+ 
+\item\dash
+If you wish no pagenumbers type {\bf \\nopagenumbers}
+(be careful, its not easy to make them come back afterwards).
+\item\star
+If you want to suppress the page number on a particular page you
+can type {\bf \\frontpagetrue}, which will make PHYZZX
+think that this is the front page.
+You'll sometimes have to play to make this happen where you want.
+ 
+\section{Spacing}
+ 
+We have already talked about changing font sizes and selecting
+spacing, and have pointed out that three families of fonts are
+available.
+These are fonts which are fourteen points high, twelve points
+high and tenpoints high.
+The twelvepoint font is the font PHYZZX uses for normal text
+because it looks best when reduced.
+The fourteenpoint fonts are used for chapter titles, etc., and
+the tenpoint font sets, which are kind of small when reduced,
+are generally reserved for footnotes.
+To change font size at will you type either
+{\bf \\tenpoint}, or {\bf \\twelvepoint}, or
+{\bf \\fourteenpoint}.
+To change spacing conventions you use the commands
+{\bf \\singlespace}, or {\bf \\normalspace}
+or {\bf \\doublespace}.
+Note that all of these commands can be used inside the paper
+to temporarily change what is going on;
+however, you should only invoke the
+commands which change spacing when you are between paragraphs.
+If you violate this rule, eventually, you
+will be sorry.
+ 
+\section{Commands Which Break Lines and Pages}
+ 
+\TeX\ has its own way of breaking lines and pages and you can learn
+about them by reading the \TeX book.
+However, we have added three commands which are convenient.
+The first command {\bf \\nextline} allows you to generate and
+incomplete line.
+For example, typing {\it This is the way the world ends \bf \\nextline}
+produces \nextline
+This is the way the world ends \nextline
+Notice that \TeX\ has not tried to space the words out to fill
+the line the way it would have if you had typed {\bf \\break}.
+The command {\bf \\nextline} is essentially the same as typing
+{\bf \\hfil\\break}; it differs slightly in that it also
+does some things about glue, but you don't have to know about that.
+ 
+The command which forces \TeX\ to break the page at will
+is {\bf \\endpage}.
+Typing this command forces \TeX\ to start a new page
+and at the same time it insures that even if the previous page
+is not completely full of text the material will be spaced correctly.
+ 
+The command with which you finish a paper, memo, letter, etc.,
+is {\bf \\bye}.
+This command tells \TeX\ to complete the last page, print it and
+then turn itself off, returning you to CMS.
+ 
+\section{Some Remarks About Penalties}
+ 
+There are a few commands, which belong to PLAIN and not PHYZZX
+which you should know about.
+The basic command which allows you to tell \TeX\ that you
+would advise it that this is a good or bad place to break
+a page or line of text is {\bf \\penalty}.
+Penalties can be either positive or negative.
+If a penalty is positive it tells \TeX\ that this is not a good
+place to put in a break.
+The bigger the penalty is, the worse \TeX\ thinks it is to cause
+a break at this point.
+The biggest allowable penalty is {\bf \\penalty 10000}.
+If you type {\bf \\penalty 10000} at a specific point in the text
+than \TeX , as the printer, will assume that no matter what his
+judgement tells him, you insist that no break can occur at this
+point.
+\TeX\ defines a control sequence {\bf \\nobreak} which equivalent
+to typing {\bf \\penalty 10000}.
+If the penalty is negative, then \TeX\ is advised that you
+believe this point to be a good place to cause a break.
+The more negative the penalty, the better you think this place is.
+If the penalty is negative and greater than
+-10000, then \TeX\ will
+use its own judgement to balance off your suggestion against its
+own esthetic criteria.
+If the penalty is -10000 (or less), then you are telling \TeX\
+that your judgement must carry the day.
+The abbreviation of {\bf \\penalty -10000} is {\bf \\break}.
+ 
+Note that using the
+same commands inside paragraphs and between paragraphs
+tell \TeX\ to do different things.
+Inside of a paragraph {\bf \\break} tells \TeX\ to break the
+current line at this point, between paragraphs it tells \TeX\
+to break the page.
+If you wish to force \TeX\ to break the page inside a paragraph,
+without terminating the paragraph, you have to type
+\tc{\\vadjust\\break}
+ 
+ 
+\section{The Titlepage}
+ 
+We have now finished with our discussion of macros which PHYZZX
+defines for simplifying the formatting of the body of a paper.
+To complete our discussion of the paper generating capabilities
+of PHYZZX we now have to turn to the question of generating
+the title page.
+A SLAC title page has several parts.
+\pointbegin
+First, in the upper right hand corner of the title page
+one has the publication number, date of submission and
+a line telling whether this paper is to be distributed as
+T, E or T/E .
+This chunk of text has to be set up as a block with the
+appropriate typeface chosen for each line and then the
+entire block is right adjusted.
+This block is referred to as the pub-block
+\point
+Next comes the title of the paper, which is set in fourteen point
+type and this is followed by the list of authors and the
+institutions they come from.
+\point
+After the title and author list you have a choice.
+If you have a short abstract it is included at this point
+and printed on the title page.
+If, however, the abstract is too long, it will not fit
+on the title page.
+In this event you skip it and put it on the next page of the paper.
+\point
+After the abstract, or after the title and author list if the abstract
+is too long, we have a line which tells the journal to which the
+preprint has been submitted.
+\point
+The next line ends the main body of the title page.
+After this line the remaining material, which are contract
+acknowledgements, etc., are put at the bottom page in footnote format.
+ 
+As you can see from this discussion the problem of formatting
+the title page can get to be quite difficult if we don't have
+special macros to help out.
+For this reason a special set of macros for formatting title pages
+has been included in PHYZZX.
+ 
+\subsection{The Publication Block or Pub-block}
+ 
+The first commands which you use relate to setting up the
+block of type which gives the date, publication number, etc.
+If you do not want such a block, you type
+\tc{\\nopubblock}
+If, as will usually be the case you want a pub-block, then
+you have to specify what goes into it.
+To specify the publication number you type
+\tc{\\pubnum$\{$\it number \bf$\}$}
+This causes PHYZZX to put the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} into
+the publication number.
+When you start the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} is {\bf 0000}.
+ 
+The next item which appears in the macro is the date.
+If you do nothing, then each time you run \TeX\ to produce a new
+copy of the file it will put the current date in this place.
+If you wish to set the date to printed by yourself, then you type
+\tc{ \\date = $\{$ \it month day, year \bf $\}$ }
+Note the braces around the entry because they have to be there.
+ 
+Finally, the last thing that has to specified for the pub-block
+is the pubtype, which is either T, E, or T/E.
+To specify this quantity you type
+\tc{\\pubtype=$\{$ \it publication type \bf $\}$}
+ 
+\subsection{Specifying the Titlepage}
+ 
+The next macro which has to be invoked is
+\tc{\\titlepage}
+This is a single control sequence which you type in just before the
+titlepage. This command must follow the setting of the
+{\bf \\pubnum}, {\bf \\date} and {\bf \\pubtype}
+or you will only get the default values for these quantities.
+What this macro does is tell \TeX\ that this is the titlepage of the
+document and it should not be numbered.
+ 
+ 
+\subsection{Typesetting the Title}
+ 
+The next item to be typed is the title of the paper.
+Since this is set in different size type and requires a certain
+amount of spacing above and below the text, you should use the
+macro {\bf \\title}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\title$\{$ \it title \bf $\}$}
+You are now ready to type in the name and institution of the author (or
+authors) of the paper.
+ 
+\subsection{Getting the Author(s) Right}
+ 
+If there is a single author you type
+\tc{\\author$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$}
+This is, of course to be followed by his address.
+PHYZZX will set the name in upper and lower case capital letters
+and center it on the page.
+Then, if you use the macro {\bf \\address} PHYZZX will typeset the
+address in italics and center it
+directly below the author's name.
+The syntax of this macro is
+\tc{\\address$\{$ \it address \bf $\}$}
+In general PHYZZX will let \TeX\ decide how to break the address
+into several lines if it is too long.
+If you wish to force these breaks use the command {\bf \\break}.
+Note, this is a place where you do not want to use the command
+{\bf \\nextline} or you will force the address to come out
+without having been properly centered.
+For those lucky persons who live at SLAC, there is a special macro
+to save them typing.
+This macro has the name {\bf \\SLAC} and if you wish to tell PHYZZX
+that your address is SLAC all you have to type
+\tc{\\SLAC}
+If the author of the paper is a visitor, or is here on detached service,
+then you might want to give two addresses.
+To have \TeX\ print the second address below the first with the
+word {\it and} in between, all you have to do is type
+\tc{\\andaddress$\{$ \it second address \bf $\}$}
+ 
+If the paper has more than one author you have two options.
+If the number of authors is small and they come from different
+institutions, then you use the macro {\bf \\andauthor}
+whose syntax is
+\tc{\\andauthor$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$}
+This does what the {\bf \\author} command does but it also
+precedes this name with a line which has the word {\it and}
+centered above the author's name.
+This command is then to be followed by {\bf \\address} in order to
+give the address of the second author.
+This can go on as long as you like.
+ 
+All of this works well for theorists, however it does not work
+well for experimental papers.
+Experimantal collaborations tend to involve many authors from
+several different institutions.
+All we can do in this situation is to type the command
+{\bf \\authors} and then follow this with a list of authors
+and institutions.
+All this command does for you is put the correct amount of
+space between the list of authors and the material preceding it.
+ 
+\subsection{Setting up the Abstract}
+ 
+At this point you have to decide whether or not you want to
+include the abstract on the titlepage.
+If you wish to do so this is the time to type
+{\bf \\abstract}.
+This will cause \TeX\ to typeset the word ABSTRACT in the center
+of the next line of text, skip the appropriate amount of space
+and set you up in a new paragraph.
+The next thing you do is type in the body of the abstract.
+If you don't put the abstract on the titlepage then you
+carry out this sequence of commands after you have finished the
+titlepage with the command {\bf \\endpage}.
+After you type in the abstract on the second page you should force
+\TeX\ to print this as a separate page by once again typing
+{\bf \\endpage}.
+This will produce an abstract on its own page with white space
+above and below the text.
+ 
+If you are in the situation of having an abstract which is too
+long for the title page but too short to fill the entire
+second page you will get ugly output if you type it in
+and follow it with the command {\bf \\endpage}.
+\TeX\ will simply shove everything to the top of the
+page because {\bf \\endpage} is the same as {\bf \\vfil\\break}.
+The way to force \TeX\ to center the title and material is to type
+\tc{\\vfil}
+\tcon{\\abstract}
+\tcon{\it text of abstract}
+\tcon{\\endpage}
+ 
+\subsection{Where's The Paper Going?}
+ 
+In order to specify the journal to which you have submitted the paper
+you type
+\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it journal \bf $\}$}
+For example, if it is going to Phys.Rev. D you would type
+\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review \bf \\bf \it D \bf $\}$}
+which will produce the line \nextline
+\centerline{ Submitted to Physical Review \bf D}
+ 
+\subsection{Acknowledgements}
+ 
+It is customary to acknowledge the support of various grants or
+contracts somewhere on the titlepage.
+Generally this is done in the form of a footnote.
+The easiest way to get \TeX\ to typeset such acknowledgements is to
+use the macro {\bf \\foot}.
+You insert this footnote just after the last word of the title
+or author's name, depending upon the situation, and then continue
+setting the title page.
+The {\bf \\title}, {\bf \\author} and {\bf \\address} macros
+have been written in such a way that the {\bf \\foot} command
+can be used with these macros without any trouble.
+If you fool around with the title page and put things inside boxes
+using the PLAIN \TeX\ commands {\bf \\line} or {\bf \\centerline}
+this is not true.
+In this case the text will be put inside a box in restricted
+horizontal mode and you must use the commands {\bf \\footnote}
+and {\bf \\footmark} as explained in our discussion of footnotes.
+ 
+For theory group users there is a special macro which generates
+the acknowledgement to the Department of Energy.
+the command is {\bf \\doeack}.
+To generate this acknowledgement you simply type
+{\bf \\doeack} immediately after the last word in the title.
+If other groups want to have their own {\bf \\doeack} macro
+they need generate a file called MYPHYX TEX
+and make sure it contains the lines  \nextline
+{\bf \\def\\doeack$\{$\\foot$\{$ \rm Work supported by the Department of
+Energy, contract \bf \$\\caps \rm DE-$\ldots$ \bf \$ $\}\}$ }
+ 
+\subsection{Finishing the Title Page}
+ 
+Close the title page with command {\bf \\endpage}.
+If you don't do this \TeX\ will make some stupid decision about
+adding extra material to this page.
+You won't be happy with the results.
+ 
+\section{A Sample Titlepage}
+ 
+Let us conclude this section by including a sample title page.
+If you type \nextline
+\newcount\lastpage \lastpage=\pagenumber
+\newcount\lastchap \lastchap=\chapternumber
+\newcount\lastsection \lastsection=\sectionnumber
+\let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel   \lastsection=\sectionnumber
+ 
+\tc{\\pubnum=$\{$ \it  6666\bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\\date$\{$\it September 1984\bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\\pubtype$\{$CRAP$\}$}
+\tcon{\\titlepage }
+\tcon{\\title$\{$\it THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX
+\bf \\doeack$\}$ }
+\tcon{\\author$\{$\it Marvin Weinstein
+\\footnote$\{$\\dag$\}\{$%
+\it another acknowledgement \bf $\}$
+$\}$}
+\tcon{\\SLAC}
+\tcon{\\andauthor$\{$\it V.\~\ K.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$ }
+\tcon{\\address$\{$ \it Princeton \bf $\}$ }
+\tcon{\\abstract}
+\tcon{\\centerline$\{$ \it This paper is a crock. \bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review D \bf $\}$ }
+\tcon{\\endpage}
+ 
+then you get
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+\pubnum{6666}
+\date{September 1984}
+\pubtype{CRAP}
+\titlepage
+\title{THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX\doeack}
+\author{Marvin Weinstein}
+\SLAC\footnote{\dag}{another acknowledgement}
+\andauthor{V.~K.~Kaplunovsky}
+\address{Princeton}
+\abstract
+\centerline{This paper is a crock}
+\submit{Physical Review D}
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+\advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
+\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel \chapternumber=\lastchap
+\sectionnumber=\lastsection
+ 
+\chapter{MEMOS}
+ 
+We have now finished discussing all of the macros which have to
+do with the formatting of papers.
+Now as promised we will turn to a discussion of the two other
+formats which PHYZZX supports.
+The first format is that of a SLAC memorandum.
+The second format is that of a letter.
+ 
+A memorandum, as we have defined it, is a document meant for internal
+distribution, addressed to a specific group of people and
+designed to transmit information on a specific subject.
+This sort of document tends to have a heading which identifies it
+as a memorandum, gives the date, says to whom the memorandum is
+being sent, from whom the memorandum comes and briefly summarizes
+the topic being discussed.
+This heading is then separated from the body of the memorandum
+by some sort of ruled line and then one types in the text of
+the memorandum.
+ 
+To type a memorandum you begin by typing the formatting instruction
+\tc{\\MEMO}
+which tells PHYZZX the document to follow is a memorandum.
+It also forces the document to be single spaced and generates
+the heading which identifies the document as a SLAC memo
+and gives the date at which the file was processed; \ie , the current
+date.
+If you wish to type a heading which has the date of your choice
+then use the command {\bf \\memodate} instead of {\bf \\MEMO}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it date of your choice \bf $\}$}
+ 
+Now you have to generate the remainder of the heading; i.e.,
+the to, from and topic (or subject) entries.
+The macros which do this are
+\tc{\\to \rm , \bf \\from \rm , and \bf \\topic \rm or \bf \\subject }
+The commands {\bf \\to}, {\bf \\from} and {\bf \\topic} or
+{\bf \\subject} work like points or items.
+Hence, they do not need braces.
+ 
+Finally, after typing in these commands followed by the relevant
+text you need to generate a line to separate the heading from the
+body of the memorandum.
+This is done with the command {\bf \\rule}.
+Having done this you are now ready to type in the text of the memorandum.
+ 
+Note, all of the itemized list macros which we have discussed
+in earlier sections work in the MEMO format too.
+Hence, you can use them with impunity.
+The same is true for footnotes, etc.
+ 
+Finally, when you complete the memo, if you wish to indicate to whom
+copies are to be sent you type
+\tc{\\copies}
+This command works like {\bf \\point} or {\bf \\item}
+and so you would type
+\tc{\\copies}
+Mr. A. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline
+Mr. B. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline
+etc. \nextline
+in order to get what you want
+ 
+Don't be surprised when you generate multipage memoranda.
+The way pages are numbered is going to be different from the
+numbering of papers.
+For a memorandum all but the first page are numbered with the numbers
+appearing at the top of the page.
+ 
+A sample memorandum is generated as follows; \nextline
+ 
+\vbox{\tc{\\MEMO}
+\tc{\\to}
+Whom it may concern
+\tc{\\from}
+Marvin Weinstein
+\tc{\\subject}
+Generating memos without tears.
+\tc{\\rule}
+{\it
+Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
+Even a baby can type something like this.
+If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
+take what you have to say more seriously.
+(They shouldn't but they will!)
+You can even type points, for example: \nextline
+{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
+Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
+wind up with a disaster. \nextline
+{\bf \\point} \nextline
+Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
+to take a Hawaiian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
+muds. }
+\tc{\\copies}
+{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline
+{\it Richard Taylor }
+\tc{\\endpage}
+Which generates something which looks like this}
+ 
+\endpage
+\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber
+\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
+ 
+\MEMO
+\to
+Whom it may concern
+ 
+\from
+Marvin Weinstein
+ 
+\subject
+Generating memos without tears.
+ 
+\rule
+ 
+Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
+Even a baby can type something like this.
+If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
+take what you have to say more seriously.
+(They shouldn't but they will!)
+You can even type points, for example:
+ 
+\pointbegin
+Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
+wind up with a disaster.
+ 
+\point
+Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
+to take a Hawaiian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
+muds.
+ 
+\copies
+Burton Richter  \nextline
+Richard Taylor
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
+\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
+\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
+ 
+If we use the commands {\bf \\memodate} and
+we would obtain
+ 
+\vbox{\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it the fifth of octember \bf $\}$}
+\tc{\\to}
+Whom it may concern
+\tc{\\from}
+Marvin Weinstein
+\tc{\\topic}
+Generating memos without tears.
+\tc{\\rule}
+\noindent {\it
+Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
+Even a baby can type something like this.
+If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
+take what you have to say more seriously.
+(They shouldn't but they will!)
+You can even type points, for example: \nextline
+{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline
+Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
+wind up with a disaster. \nextline
+{\bf \\point} \nextline
+Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
+to take a Hawaian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
+muds.}
+\tc{\\copies}
+{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline
+{\it Richard Taylor }
+\tc{\endpage}}
+\lastpage=\pagenumber
+\endpage
+ 
+\memodate{fifth of octember}
+ 
+\to
+Whom it may concern
+ 
+\from
+Marvin Weinstein
+ 
+\topic
+Generating memos without tears.
+ 
+\rule
+ 
+Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo.
+Even a baby can type something like this.
+If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably
+take what you have to say more seriously.
+(They shouldn't but they will!)
+You can even type points, for example:
+ 
+\pointbegin
+Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only
+wind up with a disaster.
+ 
+\point
+Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds
+to take a Hawaian vacation.  They're just a bunch of old stick in the
+muds.
+ 
+\copies
+Burton Richter  \nextline
+Richard Taylor
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
+\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
+\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
+ 
+\chapter{TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY}
+ 
+In addition to typing papers and memos PHYZZX supports a format
+for typing letters.
+To choose this format all you need to type the command
+\tc{\\letters}
+immediately following
+\tc{\\input phyzzx}
+This command will cause PHYZZX to switch over to a different page
+size, 8 inches long by 6.5 inches wide (this is a little
+wider than a preprint) and it automatically changes the linespacing
+to singlespace.
+In addition, the same command tells PHYZZX to put a SLAC letterhead
+at the top of the first page, and to change the way in which pages are
+are numbered.
+ 
+Having switched over to this mode the very next thing you need to do
+is type in the date, followed by the name and address
+of the person to whom the letter is being sent.
+Getting the alignment of these various elements just right
+takes some doing and so we have a macro to do the job.
+The name of this macro is
+\tc{\\letter}
+Do not confuse this command with the initialization
+command {\bf \\letters}.
+Both statements must appear in your file and the command {\bf \\letters}
+must come first.
+I apologize for this construction but it is a leftover from
+previous incarnations of PHYZZX.
+Since we wanted this version of PHYZZX to be upward compatible we didn't
+change it.
+What the command {\bf \\letters} does is to tell PHYZZX that the
+text to follow is to be set in {\bf \\letterstyle} and then
+it makes PHYZZX print {\bf STANFORD UNIVERSITY} across the top of the
+first page.
+The command {\bf \\letter} tells PHYZZX that this is the first page
+of a letter, prints the rest of the SLAC letterhead,
+suppresses the printing of the pagenumber at the
+bottom of this page and then allows you to type in the
+name and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Name \bf \\cr}
+                       \hbox{\it first line of address \bf \\cr}
+                       \hbox{$\ldots$  \\cr}
+                       \hbox{\it last line of address \bf \\cr $\}$}}}
+Note that any of the {\bf \\cr}'s can be replaced by the command
+\tc{\\cropen$\{$ \it extra space \bf $\}$}
+which will cause PHYZZX to leave the extra amount of space requested
+between the lines; or you can replace the {\bf \\cr} by {\bf \\crr}
+if what you want is 10 points of extra space.
+ 
+The reason for typing the commands {\bf \\letters} and {\bf \\letter}
+separately is that {\bf \\letters} initializes the format for typing
+a letter and then {\bf \\letter} allows you to start several new letters
+in a single file.
+So long as you begin each letter with the {\bf \\letter} macro
+each letter will start on a new page, and the letters will not know
+about one another.
+ 
+As with the titlepage macro, PHYZZX assumes that the date which is
+to appear above the name and address is the current date.
+If, however, you wish to fix the date appearing on the letter you
+can do so by typing
+\tc{\\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$}
+The {\bf \\date} macro will then make {\it your date} appear on all
+of the letters in this file.
+ 
+Once you have generated the letterhead, date and filled in the name
+and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent,
+you are ready to type in the body of the letter.
+This is to be done in the same manner as for a paper or memo,
+and all of the itemized list, etc., macros will work in this format
+too.
+ 
+\subsection{Typing the Salutation}
+ 
+Finally, having typed in the body of the letter we come to the
+problem of generating the signature.
+Once again, since placing this upon the space and leaving the
+correct space between the {\it Very truly yours,\/} and
+the typed version of your name can get to be hairy, we provide the
+macro {\bf \\signed}.
+The syntax of this command is
+\tc{\\signed$\{$
+\vtop{\hbox{ \it Very truly yours (or whatever) {\bf \\cr}}
+      \hbox{ \it Your name \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
+If copies of the letter are to go to several people you type this
+at the bottom of the letter using the {\bf \\copies} command
+discussed in the section on memos.
+ 
+You finish a letter with the command {\bf \\endletter}.
+This command insures that if there are several letters in the same
+file each one will be processed independently.
+ 
+\lastpage=\pagenumber  \lastchap=\chapternumber
+\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
+ 
+A sample letter is generated as follows
+\tc{\\letters}
+\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Dr. Boris Kayser \bf \\cr }
+        \hbox{\it Program Director for Theoretical Physics \bf \\cr}
+        \hbox{\it National Science Foundation \bf \\cr}
+        \hbox{\it Washington, D. C.  20550 \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
+\tcon{\it Dear Boris,}
+ 
+{\it  Please send more money.}
+ 
+ 
+ 
+\tc{\\signed$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Sincerely, \bf \\cr}
+        \hbox{\it Michael E. Peskin \bf \\cr $\}$ }}}
+\tcon{\\endletter}
+\tcon{\\end}
+which produces
+ 
+\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber
+\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel
+\endpage
+ 
+\letters
+\letter{Dr. Boris Kayser \cr
+        Program Director for Theoretical Physics \cr
+        National Science Foundation \cr
+        Washington, D. C.  20550\cr}
+Dear Boris,
+ 
+     Please send more money.
+ 
+ 
+ 
+\signed{Sincerely, \cr
+        Michael E. Peskin \cr  }
+\endletter
+ 
+ 
+\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage
+\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection
+\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel
+ 
+ 
+\section{Multiple Letters}
+ 
+Very often you wish to send the same letter to many different
+people; hence, the text of each letter is the same but the
+salutations will be different.
+There are two ways to go about generating such a series of letters.
+The only difference between them is that the first is somewhat
+more conservative of computer time, but it can only be used for
+relatively short letters; the second is a bit more demanding of
+computer time, but it doen't care how long the letter is.
+By a short letter I mean one which is no more than
+one or two pages in length.
+ 
+\subsection{Short Letters}
+ 
+To type in short letters you begin by typing
+\tc{\\letters\\multiletter}
+This command is to be followed by the text of your letter.
+What {\bf \\multiletter} does is tell PHYZZX to file away the
+material to follow in the depths of its memory, to be used later.
+You let PHYZZX know to stop stuffing stuff away by typing
+\tc{\\letterend}
+when you have finished.
+Having now saved the body of the letter for future use you
+generate your letters by typing
+\tc{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee  \bf $\}$}
+followed by
+\tc{\it Dear Mr. Soandso \bf \\par}
+followed by the commands
+\tc{\\lettertext\\endletter}
+As you will have guessed the command {\bf \\lettertext}
+is the name PHYZZX has assigned to the body of the
+letter.
+ 
+\subsection{For Longer Letters}
+ 
+The second method for generating many letters is slightly more wasteful
+of computer time, but to my mind it is simpler to use.
+I reccommend it over the command {\bf \\multiletter} and
+have included a brief discussion of the previous case only
+to keep the macro set upward compatible.
+Do us both a favor and forget I mentioned it.
+ 
+This method takes a little longer because it requires \TeX\ to input the
+same file many times.
+It is simpler because it requires no change in syntax from
+the format used for a single letter.
+To use this method you create a file YOUR FILE A (the filetype
+doesn't have to be TEX here),
+which contains the body of your letter, including your signature.
+You then create a driver file (filename TEX A) of the form
+\tc{\\input phyzzx}
+\tcon{\\letters}
+\tcon{\it optional \quad \bf \\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par}
+\tcon{\\input your.file}
+\tcon{\\endletter}
+\tcon{\it $\ldots$}
+\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$}
+\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par}
+\tcon{\\input your.file}
+\tcon{\\endletter}
+\tcon{\\end}
+Note, the period between the filename and filetype is crucial.
+What is being done in this method is that we are using \TeX 's
+ability to input an external file as often as you wish.
+This technique has the added advantage that you can even have the
+letters vary somewhat.
+To perform this trick you use the {\bf \\def} command.
+To begin you use the names of some undefined control sequences in
+the file YOUR FILE A, and then redefine these sequences
+in the main driver file after each {\bf \\endletter} and before
+the start of the next letter.
+ 
+ 
+\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS MACROS WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES}
+ 
+We have now finished our discussion of all of the macros which
+pertain to the formatting of special documents.
+This section simply lists some special macros which we have
+included in PHYZZX simply because they simplify the task of
+typing things which occur frequently.
+ 
+The commands will be listed giving the syntax of each command and
+an example of what it does.
+ 
+\pointbegin
+\tc{\\ie \quad \rm generates  \ie}
+\point
+\tc{\\eg \quad \rm generates \eg}
+\point
+\tc{\\dash \quad \rm generates \dash}
+\point
+\tc{\\\\ \quad \rm generates \\}
+ 
+In math mode we have the following useful commands
+ 
+\point
+\tc{\\coeff$\{$ \it a \bf $\}\{$ \it b \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates}
+$$ \coeff{a}{b} $$
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+ 
+\point
+\tc{\\partder$\{$ \it f(x)
+\bf $\}\{$ \it x \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates}
+$$ \partder{f(x)}{x} $$
+\point
+\tc{\\bra$\{$ \it \\Psi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
+$$ \bra{\Psi} $$
+\point
+\tc{\\ket$\{$ \it phi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
+$$ \ket{\phi} $$
+\point
+\tc{\\VEV$\{$ \it H \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
+$$ \VEV{H} $$
+\point
+\tc{\\Tr$\{$ \it G \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates }
+$$ \Tr{G} $$
+ 
+\endpage
+ 
+\point
+\tc{\\int \rm generates }
+$$ \int $$
+\point
+\tc{\\prop \rm generates  $\prop $}
+\point
+\tc{\\lsim \rm generates $\lsim $}
+\point
+\tc{\\gsim \rm generates $\gsim $ }
+ 
+\chapter{GOODBYE}
+ 
+This completes the basic writeup of the capabilities of PHYZZX.
+As I indicated in the introduction, this is not the final version of
+the macro set, but is in fact the last but one version that I
+will have something to do with.
+The final version will appear one of these days and will include
+in the body of the FMT file several macros for creating wrap around
+figure inserts and simple tables.
+The macros already exist but
+have not yet been collected together and finalized in format.
+In addition, it will probably include a label making capability
+to generate mailing labels for letters.
+Don't hold your breath for this version, however, first I have
+to get over having typed this documentation.
+ 
+\section{Using Your MYPHYX File}
+ 
+I promised you a short discussion of tailoring PHYZZX
+into your own inimitable macro package.
+The simplest way to do this is to have a complicated
+file called MYPHYX TEX on your A disk.
+If there are a few features of PHYZZX which do almost what you
+want, but not quite, you can
+look at the file PHYZZX TEX.
+By reading Knuth and studying this file you will see how
+everything PHYZZX does is made to happen.
+The way to change something is to steal the relevant definition
+from this file and copy it to your MYPHYX file.
+Then, make the changes which you wish to make.
+Since PHYZZX inputs this file after it makes its own
+definitions, you desires will override the PHYZZX definitions.
+ 
+\titlestyle{ \bf GOOD LUCK !!!!!}
+ 
+\bye
+ 
-- 
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