From e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Norbert Preining Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2019 13:46:59 +0900 Subject: Initial commit --- macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex | 3279 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 3279 insertions(+) create mode 100644 macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex (limited to 'macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex') diff --git a/macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex b/macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..221fbb23b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros/phyzzx/phyzdoc.tex @@ -0,0 +1,3279 @@ +% Note: I have included the Phyzzx macros on the CMS distribution +% tape for TeX at the request of several TeX users who have heard of it +% or used it. Some of the information herein is specific to facilities +% or practices at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. +% -- Alan Spragens 17 July 1986 +\input phyzzx +\nopagenumbers +\singlespace +\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hbox to 1em{\hss.\hss}\hfill} +\centerline{TABLE OF CONTENTS} +\item{1.} INTRODUCTION\leaderfill 2 +\item{2.} BASICS\leaderfill 3 +\sitem{2.1} What is \TeX\ ?\leaderfill 3 +\sitem{2.2} What Is PHYZZX?\leaderfill 7 +\item{3.} STRUCTURING PREPRINTS\leaderfill 10 +\sitem{3.1} Chapters, Sections and Subsections\leaderfill 11 +\sitem{3.2} Other Subdivisions: Appendices +and Acknowledgements\leaderfill 19 +\sitem{3.3} Controlling the Way Chapters +are Numbered\leaderfill 21 +\item{4.} DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING +AND NAMING THEM\leaderfill 23 +\sitem{4.1} A Simple Solution to Numbering +Equations\leaderfill 25 +\sitem{4.2} Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool\leaderfill 28 +\sitem{4.3} Other Macros For Naming Equations\leaderfill 30 +\item{5.} REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE \hfil\break CAPTIONS: +THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING \leaderfill 33 +\sitem{5.1} References: Stuff Which Comes +at the Back\leaderfill 33 +\sitem{5.2} Figures and Tables\leaderfill 45 +\item{6.} FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH +COME AT THE BOTTOM\leaderfill 47 +\item{7.} ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS, +ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF\leaderfill 49 +\sitem{7.1} Fixed Format Lists: +Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints\leaderfill 50 +\sitem{7.2} For Less +Structure Consider Items\leaderfill 53 +\sitem{7.3} Having Your +Cake and Eating It Too! -- Making Your Own Points +\leaderfill 54 +\item{8.} MISCELLANEOUS +STUFF ABOUT PAPERS\leaderfill 56 +\sitem{8.1} Page Numbers\leaderfill 56 +\sitem{8.2} Spacing\leaderfill 57 +\sitem{8.3} Commands Which Break +Lines and Pages\leaderfill 58 +\sitem{8.4} Some Remarks About Penalties\leaderfill 59 +\sitem{8.5} The Titlepage\leaderfill 59 +\item{9.} MEMOS\leaderfill 66 +\eject +\item{10.} TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY\leaderfill 71 +\sitem{10.1} Multiple Letters\leaderfill 74 +\item{11.} MISCELLANEOUS MACROS +WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES\leaderfill 76 +\item{12.} GOODBYE\leaderfill 78 +\sitem{12.1} Using Your MYPHYX File\leaderfill 78 +\endpage + + +\pagenumbers +\FRONTPAGE +\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - TN - 84 - \the\pubnum $} +\pubnum{7} +\date{October 1984} +\pubtype={\ } +\titlepage +\vfil +\title{EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT\ \ +{\bf +PHYZZX}\ \ BUT DIDN'T KNOW TO ASK} +\vskip .50in +\author{M. Weinstein\doeack} +\SLAC +\vfil +\endpage + +\Pubnum={$\caps SLAC - PUB - \the\pubnum $} +\def\hbreak{\hfil \break} +\def\tc#1{\nextline \hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline } +\def\tcon#1{\hskip 2.5\itemsize {\bf #1 }\nextline } +\newcount\tempchap \tempchap=0 +\newcount\tempsec \tempsec=0 +\def\storechap{\tempchap=\chapternumber} +\def\recallchap{\chapternumber=\tempchap \advance\chapternumber by -1} +\def\storesec{\tempsec=\sectionnumber } +\def\recallsec{\sectionnumber=\tempsec } +\chapterminspace=1pt +\sectionminspace=1pt + +\chapter{INTRODUCTION} + +Hi \TeX\ fans, the time has come to document the new +version of the macro package, PHYZZX. +Vadim Kaplunovsky has updated it to +run under \TeX 1. +Since we envision this to be the penultimate version +of PHYZZX, except for minor corrections to remove heretofore +undiscovered bugs, it now pays to explain what PHYZZX is +and how to use its various features in some detail. +For those of you who are familiar with the old version of +PHYZZX you can rest easy, this version has been designed to be +as upward compatible as possible. +Unfortunately, there are a few minor changes in the way some +macros work simply because Knuth changed \TeX\ and made it +impossible for us to keep some of the old commands. +In general the changes make things easier to use and any file +written for \TeX 97 will, with very few changes, run on \TeX 1. +For this reason the adventurous user can begin by ignoring this +writeup completely and try to run his old files. +If luck is with you, you will not have to change anything; +if luck deserts you, then either PHYZZX will help you along +(only somewhat likely) or you will have to do a little reading. + +Our present incarnation of PHYZZX resides in two places. +The FMT file (a term designed to strike terror into the hearts of +those who have not been initiated into the high mysteries) +is on the T--disk, and this is the version you really want to use. +One uses the FMT file because it loads much faster and so you don't +have the interminable wait for something to happen while the computer +is reading all of the definitions contained in PHYZZX TEX. +To use the FMT file all you have to do is make the first command +to \TeX\ say {\tt\&phyzzx} instead of putting +\tc{\\input phyzzx} in the file. + +For the curious we try to keep an updated version of the +file PHYZZX TEX on the theory group disk. +People interested in mucking around in the guts of this file +in order to see how things were done and what goodies, not described +in this writeup (and there are many), are available +can access this disk by +saying +\tc{GIME PUB\$TH } +If you wish to use this file to convince yourself how much better it +is to use an FMT file, you can do this by accessing the PUB\$TH disk +and starting your file with +\tc{\\input phyzzx} +{\it For cognoscenti\/}: +as in earlier incarnations you can tailor much of PHYZZX to +your liking by having a file MYPHYX TEX on your A disk. +Each time you run PHYZZX it loads this file. +Any definitions which are in this file then take precedence over +those specified in PHYZZX. +So much for generalities, now on to specifics. + +\chapter{BASICS} + +\section{What is \TeX\ ?} + +In order to make this as simple as possible for the first time +user, we will say a few words about what \TeX\ is, before going on +to talk about what PHYZZX does. + +\TeX\ is the baby of Donald~E.~Knuth of Stanford University and +it is our choice for the best available text processor for +use at SLAC. +{\it Clear as mud!} you say. {\it What the hell is a +text processor ?}, you say. +{\it How is it different from Xedit and Wylbur ?}, you say. +Tell you what I'm gonna do, I'm going to tell you the answers to +these questions even if you weren't perceptive enough to ask. +A text processor is to Xedit and Wylbur what a publishing company +(as embodied by editors and printers) is to +a technical typist; namely, it is a thingamajig which takes a +crudely typed manuscript and turns it into a book. +Physicists and engineers all know that the +nicer your paper looks before it goes out, the more your +colleagues believe what is in it. +Therefore we all want to use \TeX\ +to prepare our papers for journals, summer schools +and conference proceedings. +Some of us (hopefully that means some of you reading this +introduction) will use \TeX\ to type our own papers, and some +of us will rely on others for this task. +In any event somewhere in that chain someone has to know how to +use the thingamajig or beautiful manuscripts just won't come out the +other end. +In that case our colleagues won't know all of the wonderful things +we have to say. +To facilitate this process to some degree we wrote the macro package +PHYZZX. In order +to make PHYZZX and \TeX\ more accessible to people at the +lab, we have generated this writeup. + +As I said, +to all intents and purposes you and Xedit (or you and Wylbur, if +you insist on living in prehistoric times) make a typist. +Actually, you make a pretty good typist for text, but you +don't do too well as a technical typist because neither +Xedit nor Wylbur does a very good job at typing equations. +You plus Xedit plus \TeX\ make a stupendous technical typist +and a remarkably good printing company. +Pursuing this analogy the process for producing a beautiful +book quality manuscript starts with somebody typing the +first draft. +This somebody is presumably you, the reader, and the +tools you use are your trusty computer terminal and an editor like +Xedit. +Obviously I have no intention of explaining how to use Xedit +since this is probably unnecessary and anyhow, everything you +have to know for the purpose of typing a text file +can be easily learned by reading the {\bf IBM Virtual Machine/ +System product: CMS Primer}. +Hence, this writeup assumes that you know how to log on to the +computer and use the editor. + +To use the editor to start collecting a file which \TeX\ will +turn into a beautiful paper, memo, or letter, you have to +follow a simple procedure. +First, in your incarnation as typist, you have log on +and enter an editor (e.g., Xedit) by telling it you want to +create a file whose name is {\bf CRAP} and whose filetype is {\bf TEX}. +You accomplish this feat by typing something difficult like +\tc{X {\rm (or XEDIT)} CRAP TEX A } +whereupon the powers that be will throw you into the editor. +At this point, since you are a person of discerning tastes, +the very next line you enter is +\tc{\\input phyzzx}. +This command will make sure that when you tell the computer +to print a version of the paper it will become an editor and instruct +the typesetter to lay out the copy according to the criteria +established by the macro package PHYZZX. +The very next thing you do is skip a line (i.e., enter a blank line) +in order to make your copy easy to read, and then +start to enter your copy. +So much for you as a typist. + +\subsection{You As An Editor: Correcting a Mistaken Impression} + +The preceding discussion indicates that you are to take your +manuscript and type it into the editor in exactly the same way +as you would at a typewriter. +While this is a possible way of proceeding it is not really +the best way to do things. +In order to you to understand why this is true, you have to +understand that once you have functioned as a typist, the +next thing you have to be is an editor. + +An editor's job is to make sure the text looks good and that +the printer knows how he is supposed to layout the copy which +he receives. +For example, he has to know: +how much space to put between lines of text, +what font to set chapter headings in, how much space to skip +before and after a chapter heading, which math symbols are +exponents, greek letters etc. +Since you are the editor and \TeX\ is going to be the printer, +you have to mark up the copy so that \TeX\ and/or PHYZZX knows +what to do with it. +This feat is accomplished by including editor's comments (or marks) +in the text. +These comments (or commands to \TeX ) have to have a special +character in front of them so that \TeX\ will recognize them +for what they are; this character is the $\backslash$, and the +combination of a \\ followed by a string of characters +is called a control sequence. +One example of a control sequence is {\bf \\par} which tells +\TeX\ to begin a new paragraph. +Note that this is not a trivial thing since \TeX\ has to know +to skip some extra space between the text in different paragraphs, +indent the first line by some amount, etc. +The basic version of \TeX\ has lots of control sequences +which tell \TeX\ to do lots of wonderful things. +To learn about these things (probably more than you initially +want to know about how \TeX\ operates) you have to read +{\it selectively} in the \TeX book written by Knuth. +Since this discussion is between friends, let me warn you +this book stinks as a reference manual and ain't so hot +as an introduction to \TeX . +Knuth has a philosophy of learning by ever increasing levels of +mistakes which I (and many of my acquaintances) find +at best distracting and at worst impenetrable. +Unfortunately, this book is all that is +available as an in depth introduction +to the basic version of \TeX . +If you want to know how to do sophisticated things which lie +outside of the purview of PHYZZX you will have to read quite a +lot of it.\foot{To get a feeling for \TeX\ +it is advisable to browse through the first three +chapters and read about boxes and modes. +If you just wish to type papers in the most straightforward way +you can defer this reading until you are more experienced so long as +you use PHYZZX. +However, in any event, you must +read the sections on typing math formulas, +typing displayed equations and a little bit about making boxes +since I have neither the time nor inclination to go into those things +in this writeup, and you must have a basic idea of how this stuff +works in order to proceed. +After all, ostensibly this writeup is about how to use PHYZZX +and is not a primer on \TeX .} +A really good thing to read to get an idea of the basic +things you can do with \TeX\ and to learn about the important control +sequences is a primer entitled {\bf First Grade \TeX\ \bf A Beginner's +\TeX\ Manual \rm by \it Arthur L. Samuel}. +This is short, readable and contains everything you need to +supplement this discussion of PHYZZX. +You can request a copy of this manual from the SLAC Library \hbreak +\vskip .10in +\vbox{\kern 3\lineskip +\centerline{ \bf First Grade Tex -- A Beginner's \TeX\ Manual} +\centerline{by} +\centerline{\it Arthur L. Samuel} +\centerline{ STAN--CS--83--985}} + +Since you are going to be both typist and editor it pays for +you to combine these jobs and mark up the manuscript at the +same time that you type it. +To be precise, this means that you want to type in equations +so that superscripts, \break \eject \noindent +subscripts, etc., are clearly indicated. +You also want to type chapter headings, subchapter headings, etc., +in such a way that the font to be used, the space to be skipped +above and below the heading, etc. are all clearly indicated. +In general you want to tell the printer how to lay out the +resulting copy as you type it in. +This of course requires that you make many formatting decisions +and then use the basic \TeX\ control sequences in order to tell +it what to do. +It will come as no surprise to you that this can get very +complicated very quickly. +That's where PHYZZX comes in. + +\section{What Is PHYZZX?} + +PHYZZX is a {\it macropackage} which is designed to make typing papers +destined for Physical Review or Nuclear Physics as simple as possible. +In addition it allows you to type letters and produce memos without +knowing much about the way \TeX\ works. + +The first question which arises at this point is {\it What is a +macropackage ?}, or for that matter {\it What is a macro?}. +Despite the name a {\it macro} is not something eaten on a +macrobiotic diet. +It is a name for a simple thing. +Unfortunately, this name has +been carefully designed by computerniks +to strike terror into the heart of occasional users and keep them +in their place. (There is nothing more annoying than an +uppity occasional user.) +Basically a macro is a way of defining an entry in a dictionary +which is kept in the guts of the computer. +The computer uses this dictionary to +find the meaning of words which have been defined +using the control sequence {\bf \\def}. +A macropackage is, as the name implies, a package of macros (or +definitions of commands) which we can use to give complicated +formatting instructions to \TeX\ without having to go +to the trouble of typing everything out each time we want to +give the same instruction. + +It follows from this discussion that PHYZZX is just a collection +of definitions which tell \TeX\ to do a well defined set of things +to make the text which follows look just the way you want it to look. +The best thing about a macropackage is that once it is written +you only have to know what happens when you +issue a given instruction; +you don't have to know how it is made to happen. +Although each of the commands which appear in the macropackage +cause apparently simple things to happen, making them happen can +get quite involved if you try to use the PLAIN version of \TeX . + +\subsection{Why Create A Macropackage like PHYZZX ?} + +Finally we get down to brass tacks. +We already pointed out that you, the person preparing the +manuscript, must to play the role of typist and editor. +As editor you have the job of telling the printer how large to +make chapter titles, what typeface to use for chapter titles, +how much space to skip above and below a chapter title, etc. +Having to give this set of instructions every time you want to +type a chapter title can get to be a pain in the neck. +Not only that, but imagine the problem of remembering exactly what +format you want for chapter titles, section titles, subsection +titles, etc., if -- as is the case with PHYZZX -- you use a different +format for each one. +Clearly, if one had to type all of this each time and keep all this +information in one's head one would probably choose not to use +\TeX\ at all. + +This discussion raises another point, namely that if one did +not have a predefined set of macros to tell \TeX\ what to +do at a certain point then you would have one more job dumped upon +your shoulders. +In addition to being typist and editor you would have to be a book +designer. +That means that you would have to make all of the esthetic decisions +about the most attractive print to use for a given paper, the spacing +to use between lines, the best way to number equations and +the rest of that crap. +This can be an onerous task which the average user doesn't want to +have to deal with. +Moreover, everybody has his own esthetic criteria (even though some +people have more taste than others), so without +a macropackage, to +set the formats into predefined molds, there would be little +or no uniformity in the layout of papers coming out of SLAC. +While this would be no great tragedy, it could get confusing. + +Okay, so PHYZZX is a macropackage which provides a dictionary +of editor's commands which allow one to easily format a +document for the printer. +It makes a set of esthetic choices for how these documents should +look and, in the interests of simplicity, doesn't make it trivial +for the casual user to mess around with these choices. +(Actually, this is not really true since there are many +ways in which PHYZZX can be tailored to your personal preferences, +but we will discuss that as we go along.) +The obvious question which comes up at this point is {\it Who +made all of these esthetic decisions?\/}. +In the interests of preserving the lives of the parties involved, +anonymity must be preserved. +Rest assured, however, it was a consultative process +and many people had an input into the final result. +Despite the fact that PHYZZX is an animal put together +by a committee, we think it does its job fairly well. + +\subsection{ So, what does it do?} + +The main job which PHYZZX is designed to do is to make +it easy to format SLAC preprints destined for submission to +Physical Review or Nuclear Physics. +Since these journals require different ways of handling line spacing, +footnotes, references, etc., PHYZZX you need to specify the journal +to which the preprint is to be submitted. +Actually, you only have to tell if the journal is going to be +Physical Review, since the default format is that for +Nuclear Physics. +This is because we, with our usual impeccable good taste, +decided that the Nuclear Physics format was a better +general purpose format. +If you don't like our decision write your own macropackage. + +All kidding aside, +changing to Physical Review format is easy, all you have to +do is start your typing with +\tc{\\input phyzzx} +\tcon{\\PHYSREV} +Note, when you are typing a control sequence everything counts; i.e., +\TeX\ cares about capital letters, small letters, spaces, etc. +Be careful to copy just what you see typed here or it won't work; +worse yet, it might work in an unexpected way. + +In addition to formatting papers PHYZZX does a great job of +producing letters and memos. +In each of these cases it produces, by itself, the appropriate +letterhead and formats the text in a way appropriate to the +document at hand. +Since, however, we consider the preprint formatting capabilities +of PHYZZX to be of paramount importance, we will discuss them first +and turn to letters and memos when we have finished. + + +\chapter{STRUCTURING PREPRINTS} + +A preprint is a document which eventually +will be submitted to a journal for publication. +In setting up PHYZZX we assumed that format of a preprint +is essentially fixed. +The size type to be used in the body of +the preprint is chosen so that when run off on the laser printer +and reduced for distribution it will be easily readable. +In addition, normally we skip +one and a half lines between lines of text. +We think this looks most attractive with the size type we are using +and makes the preprints a little shorter, saving paper. +To satisfy the requirements of journals like Phys.Rev. Letters +which specify the number of lines per inch which a +manuscript must have, you must use double spacing; +the command {\bf \\PHYSREV} automatically +takes care of this, as well as +a number of other things. + +Concerning spacing and other parameters you may well ask +{\it How fixed is fixed ?\/}. +The answer varies. +For example, +since we realize that people like to play around with line spacing +to some degree, we have provided commands which we hope will +enable you to change the average interline spacing to +something closer to your heart's desire. +The commands which perform this wondrous feat are +\tc{\\singlespace} +\tcon{\\doublespace} +and +\tc{\\normalspace} +Obviously, {\bf \\doublespace} means twice {\bf \\singlespace}; +but {\it What is the meaning of \bf \\normalspace \it ?\/}. +The answer to this question is that {\bf \\normalspace} +corresponds to a spacing between single and doublespace. + +You might think, having read a little in the \TeX\ book, +that you can achieve the same thing by changing {\bf \\baselineskip} +and {\bf \\lineskip}. +In a sense you would be correct. +However, you should know that the commands {\bf \\doublespace}, etc., +do more; this is because +they do different things depending upon the font and +format you are using. +If you want to do the same thing you will have to modify +a lot of basic \TeX\ parameters or the esthetic impact of the +document which emerges just won't be the same. + +All of this is by way of a parenthetical comment since it won't +do you any good unless you know how to use the simplest version +of PHYZZX first. + +\section{Chapters, Sections and Subsections} + +\subsection{Chapters} + +Most longer papers are divided into several parts in order +to make them easier to read. +These parts usually are preceded by headings or titles +which indicate the subject to be covered in discussion which follows. +Stylistically, several decisions have to be made about how +these headings are to be set in type. +You, as editor, have to tell the printer what to do. + +We will refer to the major divisions of a paper as chapters. +In general each chapter has a heading. +Our choice as book designers has been to set this heading in +larger type and preface the text of the heading with a number. +The number is automatically increased each time you declare a +new chapter. +In addition, some extra space is skipped both above and below +each chapter heading. +All of this magic is at your disposal if you simply use the +{\bf \\chapter} command to indicate that the text you are +about to type is the heading of a chapter. +\storechap \storesec +To be precise, the way you use this command is to type +\tc{ \\chapter $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ } +where $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ stands +for the chapter name which you have to make +up and insert. +For example, the chapter title for this chapter was generated by +typing +\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it STRUCTURING PREPRINTS} $\}$} + +Note, I chose to type the heading in capitals. +That's because I like the way it looks. +You certainly don't have to do that. +If you don't, but instead type +\tc{\\chapter$\{$ {\it Structuring Preprints} $\}$} +then you obtain \recallchap +\chapter{Structuring Preprints} + +One thing to notice is the curly braces surrounding the text. +These braces are absolutely necessary. +They are grouping symbols which tell \TeX\ how much of the +text to follow is to be considered part of the chapter heading +and if they are omitted you will get a disastrous error message +saying something like \TeX 's capacity is exhausted. +Unfortunately, on the screen of a computer terminal, +these symbols are easy to confuse with ( \ +and so you will have to be careful. +If you are in {\bf XEDIT} +you will be able to issue the command {\bf balance}. +This is an {\bf XEDIT} command defined by an exec file on the U +disk which counts matching pairs of curly braces. +It is helpful in that it tells you there is a problem, but +unfortunately it doesn't find the problem for you. + +In general you won't want to play around with the choice of font +inside of a chapter heading and so, by default, you will +get a roman font. +However, you can play with it if you wish. +We have provided a series of control sequences, or editors marks, +which allow you to change between different fonts all of which +have essentially the same size. +Hence, if you type {\bf \\rm} you get the current roman font, +if you type {\bf \\bf} you get the bold face version of the current font, +if you type {\bf \\sl} you get a slanted version of the current font, +if you type {\bf \\it} you get an italic font, and if +you type {\bf \\tt} you usually get a typewriter font. +I say that you usually get a typewriter font because we do not +have typewriter available in all sizes of print. +When we don't PHYZZX makes a substitution of the same font at a different +size. +Another font for which this happens is {\bf \\caps} which is +a font \endpage \noindent which is made up of only capital letters. +This font distinguishes between upper and lowercase letters only by size. +As an example of switching fonts let us see what happens if we change +font inside the command chapter. + +If you type \recallchap +\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\bf{ \it Formatting Text}$\}$ } +you get +\chapter{\bf Formatting Text} +If you type \recallchap +\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\sl {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ } +you get +\chapter{\sl Formatting Text} +If you type \recallchap +\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\it {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ } +you get +\chapter{\it Formatting Text} +\endpage +If you type \recallchap +\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\caps {\it Formatting Text}$\}$ } +you get +\chapter{\caps Formatting Text} +Finally, if you type \recallchap +\tc{\\chapter$\{$\\tt {\it Formatting Text} $\}$ } +you get +\chapter{\tt Formatting Text} + +While all of this is very nice you should note that the font +used to set the chapter number does not change with the text. +This illustrates something about \TeX 's grouping symbols. +Since we put the control sequences for changing fonts inside the +braces, only the text inside the braces is affected. +That is, the change only occurs {\it locally}. +In general any change you make inside a pair of curly braces only +affects the material inside the braces, unless you force +the effect to persist. +(If you want to know how to do this look up the {\bf \\global} +command in the \TeX\ book.) +It follows, therefore, that if we want the number to change +we have to change the font before we give the {\bf \\chapter} +command. + +\medbreak +If you type \recallchap +\tc{$\{$ \\bf \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text}$\} \}$} +you get +{\bf \chapter{Formatting Text}} +\endpage +If you type \recallchap +\tc{$\{$ \\sl \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$} +you get +{\sl \chapter{ Formatting Text}} +\medbreak +If you type \recallchap +\tc{$\{$ \\it \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ } +you get +{\it \chapter{ Formatting Text}} +\goodbreak +If you type \recallchap +\tc{$\{$ \\caps \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ } +you get +{\caps \chapter{ Formatting Text}} +\medbreak +Finally, if you type \recallchap +\tc{$\{$ \\tt \\chapter$\{$ {\it Formatting Text} $\} \}$ } +you get +{\tt \chapter{ Formatting Text}} +\noindent Much better, no? + +We have already mentioned that PHYZZX put extra space +above and below a chapter heading. +Since all of the chapter headings for this writeup +were generated using +the command {\bf \\chapter}, you only have to examine them +to see how \TeX\ handles these extra spaces. + +Another remark worth making is that in the current incarnation +of PHYZZX you do not have to worry about chapter titles which +are too long. +The chapter macro is set up to split your line when necessary +and automatically center each line. +To accomplish this feat PHYZZX makes use of a control sequence +called {\bf \\titlestyle}. +The command {\bf \\titlestyle} is worth knowing about because +sometimes you want to be able to type in a longish amount of +material and want the various lines to be centered, not left or +right adjusted after each break. +Typing {\bf \\titlestyle$\{$ {\it text} $\}$} will accomplish this feat. +In addition, +if you don't like the way PHYZZX chooses to break the lines +you can force your desires upon the machine by inserting: the +command {\bf \\break}. +This command forces the line to break at the point where the command is +given. +The command {\bf \\nobreak} will stop the line from +breaking at an undesirable place, and the symbol \~ \ will +insert some unbreakable space between words. +This stuff is covered in the basic books on \TeX\ and we refer you to +there for details. +Combining these control sequences with the control sequence +{\bf \\titlestyle} allows you to {\it easily} +achieve many interesting effects. +For example, you can generate an invitation by typing \hbreak +{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break +\hbreak +\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak +\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak +\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ } \hbreak +and obtain +\titlestyle {\it You are cordially invited \break +to the coming out party for \break +the new macro package \break +\rm PHYZZX \break } + +If you are really sharp, and I assume that you are, you will +have noticed that the type in which the invitation is set is larger +than the normal type. +Remember that I already told you that titles are set in larger +type than the basic text. +I also told you that the commands {\bf \\rm}, {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\it}, +etc., change the style of the font but leave it the same size. +What we have not discussed is how you change the size of the font +the way {\bf \\titlestyle} does with impunity. +Well, all things come to he who waits! +Now's the time to discuss this point. + +Font sizes, as you learn from reading the \TeX book come in sizes +measured in a mysterious printer's unit call {\it points}. +You don't have to know what a point is, you only have to know that +most of the text in this writeup is twelve point type, the titles +are in fourteen point type and the footnotes are in ten point type. +It is possible for you to force \TeX\ to use a particular size +of type by saying {\bf \\tenpoint},{\bf \\twelvepoint} or +{\bf \\fourteenpoint}; in which case the obvious thing happens. +Thus, for example, if you change the typed instructions for generating +the invitation to read \hbreak +{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\twelvepoint +\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break +\hbreak +\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak +\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak +\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ } \hbreak +you get +\vskip -\parskip +\titlestyle {\twelvepoint \it You are cordially invited \break +to the coming out party for \break +the new macro package \break +\rm PHYZZX \break } +\endpage +\noindent and if you type \hbreak +{\bf \\titlestyle $\{$ \\tenpoint +\\it \it You are cordially invited \bf \\break +\hbreak +\it to the coming out party for \bf \\break \hbreak +\it the new macro package \bf \\break \hbreak +\\rm \it PHYZZX \bf \\break $\}$ }\hbreak +the result is +\titlestyle {\tenpoint \it You are cordially invited \break +to the coming out party for \break +the new macro package \break +\rm PHYZZX \break } + +\subsection{Sections} + +Now that we know everything about generating chapters, we turn +to the problem of generating smaller subdivisions; namely, +sections and subsections. + +\recallchap \recallsec +The numbering is done as $\{ chapter number\}.\{section number\}$ . +Each time you start a new chapter, the section numbers restart from +1. +You have already seen many examples of the results produced by +the section macro in this writeup. +As in the case of the chapter macro all of the numbering is taken +care of automatically. +To accomplish the feat of generating a new section heading you type +\tc{\\section $\{$ {\it section heading} $\}$ } +For example, if you type +\tc{ \\section $\{$ {\it New Section} $\}$ } +you get +\advance\sectionnumber by -1 \section{ New Section } +As in the case of chapter headings you can play with the +fonts if you insist; however, remember that the space above and +below chapter and section headings have been carefully matched +to our choices of fonts. +If you play too much, the esthetic balance of the final copy +won't be the same. + +\subsection{Subsections} + +The smallest subdivision for which we have a formal macro +defined is a subsection. +Our choice has been to make subsections unnumbered and underlined. +When you type the command {\bf \\subsection +$\{$ {\it subsec.heading} $\}$ } +you get the sort of heading which introduces this paragraph. +All of the control sequences, {\bf \\chapter}, {\bf \\section} and +{\bf \\subsection} force the start of a new paragraph, so in principle +you do not have to skip lines as you type in text. +However, from the point of being able to proofread your +typed copy in order to make corrections, not skipping lines +can be a disaster. + +The underlining of the text in the section macro is accomplished using +the control sequence +\tc{\\undertext $\{$ {\it text} $\}$ } +This is a command worth knowing about, but in general using italics +is a better way to emphasize text. + +This completes our discussion of the macros which handle the +generation of titles for the major subdivisions of the usual paper. + +\section{Other Subdivisions: Appendices and Acknowledgements} + +In addition to chapters, sections and subsections, papers tend +to have auxiliary junk attached. +This extra junk is usually called either +acknowledgements or appendices. +To save you the bother of figuring out which font sizes and spacing +choices are necessary to make these appendages +consistent with the rest of the paper we also have +control sequences to generate headings for them. +Typing the command +\tc{ \\ack } +generates the line +\ack +Note the beauty of the typeface and the precisely chosen amounts of +extra space which gracefully offset the title generated with this +simple command. +Once again, for the Philistines among you, you can play with +the fonts using the commands {\bf \\bf}, {\bf \\sl}, etc.; +however, let the esthetic violence you do to the manuscript +be on your own head. + +Generating appendices presents us with a slightly more complex +situation and so you get more choices as to how to proceed. +The questions which arise at this juncture are +{\it How many appendices will there be ?\/} and +{\it How do you want them numbered ?\/}. +Clearly, if there is to be only one appendix then the choice is +simple. +In that event you generate a lovely heading by simply typing +\tc{ \\appendix } +which causes \TeX\ to generate the line +\appendix +If there are to be many appendices and you want to number them +in any way which suits you, you only need type +\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it text} $\}$ } +note the capital letter appearing as the first letter of this control +sequence. +Remember, \TeX\ cares about upper and lowercase, so this is a +different command from { \bf \\appendix}. + +Typing +\tc{\\Appendix$\{$ {\it A} $\}$ } +generates +\Appendix{A} +\noindent Typing +\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it I} $\}$ } +generates +\Appendix{I} +\endpage +\noindent and typing +\tc{ \\Appendix$\{$ {\it 1} $\}$ } +generates +\Appendix{1} + +\recallchap \recallsec \advance\chapternumber by 1 +\def\chapterlabel{3.} +\advance\sectionnumber by 1 +\def\sectionlabel{\number\sectionnumber \quad} + +This completes the discussion of the basic commands which generate +division headings. +Now we turn to a discussion of the special commands which +PHYZZX has included to allow you to tailor the way in which +these macros handle numbering conventions. + +\section{Controlling the Way Chapters are Numbered} + +The discussion to follow is really not necessary if what you want to +learn is how to use PHYZZX to type a paper. +This section is devoted to making PHYZZX do something out of +the ordinary; i.e., something it ordinarily doesn't want to do. + +\subsection{Playing With Numbers} + +There will be times when you want to print out just a +piece of a paper either because it is long, or because (as I +understand is the case for that strange group of people called +{\it experimental physicists}) many people are working on different +chapters (perhaps even sections) of the same paper. +In this event you probably want the chapter and section numbers to +print correctly when you are proof reading so that you don't get +confused. +Rest easy, this can be done. +PHYZZX defines two quantities which it updates and refers to when +it needs chapter and section numbers. +These quantities are called {\bf \\chapternumber} and +{\bf \\sectionnumber} (big surprise!). +You, as the editor, can tell PHYZZX to set these numbers to a +specific value, say 7, by typing +\tc{\\chapternumber$=$7} +or +\tc{\\sectionnumber$=$7} +Note that for the first time you have encountered an $=$ +sign occurring in a statement to \TeX . +You will encounter this sort of syntax many times, +in general when it occurs it will be because it is the natural +way to write something. + +Once you get involved in fooling with chapter and section numbers +there are a few things you have to know. +Both the {\bf \\chapter} and {\bf \\section} macros increase +the respective chapter or section number by 1 before they print +anything. +Thus, if you want to get a chapternumber like 7 you set +\tc{\\chapternumber$=$6} +The same is true for setting the section number. +If you are so perverse as to start in the middle of a chapter, then +when you set the section number you must also set +the chapter number, since it appears as part of the section +heading. +Actually, the quantity which appears in the section heading is +called {\\bf \\chapterlabel} and to set it you have to say +\tc{\\let\\chapterlabel={\it 6}} +or whatever label you want instead of 6. +This extra step is required because we really don't think its +such a great idea to start in the middle of a chapter and +so didn't bother to make it too trivial to do so. +If you are starting a chapter, then you don't have to worry +about setting the section number since the command {\bf \\chapter} +automatically resets the section number to 0. + +\subsection{Changing Styles} + +Another way you might want to modify the way PHYZZX handles divisions +is to have it number chapters using letters, or roman numerals, +instead of arabic numerals. +Although this defeats the purpose of establishing some sort +of uniformity of style for preprints, etc., it is possible to do. +This feature was added to PHYZZX because we recognize that some +folks, particularly experimentalists, just can't leave well +enough alone. +The mood of people like this begins to verge upon hysteria if +they don't have knobs to twiddle and buttons to push. +For this small number of benighted souls there exists the +special command called {\bf \\chapterstyle}. +You change the way in which PHYZZX numbers chapters by saying +\settabs 2 \columns +\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\alphabetic$\}$}& to get +the l.c. letters a,b,c,$\ldots$ \cr +\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Alphabetic$\}$}& to get +the u.c. letters A,B,C,$\ldots$ \cr +\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\roman$\}$} & to get +the l.c. roman numerals i,ii,iii,$\ldots$ \cr +\+ {\bf \\chapterstyle$=$$\{$\\Roman$\}$} & to get +the u.c. roman numerals I,II,III,$\ldots$ \cr + +There is one more option open to you, that is to have all +chapters, sections and subsections unnumbered.\foot{Note that +this implies that all equations will automatically be sequentially +numbered} +To select this option you begin your file with the command +\tc{\\unnumberedchapters} +This is not too difficult, but it is long to type. + +One final remark. +We have not made it possible, other than shutting it off +completely, for you to change the style used when numbering subsections. +All you get is {$ chapterlabel.section number $} no matter what you +do. +Moreover, the section number is always an arabic numeral. +If you don't like this, write your own section macro. +(This isn't as bad as it sounds. We'll discuss doing this sort of +thing at the end of this writeup.) + +\chapter{DISPLAYED EQUATIONS: NUMBERING AND NAMING THEM} + +We have now discussed the macros available for defining the basic +parts of a paper and appropriately titling them. +Now let us turn to the most important +stuff -- other than text -- which appears in each section; namely +equations. +If you've done your homework and read Knuth or {\bf First Grade +\TeX\ } you know that equations are typed in {\it math mode} +and that you let \TeX\ know that you are in math mode by +typing either \$ or \$\$ . +Enclosing an equation inside a pair of single \$ signs +puts it in ordinary mode; enclosing the same equation between +matching pairs of \$\$ signs puts it in display mode. +Regular math mode is used for inserting equations into a line of +text. +Since you have done your homework we don't have to say +anything about this, since PHYZZX doesn't play with ordinary math mode +at all. +Display mode is used for generating equations which are to stand out +from the ordinary text. +It allows you to type \hbreak +{\bf \$\$} {\it (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 }{\bf\$\$ } \hbreak +in order to get +$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 $$ +This is called a displayed equation. + +Displayed equations are used in all journals and are usually +numbered. +In PLAIN \TeX\ there is a built in +capability for allowing you to generate +equation numbers; it is the macro {\bf \\eqno}. +If you type \hbreak +{\bf \$\$ \it (x+y)(x-y) = x\^\ 2 - y\^\ 2 \bf \\eqno({\it 13}) \$\$ } +you get +$$ (x+y)(x-y) = x^2 -y^2 \eqno(13) $$ +This example shows what the command {\bf \\eqno} does. It makes +the material appearing to the right of this command into +a label for the displayed equation and sticks it in the right hand +side of the line. +There is also the PLAIN \TeX\ command {\bf \\leqno} which does the same +thing but puts the equation number on the left. +For example, typing \hbreak +{\bf \$\$ \it 7x+12 = 24 \bf \\leqno ({\it 13}) \bf \$\$ } \hbreak +produces +$$ 7x + 12 = 24 \leqno(13) $$ + +{\it So}, you ask, {\it what does PHYZZX have to do with this?} +Well the answer to that question depends upon who you are. +If you are typing someone else's handwritten manuscript which is +in final proofread form, then these macros for putting in +equation numbers are all you need. +If, however, you are the author of the paper, typing it in yourself, +either from a rough copy or composing it directly at the +terminal, then these two commands leave a great deal to be desired. + +To begin with, if you are anything like me, when composing +at the typewriter you usually forget the number of the last +equation you have typed. +Of course you can always go back and look it up, but this is time +consuming and sometimes difficult to do. +In addition if, as is usually the case, you expect the manuscript +to be changed after it is typed, then it is highly likely +that equations will be added, deleted and moved around. +In that case, if you have used {\bf \\eqno} or {\bf \\leqno} +you will have to go through the text and change all of the +equation numbers and all references to those numbers each time +there is a revision. +Clearly this can get to be a big nuisance. +Wouldn't it be nice if \TeX\ would just take care of numbering +all of the equations properly each time it prints the manuscript +taking into account all of the revisions automatically.\hbreak +\centerline{{\it Joy of joys} it can be done!} + +\section{A Simple Solution to Numbering Equations} + +PHYZZX has a macro {\bf \\eq} which can take care of this chore for +you automatically. +All you have to do is type \hbreak +\tc{ \$\$ \it x + y = {\bf $\{$} 2 {\bf \\over} (x - y) {\bf $\}$} +\bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$} +to get \hbreak +$$ x + y = {2 \over (x-y)} \eqno\eq $$ +and you will have automatically generated an equation number. +The question is, {\it What sort of equation +number will you generate ?\/}. +Once again, this is a question of style. +If you are in the Phys.Rev. format, or in the default Nuclear Physics +format then the equation label is of the form +{ \it chapterlabel.equation number}. +Equations are numbered sequentially within each chapter, but +when you change chapters the chapter number is increased by +1 and the equation number is reset to 1. +If you have chosen the format with unnumbered chapters and sections, +then {\\eq } will automatically generate sequential equation numbers. +As far as we are concerned this is the most satisfactory way of +numbering things. +For short papers, i.e. those with only one chapter, choose the unnumbered +chapter format and all of your equations will be numbered sequentially; +for longer papers, i.e. those which call for dividing them into +chapters, numbering the equations by their chapter and number within +the chapter makes it easier to refer to them. +Sometimes, however, either out of perversity or because a paper +has many chapters but very few equations, an author wishes to +choose the format with numbered chapters but sequential equation numbers. +This will happen if, before entering the first equation in your paper +you type the command {\bf \\sequentialequations} +Hence, in the default mode, typing +\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x + x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x + 8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +yields +\equanumber=0 +$$ 7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 3x + x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 4x + 8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 7x + 4x^2 = 0 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$ +If, however, you first type {\bf \\sequentialequations}; +then typing \hbreak +\tc{ \$\$ \it 7x + 11x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 50 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 3x + x\bf \^\ \it 3 = 85 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 4x + 8x\bf \^\ \it 7 = 12 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it 7x + 4x\bf \^\ \it 2 = 0 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +\tcon{ \$\$ \it x + 21x\bf \^\ \it 5 = -5 \bf \\eqno\\eq \$\$ } +yields +\sequentialequations +$$ 7x + 11x^2 = 50 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 3x + x^3 = 85 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 4x + 8x^7 = 12 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ 7x + 4x^2 = 0 \eqno\eq $$ +$$ x + 21x^5 = -5 \eqno\eq $$ + +Since you are an astute reader you have no doubt noticed +that what I have told you to this point only solves half of the +problem. +While {\bf \\eq} automatically generates equation numbers +which, each time you run the paper through \TeX\ , +are automatically updated to conform to the order in which +they appear in the text, we have no a priori way of knowing what these +numbers are. +The question is, {\it How do we get hold of these numbers so that +we can refer to them in the text?\/} +Well, {\bf \\eq} provides a partial solution to this problem by +definiing the control sequence {\bf \\?} a synonym for that +number each time it is invoked. +Hence, typing {\bf \\?} at any point in the text causes \TeX\ to +print the number of the last equation in which you used the +command {\bf \\eq}. +For example by typing {\it equation \bf \\?} we cause \TeX\ to print +equation \? , which is the number of the last equation +appearing in our examples. +The only thing wrong with this solution is that the meaning of +the symbol {\bf \\?} changes each time you invoke {\bf \\eq}, +so what happens if you want to refer back to an equation +at several different points in the text? + +\section{Naming Equations: A Powerful Tool} + +In order to make it possible to refer back to a specific equation +without knowing its number, PHYZZX has a way of giving the equation +a symbolic name, like {\bf \\?}, which will always stand for the +number of that equation. +The macro which accomplishes this feat does this at the same time +it generates (and prints) the number associated with this +equation. +Since this command does just one more thing than the command +{\bf \\eq} does, we have given it a name which is just one +letter longer; the name is {\bf \\eqn}. +To use {\bf \\eqn} you type +\tc{ \\eqn\\{\it equation\_name}} +\equanumber=6 +Note carefully the \\ appearing before the equation name inside the +braces. +This backslash must always precede the name itself because you +are using {\bf \\eqn} to define a new control sequence and, as +we have already noted, control sequences always start with a \\ . +Also note the grouping symbols. +They tell \TeX\ to include everything in the braces as the +equation name and they are necessary. +To use this command you type something like \nextline +{\bf {\it the value of} \$ \\pi \$ {\it is}} \nextline +\tc{ \$\$ \\pi \\approx {\it 3.14159 } \\eqn\\{\it valueofpi} \$\$ } +to obtain \nextline + +the value of $\pi$ is +$$ \pi \approx 3.14159 \eqn\valueofpi $$ +If you now type \nextline +{\it the circumference of a circle is given by} \nextline +{\bf \$\$ {\it 2} \\pi {\it r} +\^\ {\it 2} \\eqn\\{\it circumference} \$\$ }\nextline +you define a new equation number and a new name. +The result of this is \nextline + +\noindent the circumference of a circle is given by +$$ 2\pi r^2 \eqn\circumference $$ +If we now type {\bf \\valueofpi} we get \valueofpi , +if we type {\bf \\circumference} we get \circumference . + +A little thought will convince you that this ability to name +equations is a very powerful time saving tool. +By giving names to equations you are able to refer to them +at will without ever giving a thought to the number they +will be assigned when the paper is printed. +If you use the command {\bf \\eqn\\{\it name}} to +deal with the numbering problem, then the number assigned to the +equation and all references to the equation will always be correct. +It won't matter if you delete equations, add equations, move +equations around, or decide to switch from the normal conventions +for numbering equations to sequential numbering, etc. + +\subsection{Restrictions on Equation Names} + +There are only a few simple rules you should observe when giving +names to equations using the command {\bf \\eq} +\pointbegin +First, the name has to be proceeded by a \\ as we already noted +\point +Second, the rest of the name has to be all letters. +{\it No numbers are allowed\/}. +You may however use upper and lowercase letters, and names can +be arbitrarily long. +Everyone seems to have his own favorite way of naming equations +in order to facilitate referring back to them later. +I invite you to play around with this until you find a scheme +which makes you comfortable. +\point +Third, try to remember to always use a different name for each +equation. +Neither \TeX\ nor PHYZZX will warn you if you give two equations +the same name. +They will quite happily change the meaning of the +previously defined name to mean the number of the last equation +to which you have given that name. +If you wish this to happen, o.k., however be sure that is what you +want or you will be in for some surprises later. +\point +Finally, {\it never use the name of any macro for an equation name}, +this road surely leads to disaster. +For example, if you accidentally type {\bf \\eqn\\bf} +you not only change the previous meaning of {\bf \\bf} but you +also mess up any macro which uses that control sequence. + +As an example of this I note that the names {\bf \\herman}, +{\bf \\Suzanne}, {\bf \\duMMy } are all good names; however, +{\bf \\jerk3}, {\bf \\don't} and {\bf \\sl} are not. +There is one exception to this rule, you can give the name {\bf \\?} +to an equation, which is what the macro {\bf \\eq} does. +This is useful only if you intend to use it as a temporary name +for an equation that will be referred to once or twice before +the name is redefined. +If you really want to give use numbers for you equation names +roman numerals are all right. +You can name equations {\bf \\eqi},{\bf \\eqii},$\ldots$, +{\bf \\eqix }, etc. + +\section{Other Macros For Naming Equations} + +We have already noted that \TeX\ allows you to put equations +on the left hand side of a line using the macro {\bf \\leqno}. +For this reason, we too need a version of the naming macros +which do the same thing. +The obvious name for such a macro would be {\bf \\leqn} +and it is invoked by typing +\tc{\\leqn\\{\it equation.name}} +If you include this in an equation the number comes out on the left. + +In addition to this obvious addition to the macro set +there are macros meant to be used for the automatic numbering of +aligned equations. +To learn about aligned equations you should read in the \TeX book +or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }. +Assuming that you have done so, let me remind you how about how +aligned equations are generated, in order to set the stage for +explaining how the macros {\bf \\eqinsert}, {\bf \\leqinsert}, +{\bf \\mideqn} and {\bf \\midleqn} work. + +Aligned equations are, as the name implies, a set of equations +which appear one after the other. +In order to make the spacing between these equations look nice +and in order to make them line up so as not to look messy +PLAIN \TeX\ introduces the macro {\bf \\eqalign}. +This macro produces a list of equations which are aligned with +respect to some common feature of each equation, for example +an $=$ sign. +As with single displayed equations \TeX\ allows you to number these +sets of equations as if they are a single equation by using the +commands {\bf \\eqno}, {\bf \\leqno}. +PHYZZX, too, is kind and permits exactly the same thing; to do this you +use the commands {\bf \\eqn} and {\bf \\leqn}. +Since {\bf \\eqalign} is a macro whose argument is the text of the +equations, the way to use {\bf \\eqn}, etc. is to type them +{\it after} the right $\}$ which closes the {\bf \\eqalign} %{ +command. +For example, typing \nextline +{\bf \$\$ \\eqalign$\{$ \\cos $\{$ \\pi \\over {\it 6} $\}$\\ = \& \\ +\\sqrt$\{${\it 3/4}$\}$ \\cr \nextline +\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 4}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 1/2}$\}$ \\cr +\nextline +\\cos$\{$\\pi\\over{\it 3}$\}$\\ =\&\\ \\sqrt$\{${\it 8}$\}$ \\cr $\}$ +\\eqn\\trig \$\$ }\nextline +yields +$$ \eqalign{\cos{\pi \over 6}\ = &\ \sqrt{3/4} \cr +\cos{\pi\over 4}\ = &\ \sqrt{1/2} \cr +\cos{\pi \over 3}\ =&\ \sqrt{8} \cr} \eqn\trig $$ + +\subsection{Things to Remember About {\bf \\eqalign}} + +\pointbegin +The entire argument of {\bf \\eqalign} must be enclosed in braces. +Successive rows of the equation must be separated by the control +symbol {\bf \\cr} to tell \TeX\ to make a carriage return. +\point +Every row contains two parts (or {\it templates}) separated +by the special tabulation symbol \&. +This symbol tells \TeX\ what character you want to line up in each +line of the set of equations. +If you want half of some of the lines to be empty that is all right, +but the symbol \& must always appear. +Left and right braces within a {\it template} must balance separately. +\point +PLAIN \TeX\ sometimes puts aligned equations too close together. +If you want to force {\bf \\eqalign} to spread the lines apart +somewhat there is a special control symbol for doing this. +All you have to do is type {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it space}$\}$} +instead of {\bf \\cr} at the end of each line. +For example, {\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 12pt}$\}$ } will force +the lines 12pt further apart. +The control sequence {\bf \\crr} is an abbreviation for +{\bf \\cropen$\{${\it 10pt}$\}$}. + +Although it is not obvious from the previous example, {\bf \\eqalign} +won't always put the equation number where you would like it. +For example, if one of the equation lines is very long and +pushes into the right hand margin, then {\bf \\eqalign} will +put the equation number on a separate line below the last equation +in the set. +If, as often happens, there is only one or two long lines and +there is room on one of the other lines for an equation number +you can force \TeX\ to put it there if you wish. +The way to do this is to use the PLAIN \TeX\ control sequence +{\bf \\eqinsert} immediately following the {\bf \\cr} or +{\bf \\cropen} ending the line you wish to have the equation on. +If you type \nextline +{\bf \$\$} $\ldots$ {\bf =\&} $\ldots$ {\bf \\cr \\eqinsert$\{$ +{\it equation.number}$\}$ \$\$ } \nextline +then you get the equation number you specify on the line +indicated. +The corresponding PHYZZX macros which allow you to do this +while at the same time automatically generating a name and number +for the aligned set of equations are +\tc{\\mideqn\\{\it name}} +If you don't want to name the equation at the same time that +you automatically generate a number for it you can simply use +\tc{\\eqinsert\\eq} + +\subsection{Numbering Aligned Equations Independently} + +Sometimes you will wish to generate a set of aligned equations +but refer to each of them individually. +In this case you will wish to be able to number them independently. +PLAIN \TeX\ provides the control sequence {\bf \\eqaligno} +to handle this eventuality. +The command {\bf \\eqaligno} works like {\bf \\eqalign} +except that each equation line consists of three +parts (or {\it templates\/}) separated by the character \&. +The third template is where you put the appropriate label for +that line of the set of equations. +If you wish to number each equation line sequentially without +generating a name, then all you have to do is type \nextline +{\bf \$\$ \\eqaligno $\{$ {\it junk} \& {\it more junk} \& +\\eq \\cr $\}$ \$\$ }\nextline +If, however, you wish to name each line separately +you {\it may not} use the macro {\bf \\eqn}. +It will not work and will give you a peculiar message of the form +{\it you cannot use {\bf \\eqno} inside {\bf \\eqalign}}. +To name individual lines of aligned equations the correct macro +to use is {\bf \\eqnalign $\{$ \\{\it name} $\}$ } as the +entry for the third template followed by the command {\bf \\cr}. +The same command will work in {\bf \\leqaligno} which works +in exactly the same way as {\bf \\eqalign} but puts the contents +of the third template to the left of each equation instead of to +the right. +In general, {\bf \\leqaligno} causes more difficulties than +{\bf \\eqaligno} and you should read about it in the \TeX book +before using it. + +\chapter{REFERENCES, FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE CAPTIONS: +THEIR NAMING AND NUMBERING } + +\section{References: Stuff Which Comes at the Back} + +To this point we have discussed the partitioning of a document +into it's major parts, and the automatic numbering and naming +of equations. +We now come to the question of generating references. +In general a reference is signaled by attaching a +label or reference mark, i.e. +either a superscripted number or a superscripted number +enclosed in delimiters (e.g., braces, brackets or parentheses), +to a specified word in the text. +This number indicates that in the back of the document, on a page +(or pages) labelled REFERENCES, one will find a corresponding +chunk of text prefaced by the same number. +This text will usually be +a reference to work published in some journal +or some comment which is only marginally relevant to the subject +being discussed. +Your problem as typist and editor is to generate the appropriate +number, attach it to the desired word and then type the desired +text into a separate file of text at the same time numbering it +with the corresponding number. +You therefore are faced with several formatting decisions; +namely, how to attach the reference number to the word in +the text, and how to format the references when they are typed +in the back of the paper. +Clearly, there is a real need for a macro +to help you handle this dull and repetitive chore. + +\subsection{What features should such a macro possess ?} + +First it should handle the task of +attaching the desired number to the designated word, and +then it should file away the pertinent text in a form which will +allow it to be printed at the end of the paper. +In addition to the mechanical act of attaching the reference mark and +sending the text to another page, we would also like it +to automatically generate the number for us; so that we don't have to +constantly refer back to the number of the last reference +inserted. +As in the case of equations, this would be nice, since then +the numbering will automatically come out correct even if we +add, delete or move references around. +Finally, since one often cites the same reference +in many places in the text, it would be nice for the macro to +allow us to name a reference (in the same way we named equations) +so that we can cite it without ever knowing exactly +what number PHYZZX has assigned to it.\nextline + +\centerline{PHYZZX \it has the macro capability to do all of this +and more.} + +Since, however, +there are may different ways in which people like to +generate and cite references we had to make the commands for +carrying out these tasks more flexible than those which we +have been discussing to now. +For this reason there are more of them to learn about +and their syntax is a little more complicated. +We will take them one at a time in increasing order of +generality. + +\subsection{Single References} + +Let us deal with the simplest case first. +Suppose you wish to generate a reference, mark the appropriate word +and save the indicated text for printing in the back of the paper. +The command used to accomplish this feat is +{\bf \\ref}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{ \\ref$\{$\it text$\}$} +where the indicated text is the material which you wish to have +appear in the back of the paper. +For example if you type\ref{This is the place you want to put a +reference}{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it This is the place you want to put a +reference \bf $\}$}; then PHYZZX will, as you see, generate a +reference number, attach it to the word immediately preceding +the macro command and store the text in a file on your A disk. +Each time you invoke the macro {\bf \\ref} it increases the +reference number by 1 and adds the next reference to the file on +your A disk. +Anytime that you wish to print this file all you have to do is +type the command {\bf \\refout}. +Normally, you would wait to do this until the end of the document; +however, to see what happens we will now type {\bf \\refout} to +obtain +\nobreak +\refout + +\referencecount=0 +Note, that the simple command {\bf \\ref} is like the command {\bf \\eq}: +it automatically numbers the reference and stores it away, +however it does not allow you the freedom of naming it. +It is like {\bf \\eq} in another way; +like {\bf \\eq} it automatically +gives the reference the name {\bf \\?}. +This allows you to refer to the last reference until +you do something to redefine {\bf \\?}. +Clearly, this command has only +limited flexibility and one needs a more sophisticated command +to allow you to individually name each reference. +The command which does this is {\bf \\Ref}; the syntax for this +command is +\tc{\\Ref\\{\it name}$\{${\it text of reference}$\}$} +where {\it name} is the name you wish to assign to this +reference and {\it text} is the material which you wish to have +appear on the page of references at the back of the document. +To use the command {\bf \\Ref} you simply begin typing the +appropriate reference immediately following the word to which +the reference number is to be attached. +For example if you type \nextline +$ \ldots $ {\it this is the result obtained by Banks and +Kaplunovsky{\bf \\Ref\\}junkname{\bf $\{$}T.\~\ Banks +and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$} +you get \nextline +$\ldots$ this is the result +obtained by Banks and Kaplnovsky\Ref{\junkname}{T.~Banks +and V.~Kaplunovsky}\nextline +Note that the word Kaplunovsky has a superscripted version of the +current reference number attached to it and the text has disappeared. +The text is stored away in a file called +{\bf referenc.texauxil}. +This file is automatically stored on your A disk +when the \TeX\ file is processed. +Once again, to print this stuff we type {\bf \\refout} + +\refout + +\noindent If we wish to refer to this reference we need only type +{\it Ref. {\bf \\junkname}} to obtain Ref.\junkname . +Note that when you type {\bf \\junkname} you do not automatically +get a space after the number generated, even if you typed one. +This is because \TeX\ eats a space which appears after a control +sequence. +If you want a space to follow the number you should type +{\bf \\junkname\\ \quad }; i.e., {\bf \\junkname} followed +by a {\bf \\ \it (space)}, which is \TeX 's control sequence for an +extra space. + +\subsection{Gaining Ultimate Control of Referencing} + +Recapping, we see that +the command {\bf \\Ref} basically does for references what {\bf \\eqn} +does for equations. +Ordinarily, {\bf \\Ref} is the most convenient version of the +reference command and will be the one you will use most +often. +There will be situations, however, where you wish to generate a named +reference without generating its reference mark. +For example, you may be typing a formula, or a footnote and wish +to put the superscripted reference mark inside the footnote or formula +(or for that matter, inside some {\bf \\hbox} which you are +defining). +You must be careful because the command +{\bf \\Ref} cannot be used in these situations. +This has to do with the way in which it goes about doing its job. +You really don't have to know the reasons why it won't work, +you just have to know it won't. +This problem is easily solved if you know how to use the most +flexible form of the reference command; namely, the command +\tc{\\REF\\{\it junkname}$\{$ {\it text }$\}$} +As you see the syntax of this command is identical to {\bf \\Ref} +and in fact, it does almost exactly the same thing. +It generates a dummy name ({\bf \\junkname}) and writes the text +material into the file {\bf referenc.texauxil}. +The difference is that when {\bf \\REF} is finished it does not +attach the reference mark to the preceding word. +To attach the reference mark to a specific word you type the command +{\bf \\refend} immediately following that word. +Basically, what {\bf \\Ref} does is invoke the command {\bf \\REF} +immediately followed by the command {\bf \\refend}. +Dividing the reference generating command from the +command which attaches the reference mark +solves all of the aforementioned problems. +If you wish to put a reference in a forbidden place, like a footnote, +or hbox, or formula, all you have to do is use {\bf \\REF} +somewhere before you enter the forbidden territory and then use +{\bf \\refend} immediately following the place where you want the +reference mark. + +\subsection{Generating Your Own Reference Marks} + +Since the referencing commands are the ones which are +most often played with (because +so many people have their own styles for referencing things) it +is worth spending a few moments giving you a better understanding +of the various subcommands which go into their construction. +First, you should know that the current value of the number +assigned to the last reference +is filed away under the name +{\bf \\referencecount}. +To get hold of this number you type +\tc{\\number\\referencecount} +and then \TeX\ will type out the current value of this number. +PHYZZX attaches this number to a word by invoking +the command {\bf \\refmark}. +The syntax of the control sequence {\bf \\refmark} is +\tc{\\refmark$\{$ {\it number or name of reference}$\}$ } +When this command is issued PHYZZX tells \TeX\ to generate a +superscripted version of the material appearing inside the braces +and attach it to the word immediately preceding the place where you +typed this control sequence. +It is not advisable to leave spaces between the word +and the command {\bf \\refmark} (or for that matter {\bf \\ref, \\Ref} +and {\bf \\refend}), +because if space is left it might creep into the text. +The command {\bf \\refmark} does one more thing, it changes the +appearance of the reference mark depending upon whether the paper +is in Nuclear Physics or Physical Review format. + +Since I have referred to {\bf \\refmark} as a subcommand +it is only fair to give an example of how it is used. +One place is in the definition of the command {\bf \\refend}. +PHYZZX defines the command {\bf \\refend} to mean +\tc{\\refmark$\{$\\number\\referencecount$\}$} +Using {\bf \\REF} to define a reference outside +of a forbidden region and using {\bf \\refend} inside this region +to generate the reference mark provides only a partial solution to the +problem we have been discussing. +This is because {\bf \\refend} causes the current value +of {\bf \\referencecount} to be printed. +If, for some reason you wish to delay the printing of +several reference names; or, if you wish to mix and match various +references and stick them in a single reference mark, you can +do this by typing {\bf \\refmark$\{$ \\junkname} $\ldots$ {\bf $\}$} +In this way you can gain all but stylistic control +of your reference marks. +It is still true that {\bf \\refmark} changes the form of the +reference mark depending upon whether the paper is headed for +Phys.Rev. or Nucl.Phys. + +To gain total control of your reference marks +you need to use the command {\bf \\attach}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\attach$\{$ \it stuff \bf $\}$} +What {\bf \\attach} does is put {\it stuff} into math mode, +make a superscript out of it and attach it to the word that +comes before. +It also spaces from that word so as to make the attached +quantity look most natural. +The {\bf \\attach} command does nothing at all to the reference +mark and it is independent of the format of the paper. + +\subsection{Multiple References} + +You have now learned all you should know about generating +single references and taking complete control of the way in which +they generate reference marks. +However, you still do not know everything about the +way in which PHYZZX can handle references. +This is because we have not yet discussed the question of +multiple references. + +{\it What is a multiple reference?} and {\it Why should I care about +multiple references?} you ask. +Good question! +In principle you don't need to care about them at all. +You already have the basic tools for handling any referencing problem +should the need arise, all you need to do is +use the commands {\bf \\REF} and {\bf \\refmark}. +Nevertheless, since multiple references occur frequently, especially +in experimental papers, they merit a special +construct to make them simpler to handle. + +The problem of generating multiple references comes up +when you reach a point in the text where you wish to +add a reference to several authors and at the same time +you do not wish to have this saved as a single reference. +This may happen for several reasons, the principal reason +being that you may wish to refer to some of these references +individually at a later point in the text. +In this case there exists a set of commands which allow you +to do this. +These commands allow you to tell \TeX\ that the material to +follow will define and name several references. +They assign a number to each of these references, +store them away individually and then attach the reference mark \nextline +$\{$ {\it number of first ref. in set -- number of last ref. in set}$\}$ +\nextline +The presence or absence of delimiters (in the form of brackets) depends +upon whether or not you have typed {\bf \\PHYSREV}. +The commands which perform this service are +\tc{\\REFS\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text \bf$\}$} +\tcon{\\REFSCON\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +and +\tc{\\refsend .} + +To use these commands to generate multiple references you invoke +them sequentially. +For example, suppose you wish the next three references to form +a single multiple reference. +Begin by selecting the word to which you wish to attach the +reference mark. +After the word to which you wish to attach the appropriate +reference mark, you type in the first reference +\referencecount=0 +\REFS\first{This is the first reference of a series.} +\REFSCON\second{The papers just mentioned are unimaginative, +stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.} +\REFSCON\third{I am running out of references.} +by typing \nextline +{\bf \\REFS\\{\it first}\bf $\{$ \it +This is the first reference of a series. \bf $\}$} \nextline +You then type the next reference using the command {\bf \\REFSCON} +as follows \nextline +{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it second}\bf $\}\{$ \it +The papers just mentioned are unimaginative, +stupid, incorrect and besides I did it first.\bf $\}$} \nextline +In the same way you continue with {\bf \\REFSCON} to generate +all succeeding references. +Hence, to input the third reference you type \nextline +{\bf \\REFSCON\\{\it third}\bf $\{$ \it +I am running out of references. \bf $\}$ } \nextline +You finally cause PHYZZX to generate the reference mark by +typing\refsend +\tc{\\refsend} +after the closing brace of the last reference. +As you see, this set of macros has kept track of the numbers +of the references, filed the text for +each reference away and finally combined the number of the first +and last reference in the set into a single reference mark and +attached it to the word {\it typing}. +To see what has been filed away we type {\bf \\refout} +and obtain + +\refout + +If you wish to generate an automatically numbered multiple +reference but have no need to name the individual references +then we provide the commands {\bf \\refs} and {\bf \\refscon}. +The syntax of these commands are +\tc{\\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ } +and +\tc{\\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ } +The command {\bf \\refs$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} is equivalent +to {\bf \\REFS\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ } +and the command {\bf \\refscon$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +is equivalent to {\bf \\REFSCON\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$}. +The fact that the name {\bf \\?} is assigned +to each reference in turn makes it less useful than in the command +{\bf \\ref} and so you would not tend to use this command unless +you are typing an already finalized manuscript. + +\subsection{The Problem of Long References } + +First, you we should observe that there is no problem combining +many citations in a single reference. +Obviously, this can be done by typing them in as the argument +of any one of the reference commands. +If, however, you wish to have a series of citations all appear +under the same number, but wish to have them appear on +individual lines all you have to do is follow each one by the +command {\bf \\nextline}. +What {\bf \\nextline} does is generate a neat break and starts +\TeX\ off printing the material which follows at the beginning of +a new line. +The important fact about {\bf \\nextline} is that it preserves +the indentation of the text established by the reference macro. + +This brings us to the second point. +{\it What happens if you wish to have a reference which consists +of several paragraphs ?\/} +Here you have to be careful, since if you use the command {\bf \\par} +or leave a blank line (which amounts to the same thing) +you will spoil the indentation of the text material. +To avoid this a special macro exists called {\bf \\subpar}. +To get vertical space between text in a single reference +type the command {\bf \\subpar} +whenever you would ordinarily insert +the command {\bf \\par} or leave a blank line. +It will accomplish the same feat as {\bf \\par \\noindent} +but it will not mess up the formatting of the reference page. + +Having discussed the way to properly generate long references, we +now come to the problems this will cause. +The fact is, \TeX\ has trouble writing long lines to +an external file. +Since, as far as \TeX\ is concerned the argument of any one of +the reference macros is just one long line, there will come the +time when \TeX\ will complain in a mysterious way. +If you are running interactively it will issue a horrible looking +PASCAL error message (sending the unforwarned into a case of +cardiac arrest) and then continue with its processing. +Since \TeX\ will resume processing after this frightening hiatus +you will promptly recover, shake your head and say {\it Ain't +computers peculiar?\/}. +You will also, in all probability, ignore the fact that it happened. +This will be a mistake. +If you look in {\bf referenc.texauxil} on your A disk, you will find +that \TeX\ has found one of the references is too long +and has chopped it off, replacing most of the text by +{\bf \\ETC}. +I presume that in general this will not be what you intended. +\nextline +\titlestyle{\twelvepoint \it Have no fear, PHYZZX is here !}\nextline +There is a control sequence which solves this problem; unfortunately, +it is not a really neat solution. +The solution is to go back into the reference and type +{\bf \\splitout} at various places in the text. +This command tells \TeX\ to begin sending a new line to the +file. +As I said, this is a solution but not an elegant one. +We are saddened that the elegant solution has escaped us and +hope that a \TeX pert out there will tell us a better way to proceed. + +\subsection{Questions of Style} + +Sometimes you will wish to attach a reference mark to a word +which is immediately followed by a comma. +This presents you with two choices neither of which produce +truly satisfactory text. +If you type \nextline +\ $\ldots $ {\it this is the place,}{\bf \\refend} \nextline +you get \nextline +$\ldots $ this is the place,\refend \nextline +and if you type \nextline +$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\refend}, \nextline +you get +$\ldots $ this is the place\refend , \nextline +In the first case the reference mark is really attached to the +comma, causing an unsightly extra amount of space; +in the second case the reference mark separates the word from +the comma, which is even worse. +The way out of this predicament is to make use of Knuth's +command {\bf \\rlap} +If you type \nextline +$\ldots $ {\it this is the place}{\bf \\rlap},{\bf \\refend} \nextline +you get \nextline +$\ldots $ this is the place\rlap,\refend \nextline +which is much better. +Obviously the same trick applies to the macros +{\bf \\refsend}, {\bf \\refmark}, {\bf \\ref}, {\bf \\Ref} and +{\bf \\attach}. + +Because of the way references work you always get a single +space after an attached reference. +Basically this means that if you attach the reference mark to +the last word in a sentence, the next sentence will start too +close. +There is a way out of this dilemma. +Type \nextline +{\it the end of the world}{\bf \\rlap}.{\bf \\refend\\ \quad} +The next\nextline +which will produce \nextline +the end of the world\rlap .\refend\ The next \nextline +The {\bf \\ \quad} forces more space between the sentences. + +Finally, if you need a reference followed by a colon and want +to get rid of the extra space that the reference macro puts in +simply type {\bf \\refend\\unskip}. +The command {\bf \\unskip} is a Knuth construct which eats +the last extra space you entered. +(Actually, it eats the last bit of glue that +was inserted into the text, but that is a matter for \TeX perts.) + +\subsection{Typing Journal Entries: A Convenient Macro } + +Since many of the references which appear in a paper are +citations of articles appearing in various physics journals +we have a special macro to handle this problem. +The reason one uses a macro to do this is that \TeX perts +are expected to typeset such references with the journal name +in as slanted ({\bf \\sl}) font, the volume number in boldface +({\bf \\bf}) font and the remaining text in roman ({\bf \\rm}) font. +You can either remember to do all of this or you can use the +command {\bf \\journal}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\journal{\it journal name}{\bf \&}{\it volume number}% +{\bf (}{\it year}\bf )} +This command is used inside any +one of the reference commands as follows: +if you want to obtain the same result as typing \nextline +{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf \\sl +\it Nucl. Phys. \bf \~\ +\\bf \it B211 \bf \\rm \it (1983) 529 \bf $\}$} \nextline +you need only type \nextline +{\bf \\ref$\{$ \it T.\~\ Banks and V.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf +\\journal \it Nucl.Phys.\bf \& \it B211 (83) 529 $\}$} +This will produce a reference entry of the form \nextline +\refitem{1.} T.~Banks and V.~Kaplunovsky \journal Nucl.Phys. & B211 (83) +529 + +Note, the blanks before {\bf \\journal}, before and after the +character {\bf \&} and before and after the {\it (year)} are +optional. +If everything is working as it should they will have no effect +on the final result. +On the other hand, be careful about blanks within the parentheses; +if you put them in they will appear. +Thus, typing ( 83 ) produces a different result from typing (83). +The first will result in the journal year being typed as 19 83 +and not 1983 which is, presumably, the desired result. + +\section{Figures and Tables} + +There are two other things which tend to appear at the end +of a paper and to which one refers in the text. +These are Figure Captions and Table Captions. +In general these things come up as you are typing +in some text and decide {\it Aha! This is a good place for a figure +(or table)}. +As with equations and references, it is convenient to be able +to generate a number for this figure(table), name it and file +away the text of the figure caption (or something which will remind +you what figure you wanted to put there) in a file called +{\bf figures.texauxil} (or {\bf tables.texauxil}) to be printed +at the end of the paper. +The commands which accomplish this feat are +\tc{\\FIG\\{\it name}\bf$\{$ \it text $\}$} +and +\tc{\\TABLE\\{\it name}\bf $\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +As in all other variants of this naming convention, +{\bf \\name} will be the name of the figure (or table) +generated, and {\it text} is the material to be stored away +in a file on your A disk. +These commands work like the reference or equation commands +in that the numbering is automatic and +will always be correct no matter how you subsequently modify the +text. +The commands, analagous to {\bf \\refout}, which print the +list of figure or table captions are +\tc{\\figout} +and +\tc{\\tabout} +which should come as no big surprise. + +There is a fundamental way in which the figure and table caption +macros differ from the reference macros; namely, they do not +automatically generate a reference mark. +This is because you normally want to say something like \nextline +$\ldots$ {\it as you can see from Fig. 7 } \nextline +or something like that. +The basic macros, i.e. {\bf \\FIG} or {\bf \\TABLE} permit +you to type this in as you please. +For example, one way to have \TeX\ generate the line above +is to type \nextline \figurecount=7 +{$\ldots $ \it as you can see from \bf \\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text +\bf $\}$} Fig.{\bf \~\ \\?} \nextline +which will produce \nextline +$\ldots $ as you can see in \FIG{\?}{this is the picture of the Mona +Lisa generated as a fractile} Fig.~\? \nextline +Obviously, using this form of the command (either for a figure or +a table) you have total control of what follows. +Moreover, for simplicity I chose to name the figure {\bf \\?} +since I only intended to refer to it this one time. +It is clear that I could have given it any name. + +For those of you who are happy to use the command exactly in this +way, i.e. to name the figure {\bf \\?}, file away the caption +and then type either {\it Fig.\~\ \\?} or {\it fig.\~\ \\?} +there are two macros, named {\bf \\Fig} and {\bf \\fig} +respectively. +The syntax of these commands is somewhat simpler; namely, +\tc{\\Fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +and +\tc{\\fig$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ } +They are the analogues of the set of reference macros which +automatically generate a reference mark whose name is {\bf \\?} +after filing away the text of the figure caption. +What they do is first execute the command \nextline +\tc{\\FIG\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +and then follow this by either Fig.\~\ or fig.\~\ . +The analagous macro for tables is +\tc{\\Table$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$} +which performs the same task as typing +\tc{\\TABLE\\?$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ \rm Table\bf \~\ \\?} + +This completes our discussion of macros associated with {\it things +which come at the back}. + +\chapter{FOOTNOTES: THINGS WHICH COME AT THE BOTTOM} + +Everybody knows what a footnote is and you have already seen an +example of a footnote appearing on page~5. +Basically what a footnote macro has to do is +attach a footnote mark to a specified word and then +file away material to be put at the bottom of the page +(in ten point type). +The macro has to decide what to do if the footnote is too long, +or if many footnotes appear on the same page. +In addition, it has to decide what footnote mark to generate. +PHYZZX has two macros which carry out this feat. + +The first macro, {\bf \\foot}, has the syntax +\tc{\\foot$\{$ \it text $\}$} +where the text of the footnote is to be inserted between the +braces. +When you invoke this command immediately following the word +to which you want to attach a footnote mark it does several +things. +First it generates the footnote mark and attaches it to the +preceding word. +If you are in the Nucl.Phys. format, this symbol will automatically +be chosen from the set of symbols $\star$, $\dagger$, $\ast$, +$\ddagger$, $\natural$, $\diamond$, $\bullet$ and $\nabla$. +The macro will continually cycle through this table, according +to a specified algorithm, in such a way that the same symbol +will not (except in truly extraordinary circumstances) appear twice +on a single page. +If you are in PHYSREV mode, then the footnote mark will be a +superscripted $\sharp$ sign followed by the current value of +{\bf \\number\\footsymbolcount}. +This is a truly ugly convention, however it is included only +to provide something for people who insist on numbering footnotes. +Actually, Phys.Rev. does not like footnotes and preferes this +material be included in with the references as endnotes. + +Note, that as with references, the text of a footnote is +indented using the \TeX\ command {\bf \\hangindent}, +hence to insert multi-paragraph footnotes one cannot use the {\bf \\par} +command but must use instead the {\bf \\subpar} command. +If you don't do this, but use {\bf \\par} (or equivalently insert a +blank line) then \TeX\ will, obligingly, turn off the {\bf \\hangindent}. +This will, of course, mess up the footnote considerably. + +\subsection{Hints and Warnings} + +Since footnotes use \TeX 's basic {\bf \\insert} command, +they are meant to be used in {\it unrestricted horizontal mode}. +In other words, you use them inside paragraphs, but outside +of {\bf \\hbox}, {\bf \\centerline} or similar commands. +If you don't understand the meaning of the phrase {\it unrestricted +horizontal mode} you should read about it in the \TeX book, +or in {\bf First Grade \TeX }. +This fact means that one has to be careful in attempting combine +certain other control sequences with the {\bf \\foot} command. + +\pointbegin +Do not define references, figure captions, table captions, etc., +inside the text of a footnote. +If you must put a reference mark inside a footnote use the command +{\bf \\REF} somewhere before you start the footnote and then +use {\bf \\refend} inside the text of the footnote. + +\point +If you choose to invoke a footnote when you are in vertical mode +between paragraphs, then the footnote, complete with its footnote +mark, will be generated; however, since there is nothing to +attach this mark to, no superscripted footnote mark will appear. +Since the command will generate a footnote mark, the counter +{\bf \\footsymbolcount} will be advanced and so, insofar as PHYZZX +is concerned, the symbol is waiting around to be used. +Hence, if you wish to attach this symbol to a word at a later point +this can be accomplished by use of the subcommand {\bf \\footattach}. +All you have to do to use {\bf \\footattach} is type it immediately +following the word to which you wish to attach the footnote mark. +This command works just like {\bf \\attach} or {\bf \\refmark} +except that it attaches the current footnote mark and knows whether +to use Nucl.Phys. or Phys.Rev. format. + +\point +We already noted that if you wish to attach a footnote +inside of a box (either horizonatal or vertical) +the way to do it is to use {\bf \\foot} after the previous paragraph +has ended, but before you make the box in question. +Then use the command {\bf \\footattach} inside the box. +What happens if you need to attach the footnote mark +to something inside a box which appears inside a paragraph? +In this case you can use the PLAIN command {\bf \\vadjust} +to accomplish this feat. +Simply type +\tc{\\vadjust$\{$ \it text \bf $\}$\\nobreak} +immediately before the box and then use {\bf \\footattach} inside +the box. + +\subsection{Controlling Your Footnote Marks} + +Once again, this section is for those who wish to go beyond +the mundane and use unusual symbols for their footnotes. +This can be done by using the PHYZZX command +\tc{\\footnote$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}\{$ \it text \bf $\}$ } +which will generate a footnote using the {\it symbol} you have +specified as the footnote mark. +The symbol can be any math mode symbol, or any outr\'e thing +that you can think up. +The symbol does have to be in math mode, so if it is something +you made up instead of a math mode control sequence, be sure to +{\bf \\hbox} it and enclose it in \$ signs. + +\chapter{ITEMIZED LISTS: POINTS, ITEMS AND OTHER STUFF} + +You now have all of the necessary information to allow you +to use PHYZZX to format a paper for the printer: you can +tell him to set up chapter, section and subsection headings; +number equations; format the reference, figure caption and +table caption page; format footnotes, keep track of how +many are on a page and carry them over to succeeding pages if +it is necessary. +From a stylistic point of view there is nothing more for you +to learn about papers. +Using the basic commands defined in PLAIN \TeX\ and those +PHYZZX macros which we have already discussed, you are now +capable of generating a paper of the correct style to be +the body of a SLAC preprint. +What we have not discussed to this point are things like macros for +title pages and macros which make typing special constructions +simpler than they would be in PLAIN. + +In this section we will discuss a set of +macros which make the construction +of {\it itemized lists} particularly easy to achieve. +Itemized lists appear most often when one is outlining a paper +and trying to arrange the material in some systematic fashion. +This sort of outline shows up in memos and the introduction to a +paper. +Itemized lists also appear in the body of the text when one wants +to make a series of points and, at the same time, clearly separate them +from the format of the general body of the text. + +Lists of this sort are conventionally set up as a series of indented +paragraphs preceded by some sort of highlighting symbol. +This symbol can be a number, letter, roman numberal or some math +mode symbol such as a dot, star, diamond, etc. +When used in writing outlines, etc., one indicates the major divisions of +the outline by indenting the text associated with +them some fixed amount and highlighting this text with a specific +type of symbol. +When itemizing the ideas which fall within each major division, one +usually indents the text somewhat more than one did for the major +divisions and highlights each of these sub-points with a symbol +which differs in type from those used to highlight the major points. +One then further subdivides each of these categories into smaller +steps and indicates this fact by once again increasing the amount of +indentation and once again changing the type of highlighting symbol used. +So on ad-infinitum $\ldots$ + +Obviously, at least for those of you who have read the \TeX book, +all of this can be done using the commands {\bf \\hangindent} +and {\bf \\hangafter}. +However, if one is creating long lists of points, subpoints, +subsubpoints, etc., then keeping track of the symbols and +appropriate levels of indentation can get to be a problem. +For this reason PHYZZX provides a series of macros to make this as simple +as possible. +As in the previous cases, we will begin by discussing the +fixed format versions of the macros, which are the ones which are easiest +to use, and go on to discuss the ones which allow you greater flexibility. + +\section{Fixed Format Lists: Points, Subpoints, Subsubpoints} + +\subsection{Points} + +The macros {\bf \\point},{\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint} +exist to make it easy to deal with itemized +lists having up to three levels +of indentation. +The first level of indentation is the smallest and is generated by +typing the command {\bf \\point} followed by the text associated with that +point. +Note that unlike the reference or footnote macros, +the text associated with +a {\bf \\point} {\it does not} need to be enclosed in braces. +Points, etc. are constructed using the {\bf \\hangindent} command +and so \TeX\ accepts all of the text up to the next {\bf \\par} (or blank +line) and formats it as you desire. +For this reason, if a point is to consist of more than one paragraph +{\it do not use the {\bf \\par} command to generate the second paragraph} +but, instead, use the special command {\bf \\subpar}. +In addition to indenting the material to follow, the command +{\bf \\point} also generates a number for the point and attaches it +to the left of the first line. +You have seen examples of points in other parts of this writeup; go back +and look at them if my sentences are confusing. +Each time you type {\bf \\point} +PHYZZX generates a new paragraph, increases +the number of the last point by one and appends this to the left of the +first line of the new point. +Obviously, this works well until you finish with a given set of points +and then decide you want to make a new list of points at a later point +in the same paper. +Except in unusual circumstances you would like the first item on this +list to be labelled 1, and not start up from the number assigned to +the last point in the previous list. +To avoid this sort of calamity you use a special command to begin +a new set of points namely, the command {\bf \\pointbegin}. +(Clearly this choice of nomenclature is far +from sprightly and imaginative, +but it is easy to guess what the correct command is even if you +have forgotten it.) + +As an example suppose you type \nextline +{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline +This is the first point I wish to make. \nextline +{\bf \\point} \nextline +This is the second point. \nextline +{\bf \\point} \nextline +I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point. \nextline +You then obtain +\pointbegin +This is the first point I wish to make. +\point +This is the second point. +\point +I am not very imaginative, so this is the third point. + +\noindent +You then return to typing ordinary text by following the text of +the last point in your list with a {\bf \\par} or blank line. + +\subsection{Subpoints and Subsubpoints} + +The format of a subpoint is that it is indented further and +highlighted by lower case letters enclosed in parentheses. +The command for generating a subpoint is {\bf \\subpoint} +and, as with points, each time you type {\bf \\subpoint} +you automatically generate the next letter in the alphabet +as a highlight. +As with points, in order to start the numbering over again +you start each set of subpoints by typing +{\bf \\subpointbegin} instead of {\bf \\subpoint}. +For example, typing \nextline +{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline +This is the first point I wish to make. \nextline +{\bf \\subpointbegin} \nextline +This is the first subpoint. \nextline +{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline +This is the second subpoint \nextline +{\bf \\subpoint} \nextline +Etc. \nextline +{\bf \\point} \nextline +This is the second point. \nextline +will generate +\pointbegin +This is the first point I wish to make. +\subpointbegin +This is the first subpoint. +\subpoint +This is the second subpoint +\subpoint +Etc. +\point +This is the second point. + +Subsubpoints are the last automatically provided subdivision +and are generated using the commands {\bf \\subsubpointbegin} +and {\bf \\subsubpoint}. +They are indented still further and highlighted by lower case +roman numerals enclosed in parentheses. +I leave it to you to generate you own examples of subsubpoints, +the syntax is completely similar to that of the previous examples. + +The command {\bf \\spoint} is acceptable as an abbreviation +for {\bf \\subpoint}. +Abbreviations for the other commands are similar; i.e., +\settabs 3 \columns +\+ {\bf \\spointbegin} & for &{\bf \\subpointbegin} \cr +\+ {\bf \\sspoint} & for & {\bf \\subsubpoint} \cr +and +\+ {\bf \\sspointbegin} & for & {\bf \\subsubpointbegin} \cr + +\section{For Less Structure Consider Items} + +There will come the time, especially for those of you who learn +to use \TeX\ to generate transparencies, when you want to be able +generate itemized lists, but you don't want the highlighting +to happen automatically. +Instead you might like to generate stuff with a {\bf \\bullet} +or an {\bf \\ast} as a highlight. +For those among you who are left brain dominated and +feel the need for a macro set which +takes care of the boring details of indentation, but allows +you to play fast and loose with the highlights, +PHYZZX provides the macros +\tc{\\item$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$} +\tc{\\subitem$\{$ \it symbol \bf $\}$} +and +\tc{\\subsubitem$\{$ \it symbol $\}$} +(The last two commands can be abbreviated as {\bf \\sitem} and +{\bf \\ssitem} respectively.) + +\item\bullet +For example, this item was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\bullet}. +Note that I did not put {\bf \\bullet} in braces since it +is a single control sequence. If I had, however, it would have +done no harm. +Spaces and blank lines before {\bf \\item} are irrelevant, +however, since {\bf \\bullet} is a control sequence and eats +one space following it, you have to have at least one blank +after {\it symbol}. +Once again I caution you that if you put a blank line or {\bf \\par} +after {\bf \\item} and before the text, or inside a multiparagraph +{\bf \\item}, then you destroy the level of indentation. +{\it Remember, indentation only holds for a single paragraph in \TeX .} + +\item\ast +As a second example consider this item which was generated by +typing {\bf \\item\\ast} + +\item\dash +Or this, which was generated by typing {\bf \\item\\dash}. + +At this point I have inserted a blank line in my text and have +caused the item to terminate and the text reverts to its ordinary +format. + +\item\clubsuit +This is item {\bf \\item\\clubsuit} + +\sitem\diamondsuit +And this is {\bf \\sitem\\diamondsuit} + +\ssitem\dash +Finally, this is a subsubitem; \nextline +it was generated by typing +{\bf \\ssitem\\dash}. + +\section{Having Your Cake and Eating It Too!} + +Clearly, the {\bf \\item},{\bf \\sitem} and {\bf \\ssitem} +macros provide you with the ultimate in flexibility +in the choice of highlighting conventions. +With them alone you can choose your own format for numbered lists +and never have to accept the format imposed by {\bf \\point}, etc. +However, the total lack of structure of {\bf \\item}, etc. +has a drawback; namely, if you use it to define your points, subpoints +etc., you are responsible for keeping track of all of the numbering. +This is certainly not too +formidable a task, but it can get tedious. \nextline +\centerline{\it Fortunately, there is a middle ground.} + +\subsection{Levels of Indentation} + +If all that you want to do is change the levels of indentation +of points, subpoints and subsubpoints you only have to modify +the parameter {\bf \\itemsize}. +This parameter is a dimension stored away in \TeX 's memory +and items are indented {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}, subitems are indented +{\bf 1.75\\itemsize} and subsubitems are indented {\bf 2.5\\itemsize}. +The current value of {\bf \\itemsize} is 30pt (30 points); +however, you can change this by simply typing +\tc{\\itemsize = \it 40pt} +or whatever else strikes your fancy. + +\subsection{Getting More Serious} + +Let us suppose, although I cannot imagine that this could possibly +be the case, that you have more serious problems with points, subpoints +and subsubpoints. +Perhaps you would prefer to define your own listing macros +so that {\bf \\mypoint} generates a point whose highlight +is a capital letter followed by a period; {\bf \\myspoint} +generates a subpoint highlighted by a number square brackets; +and {\bf \\mysspoint} generates a subsubpoint highlighted +by a lowercase letter in parentheses. +You have two options, you can write your own macro set +or you can use the PHYZZX command {\bf \\newlist}. + +The command {\bf \\newlist} allows you to define your own +listing macros which format things in a manner which is closer +to your heart's desire. +All you have to decide is what sort of delimiters you want +around the highlighting number and what you want the numbering +convention for that level of point to be. +Your available choices are the five defined when we discussed +changing chapterstyle; namely, {\bf \\Number}, +{\bf Alphabetic}, {\bf \\alphabetic}, +{\bf \\Roman} or {\bf \\roman}. + +The syntax of the newlist command is as follows +\tc{\\newlist\\{\it name}= \it [left delim.][style]\& [right delim.] \& +[dimen]; } +(Note that the =, \& , and ; all count.) +As an example of its application note that the {\bf \\point} +command is defined by saying +\tc{\\newlist\\point=\\Number\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;} +This line tells PHYZZX to define a new command called +{\bf \\point} and to have it generate a highlighting symbol +which consists of no left delimiter, followed by a number, +followed by a right delimiter which is a period and the indentation +of a point is to be {\bf 1.0\\itemsize}. +Similarly, subpoints are defined to be +\tc{\\newlist\\subpoint=(\\alphabetic\&)\&1.75\\itemsize;} +and subsubpoints are defined by saying +\tc{\\newlist\\subsubpoint=(\\roman\&)\&2.5\\itemsize;} +The abbreviations for {\bf \\subpoint} and {\bf \\subsubpoint} +are obtained by following their definition with the +statements +\tc{\\let\\spoint=\\subpoint} +\tcon{\\let\\sspoint=\\subsubpoint} +Note, if you have chosen to redefine {\bf \\subpoint} +and {\bf \\subsubpoint} using newlist, the commands {\bf \\spoint} +and {\bf \\sspoint} will {\it not} be redefined unless you follow +your newlist instructions with the two lines printed above. + +To define the new set of listing macros mentioned earlier you would type +\tc{\\newlist\\mypoint=\\Alphabetic\&.\&1.0\\itemsize;} +\tcon{\\newlist\\myspoint=[\\number \& ]\& 1.75\\itemsize;} +and +\tc{\\newlist\\mysspoint=(\\alphabetic\& )\& \\2.5\\itemsize;} +Note, while there are only five styles available for numbering +things, delimiters are limited only by your imagination. + +\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS STUFF ABOUT PAPERS} + +\section{Page Numbers} + +Page numbering is a totally automatic procedure +and, in general, requires none of your attention. +Normally, if you are not doing anything funny PHYZZX will +produce a document whose pages are numbered consecutively +starting from 1. +In general the first page you get will be numbered, unless +you have told PHYZZX not to do so. +The macros {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}, {\bf \\MEMO}, {\bf \\letter} +and {\bf \\titlepage} do issue such a command, and when +invoked produce a document where all pages but the +first page are numbered consecutively. +If you type {\bf \\FRONTPAGE} then PHYZZX will complete the previous +page (if there is any), set the current value of the page number to +1 and then tells \TeX\ not to number this page. +Visible numbers appear at the bottom of all the pages which follow +and the first visible number is 2. +The command {\bf \\Frontpage} is a synonym for {\bf \\FRONTPAGE}. +The {\bf \\letter} and {\bf \\MEMO} macros, which +will be discussed later, +and the {\bf \\titlepage} macro, which is invoked when you are about +to type the title page of your latest magnum opus, all suppress +the printing of the pagenumber at the bottom of the first page. + +If you wish to start a document in the middle and set the pagenumber +all you have to do is reset the counter called, of all things, +{\bf \\pagenumber} by typing +\tc{\\pagenumber= \it number} +This will make the first page \TeX\ prints have this number. +To make sure that the printing of this number is not suppressed +you should also type {\bf \\frontpagefalse}. +If you wish to have PHYZZX number the pages using roman numerals +you can accomplish this by saying {\bf \\pagenumber=-1} +(or {\bf \\pagenumber=-n} if you wish to start with the roman +numeral equivalent to the number n). + +\item\dash +If you wish no pagenumbers type {\bf \\nopagenumbers} +(be careful, its not easy to make them come back afterwards). +\item\star +If you want to suppress the page number on a particular page you +can type {\bf \\frontpagetrue}, which will make PHYZZX +think that this is the front page. +You'll sometimes have to play to make this happen where you want. + +\section{Spacing} + +We have already talked about changing font sizes and selecting +spacing, and have pointed out that three families of fonts are +available. +These are fonts which are fourteen points high, twelve points +high and tenpoints high. +The twelvepoint font is the font PHYZZX uses for normal text +because it looks best when reduced. +The fourteenpoint fonts are used for chapter titles, etc., and +the tenpoint font sets, which are kind of small when reduced, +are generally reserved for footnotes. +To change font size at will you type either +{\bf \\tenpoint}, or {\bf \\twelvepoint}, or +{\bf \\fourteenpoint}. +To change spacing conventions you use the commands +{\bf \\singlespace}, or {\bf \\normalspace} +or {\bf \\doublespace}. +Note that all of these commands can be used inside the paper +to temporarily change what is going on; +however, you should only invoke the +commands which change spacing when you are between paragraphs. +If you violate this rule, eventually, you +will be sorry. + +\section{Commands Which Break Lines and Pages} + +\TeX\ has its own way of breaking lines and pages and you can learn +about them by reading the \TeX book. +However, we have added three commands which are convenient. +The first command {\bf \\nextline} allows you to generate and +incomplete line. +For example, typing {\it This is the way the world ends \bf \\nextline} +produces \nextline +This is the way the world ends \nextline +Notice that \TeX\ has not tried to space the words out to fill +the line the way it would have if you had typed {\bf \\break}. +The command {\bf \\nextline} is essentially the same as typing +{\bf \\hfil\\break}; it differs slightly in that it also +does some things about glue, but you don't have to know about that. + +The command which forces \TeX\ to break the page at will +is {\bf \\endpage}. +Typing this command forces \TeX\ to start a new page +and at the same time it insures that even if the previous page +is not completely full of text the material will be spaced correctly. + +The command with which you finish a paper, memo, letter, etc., +is {\bf \\bye}. +This command tells \TeX\ to complete the last page, print it and +then turn itself off, returning you to CMS. + +\section{Some Remarks About Penalties} + +There are a few commands, which belong to PLAIN and not PHYZZX +which you should know about. +The basic command which allows you to tell \TeX\ that you +would advise it that this is a good or bad place to break +a page or line of text is {\bf \\penalty}. +Penalties can be either positive or negative. +If a penalty is positive it tells \TeX\ that this is not a good +place to put in a break. +The bigger the penalty is, the worse \TeX\ thinks it is to cause +a break at this point. +The biggest allowable penalty is {\bf \\penalty 10000}. +If you type {\bf \\penalty 10000} at a specific point in the text +than \TeX , as the printer, will assume that no matter what his +judgement tells him, you insist that no break can occur at this +point. +\TeX\ defines a control sequence {\bf \\nobreak} which equivalent +to typing {\bf \\penalty 10000}. +If the penalty is negative, then \TeX\ is advised that you +believe this point to be a good place to cause a break. +The more negative the penalty, the better you think this place is. +If the penalty is negative and greater than +-10000, then \TeX\ will +use its own judgement to balance off your suggestion against its +own esthetic criteria. +If the penalty is -10000 (or less), then you are telling \TeX\ +that your judgement must carry the day. +The abbreviation of {\bf \\penalty -10000} is {\bf \\break}. + +Note that using the +same commands inside paragraphs and between paragraphs +tell \TeX\ to do different things. +Inside of a paragraph {\bf \\break} tells \TeX\ to break the +current line at this point, between paragraphs it tells \TeX\ +to break the page. +If you wish to force \TeX\ to break the page inside a paragraph, +without terminating the paragraph, you have to type +\tc{\\vadjust\\break} + + +\section{The Titlepage} + +We have now finished with our discussion of macros which PHYZZX +defines for simplifying the formatting of the body of a paper. +To complete our discussion of the paper generating capabilities +of PHYZZX we now have to turn to the question of generating +the title page. +A SLAC title page has several parts. +\pointbegin +First, in the upper right hand corner of the title page +one has the publication number, date of submission and +a line telling whether this paper is to be distributed as +T, E or T/E . +This chunk of text has to be set up as a block with the +appropriate typeface chosen for each line and then the +entire block is right adjusted. +This block is referred to as the pub-block +\point +Next comes the title of the paper, which is set in fourteen point +type and this is followed by the list of authors and the +institutions they come from. +\point +After the title and author list you have a choice. +If you have a short abstract it is included at this point +and printed on the title page. +If, however, the abstract is too long, it will not fit +on the title page. +In this event you skip it and put it on the next page of the paper. +\point +After the abstract, or after the title and author list if the abstract +is too long, we have a line which tells the journal to which the +preprint has been submitted. +\point +The next line ends the main body of the title page. +After this line the remaining material, which are contract +acknowledgements, etc., are put at the bottom page in footnote format. + +As you can see from this discussion the problem of formatting +the title page can get to be quite difficult if we don't have +special macros to help out. +For this reason a special set of macros for formatting title pages +has been included in PHYZZX. + +\subsection{The Publication Block or Pub-block} + +The first commands which you use relate to setting up the +block of type which gives the date, publication number, etc. +If you do not want such a block, you type +\tc{\\nopubblock} +If, as will usually be the case you want a pub-block, then +you have to specify what goes into it. +To specify the publication number you type +\tc{\\pubnum$\{$\it number \bf$\}$} +This causes PHYZZX to put the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} into +the publication number. +When you start the quantity {\bf \\pubnum} is {\bf 0000}. + +The next item which appears in the macro is the date. +If you do nothing, then each time you run \TeX\ to produce a new +copy of the file it will put the current date in this place. +If you wish to set the date to printed by yourself, then you type +\tc{ \\date = $\{$ \it month day, year \bf $\}$ } +Note the braces around the entry because they have to be there. + +Finally, the last thing that has to specified for the pub-block +is the pubtype, which is either T, E, or T/E. +To specify this quantity you type +\tc{\\pubtype=$\{$ \it publication type \bf $\}$} + +\subsection{Specifying the Titlepage} + +The next macro which has to be invoked is +\tc{\\titlepage} +This is a single control sequence which you type in just before the +titlepage. This command must follow the setting of the +{\bf \\pubnum}, {\bf \\date} and {\bf \\pubtype} +or you will only get the default values for these quantities. +What this macro does is tell \TeX\ that this is the titlepage of the +document and it should not be numbered. + + +\subsection{Typesetting the Title} + +The next item to be typed is the title of the paper. +Since this is set in different size type and requires a certain +amount of spacing above and below the text, you should use the +macro {\bf \\title}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\title$\{$ \it title \bf $\}$} +You are now ready to type in the name and institution of the author (or +authors) of the paper. + +\subsection{Getting the Author(s) Right} + +If there is a single author you type +\tc{\\author$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$} +This is, of course to be followed by his address. +PHYZZX will set the name in upper and lower case capital letters +and center it on the page. +Then, if you use the macro {\bf \\address} PHYZZX will typeset the +address in italics and center it +directly below the author's name. +The syntax of this macro is +\tc{\\address$\{$ \it address \bf $\}$} +In general PHYZZX will let \TeX\ decide how to break the address +into several lines if it is too long. +If you wish to force these breaks use the command {\bf \\break}. +Note, this is a place where you do not want to use the command +{\bf \\nextline} or you will force the address to come out +without having been properly centered. +For those lucky persons who live at SLAC, there is a special macro +to save them typing. +This macro has the name {\bf \\SLAC} and if you wish to tell PHYZZX +that your address is SLAC all you have to type +\tc{\\SLAC} +If the author of the paper is a visitor, or is here on detached service, +then you might want to give two addresses. +To have \TeX\ print the second address below the first with the +word {\it and} in between, all you have to do is type +\tc{\\andaddress$\{$ \it second address \bf $\}$} + +If the paper has more than one author you have two options. +If the number of authors is small and they come from different +institutions, then you use the macro {\bf \\andauthor} +whose syntax is +\tc{\\andauthor$\{$ \it author's name \bf $\}$} +This does what the {\bf \\author} command does but it also +precedes this name with a line which has the word {\it and} +centered above the author's name. +This command is then to be followed by {\bf \\address} in order to +give the address of the second author. +This can go on as long as you like. + +All of this works well for theorists, however it does not work +well for experimental papers. +Experimantal collaborations tend to involve many authors from +several different institutions. +All we can do in this situation is to type the command +{\bf \\authors} and then follow this with a list of authors +and institutions. +All this command does for you is put the correct amount of +space between the list of authors and the material preceding it. + +\subsection{Setting up the Abstract} + +At this point you have to decide whether or not you want to +include the abstract on the titlepage. +If you wish to do so this is the time to type +{\bf \\abstract}. +This will cause \TeX\ to typeset the word ABSTRACT in the center +of the next line of text, skip the appropriate amount of space +and set you up in a new paragraph. +The next thing you do is type in the body of the abstract. +If you don't put the abstract on the titlepage then you +carry out this sequence of commands after you have finished the +titlepage with the command {\bf \\endpage}. +After you type in the abstract on the second page you should force +\TeX\ to print this as a separate page by once again typing +{\bf \\endpage}. +This will produce an abstract on its own page with white space +above and below the text. + +If you are in the situation of having an abstract which is too +long for the title page but too short to fill the entire +second page you will get ugly output if you type it in +and follow it with the command {\bf \\endpage}. +\TeX\ will simply shove everything to the top of the +page because {\bf \\endpage} is the same as {\bf \\vfil\\break}. +The way to force \TeX\ to center the title and material is to type +\tc{\\vfil} +\tcon{\\abstract} +\tcon{\it text of abstract} +\tcon{\\endpage} + +\subsection{Where's The Paper Going?} + +In order to specify the journal to which you have submitted the paper +you type +\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it journal \bf $\}$} +For example, if it is going to Phys.Rev. D you would type +\tc{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review \bf \\bf \it D \bf $\}$} +which will produce the line \nextline +\centerline{ Submitted to Physical Review \bf D} + +\subsection{Acknowledgements} + +It is customary to acknowledge the support of various grants or +contracts somewhere on the titlepage. +Generally this is done in the form of a footnote. +The easiest way to get \TeX\ to typeset such acknowledgements is to +use the macro {\bf \\foot}. +You insert this footnote just after the last word of the title +or author's name, depending upon the situation, and then continue +setting the title page. +The {\bf \\title}, {\bf \\author} and {\bf \\address} macros +have been written in such a way that the {\bf \\foot} command +can be used with these macros without any trouble. +If you fool around with the title page and put things inside boxes +using the PLAIN \TeX\ commands {\bf \\line} or {\bf \\centerline} +this is not true. +In this case the text will be put inside a box in restricted +horizontal mode and you must use the commands {\bf \\footnote} +and {\bf \\footmark} as explained in our discussion of footnotes. + +For theory group users there is a special macro which generates +the acknowledgement to the Department of Energy. +the command is {\bf \\doeack}. +To generate this acknowledgement you simply type +{\bf \\doeack} immediately after the last word in the title. +If other groups want to have their own {\bf \\doeack} macro +they need generate a file called MYPHYX TEX +and make sure it contains the lines \nextline +{\bf \\def\\doeack$\{$\\foot$\{$ \rm Work supported by the Department of +Energy, contract \bf \$\\caps \rm DE-$\ldots$ \bf \$ $\}\}$ } + +\subsection{Finishing the Title Page} + +Close the title page with command {\bf \\endpage}. +If you don't do this \TeX\ will make some stupid decision about +adding extra material to this page. +You won't be happy with the results. + +\section{A Sample Titlepage} + +Let us conclude this section by including a sample title page. +If you type \nextline +\newcount\lastpage \lastpage=\pagenumber +\newcount\lastchap \lastchap=\chapternumber +\newcount\lastsection \lastsection=\sectionnumber +\let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel \lastsection=\sectionnumber + +\tc{\\pubnum=$\{$ \it 6666\bf $\}$} +\tcon{\\date$\{$\it September 1984\bf $\}$} +\tcon{\\pubtype$\{$CRAP$\}$} +\tcon{\\titlepage } +\tcon{\\title$\{$\it THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX +\bf \\doeack$\}$ } +\tcon{\\author$\{$\it Marvin Weinstein +\\footnote$\{$\\dag$\}\{$% +\it another acknowledgement \bf $\}$ +$\}$} +\tcon{\\SLAC} +\tcon{\\andauthor$\{$\it V.\~\ K.\~\ Kaplunovsky \bf $\}$ } +\tcon{\\address$\{$ \it Princeton \bf $\}$ } +\tcon{\\abstract} +\tcon{\\centerline$\{$ \it This paper is a crock. \bf $\}$} +\tcon{\\submit$\{$ \it Physical Review D \bf $\}$ } +\tcon{\\endpage} + +then you get + +\endpage + +\pubnum{6666} +\date{September 1984} +\pubtype{CRAP} +\titlepage +\title{THE JOY OF TYPING PAPERS USING PHYZZX\doeack} +\author{Marvin Weinstein} +\SLAC\footnote{\dag}{another acknowledgement} +\andauthor{V.~K.~Kaplunovsky} +\address{Princeton} +\abstract +\centerline{This paper is a crock} +\submit{Physical Review D} + +\endpage + +\advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage +\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel \chapternumber=\lastchap +\sectionnumber=\lastsection + +\chapter{MEMOS} + +We have now finished discussing all of the macros which have to +do with the formatting of papers. +Now as promised we will turn to a discussion of the two other +formats which PHYZZX supports. +The first format is that of a SLAC memorandum. +The second format is that of a letter. + +A memorandum, as we have defined it, is a document meant for internal +distribution, addressed to a specific group of people and +designed to transmit information on a specific subject. +This sort of document tends to have a heading which identifies it +as a memorandum, gives the date, says to whom the memorandum is +being sent, from whom the memorandum comes and briefly summarizes +the topic being discussed. +This heading is then separated from the body of the memorandum +by some sort of ruled line and then one types in the text of +the memorandum. + +To type a memorandum you begin by typing the formatting instruction +\tc{\\MEMO} +which tells PHYZZX the document to follow is a memorandum. +It also forces the document to be single spaced and generates +the heading which identifies the document as a SLAC memo +and gives the date at which the file was processed; \ie , the current +date. +If you wish to type a heading which has the date of your choice +then use the command {\bf \\memodate} instead of {\bf \\MEMO}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it date of your choice \bf $\}$} + +Now you have to generate the remainder of the heading; i.e., +the to, from and topic (or subject) entries. +The macros which do this are +\tc{\\to \rm , \bf \\from \rm , and \bf \\topic \rm or \bf \\subject } +The commands {\bf \\to}, {\bf \\from} and {\bf \\topic} or +{\bf \\subject} work like points or items. +Hence, they do not need braces. + +Finally, after typing in these commands followed by the relevant +text you need to generate a line to separate the heading from the +body of the memorandum. +This is done with the command {\bf \\rule}. +Having done this you are now ready to type in the text of the memorandum. + +Note, all of the itemized list macros which we have discussed +in earlier sections work in the MEMO format too. +Hence, you can use them with impunity. +The same is true for footnotes, etc. + +Finally, when you complete the memo, if you wish to indicate to whom +copies are to be sent you type +\tc{\\copies} +This command works like {\bf \\point} or {\bf \\item} +and so you would type +\tc{\\copies} +Mr. A. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline +Mr. B. {\bf \\nextline} \nextline +etc. \nextline +in order to get what you want + +Don't be surprised when you generate multipage memoranda. +The way pages are numbered is going to be different from the +numbering of papers. +For a memorandum all but the first page are numbered with the numbers +appearing at the top of the page. + +A sample memorandum is generated as follows; \nextline + +\vbox{\tc{\\MEMO} +\tc{\\to} +Whom it may concern +\tc{\\from} +Marvin Weinstein +\tc{\\subject} +Generating memos without tears. +\tc{\\rule} +{\it +Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo. +Even a baby can type something like this. +If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably +take what you have to say more seriously. +(They shouldn't but they will!) +You can even type points, for example: \nextline +{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline +Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only +wind up with a disaster. \nextline +{\bf \\point} \nextline +Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds +to take a Hawaiian vacation. They're just a bunch of old stick in the +muds. } +\tc{\\copies} +{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline +{\it Richard Taylor } +\tc{\\endpage} +Which generates something which looks like this} + +\endpage +\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber +\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel + +\MEMO +\to +Whom it may concern + +\from +Marvin Weinstein + +\subject +Generating memos without tears. + +\rule + +Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo. +Even a baby can type something like this. +If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably +take what you have to say more seriously. +(They shouldn't but they will!) +You can even type points, for example: + +\pointbegin +Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only +wind up with a disaster. + +\point +Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds +to take a Hawaiian vacation. They're just a bunch of old stick in the +muds. + +\copies +Burton Richter \nextline +Richard Taylor + +\endpage + +\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage +\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection +\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel + +If we use the commands {\bf \\memodate} and +we would obtain + +\vbox{\tc{\\memodate$\{$ \it the fifth of octember \bf $\}$} +\tc{\\to} +Whom it may concern +\tc{\\from} +Marvin Weinstein +\tc{\\topic} +Generating memos without tears. +\tc{\\rule} +\noindent {\it +Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo. +Even a baby can type something like this. +If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably +take what you have to say more seriously. +(They shouldn't but they will!) +You can even type points, for example: \nextline +{\bf \\pointbegin} \nextline +Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only +wind up with a disaster. \nextline +{\bf \\point} \nextline +Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds +to take a Hawaian vacation. They're just a bunch of old stick in the +muds.} +\tc{\\copies} +{\it Burton Richter \bf \\nextline} \nextline +{\it Richard Taylor } +\tc{\endpage}} +\lastpage=\pagenumber +\endpage + +\memodate{fifth of octember} + +\to +Whom it may concern + +\from +Marvin Weinstein + +\topic +Generating memos without tears. + +\rule + +Look how easy it is to generate a sample memo. +Even a baby can type something like this. +If you use this macro to type your memos people will probably +take what you have to say more seriously. +(They shouldn't but they will!) +You can even type points, for example: + +\pointbegin +Any fool would recognize that if we proceed in this way we can only +wind up with a disaster. + +\point +Who cares if the DOE doesn't want us to use the construction funds +to take a Hawaian vacation. They're just a bunch of old stick in the +muds. + +\copies +Burton Richter \nextline +Richard Taylor + +\endpage + +\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage +\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection +\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel + +\chapter{TYPING LETTERS AUTOMATICALLY} + +In addition to typing papers and memos PHYZZX supports a format +for typing letters. +To choose this format all you need to type the command +\tc{\\letters} +immediately following +\tc{\\input phyzzx} +This command will cause PHYZZX to switch over to a different page +size, 8 inches long by 6.5 inches wide (this is a little +wider than a preprint) and it automatically changes the linespacing +to singlespace. +In addition, the same command tells PHYZZX to put a SLAC letterhead +at the top of the first page, and to change the way in which pages are +are numbered. + +Having switched over to this mode the very next thing you need to do +is type in the date, followed by the name and address +of the person to whom the letter is being sent. +Getting the alignment of these various elements just right +takes some doing and so we have a macro to do the job. +The name of this macro is +\tc{\\letter} +Do not confuse this command with the initialization +command {\bf \\letters}. +Both statements must appear in your file and the command {\bf \\letters} +must come first. +I apologize for this construction but it is a leftover from +previous incarnations of PHYZZX. +Since we wanted this version of PHYZZX to be upward compatible we didn't +change it. +What the command {\bf \\letters} does is to tell PHYZZX that the +text to follow is to be set in {\bf \\letterstyle} and then +it makes PHYZZX print {\bf STANFORD UNIVERSITY} across the top of the +first page. +The command {\bf \\letter} tells PHYZZX that this is the first page +of a letter, prints the rest of the SLAC letterhead, +suppresses the printing of the pagenumber at the +bottom of this page and then allows you to type in the +name and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Name \bf \\cr} + \hbox{\it first line of address \bf \\cr} + \hbox{$\ldots$ \\cr} + \hbox{\it last line of address \bf \\cr $\}$}}} +Note that any of the {\bf \\cr}'s can be replaced by the command +\tc{\\cropen$\{$ \it extra space \bf $\}$} +which will cause PHYZZX to leave the extra amount of space requested +between the lines; or you can replace the {\bf \\cr} by {\bf \\crr} +if what you want is 10 points of extra space. + +The reason for typing the commands {\bf \\letters} and {\bf \\letter} +separately is that {\bf \\letters} initializes the format for typing +a letter and then {\bf \\letter} allows you to start several new letters +in a single file. +So long as you begin each letter with the {\bf \\letter} macro +each letter will start on a new page, and the letters will not know +about one another. + +As with the titlepage macro, PHYZZX assumes that the date which is +to appear above the name and address is the current date. +If, however, you wish to fix the date appearing on the letter you +can do so by typing +\tc{\\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$} +The {\bf \\date} macro will then make {\it your date} appear on all +of the letters in this file. + +Once you have generated the letterhead, date and filled in the name +and address of the person to whom the letter is being sent, +you are ready to type in the body of the letter. +This is to be done in the same manner as for a paper or memo, +and all of the itemized list, etc., macros will work in this format +too. + +\subsection{Typing the Salutation} + +Finally, having typed in the body of the letter we come to the +problem of generating the signature. +Once again, since placing this upon the space and leaving the +correct space between the {\it Very truly yours,\/} and +the typed version of your name can get to be hairy, we provide the +macro {\bf \\signed}. +The syntax of this command is +\tc{\\signed$\{$ +\vtop{\hbox{ \it Very truly yours (or whatever) {\bf \\cr}} + \hbox{ \it Your name \bf \\cr $\}$ }}} +If copies of the letter are to go to several people you type this +at the bottom of the letter using the {\bf \\copies} command +discussed in the section on memos. + +You finish a letter with the command {\bf \\endletter}. +This command insures that if there are several letters in the same +file each one will be processed independently. + +\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber +\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel + +A sample letter is generated as follows +\tc{\\letters} +\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Dr. Boris Kayser \bf \\cr } + \hbox{\it Program Director for Theoretical Physics \bf \\cr} + \hbox{\it National Science Foundation \bf \\cr} + \hbox{\it Washington, D. C. 20550 \bf \\cr $\}$ }}} +\tcon{\it Dear Boris,} + +{\it Please send more money.} + + + +\tc{\\signed$\{$ \vtop{\hbox{\it Sincerely, \bf \\cr} + \hbox{\it Michael E. Peskin \bf \\cr $\}$ }}} +\tcon{\\endletter} +\tcon{\\end} +which produces + +\lastpage=\pagenumber \lastchap=\chapternumber +\lastsection=\sectionnumber \let\lastchapterlabel=\chapterlabel +\endpage + +\letters +\letter{Dr. Boris Kayser \cr + Program Director for Theoretical Physics \cr + National Science Foundation \cr + Washington, D. C. 20550\cr} +Dear Boris, + + Please send more money. + + + +\signed{Sincerely, \cr + Michael E. Peskin \cr } +\endletter + + +\papers \advance\lastpage by 1 \pagenumber=\lastpage +\chapternumber=\lastchap \sectionnumber=\lastsection +\let\chapterlabel=\lastchapterlabel + + +\section{Multiple Letters} + +Very often you wish to send the same letter to many different +people; hence, the text of each letter is the same but the +salutations will be different. +There are two ways to go about generating such a series of letters. +The only difference between them is that the first is somewhat +more conservative of computer time, but it can only be used for +relatively short letters; the second is a bit more demanding of +computer time, but it doen't care how long the letter is. +By a short letter I mean one which is no more than +one or two pages in length. + +\subsection{Short Letters} + +To type in short letters you begin by typing +\tc{\\letters\\multiletter} +This command is to be followed by the text of your letter. +What {\bf \\multiletter} does is tell PHYZZX to file away the +material to follow in the depths of its memory, to be used later. +You let PHYZZX know to stop stuffing stuff away by typing +\tc{\\letterend} +when you have finished. +Having now saved the body of the letter for future use you +generate your letters by typing +\tc{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$} +followed by +\tc{\it Dear Mr. Soandso \bf \\par} +followed by the commands +\tc{\\lettertext\\endletter} +As you will have guessed the command {\bf \\lettertext} +is the name PHYZZX has assigned to the body of the +letter. + +\subsection{For Longer Letters} + +The second method for generating many letters is slightly more wasteful +of computer time, but to my mind it is simpler to use. +I reccommend it over the command {\bf \\multiletter} and +have included a brief discussion of the previous case only +to keep the macro set upward compatible. +Do us both a favor and forget I mentioned it. + +This method takes a little longer because it requires \TeX\ to input the +same file many times. +It is simpler because it requires no change in syntax from +the format used for a single letter. +To use this method you create a file YOUR FILE A (the filetype +doesn't have to be TEX here), +which contains the body of your letter, including your signature. +You then create a driver file (filename TEX A) of the form +\tc{\\input phyzzx} +\tcon{\\letters} +\tcon{\it optional \quad \bf \\date$\{$ \it your date \bf $\}$} +\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$} +\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par} +\tcon{\\input your.file} +\tcon{\\endletter} +\tcon{\it $\ldots$} +\tcon{\\letter$\{$ \it Addressee \bf $\}$} +\tcon{\it Dear $\ldots$ \bf \\par} +\tcon{\\input your.file} +\tcon{\\endletter} +\tcon{\\end} +Note, the period between the filename and filetype is crucial. +What is being done in this method is that we are using \TeX 's +ability to input an external file as often as you wish. +This technique has the added advantage that you can even have the +letters vary somewhat. +To perform this trick you use the {\bf \\def} command. +To begin you use the names of some undefined control sequences in +the file YOUR FILE A, and then redefine these sequences +in the main driver file after each {\bf \\endletter} and before +the start of the next letter. + + +\chapter{MISCELLANEOUS MACROS WHICH PHYZZX DEFINES} + +We have now finished our discussion of all of the macros which +pertain to the formatting of special documents. +This section simply lists some special macros which we have +included in PHYZZX simply because they simplify the task of +typing things which occur frequently. + +The commands will be listed giving the syntax of each command and +an example of what it does. + +\pointbegin +\tc{\\ie \quad \rm generates \ie} +\point +\tc{\\eg \quad \rm generates \eg} +\point +\tc{\\dash \quad \rm generates \dash} +\point +\tc{\\\\ \quad \rm generates \\} + +In math mode we have the following useful commands + +\point +\tc{\\coeff$\{$ \it a \bf $\}\{$ \it b \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates} +$$ \coeff{a}{b} $$ + +\endpage + + +\point +\tc{\\partder$\{$ \it f(x) +\bf $\}\{$ \it x \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates} +$$ \partder{f(x)}{x} $$ +\point +\tc{\\bra$\{$ \it \\Psi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates } +$$ \bra{\Psi} $$ +\point +\tc{\\ket$\{$ \it phi \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates } +$$ \ket{\phi} $$ +\point +\tc{\\VEV$\{$ \it H \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates } +$$ \VEV{H} $$ +\point +\tc{\\Tr$\{$ \it G \bf $\}$ \quad \rm generates } +$$ \Tr{G} $$ + +\endpage + +\point +\tc{\\int \rm generates } +$$ \int $$ +\point +\tc{\\prop \rm generates $\prop $} +\point +\tc{\\lsim \rm generates $\lsim $} +\point +\tc{\\gsim \rm generates $\gsim $ } + +\chapter{GOODBYE} + +This completes the basic writeup of the capabilities of PHYZZX. +As I indicated in the introduction, this is not the final version of +the macro set, but is in fact the last but one version that I +will have something to do with. +The final version will appear one of these days and will include +in the body of the FMT file several macros for creating wrap around +figure inserts and simple tables. +The macros already exist but +have not yet been collected together and finalized in format. +In addition, it will probably include a label making capability +to generate mailing labels for letters. +Don't hold your breath for this version, however, first I have +to get over having typed this documentation. + +\section{Using Your MYPHYX File} + +I promised you a short discussion of tailoring PHYZZX +into your own inimitable macro package. +The simplest way to do this is to have a complicated +file called MYPHYX TEX on your A disk. +If there are a few features of PHYZZX which do almost what you +want, but not quite, you can +look at the file PHYZZX TEX. +By reading Knuth and studying this file you will see how +everything PHYZZX does is made to happen. +The way to change something is to steal the relevant definition +from this file and copy it to your MYPHYX file. +Then, make the changes which you wish to make. +Since PHYZZX inputs this file after it makes its own +definitions, you desires will override the PHYZZX definitions. + +\titlestyle{ \bf GOOD LUCK !!!!!} + +\bye + -- cgit v1.2.3