From e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2019 13:46:59 +0900
Subject: Initial commit

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+% This is file FAC2egui.tex
+% v2.00, 13th July 2000
+% (based on FACguide.tex v1.12)
+
+% Copyright (C) 1999,2000 Cambridge University Press
+
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+
+% The following saves the original definitions of \geq and \leq (guide only).
+\let\realgeq\geq
+\let\realleq\leq
+
+\documentclass{fac}
+
+\ifprodtf \else \usepackage{latexsym}\fi
+
+% The following macros automatically define symbols to be used in Table 1 of
+% the authors' guide, using characters from the AMS symbol font MSAM.
+
+\newcommand\black{\ensuremath{\blacktriangleright}}
+\newcommand\white{\ensuremath{\vartriangleright}}
+
+\newif\ifamsfontsloaded
+\ifprodtf
+  \newcommand\whbl{\white\kern-.1em--\kern-.1em\black}
+  \newcommand\blwh{\black\kern-.1em--\kern-.1em\white}
+  \newcommand\blbl{\black\kern-.1em--\kern-.1em\black}
+  \newcommand\whwh{\white\kern-.1em--\kern-.1em\white}
+  \amsfontsloadedtrue
+\else
+  \checkfont{msam10}
+  \iffontfound
+    \IfFileExists{amssymb.sty}
+      {\usepackage{amssymb}\amsfontsloadedtrue
+       \newcommand\whbl{\white\kern-.125em--\kern-.125em\black}%
+       \newcommand\blwh{\black\kern-.125em--\kern-.125em\white}%
+       \newcommand\blbl{\black\kern-.125em--\kern-.125em\black}%
+       \newcommand\whwh{\white\kern-.125em--\kern-.125em\white}}
+      {}
+  \fi
+\fi
+
+%% Macros for the guide only %%
+\newcommand\eg{\textit{e.g.\ }}
+\newcommand\etc{\textit{etc}}
+\newcommand\hatp{\skew3\hat{p}}
+\newcommand\lra{\ensuremath{\quad\longrightarrow\quad}}
+\providecommand\AMSLaTeX{AMS\,\LaTeX}
+%% End of macros for the guide %%
+
+\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
+
+\title[Formal Aspects of Computing: \LaTeXe\ Submissions]
+      {Formal Aspects of Computing:\\
+       \LaTeXe\ Guide for Authors}
+
+\author[M. Reed and C. Notarmarco]
+    {Mark Reed$^1$ and Christiane Notarmarco$^2$\\
+     $^1$Electronic Products and Composition Group,\\
+     Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,\\
+     $^2$Springer-Verlag London Limited, Godalming, Surrey, UK}
+
+\correspond{Christiane Notarmarco, Springer-Verlag London
+            Limited, Sweetapple House, Catteshall Road,
+            Godalming, Surrey GU7 3DJ, UK.
+            e-mail: chris@svl.co.uk}
+
+\pubyear{2000}
+\pagerange{\pageref{firstpage}--\pageref{lastpage}}
+
+\begin{document}
+\label{firstpage}
+
+\makecorrespond
+
+\maketitle
+
+\begin{abstract}
+This guide is for authors who are preparing papers for the
+\emph{Formal Aspects of Computing} journal using the \LaTeXe\ %
+document-preparation system and the Formal Aspects of Computing
+class file (\texttt{fac.cls}).
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{keywords}
+\LaTeXe; Class file; \verb"fac.cls"; User guide
+\end{keywords}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+In addition to the standard submission of hardcopy from authors,
+\emph{Formal Aspects of Computing} now accepts machine-readable forms of papers
+in \LaTeXe. The layout design for the \emph{Formal Aspects of Computing} journal
+has been implemented as a \LaTeXe\ class file, based on the \verb"article"
+class as discussed in the \LaTeX\ manual (2nd edition) \cite{Lam:LaTeX}.
+
+Commands which differ from the standard \LaTeX\ interface, or which are
+provided in addition to the standard interface, are explained in this
+guide (which is \emph{not} a substitute for the \LaTeX\ manual itself).
+
+Note that the final printed version of papers will use the Monotype Times
+typeface rather than the Computer Modern available to authors. For this reason
+line and page breaks will change and authors should not insert hard breaks
+in their text.
+
+Authors planning to submit their papers in \LaTeXe\ are advised to use
+\verb"fac.cls" as early as possible in the creation of their files.
+
+\subsection{Introduction to \LaTeX}
+
+\LaTeX\ is constructed as a series of macros on top of the \TeX\ typesetting
+program. \LaTeX\ adds to \TeX\ a collection of facilities which simplify
+typesetting for authors by allowing them to concentrate on the logical
+structure of the document rather than its visual layout. Careful use of the
+\LaTeX\ mark-up philosophy results in uniform layout rather than the
+\emph{ad hoc} results of some word-processing systems. Authors are advised to
+let the defaults control font selection etc., rather than tinker themselves.
+
+The \LaTeX\ system provides a consistent and comprehensive document preparation
+interface. Among other things, \LaTeX\ can automatically number list
+entries, equations, figures, tables and footnotes, as well as sections and
+subsections. Using this numbering system, bibliographic citations, page
+references and cross references to any other numbered entity (e.g. sections,
+equations, figures) are straightforward.
+
+\subsection{The FAC document class}
+
+The use of document classes allows a simple change of style (or style option)
+to transform the appearance of your document. The Springer-Verlag London Limited
+(SVL) FAC class preserves the standard \LaTeX\ interface such that any document
+which can be produced using the standard \LaTeX\ \verb"article" class can also be
+produced with the FAC class.
+However, the measure (or width of text) is different from that
+for ARTICLE; therefore line breaks will change and it is possible that
+longer equations may need re-setting.
+Authors are urged to use \verb"fac.cls" from the beginning of their document
+preparation, otherwise longer lines may require re-formatting at a later stage.
+
+\subsection{General style issues}
+
+Use of \LaTeX\ defaults will result in a pleasing uniformity of layout
+and font selection. Authors should resist the temptation to make
+\emph{ad hoc} changes to these. Also avoid use of direct formatting unless
+really necessary. Papers will be edited as usual, and this process may be
+obstructed by the use of inserted line breaks, etc.
+
+For general style issues, authors are referred to the `Preparation of
+manuscripts' in the back cover of the journal. Authors who are interested in
+the details of style are referred to \cite{But:Copy} and \cite{Chicago}. The
+language used in the journals is British English, and spelling should conform
+to this.
+
+Use should be made of symbolic references (\verb"\ref") in order to
+protect against late changes of order, etc.
+
+\subsection{Submission of \LaTeX\ articles}
+
+Authors who intend to submit a \LaTeX\ article to FAC should obtain a
+copy of the journal's class file \verb"fac.cls". This is available on
+request in the first instance from Springer-Verlag London Limited; remember to
+specify the type of media you require. Alternatively, you can download
+the files from the Springer Web page
+(\verb"http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00165/")
+
+If you cannot obtain the proper journal class file, use the standard
+\verb"article" class with the default `\verb"10pt"' option.
+
+When submitting the final article, ensure that  the following are included and
+are clearly labelled.
+\begin{enumerate}
+  \item A hardcopy printout of the article.
+  \item The input file (exactly matching the hardcopy).
+  \item A copy of all user-defined macros.
+  \item If you have used \textsc{Bib}\TeX, the \verb".bib", \verb".bbl"
+        and \verb".bst" files that were used.
+  \item Any other files necessary to prepare the article for typesetting.
+\end{enumerate}
+Submit this, if at all possible by e-mail, and the hardcopy by post
+to D.\,J. Cooke (see the inside-cover of the journal for correct e-mail
+and postal addresses). If you do not have access to e-mail, send the files
+on disc -- PC or Macintosh $3\frac{1}{2}$ in. -- along with the hard copy
+to D.\,J. Cooke.
+
+\section{Using the FAC class file}
+
+First, copy the file \verb"fac.cls" into an appropriate subdirectory on
+your system. The FAC class is implemented as a complete document class,
+and \emph{not} as an class option.
+In order to use the FAC class, replace \verb"article" by \verb"fac" in the
+\verb"\documentclass" command at the beginning of your document: that is,
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \documentclass{article}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+is replaced by
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \documentclass{fac}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Author-defined macros should be inserted before \verb"\begin{document}",
+or in a separate file and should be included with the submission.
+Authors must not change any of the macro definitions or parameters
+in \verb"fac.cls".
+
+\subsection{Document class options}\label{sec:ClassOp}
+
+In general, the following standard document class options should \emph{not} be
+used with the FAC class file:
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item \texttt{10pt}, \texttt{11pt} and \texttt{12pt} -- unavailable;
+  \item \texttt{twoside} is the default (\texttt{oneside} is disabled);
+  \item \texttt{onecolumn} is the default (\texttt{twocolumn} is disabled);
+  \item \texttt{titlepage} is not required and is disabled;
+  \item \texttt{fleqn} and \texttt{leqno} should not be used
+        (\verb"fleqn" is already incorporated into the FAC class).
+\end{itemize}
+%
+\ifprodtf
+The following new class options are provided:
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item \texttt{prodtf} -- tells the class file that we want to use the
+    production typeface. This automatically resets the odd, even and top
+    margins.
+\end{itemize}
+\fi
+
+\section{Additional facilities}
+
+In addition to all the standard \LaTeX\ design elements, the FAC class
+includes the following features.
+%
+\begin{enumerate}
+  \item Additional commands for typesetting the title page. Extended
+        commands for specifying a short version of the title and author(s)
+        for the running headlines.
+  \item The \verb"\correspond" and \verb"\makecorrespond" commands for printing
+        the name and address for further correspondence.
+  \item The \verb"keywords" environment.
+  \item Extended \verb"\newtheorem" command which can produce
+        unnumbered environments.
+  \item Proof environment.
+  \item Control of enumerated lists.
+\end{enumerate}
+%
+Once you have used these additional facilities in your document,
+it can be processed only with \verb"fac.cls".
+
+\subsection{Titles and author's name}
+
+In the FAC style, the title of the article and the author's name (or
+authors' names) are used both at the beginning of the article for the main
+title and throughout the article as running headlines at the top of every
+page.
+The title is used on odd-numbered pages (rectos) and the author's name
+appears on even-numbered pages (versos).
+Although the main heading can run to several lines of text, the running
+head line must be a single line.
+Moreover, the main heading can also incorporate new line commands
+(\eg \verb"\\") but these are not acceptable in a running headline.
+To enable you to specify an alternative short title, which should not be
+more than 48 characters and spaces, and an alternative short author's name,
+the standard \verb"\title" and \verb"\author" commands have been extended
+to take an optional argument to be used as the running headline. \eg
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \title[Formal Aspects of Computing: \LaTeXe\ Submissions]
+        {Formal Aspects of Computing:\\
+         \LaTeXe\ Guide for Authors}
+
+  \author[M. Reed and C. Notarmarco]
+      {Mark Reed$^1$ and Christiane Notarmarco$^2$\\
+       $^1$Electronic Products and Composition Group,\\
+       Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,\\
+       $^2$Springer-Verlag London Limited, Godalming, Surrey, UK}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+You may wish to add a \verb"\thanks" note, which produces a footnote to the
+title or author. In this case, the superscripts by the authors' names
+will be automatically generated.
+
+\subsection{Correspondence note}
+
+The footnote at the bottom of the first page is generated automatically,
+and begins with the words `\emph{Correspondence and offprint
+requests to}'.
+The appropriate name and address must be given as an argument to the
+\verb"\correspond" command in the preamble:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \correspond{Christiane Notarmarco, Springer-Verlag London
+              Limited, Sweetapple House, Catteshall Road,
+              Godalming, Surrey GU7 3DJ, UK.
+              e-mail: chris@svl.co.uk}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+This information is subsequently used by the \verb"\makecorrespond" command.
+This may be placed anywhere after the \verb"\begin{document}" but within the
+text of the first page. If you have other footnotes on the first page, the
+\verb"\makecorrespond" command should follow them ensuring the output of this
+command is printed at the foot of the page.
+
+If you omit the \verb"\correspond" and \verb"\makecorrespond" commands,
+the name in the correspondence note defaults to the short author's name.
+
+\subsection{Abstract and keywords}
+
+At the beginning of your article, the title should be generated in the
+usual way using the \verb"\maketitle" command. Immediately following the
+title you should include an abstract followed by a list of keywords. For
+example, the titles for this guide were produced by the following source:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \maketitle
+
+  \begin{abstract}
+  This guide is for authors who are preparing papers for the
+  \emph{Formal Aspects of Computing} journal using the \LaTeXe\ %
+  document-preparation system and the Formal Aspects of Computing
+  class file (\texttt{fac.cls}).
+  \end{abstract}
+
+  \begin{keywords}
+  \LaTeXe; Class file; \verb"fac.cls"; User guide
+  \end{keywords}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Theorems}
+
+The FAC class provides an extended \verb"\newtheorem" command which enables
+you to generate unnumbered environments. e.g. An unnumbered `Theorem' can be typeset
+with the following:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
+  :
+  \begin{theorem}
+  This gives a normal numbered theorem.
+  \end{theorem}
+  \begin{theorem*}
+  This gives an unnumbered theorem.
+  \end{theorem*}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Which produces:
+%
+\begin{theorem}
+This gives a normal numbered theorem.
+\end{theorem}
+\begin{theorem*}
+This gives an unnumbered theorem.
+\end{theorem*}
+%
+The preferred numbering scheme is for theorems to be numbered within sections,
+as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc. In order to allow
+authors maximum flexibility in numbering and naming, \emph{no} theorem-like
+environments are defined in \verb"fac.cls". Rather, you have to define
+each one yourself. Theorem-like environments include Theorem, Definition,
+Lemma, Corollary, and Proposition.
+
+\subsection{Proofs}
+
+A new environment exists for Proofs, e.g.
+%
+\begin{proof}
+Noting that a state satisfying $VS$ has no elements
+$V_{xi}$ of $V$ satisfying $0<V_{xi}<1$, it follows
+that the proof is just as the proof was for the
+corresponding case of \emph{Bi-States}.
+\end{proof}
+%
+This was produced by the following code:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{proof}
+  Noting that a state satisfying $VS$ has no elements
+  $V_{xi}$ of $V$ satisfying $0<V_{xi}<1$, it follows
+  that the proof is just as the proof was for the
+  corresponding case of \emph{Bi-States}.
+  \end{proof}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+The end of proof marker \proofbox\ is produced automatically. If you wish
+to omit this, use the \verb"proof*" environment instead.
+
+The proof environment can also take an optional argument which allows you
+to produce `special' proofs, e.g.
+%
+  \begin{proof}[Proof of Theorem~1.1.]
+  Noting that a state satisfying $VS$ has no elements
+  $V_{xi}$ of $V$ satisfying $0<V_{xi}<1$, it follows
+  that the proof is just as the proof was for the
+  corresponding case of \emph{Bi-States}.
+  \end{proof}
+%
+Which was produced like this:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{proof}[Proof of Theorem~1.1.]
+  Noting that a state satisfying $VS$ has no elements
+  $V_{xi}$ of $V$ satisfying $0<V_{xi}<1$, it follows
+  that the proof is just as the proof was for the
+  corresponding case of \emph{Bi-States}.
+  \end{proof}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Notice that once the optional argument is used, you have to type all of
+the text which is to appear as the heading (including the full-stop).
+
+\subsection{Lists}
+
+The FAC class provides the three standard list environments:
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Numbered lists, created using the \verb"enumerate" environment;
+  \item Labelled lists, created using the \verb"description" environment;
+  \item Bulleted lists, created using the \verb"itemize" environment.
+\end{itemize}
+The enumerated list numbers each list item with an arabic numeral.
+Alternative styles can be achieved by inserting a redefinition of the
+number labelling command after the \verb"\begin{enumerate}".
+For example, a list numbered with roman numerals inside parentheses can be
+produced by the following commands:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{enumerate}
+    \renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
+    \renewcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
+    \item first item
+          :
+  \end{enumerate}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+This produces the following list:
+%
+\begin{enumerate}
+  \renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
+  \renewcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
+  \item first item
+  \item second item
+  \item \etc\ldots
+\end{enumerate}
+%
+In the last example, the labels were pushed out into the margin  because
+the standard list indentation is designed to be sufficient for arabic
+numerals rather than for the wider roman numerals. In order to enable
+different labels to be used more easily, the \verb"enumerate" environment
+in the FAC class can be given an optional argument which (like the standard
+\verb"thebibliography" environment) specifies the \emph{widest label}. For
+example,
+%
+\begin{enumerate}[(iii)]
+  \renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
+  \renewcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
+  \item first item
+  \item second item
+  \item \etc\ldots
+\end{enumerate}
+%
+was produced by the following input:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{enumerate}[(iii)]
+    \renewcommand\theenumi{\roman{enumi}}
+    \renewcommand\labelenumi{(\theenumi)}
+    \item first item
+          :
+  \end{enumerate}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\section{Mathematics}
+
+The FAC class will set displayed mathematics with the correct indent
+provided you use the \LaTeX\ standard of open and closed square brackets 
+as delimiters. The following equation
+  \[ \sum_{i=1}^p \lambda_i = \mathrm{trace}(\mathbf{S}) \]
+was typeset in the FAC style using the commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \[ \sum_{i=1}^p \lambda_i = \mathrm{trace}(\mathbf{S}) \]
+\end{verbatim}
+Note the difference between the positioning of this equation and of
+the following centred equation
+  $$ \alpha_{j+1} > \bar{\alpha}+ks_{\alpha} $$
+which was (wrongly) typeset using double dollars as follows:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  $$ \alpha_{j+1} > \bar{\alpha}+ks_{\alpha} $$
+\end{verbatim}
+Also, do not leave blank lines above and below displayed equations
+unless a new paragraph is really intended.
+
+\section{Typeface}
+
+\subsection{AMS fonts -- especially if you do not have them}
+
+If you need symbols from the AMS font set but do not have them installed,
+you can ensure that they will be correctly typeset by taking the following
+steps.
+Set up user-defined macros that can be redefined by the typesetter to use
+the correct AMS macros. For example, the blackboard bold symbols,
+sometimes called shell or outline characters, are obtained with the AMS
+macro \verb"\mathbb{..}". Instead, use a macro definition such as:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  % replace font!
+  \newcommand\BbbE{\ensuremath{\mathsf{E}}} % Blackboard bold E
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+This substitutes a sans serif character where you want blackboard
+bold. You can typeset the input file and the typesetter is alerted to do the
+substitution.
+
+The following example (which uses the \verb"\providecommand" macro) will work
+without modification by the typesetter, because the \verb"\providecommand"
+macro will not overwrite any existing \verb"\mathbb" definition.
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \providecommand\mathbb[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{#1}}}
+  ...
+  \newcommand\BbbE{\mathbb{E}} % Blackboard bold E
+\end{verbatim}
+
+Plain \TeX\ provides only \verb"\leq" and \verb"\qeq" which typeset the
+Computer Modern symbols $\realleq$ and $\realgeq$, respectively. These will
+be redefined at typesetting to use the AMS symbols \verb"\leqslant" and
+\verb"\geqslant", to give slanted symbols.
+
+If you wish to use AMS fonts with \LaTeXe\ you must be using at least
+version 2.0. Earlier versions are not supported.
+
+\subsection{Sans serif symbols}
+
+The \verb"\textsf" and \verb"\mathsf" commands change the typeface to
+sans serif, giving upright characters. Occasionally, other sans serif
+fonts are needed. You should use the following supplied macros to obtain
+these other fonts.\\[6pt]
+%
+\verb"  \textsf{text}  " \lra \textsf{text}
+  \qquad \verb"$\mathsf{math}$  " \lra $\mathsf{math}$\\
+\verb"  \textsfi{text} " \lra \textsfi{text}
+  \qquad \verb"$\mathsfi{math}$ " \lra $\mathsfi{math}$\\
+\verb"  \textsfb{text} " \lra \textsfb{text}
+  \qquad \verb"$\mathsfb{math}$ " \lra $\mathsfb{math}$\\
+\verb"  \textsfbi{text}" \lra \textsfbi{text}
+  \qquad \verb"$\mathsfbi{math}$" \lra $\mathsfbi{math}$\\[6pt]
+%
+You can use them like this:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \newcommand\ssC{\mathsf{C}}     % for sans serif C
+  \newcommand\sfsP{\mathsfi{P}}   % for sans serif slanted P
+  \newcommand\sfbsX{\mathsfbi{X}} % for sans serif bold slanted X
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Note that the bold-slanted macros \verb"\textsfbi" and
+\verb"\mathsfbi" use the slanted sans serif font \verb"cmssi"
+-- because there is no bold-slanted math sans serif font in available in
+Computer Modern!  If you use the supplied sans-serif text and math commands
+the typesetter will be able to substitute the fonts automatically.
+
+\subsection{Bold math italic symbols}
+
+If you require bold math italic symbols/letters, \LaTeX\ provides several ways
+of getting them.  Firstly, \LaTeX's \verb"\boldmath" switch which can be
+used like this:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  $ \mbox{\boldmath $P$} = \mathsf{J}\mathcal{E} T $
+\end{verbatim}
+As you can see it takes quite alot of typing to achieve a bold math italic P.
+Another problem is that you can't use \verb"\boldmath" in math mode, thus the
+\verb"\mbox" forces the resulting text into text style (which you may not
+want).
+
+You can cut down on the typing by defining the following macro (which
+is in the preamble of this guide):
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \providecommand\boldsymbol[1]{\mbox{\boldmath $#1$}}
+\end{verbatim}
+Then for the above example you can define:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \newcommand\bldP{\boldsymbol{P}}
+\end{verbatim}
+the achieve the same result. This still doesn't remove the default to
+text style problem.
+
+If you have the \verb"amsbsy" package on your system, then you can remove
+this limitation as well by placing a \verb"\usepackage{amsbsy}" after the
+\verb"\documentclass" line in your document, and then use \verb"\boldsymbol"
+for bold math italic symbols (don't define \verb"\boldsymbol" yourself when
+using \verb"amsbsy").
+
+\subsection{Script characters}
+
+Script characters should be typeset using \LaTeXe's \verb"\mathcal"
+command. This produces Computer Modern symbols such as $\mathcal{E}\,$
+and $\mathcal{F}\,$ in your hard copy but the typesetter will substitute
+the more florid script characters normally seen in the journal.
+
+\subsection{Skewing of accents}
+
+Accents such as hats, overbars and dots are normally centred over letters,
+but when these are italic or sloping greek the accent may need to be moved
+to the right so that it is centred over the top of the sloped letter. For
+example,
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \newcommand\hatp{\skew3\hat{p}}
+\end{verbatim}
+will produce $\hatp$.
+
+\section{User-defined macros}
+
+If you define your own macros, you must ensure that their names do not
+conflict with any existing macros in \LaTeX\ (or \AMSLaTeX\ %
+if you are using this). You should also place them in the preamble of
+your input file, between the \verb"\documentclass" line (but after any
+\verb"\usepackage" commands) and before the \verb"\begin{document}" command.
+
+Apart from scanning the indexes of the relevant manuals, you can check
+whether a macro name is already used by using \verb"\newcommand", which
+will check for the existence of the macro you are trying to define.
+If the macro exists \LaTeX\ will respond with:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  ! LaTeX Error: Command ... already defined.
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+In this case you should choose another name, and try again.
+
+Such macros must be in a place where they can easily be found and
+modified by the journal's editors or typesetter. They must be gathered
+together in the preamble of your input file, or in a separate
+\verb"macros.tex" file with the command \verb"\input{macros}" in the
+preamble. Macro definitions must not be scattered about your document
+where they are likely to be completely overlooked by the typesetter.
+
+The same applies to font definitions that are based on Computer Modern
+fonts. These must be changed by the typesetter to use the journal's
+correct typeface. In this case, you should draw
+attention to these font definitions on the hard copy that you submit for
+publication and by placing a comment in your input file just before the
+relevant definitions, for example \verb"% replace font!"
+
+\section{Some guidelines for using standard facilities}
+
+The following notes may help you achieve the best effects with the FAC
+class file.
+
+\subsection{Sections}
+
+\LaTeX\ provides five levels of section headings and they are all
+defined in the FAC class file:
+%
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item[] Heading A -- \verb"\section{...}"
+  \item[] Heading B -- \verb"\subsection{...}"
+  \item[] Heading C -- \verb"\subsubsection{...}"
+  \item[] Heading D -- \verb"\paragraph{...}"
+  \item[] Heading E -- \verb"\subparagraph{...}"
+\end{itemize}
+%
+Section numbers are given for sections, subsection and subsubsection
+headings.
+
+\subsection{Illustrations (or figures)}
+
+The FAC class will cope with most positioning of your illustrations, and you
+should not normally use the optional positional qualifiers on the
+\verb"figure" environment which would override these decisions.
+See `Instructions for authors' in the FAC journal for submission of artwork.
+Figure captions should be below the figure itself therefore the \verb"\caption"
+command should appear after the figure or space left for an illustration.
+Any figure should be centred horizontally, this can be achived using the
+\verb"\centering" command, or \verb"centerline" environment.
+For example, Figure~\ref{sample-figure} is produced using the following.
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{figure}
+    \centering
+    \vspace{5cm}
+    \caption{An example figure in which space has been
+             left for the artwork.}
+    \label{sample-figure}
+  \end{figure}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\begin{figure}
+  \centering
+  \vspace{5cm}
+  \caption{An example figure in which space has been
+           left for the artwork.}
+  \label{sample-figure}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Tables}
+
+\begin{table}
+  \caption{Index of Symbols}
+  \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
+   \hline
+   Symbol\hspace{1cm}  & Meaning \\
+   \hline
+   \ifamsfontsloaded
+     \whbl             & \hbox{Forward closure} \\
+     \blwh             & \hbox{Backward closure} \\
+     \blbl             & \hbox{Overlap closure} \\
+     \whwh             & \hbox{Rule closure} \\
+   \fi
+   $\leadsto$          & \hbox{Rule closure constructor} \\
+   $\bigtriangleup$    & \hbox{Substitution sum} \\
+   $\cdot$             & \hbox{Substitution composition} \\
+   $\sqcup$            & \hbox{Substitution join} \\
+   $\bot$              & \hbox{Coherence relation} \\
+   $-^n$               & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                         (exponent)} \\
+   $W_n(-,-)$          & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                         (Whale)} \\
+   $T_n(-,-,-)$        & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                         (Turtle)} \\
+   \hline
+  \end{tabular}
+  \label{symbols}
+\end{table}
+
+The FAC class will cope with most positioning of your tables
+and you should not normally use the optional positional qualifiers on the
+\verb"table" environment which would override these decisions.
+Table captions should be at the top, therefore the \verb"\caption" command
+should appear before the body of the table.
+
+The \verb"tabular" environment should be used to produce ruled tables;
+it has been modified for the FAC class in the following ways.
+%
+\begin{enumerate}
+  \item Rules may either be two-thirds or the full width of a page, 
+depending on the width of the material in your table. \verb"\hline" 
+will produce a rule two-thirds the width and \verb"\fullhline" will 
+produce a rule the full width of a page;
+  \item Additional vertical space is inserted on either side of a rule;
+  \item Vertical lines are not produced.
+\end{enumerate}
+%
+Commands to redefine quantities such as \verb"\arraystretch" should be
+omitted. For example, Table~\ref{symbols} is produced using the following.
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{table}
+    \caption{Index of Symbols}
+    \begin{tabular}{@{}ll@{}}
+     \hline
+     Symbol\hspace{1cm}  & Meaning \\
+     \hline
+     \whbl               & \hbox{Forward closure} \\
+     \blwh               & \hbox{Backward closure} \\
+     \blbl               & \hbox{Overlap closure} \\
+     \whwh               & \hbox{Rule closure} \\
+     $\leadsto$          & \hbox{Rule closure constructor} \\
+     $\bigtriangleup$    & \hbox{Substitution sum} \\
+     $\cdot$             & \hbox{Substitution composition} \\
+     $\sqcup$            & \hbox{Substitution join} \\
+     $\bot$              & \hbox{Coherence relation} \\
+     $-^n$               & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                           (exponent)} \\
+     $W_n(-,-)$          & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                           (Whale)} \\
+     $T_n(-,-,-)$        & \hbox{Substitution operator 
+                                           (Turtle)} \\
+     \hline
+    \end{tabular}
+    \label{symbols}
+  \end{table}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsubsection{Continued captions}
+
+If a table or figure will not fit onto a single page and has to broken into
+more than one part, the subsequent parts should have a `continued' caption.
+To achieve this, use \verb"\contcaption" instead of \verb"\caption", in the
+subsequent figure or table environments. The \verb"\contcaption" uses exactly
+the same syntax as the normal \verb"\caption" command, except it does not step
+the figure or table counter.
+
+\subsection{Appendices}
+
+You should use the standard \LaTeX\ \verb"\appendix" command to place any
+Appendices, normally, AFTER any acknowledgement and references.
+From that point on \verb"\section" commands will produce appendixes, which are
+numbered A, B etc. Equations, figures and tables continue in the same
+numbering sequence as in the main text.
+
+\subsection{References}
+
+As with standard \LaTeX, there are two ways of producing a list of
+references; either by compiling a list (using a \verb"thebibliography"
+environment), or by using Bib\TeX\ with a suitable bibliographic database,
+using the standard Bib\TeX\ `\verb"alpha"' style file.
+
+\subsubsection{References in the text}
+
+References to published literature should be quoted in text by an
+abbreviation in square brackets of name(s) (three letters) and date
+(two digits) -- this format is consistent with the Bib\TeX\ %
+`\verb"alpha"' style.
+
+Each entry has a key, which is assigned by the author
+and used to refer to that entry in the text (with \verb"\cite").
+e.g. \verb"\cite{Lam:LaTeX}".
+
+A new form of the \verb"\cite" command is also provided `\verb"\nbcite"',
+which works in the same way -- except it doesn't put any square brackets
+in the output, allowing more complex citations formats to be constructed.
+
+\subsubsection{The list of references}
+
+The following listing shows some references prepared in the style of the
+journal; the code produces the references at the end of this guide.
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{thebibliography}{Lam94}
+    \bibitem[But81]{But:Copy} Butcher, J.:
+      \emph{Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook.}
+      Cambridge University Press, 1981.
+
+    \bibitem[Chi69]{Chicago}
+      \emph{The Chicago Manual of Style.}
+      University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637, USA, 1982.
+
+    \bibitem[For84]{For:Program} Forgaard, R.:
+      A Program for Generating and Analyzing Term Rewriting
+      Systems, Master's Thesis, MIT Lab. for Computer Science,
+      1984.
+
+    \bibitem[JLR82]{Jou:Recursive} Jouannaud, J. P., Lescanne, P.
+      and Reinig, F.: Recursive Decomposition Ordering,
+     \emph{Proc. Conf. on Formal Description of Programming
+      Concepts II}, pp. 331--346, 1982.
+
+    \bibitem[Lam94]{Lam:LaTeX} Lamport, L.:
+      \emph{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System (2nd edition).}
+      Addison-Wesley, New York, 1994.
+
+    \bibitem[Ped85]{Ped:Obtaining} Pederson, J.:
+      Obtaining Complete Sets of Reproductions and Equations
+      without Using Special Unification Algorithms. Unpublished
+      manuscript, 1985.
+
+    \bibitem[PeS81]{Pet:Complete} Peterson, G. E. and Stickel,
+      M. E.: Complete Sets of Reductions for Some Equational
+      Theories. \emph{J. ACM}, \textbf{28}, 223--264 (1981).
+  \end{thebibliography}
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+Where more than one reference is cited having the author(s) and date, the
+letters a,b,c, \ldots\ should follow the date (\eg [Smi88a], [Smi88b],
+\etc.). References should be listed in \verb"thebibliography" environment
+alphabetically by author(s)' name(s) and then by year if the same author
+has several papers.
+
+Formatting for italic etc.\ should be avoided unless you are sure you
+understand the style of references; please concentrate on giving full and
+clear information.
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{Lam94}
+  \bibitem[But81]{But:Copy} Butcher, J.:
+    \emph{Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook.}
+    Cambridge University Press, 1981.
+
+  \bibitem[Chi69]{Chicago}
+    \emph{The Chicago Manual of Style.}
+    University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637, USA, 1982.
+
+  \bibitem[For84]{For:Program} Forgaard, R.:
+    A Program for Generating and Analyzing Term Rewriting
+    Systems, Master's Thesis, MIT Lab. for Computer Science,
+    1984.
+
+  \bibitem[JLR82]{Jou:Recursive} Jouannaud, J. P., Lescanne, P.
+    and Reinig, F.: Recursive Decomposition Ordering,
+   \emph{Proc. Conf. on Formal Description of Programming
+    Concepts II}, pp. 331--346, 1982.
+
+  \bibitem[Lam94]{Lam:LaTeX} Lamport, L.:
+    \emph{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System (2nd edition).}
+    Addison-Wesley, New York, 1994.
+
+  \bibitem[Ped85]{Ped:Obtaining} Pederson, J.:
+    Obtaining Complete Sets of Reproductions and Equations
+    without Using Special Unification Algorithms. Unpublished
+    manuscript, 1985.
+
+  \bibitem[PeS81]{Pet:Complete} Peterson, G. E. and Stickel,
+    M. E.: Complete Sets of Reductions for Some Equational
+    Theories. \emph{J. ACM}, \textbf{28}, 223--264 (1981).
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\newpage
+
+\appendix
+\section{Special commands in \texttt{fac.cls}}
+
+The following is a summary of the new commands, optional arguments and
+environments which have been added to the standard \LaTeX\ user-interface
+in creating the FAC class file.
+\vspace{6pt}
+
+\noindent
+\begin{tabular}{@{}p{38mm}@{}p{127mm}@{}}
+\emph{New commands}    & \\[3pt]
+\ifprodtf
+\verb"\acceptedline"   & sets the `Accepted in revised form' text.\\
+\fi
+\verb"\contcaption"    & produces a continued figure or table caption. e.g.\\
+                       & `Figure 1---{\itshape cont.}' This command is used in the
+                         same way as the standard \verb"\caption" command.\\
+\verb"\correspond"     & sets the text used for the `Correspondence and offprint
+                         requests to' footnote on the first page.\\
+\ifprodtf
+\verb"\editor"         & sets the editors name for a `Short Communication' paper.\\
+\fi
+\verb"\makecorrespond" & ensures the `Correspondence and offprint requests to'
+                         footnote is typeset. This command is usually used just
+                         before \verb"\maketitle".\\
+\verb"\mathproofbox"   & as \verb"\proofbox", except this version is intended
+                         for use in equations ending proof's (it typesets the
+                         proof box using \verb"\rlap" with 1em of extra space).\\
+\verb"\nbcite"         & works in the same way as the normal \verb"\cite"
+                         command except it doesn't put in the `[ ]'s.\\
+\verb"\newtheorem"     & has been modified to create both numbered and unnumbered
+                         `theorem' environments.\\
+\verb"\proofbox"       & typesets a proof box \proofbox\ (this is normally
+                         put in automatically at the end of the \verb"proof"
+                         environment). If you need to insert a \verb"\proofbox"
+                         manually, you should add a `\verb"\quad"' of
+                         space before it in the output.\\
+\ifprodtf
+\verb"\pagerange"      & sets the range of pages used by the paper.\\
+\verb"\pubyear"        & sets the publication year.\\
+\verb"\receivedline"   & sets the `Received' date information.\\
+\fi
+\verb"\removebrackets" & removes the `(\ )' brackets from the optional
+                         argument of environments created by the
+                         \verb"\newtheorem" command. Should be placed
+                         just before the appropriate environment.\\
+\ifprodtf
+\verb"\removefullpoint" & removes the full point from the next \verb"\caption"
+                          command, usually used for continued captions.\\
+\verb"\shortcom"       & specifies that this is to be a `Short Communication' paper.\\
+\verb"\volume"         & sets the volume number.\\[6pt]
+\else
+  \noalign{\vskip 6pt}
+\fi
+\emph{New environments} & \\[3pt]
+\ifprodtf
+\verb"bottomfigure"     & for split figures and captions (on facing page).\\
+\fi
+\verb"proof" & to typeset mathematical proofs, the \verb"*"-form omits
+               the proof box.\\
+\verb"tabular"          & has been modified to insert additional space above
+                          and below an \verb"\hline", the table caption
+                          and body is centred with rules full out across the
+                          text measure. The \verb"tabular" environments old
+                          behaviour can be restored by using the
+                          \verb"oldtabular" environment.\\[6pt]
+\emph{New optional arguments} & \\[3pt]
+\verb"[<short author>]" & in the \verb"\author" command: to define a left
+                          running headline that is different from the
+                          authors' names as typeset at the article opening.
+                          \ifprodtf The \verb"\shortauthor" command is
+                          also provided.\fi \\
+\verb"[<short title>]"  & in the \verb"\title" command: to define a right
+                          running headline that is different from the article
+                          title. \ifprodtf The \verb"\shorttitle" command is
+                          also provided.\fi \\
+\verb"[<widest label>]" & in \verb"\begin{enumerate}": to ensure the correct
+                          alignment of numbered lists.\\
+\end{tabular}
+
+\ifprodtf
+\section{Notes for editors}
+
+This appendix contains additional information which may be useful to
+those who are involved with the final production stages of an article.
+Authors, who are generally not typesetting the final pages in the
+journal's typeface (Monotype Times), do not need this information.
+
+\subsection{Setting the production typeface}
+
+The global \verb"\documentclass" option `\verb"prodtf"' sets up
+\verb"fac.cls" to typeset in the production typeface -- Monotype Times.
+e.g.
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \documentclass[prodtf]{fac}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\subsection{Catchline commands}
+
+To be placed in the preamble:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \verb"\pubyear{}"
+\item \verb"\pagerange{}"
+\item \verb"\volume{}"
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Footnotes}
+
+If a footnote falls at the bottom of a page, it is possible for the
+footnote to appear on the following page (a feature of \TeX ). Check
+for this.
+
+\subsection{Landscape material}
+
+The add on package \verb"FACland" provides macros for landscape figures and
+tables. See the \verb"FACland" guide for further information.
+
+\subsection{Figures with split artwork/captions}
+
+When a figure is too large to fit on a page with it's caption, you can use
+the following procedure to place the figure, and then it's caption at the foot
+of the facing page. First set the figure with a short caption
+using the normal \verb"figure" environment, e.g.
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{figure}
+    ...
+    \caption{For caption see facing page.}
+  \end{figure}
+\end{verbatim}
+Then set the correct (long) caption, so that it appears on the facing page:
+\begin{verbatim}
+  \begin{bottomfigure}
+    \addtocounter{figure}{-1}
+    \caption{This is the long caption...}
+  \end{bottomfigure}
+\end{verbatim}
+If the figure falls on a recto, you may have to move the \verb"bottomfigure"
+environment to before the \verb"figure" environment. In this case you need to
+move the \verb"\addtocounter" command into the \verb"figure" environment
+instead.
+
+The \verb"bottomfigure" environment places a full measure rule above the
+bottom-caption automatically.
+
+\section{Macros provided by \texttt{FAC2esym.sty}}
+
+\subsection{Automatic font/character changes}
+
+\begin{itemize}\itemsep=6pt
+\item The \verb|\le|, \verb|\leq|, \verb|\ge|, \verb|\geq| commands
+use the equivalent AMS slanted symbols:
+\[
+\oldle \oldleq \oldge \oldgeq
+ \lra
+\le \leq \ge \geq
+\]
+The normal characters can be obtained by using the \verb|\old| form
+(\eg \verb|\oldge|).
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Additional fonts}
+
+\begin{itemize}\itemsep=6pt
+\item The complete AMS symbols are available using the normal names:
+\[
+\hbox{\verb"\boxdot \boxplus \boxtimes"} \lra \boxdot \boxplus \boxtimes
+\]
+
+\item Blackboard bold:
+\[
+\hbox{\verb"$\mathbb{ABC}$"} %%% \lra \mathbb{ABC}
+\]
+
+\item Fraktur/Gothic (bold math version available):
+\[
+   \hbox{\verb"$\mathfrak{ABC}$"} %%% \lra \mathfrak{ABC}
+\]
+
+\item Monotype Script (bold math version available):
+%
+\[ \verb"$\mathscr{ABCabc}$ " \lra \mathscr{ABCabc}  \]
+\[ \verb"$\mathbscr{ABCabc}$" \lra \mathbscr{ABCabc} \] 
+You may still use \verb"\mathcal" to obtain upper-case Script characters.
+
+\item Upright Greek: The \verb"\mathup" and \verb"\mathbup" macros are provided to obtain
+upright lowercase Greek characters.
+%
+\[ \verb"$\mathup{\alpha}$ " \lra \mathup{\alpha}  \]
+\[ \verb"$\mathbup{\alpha}$" \lra \mathbup{\alpha} \]
+%
+All of the lower-case Greek letters are pre-defined.
+
+\item Bold math italic/symbols are provided by the \verb"\boldsymbol" macro
+(from the \verb"amsbsy" package). The \verb"\bmath" macro is provided as
+an alias.
+
+The \verb"FAC2esym" package also defines most of the
+symbols from Appendix F of the \TeX book. These can be obtained by using
+their normal (unbold) symbol name prefixed with a `b'. e.g.\ \verb|\nabla|
+becomes \verb|\bnabla|. The only exception to this rule is \verb|\eta|,
+which whould lead to a clash with \verb|\beta|. In this case use
+\verb|\boldeta| for bold eta.
+
+The problem with space disappearing around certain
+bold math symbols (\verb"\bcdot") does not happen, when using the
+\verb"amsbsy" package.
+
+\item The \verb"\textsf*" and \verb"\mathsf*" macros are redefined to
+use the correct Monotype Helvetica fonts.
+\end{itemize}
+\fi
+
+\label{lastpage}
+
+\end{document}
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