From e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>
Date: Mon, 2 Sep 2019 13:46:59 +0900
Subject: Initial commit

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+\part Miscellaneous\\Constructions\endpart
+
+
+
+
+\chapter Literal mode\endchapter
+
+The basic mechanism for literal mode is really not all that complicated.
+However, the final \lamstex\ definitions are complicated indeed, because
+of
+\bullist
+\item special features that we want  to incorporate;
+\item subtle possibilities for bugs;
+\item the desire for generality.
+\endbullist
+
+
+In order to temporarily eliminate the third complicating factor, we will
+first consider what is needed to define the particular version of literal 
+mode in which *"1* is the delimiter and *""* is used to serve as the
+escape character in literal mode.
+
+
+\section{In-line literal mode\label{ILLM}}
+The basic idea of in-line literal mode, with *"1* as the delimiter
+and *""* as the  escape character, is to
+**
+\def\lit"1{\begingroup\litcodes@\litdefs@\tt\lit@}
+"slip
+\def\lit@#1"1{#1\endgroup}
+**
+where *\litdefs@* is the abbreviation
+**
+"hskip-50pt\def\litdefs@{\let\0=\empty\def\1{\char42 }\def\ {\char32 }\def\""{\char34 }}
+**
+and
+*\litcodes@* changes all the category codes,
+**
+\def\litcodes@{\catcode`\\=12 
+ \catcode`\{=12 \catcode`\}=12
+ \catcode`\$=12 \catcode`\&=12 
+ \catcode`\#=12 
+ \catcode`\^=12 \catcode`\_=12
+ \catcode`\@=12 \catcode`\~=12 
+ \catcode`\%=12 \catcode`\""=0 }
+**
+so that these new category codes are in force before *\lit@* reads in its
+argument.
+
+
+The first line of this definition
+says that *\* will be an ordinary character once
+*\litcodes@* appears.
+ The next two lines make
+ordinary characters out of the characters with category codes ~*1*, *2*, *3*
+and~ *4*. Category~*5* (end of line) isn't changed for in-line-literal mode,
+so the next line just handles the character *#* with category code  ~*6*, and
+the next line handles category codes~*7* and~*8*. We don't bother with
+category~*9* (ignored character) and category~*10*~ (space)
+will be attended to in a
+moment. Categories~*11* and ~*12* (letter and other character) need no
+special treatment. The next line handles category~*13* (active); the final
+line handles category ~*14* (comment character), leaving
+ category~*15* (invalid)
+ alone, and then finally makes *""* the escape character.
+
+Then *\lit"1..."1* will print out `*...*', with each of  the
+tokens *\*, *{*, *}*, *$*, *&*, *#*, *^*, *_*, 
+*@*, *~*, *%* being printed in the *\tt* font.
+Moreover, within the *\lit"1..."1* region, *""0* will stand for *\empty*,
+*""1* will stand for character~*42* on the *\tt* font, which is 
+the *"1* symbol,  `*"" *' will stand for
+character~*32*, which is the *" * symbol, and
+*""""* will stand for character~*34* on the *\tt* font,
+which is the *""* symbol.
+ 
+ However, we also
+want spaces to act specially.
+*plain* \tex's
+*\obeyspaces*  makes spaces active, and defines each active space to
+give one space in the output.
+ But we will want a different definition for literal mode.
+If we first use
+**
+{\obeyspaces
+\gdef\defspace@{\def {\hskip.5emminus.15em}}} 
+**
+so that *\defspace@* makes the active space give spacing suitable for
+literal mode,  
+then we can simply add 
+**
+\obeyspaces\defspace@
+**
+to the end of the definition of
+*\litcodes@*.
+
+Actually, we will use
+**
+{\obeyspaces
+\gdef\defspace@{\def {\allowbreak\hskip.5emminus.15em}}}
+**
+Then a line break can occur between
+spaces.  For example, \hbox{*\lit"1A    B"1*},
+with four\vadjust{\nobreak}
+ spaces between the letters, could  split after the second,
+giving
+`*A  *\null\linebreak
+*B*'; two spaces remain at the end of the first line, although all
+subsequent spaces  disappear before the second letter.
+Note that *\allowbreak* is not only shorter than *\penalty0*, but much
+preferable in this case, since we cannot afford to leave a space after
+the~*0*, so would have to add *\relax* to be on the safe side.
+
+\small  I made this choice so
+that  the first line could at least indicate that more than one space was
+involved, but it looked  too weird  to have spaces at the beginning of 
+the next line.  If that more literal sort of literal mode is preferred,
+it  is only necessary  to define the  active space to mean
+**
+\allowbreak\hbox to.5em{}\hskip0emminus.15em
+**
+In practice, one would presumably be printing *" *'s if the number of spaces
+needs to be emphasized.	
+\endsmall
+
+
+
+The *\allowbreak* at the beginning of the definition of
+a space  in literal mode does introduce one slight complication: we should
+**
+\def\lit"1{\leavevmode\begingroup . . .}
+**
+---otherwise a  `*\lit"1 *' at  the beginning  of a paragraph will 
+contribute an *\allowbreak* in {\it vertical\/}  mode, possibly overruling
+a *\nobreak* that occurs before  it.
+
+
+Moreover, the definition of *\lit@* should be changed to
+**
+\def\lit@#1"1{#1\endgroup\null}
+**
+so that a *\lit"1..."1* construction ending with a space won't have this
+space deleted by any succeeding *\unskip*. \pagelabel{LITN}
+
+Making spaces active means that we don't have to say *\frenchspacing*,
+since now there aren't any spaces after punctuation. However, as {\it The
+\tex book\/} points out (page~381), there's another slight problem, because
+the *\tt* font has the ligatures *?"0`* and *!"0`*, which print
+as {\tt?`} and {\tt!`} respectively (sigh). So we 
+must
+**
+{\catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}}
+**
+and then use
+**
+\catcode`\`=\active\obeyspaces\defspace@
+**
+at the end of the
+definition of *\litcodes@*.
+
+Finally, we want to set the *\hyphenchar* of the *\tentt* font
+(selected by *\tt*) to ~*-1*, so that hyphenation won't be allowed:
+**
+\def\lit"1{\leavevmode\begingroup\litcodes@\litdefs@
+ \tt\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 \lit@}
+**
+
+
+
+\small
+If the possibility of hyphenation is preferred, this last clause
+can simply be omitted.
+Or one could add
+**
+\def\-{\discretionary{\char45 }{}{}}
+**
+to the *\litdefs@*, so that *""-* could be used for a discretionary hyphen.
+
+\andsmall 
+ In the \lamstex~Manual, *\tt* means *\tentt*
+for  the usual 10~point text, but  *\ninett* in 9~point type (used for
+these ``small  print'' sections), and *\eighttt* in 8~point (used for the
+footnotes). The style file for the manual simply sets the
+*\hyphenchar*   of  all three to ~*-1* at  the beginning,  but
+a more complicated scheme could be used.
+For example, we could have 
+*\tenpoint* define *\pointsize@* to be~*t*, and *\ninepoint* define
+*\pointsize@* to be~*n*, and *\eightpoint* define
+*\pointsize@* to be ~*e*. And then we could replace the clause
+**
+\hyphenchar\tentt=-1
+**
+with
+**
+\if\pointsize@ t\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 \else
+ \if\pointsize@ n\hyphenchar\ninett=-1 \else
+  \hyphenchar\eighttt=-1 \fi\fi
+**
+
+(As a matter of fact, the style file for the Manual does make use of
+ *\pointsize@*,
+ for defining the \lamstex\ logo, since the $\Cal A$, $\Cal M$,  and
+$\Cal S$ need to be selected from different fonts for   different sizes.)
+\endsmall
+
+
+\section{Displayed literal mode}
+For ``displayed'' literal mode, we are going to use *\obeylines* to
+make *^^M* active, but we
+will need a new definition of the active *^^M*.  It will be convenient 
+to use
+**
+{\obeylines\gdef\letM@{\let^^M=\CtrlM@}}
+**
+where *\CtrlM@* will be defined in a moment, so that 
+ *\letM@* will make *^^M* have the meaning  of  *\CtrlM@* once
+*\obeylines*
+has  appeared.
+
+We can begin defining *\Lit"1* by:
+**
+\def\Lit"1{\bigskip\begingroup
+ \litcodes@\obeylines\letM@\tt\Lit@}
+**
+We don't need to disable hyphenation, since we are going to be setting
+each line  as a separate *\hbox* (and therefore the shrink in the
+definition of the active space will also be  irrelevant). For reasons 
+to be discussed in section~\Sref{WARY}, *\litdefs@* hasn't been included yet.
+
+*\Lit@* will begin setting an *\hbox*, so we first declare
+**
+\newbox\litbox@
+**
+and then
+**
+\def\Lit@{\setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@}
+**
+ 
+Thus, the *\Lit@* will  start setting *\box\litbox@* to be  whatever  
+is on the current line, with the literal codes in effect, as well as
+the temporary definitions from *\litdefs@*.
+  When  we get  to the end  of the line, we will
+encounter 
+a *^^M*, which will have the meaning of *\CtrlM@*,  which  we can
+define by
+**
+\def\CtrlM@{\egroup  "8CTRLM"8
+ \box\litbox@
+ \Lit@}
+**
+so that the *^^M*  will simply cause the *\hbox* containing  the line
+to be added to the   vertical  list, and then start setting another
+*\box\litbox@*.
+
+In order to have the closing *"1* end the literal display, the simplest
+method
+is to make the *"1* {\it active\/} during the display and have it defined by
+**
+\def"1{\egroup\endgroup\bigskip}  "8DEFSTAR3"8
+**
+The *\egroup* ends the *\box\litbox@*
+ that started being set at the beginning of
+the line containing the *"1*, but instead of adding this (presumably
+empty) box to the vertical list, we simply supply the *\endgroup* that
+matches the *\begingroup* contributed by *\Lit"1*.
+
+In order to do this, we need to do something like
+**
+{\catcode`\"1=\active
+ \gdef\defstar@{\def"1{\egroup\endgroup\bigskip}}  "8defstar"8
+}
+**
+so that *\defstar@* will define *"1* properly once it is active, and then
+**
+\def\Lit"1{\bigskip\begingroup
+ \litcodes@
+ \catcode`\"1=\active\defstar@
+ \obeylines\letM@\tt\Lit@}
+**
+
+
+The only slight problem with our definition  is that  the very first line
+of a 
+**
+\Lit"1
+ . . .
+ . . .
+"1
+**
+contributes an empty box. To take care of this, and for later purposes
+(sections~\Sref{PPB} and ~\Sref{LPB}), we will declare a counter
+**
+\newcount\litlines@
+**
+which *\Lit"1* will set to~*0*, and then we will have
+*\CtrlM@* (page~\ref{CTRLM}) simply increase *\litlines@* by~*1* if it
+is~*0*, but add *\box\litbox@* if *\litlines@* is not~*0*.\pagelabel{LCNT}
+
+\section{Notes for the wary\label{WARY}}
+Although we still have many features to add, 
+there are already some important point to be made
+ about our definitions.  
+
+First of all,
+*\Lit"1* ends up processing only one line at a time.  Consequently,
+there is no limit on the number of lines before the ending *"1*.
+
+Second, we were careful to arrange that *\litdefs@*
+will be in force only within each individual *\box\litbox@*.
+
+ {\bfit And this is
+extremely important:\/} After any particular *\box\litbox@* has been placed on
+the main vertical list, \tex\ may decide to exercise the *\output* routine,
+possibly long before the *\endgroup* supplied by the final *"1*.
+If we had put *\litdefs@* right into the definition of
+*\Lit"1*, then *\litdefs@* would be in effect when the
+*\output* routine is invoked,
+which could lead to havoc.  For example, suppose that in the book style
+we have typed
+**
+\chapter The \LamSTeX\ Co\""op\endchapter 
+**
+so that even-numbered pages will use 
+**
+The \LamSTeX\ Co\""op
+**
+in the running heads. Then if this running head happened to be
+ typeset while the literal
+mode definitions are in force, we would end up with
+\medskip
+\centerline{\cmtenrm \def\LamSTeX{L\kern-.4em\raise.3ex
+ \hbox{$\ssize\Cal A$}\kern-.25em
+ \lower.4ex\hbox{\eightsy M}\kern-.1em{$\Cal S$}-\TeX}
+The \lamstex\char32 Co\char34 op}
+\medskip
+\noindent since the `{\cmtenrm\char32 }' symbol is
+*\char32* in the Computer Modern fonts, while *\char34* is
+{\cmtenrm\char34 }.
+Similarly, the user should be able to define *\0* and *\1*,
+and have them used in running heads, without worrying about them
+changing definitions if the output routine is invoked in the middle of
+literal mode.
+
+
+\section{Prohibiting page breaks\label{PPB}}
+Normally, we want to prohibit breaks between  lines of displayed literal
+material, so we also want to add a penalty after *\box\litbox@*.
+We will declare a new  counter
+**
+\newcount\interlitpenalty@
+\interlitpenalty@=10000
+**
+and we will have *\CtrlM@*  (page~\ref{CTRLM})
+add *\penalty\interlitpenalty@*  before the current
+*\box\litbox@* except for the very first box
+(other
+constructions, see section~\Sref{LPB}, can insert other penalties, or
+give different values to *\interlitpenalty@*). 
+  The following definition
+takes care of this, together with the fact that we also
+don't want the empty box
+from the first line  (page~\ref{LCNT}):
+**
+\def\CtrlM@{\egroup
+ \ifcase\litlines@ 
+  \advance\litlines@ by 1 
+ \or
+  \box\litbox@ \advance\litlines@ by 1
+ \else
+  \penalty\interlitpenalty@\box\litbox@
+ \fi
+ \Lit@
+**
+Notice that with this arrangement,
+ *\penalty\litpenalty@* ends up being added after each *\box\litbox@*,
+{\it except\/}
+the last box,\pagelabel{nolastpen}
+ so that a page break can occur at the *\bigskip* supplied by
+the closing *"1* (page~\ref{DEFSTAR3}); an explicit *\penalty* could be added
+before the *\bigskip* if we wanted to discourage or encourage a page
+break at that point.
+
+
+\section{Indentation}
+We usually want 
+displayed literal  constructions to be indented by a  certain amount. So
+we declare a new dimension
+**
+\newdimen\litindent
+**
+with the default value
+**
+\litindent=20pt
+**
+and we add *\hskip\litindent* at the beginning of each box:
+**
+\def\Lit@{\setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@\hskip\litindent} 
+**
+
+
+\section{{\ninerm TAB}'s}Proper interpretation of the {\ninerm TAB}
+character (*^^I*)
+ is another
+feature that we want to add.
+We will use
+**
+{\catcode`\^^I=\active\gdef\letTAB@{\let^^I=\TAB@}}
+**
+so that *\letTAB@*  will make an active *^^I* mean *\TAB@*, which we
+will define in a moment, and then we will add
+**
+\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+**
+to the definition of *\Lit"1*, before the *\obeylines*.
+
+For *\TAB@*, we want,
+first of all, to allow for variances in the spacing for {\ninerm TAB}'s.
+So
+we will create a new counter,  with the default value ~*8*,
+**
+\newcount\littab@
+\littab@=8
+**
+as well as the construction *\littab*, to change the value,
+**
+\def\littab#1{\littab@=#1\relax}
+**
+
+Every time that we encounter a *^^I* while we
+*\setbox\litbox@*, we want to supply an *\egroup*, so that *\box\litbox@*
+will be complete, add extra space at the end of
+ *\box\litbox@* so that it has the requisite
+width (namely the next multiple of *\littab@*
+times the width of *\hbox{\tt0}*), and then include all this at the beginning
+of another 
+**
+\setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@
+**
+ {\it The~ \tex book}, page~391, gives
+a simple way to find the required extra space:
+ If *\dimen@* is the width of our box,
+and *\dimen@ii* is *\littab@* times the width of *\hbox{\tt0}*, then
+ to see how many times 
+*\dimen@* fits within  *\dimen@ii*, we can simply
+**
+\divide\dimen@ii by \dimen@
+\multiply\dimen@ii by \dimen@
+**
+Here *\dimen@* will be converted to its equivalent in scaled points (i.e.,
+*1pt* will become~*65536*). At the end, *\dimen@ii* will be the largest
+multiple of *\dimen@* that is 
+ $\le$ ~*\dimen@ii*, 
+so we will just have to increase *\dimen@* by *\littab@* times the
+width of *\hbox{\tt0}* to move to the next tab.
+\footnote{Although \tex\ indicates dimensions with decimal points, internally
+all dimensions are expressed in terms of scaled points. Consequently, these
+calculations will not have any rounding errors.}
+ We have to remember,
+however, that all our boxes begin with an extra *\litindent* amount of
+space: 
+**
+\def\TAB@{\egroup
+ \dimen@=\wd\litbox@
+ \advance\dimen@ by -\litindent
+"2
+ \setbox0=\hbox{\tt0}%
+"2
+ \dimen@ii=\littab@\wd0
+ \divide\dimen@ by \dimen@ii
+ \multiply\dimen@ by \dimen@ii
+"2
+ \advance\dimen@ by \littab@\wd0
+ \advance\dimen@ by \litindent
+ \setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@\hbox to\dimen@
+  {\unhbox\litbox@\hfil}}
+**
+
+\section{Widow control\label{WC}}
+In order to provide control over widow lines before literal
+displays, we will make
+ literal displays behave very much like displayed formulas.
+We first use
+**
+\def\Lit"1{\ifhmode
+ $$\abovedisplayskip=\bigskipamount
+ \abovedisplayshortskip=\bigskipamount
+ \belowdisplayskip=0pt \belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+ \postdisplaypenalty=10000
+ $$\vskip-\baselineskip\else\bigskip\fi
+ \begingroup . . . 
+**
+to produce an empty displayed formula right above the displayed literal
+mode
+material. The settings for *\abovedisplayskip* and for
+the `*short*' version ensure that a *\bigskip* will precede this
+formula. The settings for *\belowdisplay* and for the `*short*' version
+ensure that there is no extra space between this empty displayed formula
+and the displayed literal mode material. The
+*\vskip-\baselinekip* deletes the extra space that this empty
+formula contributes.
+Finally, the empty display and the display   
+literal mode material are kept
+on the same page by the *\postdisplaypenalty*.
+
+   Consequently,
+\tex's page breaking decisions before *\Lit"1* material, will be the
+same as before displayed formulas.
+
+If we are already in vertical mode, we just add the *\bigskip* (we don't
+want to add an empty formula in that case, since *$$...$$* in vertical
+mode actually produces an extra blank line [{\it The \tex book}, page~316]).
+
+\small As mentioned on page~85 of the \lamstex~Manual, changing the values of
+*\abovedisplayskip*, etc., in this definition will change the amount of
+space before a literal display. One could even add a clause
+**
+\predisplaypenalty=...
+**
+changing *\predisplaypenalty* from its default value of ~*10000*,
+ to allow, or encourage, page breaks before a literal display
+(if this done, then
+a *\penalty* of that amount should be added before the *\bigskip* in the
+*\else* clause above).
+ However, the last line
+on page~85 is just wrong: changing *\displaywidowpenalty* within the formula
+won't affect anything.
+\endsmall
+
+
+As with displayed formulas (compare section~\Sref{pretend1}),
+special care is required in the
+definition of *"1* made by *\defstar@* (page~\ref{DEFSTAR3}), in case
+an invisible construction follows. Basically we need to augment
+the definition to
+**
+\egroup\endgroup\bigskip
+\vskip-\parskip
+\noindent@@\futurelet\next\pretendspace@
+**
+to start a *\noindent*'ed paragraph, and take care of the fact that
+an invisible construction may follow (compare
+page~\ref{ADDFNP}). But now we have an extra complication: we must 
+skip over the space following the *"1* before adding the *\noindent@@*, so
+that our *\noindent*'ed paragraph doesn't begin with an extra space.
+So we really need
+**
+\egroup\endgroup\bigskip
+\vskip-\parskip
+\def\next@{\noindent@@\futurelet\next\pretendspace@}
+\FNSS@\next@
+**
+
+\small! As in the case of a displayed formula (page~\ref{WARNPAR}),
+users must be warned against adding ``invisible'' constructions
+at the end of a literal display that ends a paragraph.
+
+\andsmall The treatment of the end of display literal mode has been changed
+from version~*1* of \lamstex@, where a displayed formula was added at the end
+also (with undesirable side effects).
+\endsmall
+
+
+\section{Page breaks\label{LPB}}
+Within a literal display we want *\displaybreak* to force a page break
+when it appears on a line by itself; similarly *\allowdisplaybreak* should
+allow a page break, and *\allowdisplaybreaks* should allow a page break
+at that line and all succeeding lines.
+
+
+Within the definition of *\Lit"1* we will add
+**
+\def\displaybreak{\egroup\break\litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+**
+The first *\egroup* ends the *\box\litbox@* that
+ was being set at the beginning
+of the line containing the 
+**
+""displaybreak
+**
+The *^^M* at the end of this line is still there, and will end an empty
+*\box\litbox@* started by the *\Lit@*. Since we have set *\litlines@=0*,
+however, this box will not appear on the vertical list, nor will a penalty
+appear before the next *\box\litbox@*.
+
+Thus,
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}%
+\setbox1\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}%
+**
+"box0
+""displaybreak
+"box1
+** 
+will produce
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{*\null* box} 
+\setbox6\hbox{*\vskip -\baselineskip               *} % 15 spaces
+\setbox1\hbox to \wd6{\unhbox1 \hfil}
+\setbox2\hbox{empty box created by *\Lit@*}
+\setbox3\hbox{appropriate *\baselineskip* glue for next box}
+\setbox4\hbox{put in by the definition}
+\setbox5\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}
+**
+"box0
+\penalty -10000 
+"box3 
+"box5
+** 
+The
+appropriate *\baselineskip* glue will disappear
+after the page break at the *\penalty-10000*, 
+so the next page will  start with the second line
+(preceded by suitable *\topskip* glue).
+ 
+\medbreak
+
+Similarly, we will define 
+**
+\def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak\litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+**
+Then
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}
+**
+"box0
+""allowdisplaybreak
+"box1
+**
+will produce
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{*\null* box}
+\setbox6\hbox{*\vskip -\baselineskip               *} % 15 spaces
+\setbox1\hbox to \wd6{\unhbox1 \hfil}
+\setbox2\hbox{empty box created by *\Lit@*}
+\setbox3\hbox{appropriate *\baselineskip* glue for next box}
+\setbox4\hbox{put in by the definition} 
+\setbox5\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}
+**
+"box0
+\penalty 0
+"box3
+"box5
+**
+
+Finally, we will define
+**
+\def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+ \interlitpenalty=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+**
+In this case, 
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}
+**
+"box0
+""allowdisplaybreaks
+"box1
+**
+produces
+\setbox0\hbox{\<a line of the literal display\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{*\null* box}
+\setbox2\hbox{empty box created by *\Lit@*}
+\setbox3\hbox{appropriate *\baselineskip* glue for next box}
+\setbox4\hbox{put in by the definition} 
+\setbox5\hbox{\<the next line of the literal display\>}
+**
+"box0
+\penalty 0 
+"box3
+"box5
+\penalty 0 
+ . . .
+**
+with a *\penalty0* after all succeeding lines of the literal display,
+ except the very last (see page~\ref{nolastpen}).
+
+
+\small This manual contains numerous page references to material in
+a literal display. But
+ a *\pagelabel* right before or right
+ after the literal display couldn't be counted upon to give the proper page
+number, especially since many displays were allowed to
+split across pages.  So the style file contains the definition
+**
+\def\8#1\8{\pagelabel{#1}}
+**
+Then on page~\ref{NameHLcounter} I could type
+\litindent=-20pt
+**
+\rightadd@#2\to\overlonglist@
+ \edef\next@{\global\let\csname\exstring@#2@C\endcsname
+  =\expandafter\noexpand\csname HL@C#1\endcsname}\next@  ""8NameHLcounter""8
+**
+so that *\ref{NameHLcounter}* could be used on page~\ref{useNameHLcounter}
+ to refer to the page containing
+this line.\restorelitindent
+\endsmall
+
+
+\section{\CS{Litbox}\label{CSLITBOX}}For the construction
+**
+\Litbox#1="1
+ . . .
+"1
+**
+we can first use
+**
+{\catcode`\"1=\active
+ \gdef\defboxstar@{\def"1{\egroup\egroup\endgroup}}
+}
+**
+so that *\defboxstar@* defines *"1* once *"1* is active, in a
+different manner than *\defstar@* did (adding an extra *\egroup*, and
+omitting the remaining material).
+Then we want a definition like
+**
+\def\Litbox#1="1{\begingroup\defboxstar@
+ \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+ \obeylines\letM@\global\setbox#1=\vbox\bgroup
+ \litindent=0pt \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+**
+The *\litindent=0pt* eliminates extra space at the beginning of each\linebreak
+*\box\litbox@*. All these boxes are simply stacked inside the *\vbox*,
+and then the closing *"1* supplies an *\egroup* to end the (empty)
+*\box\litbox@* already begun, another *\egroup* to end the *\vbox*, and a
+final *\endgroup* to match the *\begingroup*.
+
+We might as well also add in
+the definition of *\allowdisplaybreak* and
+*\allowdisplaybreaks*,
+ in case
+the created box is later *\unvbox*'ed.
+
+But there is a slight problem with our whole scheme,
+ because we don't want the
+ assignment *\setbox#1* to be global
+when *#1* is even (section~\Sref{LANDG}).
+  To get around
+this, we will declare a new box
+**
+\newbox\Litbox@
+**
+and
+*\global\setbox\Litbox@*, and then after the *\endgroup* supplied by the
+concluding *"1* we will *\setbox#1\box\Litbox@* for even~*#1*, but
+add a *\global* for odd~*#1*:
+**
+\def\Litbox#1="1{\begingroup
+ \ifodd#1\relax\aftergroup\global\fi
+ \aftergroup\setbox\aftergroup#1%
+ \aftergroup\box\aftergroup\Litbox@
+ \defboxstar@
+ \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+ \obeylines\letM@\global\setbox\Litbox@=\vbox\bgroup
+ \litindent=0pt \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+**
+The various *\aftergroup* tokens---*\global* (if *#1* is odd), 
+*\setbox*, *#1*, *\box*, and 
+*\Litbox@*---are
+saved up and performed after the final *\egroup* provided by the final *"1*;
+in other words,  *\setbox#1\box\Litbox@* is performed after *\box\Litbox@* has
+been (*\global*'ly) set.
+
+
+\section{The general definition}
+Now that we have all the pieces, let's try to put them together, and
+allow for greater generality.
+
+We begin with things that don't depend on the particular choice of the
+literal delimiter or backslash.
+
+\C**
+\newdimen\litindent
+\litindent=20pt
+\newbox\litbox@
+\newbox\Litbox@
+\newcount\interlitpenalty@
+\interlitpenalty@=10000
+\newcount\litlines@
+"slip
+{\obeyspaces\gdef\defspace@{%
+ \def {\allowbreak\hskip.5emminus.15em\relax}}}
+"slip
+{\obeylines\gdef\letM@{\let^^M=\CtrlM@}}
+"slip
+{\catcode`\`=\active\gdef`{\relax\lq}}
+"slip
+\def\CtrlM@{\egroup
+ \ifcase\litlines@ 
+  \advance\litlines@ by 1 
+ \or
+  \box\litbox@ \advance\litlines@ by 1
+ \else 
+  \penalty\interlitpenalty@ \box\litbox@
+ \fi
+ \Lit@}
+"slip
+\def\Lit@{\setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@
+ \hskip\litindent}
+"slip
+\newcount\littab@
+\littab@=8
+\def\littab#1{\littab@=#1\relax}
+"slip
+{\catcode`\^^I=\active\gdef\letTAB@{\let^^I=\TAB@}}
+"slip
+\def\TAB@{\egroup
+ \dimen@=\wd\litbox@
+ \advance\dimen@ by -\litindent
+ \setbox0=\hbox{\tt0}%
+ \dimen@ii=\littab@\wd0
+ \divide\dimen@ by \dimen@ii
+ \multiply\dimen@ by \dimen@ii
+ \advance\dimen@ by \littab@\wd0
+ \advance\dimen@ by \litindent
+ \setbox\litbox@=\hbox\bgroup\litdefs@
+  \hbox to\dimen@{\unhbox\litbox@\hfil}}
+**
+
+We want to
+allow the possibility that no literal backslash has been chosen. For this
+purpose, we will first
+**
+\let\litbs@=\relax
+**
+and then have *\litdelimiter#1* redefine *\litbs@*, so that we can
+insert *\litbs@* within our definitions whether or not a literal backslash
+has been chosen.
+
+*\litdelimiter#1* 
+must define *\litbs@* so that it 
+first sets the category code of *#1* to ~*0*
+For this we can use
+**
+\edef\litbs@{\catcode`\string#1=0  ...
+**
+In this *\edef*, the only thing that gets expanded is the *\string#1*. Since
+this gives us a character *C* of type~*12*,
+**
+\catcode`C=0
+** 
+without the usual *\* after the *`* is quite legitimate; that's fortunate,
+since
+**
+\catcode`\#1=0
+**
+would be totally misinterpreted as
+\setbox0\hbox{(*35* is the category code of *#*)}
+**
+\catcode 351=0     "box0
+**
+
+\pagebreak
+
+When we say *\litdelimiter""* we also want *\litbs@* to save away the
+definition
+**
+\def\""{\char`\string""}
+**
+in *\litbs@@*,
+and similarly for any other
+argument that may be 
+used with\linebreak *\litdelimiter*. Here we will need our
+old *\expandafter\noexpand* trick (pages~\ref{EXNE} and~\ref{EXNE2}):
+\C**
+\let\litbs@=\relax
+\let\litbs@@=\relax
+"slip
+\def\litbackslash#1{%
+ \edef\litbs@{%
+  \catcode`\string#1=0
+  \def\noexpand\litbs@@{\def\expandafter\noexpand
+   \csname\string#1\endcsname{\char`\string#1}}}%
+ }%
+**
+
+*\litcodes* can now be defined by
+\C**
+\def\litcodes@{\catcode`\\=12 
+ \catcode`\{=12 \catcode`\}=12
+ \catcode`\$=12 \catcode`\&=12 
+ \catcode`\#=12 
+ \catcode`\^=12 \catcode`\_=12
+ \catcode`\@=12 \catcode`\~=12 \catcode`\""=12 
+ \catcode`\;=12 \catcode`\:=12 
+ \catcode`\!=12 \catcode`\?=12
+ \catcode`\%=12 
+ \litbs@\catcode`\`=\active\obeyspaces\defspace@}
+**
+Notice that we need the *\catcode`\""=12* since *""* is normally active in
+\lamstex@. The *\litbs@* is placed after all the other *\catcode*'s, since
+it may effect a further category code change (e.g., the category
+code of *""* may then be changed to~*0*).
+
+\pagebreak
+
+The extra *\catcode*'s for *;* and *:* and *!* and *?* are inserted 
+just in case any of these have been made active for French styles (compare
+~\Sref{ALF}).
+
+\medskip
+
+Now comes a tricky part. *\litdelimiter#1* will define *\Lit#1*, and 
+part of this definition will be to make *#1* active and then properly
+define it.  So we want a construction, *\activate@#1*, which will
+define *#1* properly when it is active. But putting
+**
+\def#1{...}
+**
+in our definition won't work, since the *#1* will be read in before *#1*
+actually is active!  So we will resort to the *\lowercase* trick. We first
+use
+**
+\lccode`\~=`#1
+**
+to make the *\lccode* of the {\it active\/} character~ *~* be~ *#1* (only an
+ordinary character is allowed for the literal delimiter, so the *`#1* is
+fine). This means that when ~*~* appears within a *\lowercase* it will be
+turned into an {\it active\/}~*#1*.
+
+So then we can do something like
+**
+\lowercase{%
+ \gdef\defdelimiter@{\def~{...}}
+}
+**
+so that *\defdelimiter@* will define our delimiter~ *#1* properly once it is
+active. We will need a similar, but different,
+ definition for the redefinition of~*#1* for
+*\Litbox*, so we will let *\activate@* have two arguments---the first,
+which will always be either *0* or *1*, determining which value the
+global scratch token *\Next@* (see page~\ref{GNXT})
+will be given:
+\C**
+\def\activate@#1#2{{\lccode`\~=`#2% 
+ \lowercase{%
+"2
+  \if0#1%
+"2
+   \gdef\Next@{\def~{\egroup\endgroup
+    \bigskip\vskip-\parskip
+"2
+    \def\next@{\noindent@@\futurelet\next\pretendspace@}%
+     \FNSS@\next@}}%
+"2
+  \else 
+   \gdef\Next@{\def~{\egroup\egroup\endgroup}}%
+  \fi
+  }% 
+}}
+**
+
+Another thing *\litdelimiter#1* will do is to set *\litdelim@* to be
+the character code for ~*#1*:
+**
+\edef\litdelim@{\char`#1}
+**
+since this will be used by *\litdefs@*:
+\C**
+\def\litdefs@{\let\0=\empty\def\1{\litdelim@}%
+ \def\ {\char32 }\litbs@@}
+**
+Remember that *\litbs@@* is either *\relax* or the proper definition of *\""*
+if *\litdelimiter""* has been used, etc.
+
+Finally, *\litdelimiter#1* then defines *\lit#1*, *\Lit#1* and
+the construction
+*\Litbox##1=#1*.
+The definitions are just those in the previous sections, except that
+*\Lit#1* will use
+**
+\catcode`#1=\active \activate@0#1\Next@
+**
+to get the literal delimiter ~*#1* active, and give it the proper definition,
+while *\Litbox##1=#1* will use
+**
+\catcode`#1=\active \activate@1#1\Next@
+** 
+to get the proper definition for that case:
+\C**
+\def\litdelimiter#1{%
+ \edef\litdelim@{\char`#1}%
+"2
+ \def\lit#1{\leavevmode\begingroup\litcodes@\litdefs@
+  \tt\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 \lit@}%
+ \def\lit@##1#1{##1\endgroup\null}%
+"2
+ \def\Lit#1{\ifhmode$$abovedisplayskip=\bigskipamount
+  \abovedisplayshortskip=\bigskipamount
+  \belowdisplayskip=0pt \belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+  \postdisplaypenalty=1000
+  $$\vskip-\baselineskip\else\bigskip\fi
+"2
+  \begingroup\litlines@=0
+  \catcode`#1=\active \activate@0#1\Next@
+"2
+  \def\displaybreak{\egroup\break\litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak\litlines@=0 
+   \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+"2
+  \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+  \obeylines\letM@\Lit@}%
+"2
+ \def\Litbox##1=#1{\begingroup
+  \ifodd##1\relax\aftergroup\global\fi
+  \aftegroup\setbox\aftergroup##1\aftergroup\box
+   \aftergroup\Litbox@
+  \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+  \catcode`#1=\active \activate@1#1\Next@
+"2
+  \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+  \obeylines\letM@\global\setbox\Litbox@
+  =\vbox\bgroup\litindent=0pt \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ }
+**
+
+
+
+
+
+\sectiong{Nicer syntax\label{NICERSYN}}
+Long before I wrote literal mode for \lamstex@, I had
+my own literal mode, based upon making *"1* permanently active, with
+**
+"1 ... "1
+**
+giving in-line literal mode, and
+**
+"1"1
+ . . .
+ . . .
+"1"1
+**
+giving displayed literal mode. Thus, *"1* worked quite analogously to *$*,
+except that it gave literal mode instead of math mode.
+
+Based on the constructions of
+the previous section, we might
+implement this approach as follows:
+\setbox0\hbox{\<previous definition for *\lit"1*\>}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<previous definition for *\Lit"1*\>}
+**
+\catcode`\"1=\active
+\def"1{\futurelet\next\star@} 
+\def\star@{\ifx\next"1\expandafter\star@@\else
+ \expandafter\star@@@\fi}
+\def\star@@@{"copy0}
+\def\star@@"1{"copy1}
+**
+except that *\star@@* should then (temporarily) redefine *"1* as
+**
+\def"1"1{\egroup\endgroup ... }
+**
+
+Actually, there is a subtle bug here:\pagelabel{SUBTLEBUG}
+ The *\futurelet\next* causes
+\tex\ to read the token after the *"1*, and since this has been done
+{\it before\/} the *\litcodes@*, this next token will have the wrong
+category code permanently imprinted on it.
+Consequently, we have to start with
+**
+\catcode`\"1=\active
+\def"1{\begingroup\litcodes@\futurelet\next\star@}
+**
+to get things right.
+
+
+Also, the syntax for *\Litbox* should be changed correspondingly, to
+\setbox0\hbox{\it n}
+**
+\Litbox"box0="1"1
+ . . . 
+"1"1
+**
+
+
+
+\medskip
+
+I found this arrangement so much more pleasant than the *\lit* and *\Lit*
+syntax (even after I had abbreviated *\lit* to *\l* and *\Lit* to
+*\L*) than I have used it throughout this manual. 
+
+\medskip
+
+Making *"1* active does necessitate some small changes in other parts of
+\lamstex@. First of all, I changed the *plain* definition of *\ast* to
+**
+\def\ast{\string"1}
+**
+so that *\ast* just gives the category~*12* *"1*, and can thus
+be used both in text
+and in math mode (giving the symbol \ast\ in text, but $\ast$ in math).
+
+Then I had to examine all the places where *"1* already appears in
+*lamstex.tex*.  
+\list\item
+Its appearance in the definition of *\fnsymbol* requires
+no change, since the *"1* appearing there is a type~*12*~*"1*.
+\item
+However, the definition of *\starparts@* needs to be restated, after 
+*"1* has been made active,
+ because it uses a 
+*"1* as part of the syntax for the subsidiary control sequence *\next@*.
+\item
+Similarly, the definition of *\starparts@@* uses *"1* as part of its syntax,
+so it needs to be restated. 
+\item
+And the same was true of *\iabbrev*. Moreover, in this case,
+ the *"1* in the replacement text
+needs to be replaced with *\noexpand"1*.	
+\endlist
+
+There are also a few definitions for mathematics where *"1* appears.
+\list\item
+The first is in the definition of *\keybin@*
+(section~\Sref{ALF}). Since *\ast* would now be used instead of *"1* in a
+math formula, in the definition of *\keybin@*
+the 
+**
+\ifx\next"1
+**
+clause needs to be replaced with
+**
+\ifx\next\ast
+**
+\item
+It also appears in *\boldkey*. Although *\boldkey* is meant to be used
+with symbols on the keyboard, rather than control sequences, it would probably
+be reasonable to
+change the clause
+**
+\ifx#1"1\mathcharii@203 \else
+**
+to 
+**
+\ifx#1\ast\mathcharii@203 \else
+**
+and agree that *\boldkey* can also be used with *\ast*.
+\endlist
+
+\medskip
+
+\litindent=0pt
+
+I would have loved to use this nicer syntax no matter what delimiter the user
+chooses, but it seemed utterly hopeless to arrange this. Nevertheless, 
+to encourage people, here
+in its entirety is the additional code that makes
+ *"1* and *""*  the
+literal delimiter and escape character with this nicer syntax.  With almost
+no modifications,
+ it should function for other pairs, although one must then look
+carefully through all the \lamstex\ macros to see what modifications may be
+needed because of the fact that another character has been made active.
+It is doubly easier than the code of the previous section,
+ not only because
+we are dealing with a specific choice of literal delimiter and backslash, but
+also because the literal delimiter is active to begin with.  Nevertheless,
+the subtle bug mentioned on page~\ref{SUBTLEBUG} introduces the possibility
+for an even yet more subtle bug, so there is an additional detail that
+is discussed at length starting on page~\ref{DISCUSSB}.
+
+
+**
+\catcode`\"1=\active
+
+"2
+\def\ast{\string"1} % can be used both in text and in math
+
+"2
+\def\iabbrev"1#1#2{\ifindexing@\toks@{#2}%
+ \immediate\write\ndx@
+ {\noexpand\abbrev\noexpand"1\noexpand#1{\the\toks@}}\fi}
+
+"2
+\def"1{\begingroup\litcodes@\futurelet\next\star@}
+
+"2
+\def\litcodes@{\catcode`\\=12 
+ \catcode`\{=12 \catcode`\}=12
+ \catcode`\$=12 \catcode`\&=12 
+ \catcode`\#=12 
+ \catcode`\^=12 \catcode`\_=12
+ \catcode`\@=12 \catcode`\~=12 
+ \catcode`\%=12 
+ \catcode`\`=\active \catcode`\""=0 \obeyspaces\defspace@}
+
+"2
+\def\star@{\ifx\next"1\expandafter\star@@\else\expandafter\star@@@\fi}
+
+"2
+%%% Code for "1..."1
+
+\def\star@@@{\leavevmode\litdefs@\tt\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 \star@@@@}%
+
+"2
+\def\star@@@@#1"1{#1\endgroup}
+
+"2
+\def\litdefs@{\let\0=\empty\def\1{\char42 }\def\""{\char34 }\def\ {\char32 }}
+
+"2
+%%% Code for "1"1 ... "1"1
+
+\def\newstar@{\def"1"1{\egroup\endgroup
+ \bigskip\vskip-\parskip
+"2
+ \def\next@{\noindent@@\futurelet\next\pretendspace@}%
+  \FNSS@\next@}}
+
+"2
+\def\star@@"1{"9\endgroup"9\ifhmode$$\abovedisplayskip=\bigskipamount
+ \abovedisplayshortskip=\bigskipamount
+ \belowdisplayskip=0pt \belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+ \postdisplaypenalty=10000
+ $$\vskip-\baselineskip\else\bigskip\fi
+ "9\begingroup\litcodes@"9
+ \litlines@=0
+ \newstar@ 
+ \def\displaybreak{\egroup\break\litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak\litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+  \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ \tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@\obeylines\letM@\Lit@}
+
+"2
+\def\boxstar@{\def"1"1{\egroup\egroup\endgroup}}
+
+"2
+\def\Litbox#1="1"1{\begingroup
+ \ifodd#1\relax\aftergroup\global\fi
+ \aftergroup\setbox
+ \aftergroup#1\aftergroup\box\aftergroup\Litbox@
+ \boxstar@
+ \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak\litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+  \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+ \tt\litcodes@\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@\obeylines\letM@%
+ \global\setbox\Litbox@=\vbox\bgroup\litindent=0pt \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+
+\catcode`\@=\active
+**
+
+\newpage
+
+\andsmall! 
+The boxed \pagelabel{DISCUSSB}
+additions to the definition of *\star@@* are needed because of
+a strange \tex\ ``feature''.
+
+Suppose we type
+**
+\hangafter-2 \hangindent=20pt
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+\vskip1in
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+**
+Then the first paragraph, implicitly ended by the *\vskip1in*,
+  will have hanging indentation of 20~points for the first two lines
+(like these small print notes),
+while the next two paragraphs will be treated normally.  But now suppose
+we type
+**
+\hangafter-2 \hangindent=20pt
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+{\vskip1in}
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+**
+Then the second paragraph will also having hanging indentation for the
+first two lines!!
+ Reason:
+The *\vskip1in*, implicitly ending the first paragraph,
+ causes \tex\ to restore *\hangafter* and
+*\hangindent* to their default values,
+as with  any other locally defined \tex\ parameters.
+\footnote{{\it The \tex book}, page~103,
+ states that ``\tex\ automatically restores
+[the values of *\hangindent* and *\hangafter*] at the end of every paragraph,
+and (by local definitions) whenever it enters internal vertical mode.  For
+example, hanging indentation that might be present outside of a *\vbox*
+construction won't occur inside that vbox, unless you ask for it inside.''
+I would take that to mean that the restoration of values is done globally
+at other times (i.e., when ending a paragraph), but apparently that is not
+the case.}
+  So, after the *}* that follows the
+*\vskip1in*, the values of  *\hangafter* and
+*\hangindent* {\it are still\/}~*-2* and ~*20pt*, respectively!!
+
+
+
+\andsmall!
+If our definition of *\star@@* didn't have the *\endgroup* before the
+**
+\ifhmode$$ . . . $$
+\vskip-\baselineskip\else\bigskip\fi
+**
+then something like
+**
+\hangafter-2 \hangindent=20pt
+Here are several ... 
+lines of text.
+"1"1
+  . . .
+"1"1
+**
+would entail  a *\vskip* within a group, and thus give rise to this problem:
+text following the closing *"1"1*, which is really a new paragraph, would
+continue to have the same hanging indentation.
+Once we are safely past that *\vskip*, we reinsert the
+**
+\begingroup\litcodes@
+**
+that we initially had.
+
+\andsmallsmall As if that weren't confusing enough, it has to be admitted that
+this extra code really isn't needed, after all, because  *\newstar@* 
+defines *"1"1* in terms of *\noindent@@*, so that the closing *"1"1* 
+essentially contributes a
+**
+\endgroup
+\bigskip\vskip-\parskip
+\noindent@@
+**
+and thus essentially
+**
+\endgroup
+\bigskip\vskip-\parskip
+\par
+\noindent@
+**
+Now the *\par* causes the values of *\hangafter* and *\hangindent* to be
+restored to their default values, outside the group ended by the *\endgroup*
+(but *\noindent@* alone doesn't end a paragraph---it merely starts an
+unindented paragraph in vertical mode, and has no effect in horizontal mode).
+
+  But there's obviously no point tempting
+fate  by relying on *\noindent@@* always being used instead of *\noindent@*.
+
+\endsmall
+
+\restorelitindent
+
+\chapterg Literal mode in heading levels\endchapterg
+As  mentioned in Chapter~\ref{foot}, our definitions
+allow literal mode to work within
+*\footnote*'s.
+It might seem that it should be just as easy to allow literal mode
+constructions within heading levels, but here the situation is  much
+more complex.
+
+Remember that something like
+**
+\hl1{Extra \lit"1}"1 errors}
+**
+must not only typeset `Extra *}* errors', it must also send
+**
+Extra \lit"1}"1 errors
+**
+off to the *.toc* file, and it's not very clear how we are going to get
+these tokens, with unbalanced braces, stored inside a control sequence!
+\footnote{If we are willing to process the argument a
+token at a time, appropriately changing category codes each time we hit
+a *\lit* token, then it can be done (although we might have problems if the
+user has substituted some other control sequence for *\lit*). But it wouldn't
+be pleasant: since
+we can't put individual, unbalanced, braces into a token list, each time we
+hit a (non-literal-mode) *{* we would have to record this fact, and then
+add the *{* back in
+ when the matching *}* is discovered, i.e., we would practically
+have to rewrite \tex's scanner in \tex\ macros.}
+Moreover, a *\footnote*, no matter how formatted, usually involves an
+*\insert\footins{...}*, so a style file designer who wants to change the
+appearance of a *\footnote*  probably won't to have
+to worry about the trickery involved in allowing category changes. But it
+seems much less reasonable to commit heading levels to something like
+**
+\global\setbox1=\vbox{...}
+**
+since heading levels for other style files might have to be handled quite
+differently. 
+
+
+Of course, in the great majority of cases, even when literal mode is used,
+it won't be needed in
+header levels. And 
+even when literal mode material does occur in header levels, usually only
+small snatches are needed, which can be handled quite easily with special
+definitions. For example, for this manual, where
+ control sequences appear quite often in heading levels, I defined
+**
+\def\CS#1{{\tt\char'134 #1}}
+**
+so that the next section  could be typed as
+**
+\section{Literal mode in \CS{HL} and \CS{hl}}
+**
+With a few definitions for the backslash~ *\* and the curly braces
+*{* and *}*, virtually any literal mode material can be included in
+heading levels.
+
+For this reason,
+*lamstex.tex* does not directly
+address the problem of literal mode in heading levels.
+  However, there is a subsidiary file,
+*lithl.tex*, which adds new definitions that allow literal mode to be
+incorporated, albeit somewhat
+indirectly, within heading levels.
+
+\section{Literal mode in \CS{HL} and \CS{hl}}
+If the file *lithl.tex* is *\input*,
+ before a *\litdelimiter* and *\litbackslash*
+are declared, then *\lit"1..."1* will generally
+act as before, but two special extensions
+will be introduced:
+\list
+\item On the one hand, we can type 
+\setbox0\hbox{\it n\,}
+**
+\lit","box0"1..."1
+**
+for $\hbox{\it n}=\hbox{*0*}, \dots, \hbox{*9*}$. This will not typeset
+*...* in literal mode, but simply store the corresponding literal mode
+tokens in a special storage space, one for each of *0*, \dots, *9*.
+\item On the other hand, the combination
+\setbox0\hbox{\it n}
+**
+\lit","box0
+**
+(where the next symbol is {\it not\/} a *"1*) will simply give a copy of
+whatever is stored in storage space {\it n}.
+\endlist
+
+So, for example, the current section could be typed as
+**
+\lit0"1\HL"1
+\lit1"1\hl"1
+\section{Literal mode in \lit0 and \lit1}
+**
+
+
+*lithl.tex*  creates new boxes
+**
+\expandafter\newbox\csname lit@0\endcsname
+\expandafter\newbox\csname lit@1\endcsname
+ . . .
+**
+for the storage locations, and makes
+*\lit*  a control sequence with an argument,
+**
+\lit#1
+**
+If *"1* is going to be the literal delimiter, then when the argument
+*#1* is *"1*
+we use *\lit@@@*, which is essentially the old *\lit"1*, but if *#1*
+is not *"1* (and thus presumably one of *0*, \dots, *9*), we set
+**
+\count@=#1
+**
+and then use
+**
+\futurelet\next\lit@@
+**
+
+The *\futurelet* is needed
+ to see whether the next character is a *"1* or not.
+If it isn't (so that we have something like `*\lit0 and*'), then
+we simply use 
+**
+\unhcopy\csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname\null
+**
+(the *\null* is added for the same reason that is was added to the
+original definition of *\lit@* [page~\ref{LITN}]).
+But if we now have a *"1*, so that we are in the case
+\setbox0\hbox{\,\it n\,}
+**
+\lit"box0"1..."1
+**
+we use the routine *\lit@@@@*.
+
+We might define *\lit@@@@* by
+**
+\def\lit@@@@"1{\prevanish@\begingroup
+ \litcodes@\litdefs@\lit@@@@@}
+"slip
+\def\lit@@@@@#1"1{\toks@={#1}
+ \global\expandafter\setbox
+  \csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname
+  =\hbox{\tt\the\toks@}
+ \endgroup\postvanish@}
+**
+with 
+*\prevanish@* and *\postvanish@*  added to 
+ make constructions like *\lit*\,{\it n\,}*"1..."1*
+ invisible, just in case they get used in a paragraph.
+
+With such definitions,
+**
+\lit0"1\HL"1
+\lit1"1\hl"11
+\section{Literal mode in \lit0 and \lit1}
+**
+will indeed produce the current section title.  On the other hand, if
+we are making a *.toc* file, then this section will simply appear as
+\Evaluate\chapter\edef\chap{\number\Value}
+\Evaluate\section\edef\sec{\number\Value}
+**
+\section{"chap."sec}
+ {Literal mode in \lit0 and \lit1}
+**
+so we will also want to have 
+**
+\lit0"1\HL"1
+\lit1"1\hl"1
+**
+written to the *.toc* file first.
+
+This might seem fairly straightforward (after all the trickery to which we've
+become accustomed), 
+**
+\def\lit@@@@@#1"1{\toks@={#1}
+ \iftoc@
+  \edef\next@{\write\toc@{\noexpand\noexpand
+   \noexpand\lit\number\count@"1\the\toks@"1}\next@
+  \fi
+ . . .
+**
+but, alas, it can fail in a subtle way.
+
+  Suppose that we wanted a
+heading like
+\bigskip
+\hbox to\hsize{\hfil{\bf1.\enspace}Comparing *\" * and *\space*\hfil}
+\medskip
+\noindent and therefore typed
+**
+\lit0"1\"" "1
+\lit1"1\space"1
+\HL1 Comparing \lit0 and \lit1\endHL
+**
+Then the first line would cause the  *.toc* file to contain
+**
+\lit0 "1\\ "1
+**
+Reason: When we have dutifully established *\litcodes@* and *\litdefs@* before
+exercising *\lit@@@@@*,
+the token list *\toks@* contains two tokens: the first token is a 
+type~*12*~*\*, and the second token is `control-space', i.e., the control
+sequence whose name is `\hbox{*"" *}' when
+ *""* is the escape character, and `\hbox{*\ *}' when
+*\* is the escape character, etc.  When \tex\ goes to print that control
+sequence in the *.toc* file, it will simply print it as `\hbox{*\ *}'.
+ To put it another way, the tokens `\hbox{*\\ *}' that get written
+really consist of a
+type~*12*~*\* followed by a type~*0*~*\* followed by a space, but once the
+tokens are written, the category codes become irrelevant.
+
+To get around this problem, we use the following byzantine strategy. After
+using *\litcodes@* to change the category codes, we add
+**
+\catcode`\""=12
+**
+so that *""* is just an ordinary character.  Then *\toks@* will be just the
+ones that we want to write
+ to the *.toc* file.  The problem, of course, is that
+they are no longer the tokens that we want to put
+ in the *\hbox*: we really have
+to read in the *"1..."1* material once again, this time {\it without\/}
+making the special change for *""*.  Although we cannot get \tex\ to back~
+up and read the argument again,
+nevertheless we  can reread the argument, by first {\it writing\/} the
+token list *\toks@* to a temporary file, and then reading it in again with
+the proper codes!
+**
+\newwrite\tempwrite@
+\newread\tempread@
+"slip
+\def\lit@@@@"1{\prevanish@\begingroup\litcodes@
+ \catcode`\""=12 \lit@@@@@}
+"slip
+\def\lit@@@@@@#1"1{%
+ \toks@={#1}%
+"2
+ \iftoc
+  \edef\next@{\write\toc@{\noexpand\noexpand
+   \noexpand\lit\number\count@"1\the\toks@"1}\next@
+ \fi
+"2
+ \immediate\openout\tempwrite@=\jobname.tmp
+ \immediate\write\tempwrite@{\the\toks@}
+ \immediate\closeout\tempwrite@
+"2
+ \catcode`\""=0 \litdefs@
+"2
+ \immediate\openin\tempread@=\jobname.tmp
+ \read\tempread@ to \next@
+ \immediate\closein\tempread@
+"2
+ \global\expandafter
+  \setbox\csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname
+  =\hbox{\tt\next@}
+"2
+ \endgroup
+ \postvanish@}
+**
+
+Unfortunately, that doesn't quite work either, because
+there is no way that *\next@* can reflect the exact number of spaces that
+occurred at the end of the *"1..."1* sequence that we wrote
+ to *\tempwrite*, since
+spaces at the end of a line are always stripped off by \tex\ as it reads.
+So yet another fillip has to be added: We will always add a *"1*
+at the end of the sequence (this *"1* can't occur within the sequence,
+although *""1* can appear to indicate this character), and then
+we will strip off the *"1* and everything following (presumably just
+the space inserted by the *^^M* at the end of the line) from *\next@*:
+**
+\def\lit@@@@@#1"1{%
+ \toks@={#1}%
+ \iftoc
+  \edef\next@{\write\toc@{\noexpand\noexpand
+   \noexpand\lit\number\count@"1\the\toks@"1}\next@
+ \fi
+"2
+ \immediate\openout\tempwrite@=\jobname.tmp
+ \immediate\write\tempwrite@{\the\toks@"9"1"9}%
+ \immediate\closeout\tempwrite@
+"2
+ \catcode`\""=0 \litdefs@
+ \immediate\openin\tempread@=\jobname.tmp
+ \read\tempread@ to \next@
+ \immediate\closein\tempread@
+"2
+ "9\def\nextii@##1"1##2\nextii@{\def\next@{##1}}"9%
+ "9\expandafter\nextii@\next@\nextii@"9
+"2
+"2
+ \global\expandafter
+  \setbox\csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname
+  =\hbox{\tt\next@}
+"2
+ \endgroup
+ \postvanish@}
+**
+
+
+
+\section{The general definitions\label{GENDEFS}}
+The previous section indicated definitions to be used when *"1* is the
+literal delimiter, and *""* is the literal backslash.  Now we will give the
+code in general.
+
+The file *lithl.tex* begins, like *lamstex.tex* itself, with
+\CC**
+\catcode`\@=11
+**
+As illustrated here,
+we will always
+use double horizontal lines for code that is in subsidiary files, rather
+than in *lamstex.tex* itself.
+
+
+Since we are going to use *\new...* constructions we then declare
+(compare page~\ref{NEWALLOC})
+\CC**
+\let\alloc@=\alloc@@
+**
+
+First we declare new boxes, 
+\CC**
+\expandafter\newbox\csname lit@0\endcsname
+ . . .
+\expandafter\newbox\csname lit@9\endcsname
+**
+and the input and output streams for the *.tmp* file,
+\CC**
+\newwrite\tempwrite@
+\newread\tempread@
+**
+
+Since we are going to be changing the category code of the literal backslash,
+if it has been chosen, *\litbackslash* will have to store extra information
+that allows us to do this. We declare a counter,  initially with value~*-1*,
+\CC**
+\newcount\litbackslashno@
+\litbackslashno@=-1
+**
+and we change the definition of *\litbackslash#1* so that it sets
+the value of\linebreak
+*\litbackslashno@* to the character code of~*#1*:
+\CC**
+\def\litbackslash#1{%
+ \edef\next@{\litbackslashno@=`\string#1}\next@
+ \edef\litbs@{%
+  \catcode`\string#1=0
+  \def\noexpand\litbs@@{\def\expandafter\noexpand
+   \csname\string#1\endcsname{\char`\string#1}}}}
+**
+
+Then we add the necessary definitions of *\lit@* et~al\. to the definition of
+*\litdelimiter*, with the category code of character *\litbackslashno@*
+changed back to~*0* if *\litbackslashno@* isn't~*-1* (if it is, we haven't
+declared an escape character for literal mode, so we don't have to worry
+about things like *\"" *): 
+\CC**
+\def\litdelimiter#1{%
+ \edef\litdelim@{\char`#1}%
+"2
+ \def\lit##1{\ifx##1#1\let\next@=\lit@\else
+  \count@=##1\relax\def\next@{\futurelet\next@\lit@@}\fi
+  \next@}%
+"2
+ \def\lit@{\leavevmode\begingroup\litcodes@\litdefs@
+  \tt\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 \lit@@@}%
+"2
+ \def\lit@@@##1#1{##1\endgroup\null}%
+ \def\lit@@{\ifx\next#1\let\next@=\lit@@@@\else
+  \def\next@{\unhcopy\csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname
+   \null}\fi
+  \next@}%
+"2
+ \def\lit@@@@#1{\prevanish@
+  \begingroup\litcodes@\ifnum\litbackslashno@=-1 \else
+  \catcode\litbackslashno@=12 \fi\lit@@@@@}%
+"2
+ \def\lit@@@@@##1#1{\toks@={##1}%
+  \iftoc@
+  \edef\next@{\write\toc@{\noexpand\noexpand
+   \noexpand\lit\number\count@#1\the\toks@#1}}\next@
+  \fi
+"2
+  \ifnum\litbackslashno@=-1 \def\next@{\the\toks@}\else
+   \immediate\openout\tempwrite@=\jobname.tmp
+   \immediate\write\tempwrite@{\the\toks@#1}%
+   \immediate\closeout\tempwrite@
+"2
+   \catcode\litbackslashno@=0 \litdefs@
+   \immediate\openin\tempread@=\jobname.tmp
+   \read\tempread@ to\next@
+   \immediate\closein\tempread@
+"2
+   \def\nextiii@####1#1####2\nextiii@{\def\next@{####1}}%
+   \expandafter\nextiii@\next@\nextiii@
+  \fi
+"2
+  \global\expandafter
+   \setbox\csname lit@\number\count@\endcsname
+   =\hbox{\tt\next@}%
+  \endgroup\postvanish@}%
+"2
+ \def\Lit#1{$\ifhmode$\abovedisplayskip=\bigskipamount
+  \abovedisplayshortskip=\bigskipamount
+  \belowdisplayskip=0pt \belowdisplayshortskip=0pt
+  \postdisplaypenalty=1000
+  $$\vskip-\baselineskip\else\bigskip\fi
+"2
+  \begingroup\litlines@=0
+  \catcode`#1=\active \activate@0#1\Next@
+"2
+  \def\displaybreak{\egroup\break\litlines@=0
+   \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}
+"2
+  \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+  \obeylines\letM@\Lit@}%
+"2
+ \def\Litbox##1=#1{\begingroup
+  \ifodd##1\relax\aftergroup\global\fi
+  \aftergroup\setbox
+  \aftergroup##1\aftergroup\box\aftergroup\Litbox@
+  \def\allowdisplaybreak{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+"2
+  \def\allowdisplaybreaks{\egroup\allowbreak
+   \interlitpenalty@=0 \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+  \catcode`#1=\active \activate@1#1\Next@
+"2
+  \litcodes@\tt\catcode`\^^I=\active\letTAB@
+  \obeylines\letM@\global\setbox\Litbox@=\vbox%
+  \bgroup\litindent=0pt \litlines@=0 \Lit@}%
+}
+**
+Finally, we reassign *\alloc@* its original definition from *plain* \tex@,
+and make *@* active again:
+\CC**
+\def\alloc@#1#2#3#4#5{\global\advance\count1#1by\@ne
+ \ch@ck#1#4#2\allocationnumber=\count1#1
+ \global#3#5=\allocationnumber
+ \wlog{\string#5=\string#2\the\allocationnumber}}
+\catcode`\@=\active
+**
+
+\setbox0\hbox{\,\it n\,}
+\small
+If the alternate syntax of section~\Sref{NICERSYN} is used, something 
+different would be needed. For example, we might create *\SL* and *\UL*
+(store literal mode material and use literal mode material), so 
+that *\SL"box0"1..."1*
+stores the material in location {\it n}, while
+\setbox0\hbox{\,\it n}%
+*\UL"box0*
+uses it. With a little work, we could even arrange for
+\setbox0\hbox{\,\it n}%
+*"1"box0..."1*
+to work like *\SL*\,{\it n}*"1..."1*, so that only *\UL* would be needed.
+(For the case of literal mode material that happened to begin with a digit,
+like
+*0...*,
+we would then have to use
+*"1""00..."1*
+to print it.)
+\endsmall
+
+
+
+
+\chapter Title, author, etc., in the default style\endchapter
+There is, happily, not much interesting about *\title*,
+*\author*, *\affil*, and *\date* in the default style, except that,
+for the sake of economy, we carefully arrange to avoid introducing any flags
+to tell us which of these constructions have been used.
+
+
+We allow the possibility of an empty title, so we declare
+\C**
+\newbox\titlebox@
+\setbox\titlebox@=\vbox{}
+*
+and we
+\C**
+\righadd@\title\to\overlonglist@
+**
+since we want *\overlong\title* to work.  Then
+*\title"allowbreak..."allowbreak\endtitle* will just set 
+*\box\titlebox@*. This box won't actually be printed until the *\maketitle*
+appears; the main purpose of this sort of arrangement is to allow 
+*\title*,
+*\author*, *\affil*, and *\date* to occur in any order before the
+*\maketitle*, so that the user doesn't need to know in which order these
+various elements have to be specified.
+
+The  *\title...\endtitle* instructions for setting *\box\titlebox@* are
+similar to those used for setting the *\vbox* in `*\HL@1*' (page~\ref{HLONE}),
+except that we might as well follow other \amstex\ constructions and
+ allow *\title* and *\endtitle* to
+function separately, instead of having *\endtitle* be part of the syntax for
+*\title*:
+\footnote{There was really no point doing that for *\HL...\endHL*,
+since something like *\chapter"allowbreak..."allowbreak\endchapter* would
+have to be defined in terms of *\HL...\endHL* anyway.} 
+\C**
+\def\title{\begingroup\Let@
+ \global\setbox\titlebox@=\vbox\bgroup\tabskip\hss@
+ \halign to\hsize\bgroup
+  \bf\hfil\ignorespaces##\unskip\hil\cr}
+"slip
+\def\endtitle{\crcr\egroup\egroup\endgroup
+ \overlong@false}
+**
+
+Although *\maketitle* is going to print *\box\titlebox@* even if it is empty
+(the idea is to leave some space for a hand-written title, or perhaps a title
+with some weird special symbols, etc.), no author information is going to be
+printed unless *\author"allowbreak..."allowbreak\endauthor* explicitly
+appears. 
+
+The definition of *\author* is exactly analogous to the definition of
+*\title*, 
+\C**
+\newbox\authorbox@
+\rightadd@\author\to\overlonglist@
+\def\author{\begingroup\Let@
+ \global\setbox\authorbox@=\vbox\bgroup\tabskip\hss@
+ \halign to\hsize\bgroup
+  \rm\hfil\ignorespaces##\unskip\hfil\cr}
+\def\endauthor{\crcr\egroup\egroup\endgroup
+ \overlong@false}
+**
+except that initially *\box\authorbox@* will be void; thus, *\maketitle*
+ will be able
+to use the test *\ifvoid\authorbox@* to tell whether *\author* has been
+used. *\rm* was added just in case some other font has already been selected,
+for some weird reason.
+
+And *\affil* is exactly analogous:
+\C**
+\newbox\affilbox@
+\def\affil{\begingroup\Let@
+ \global\setbox\affilbox@=\vbox\bgroup\tabskip\hss@
+ \halign to\hsize\bgroup
+  \rm\hfil\ignorespaces##\unskip\hfil\cr}%
+\def\endaffil{\crcr\egroup\egroup\endgroup
+ \overlong@false}
+**
+
+*\date* is a little different, since we don't create a box.  Instead,
+we define *\date@*, initially set equal to *\relax*:
+\C**
+\let\date@=\relax
+\def\date#1{\gdef\date@{\ignorespaces#1\unskip}}
+**
+We add the appropriate *\ignorespaces* and
+*\unskip* at this stage, since that is 
+much easier than trying to insert them into
+an already defined *\date@* later on.
+
+The definition of *\today* is taken right from {\it The \tex book} (page~406):
+\C**
+\def\today{\ifcase\month\or January\or February\or
+ March\or April\or May\or June\or July\or August\or
+ September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+**
+
+And then, finally, *\maketitle* simply puts everything together.
+We use 
+**
+\hrule \height0pt \vskip-\topskip
+**
+to get to the very top of the page, and then
+**
+\vskip24pt plus12pt minus12pt
+\unvbox\titlebox@
+**
+to put  (stretchable) space before the (possibly empty) title. Then
+we add some more space and the author(s), but only if there are some,
+**
+\ifvoid\authorbox@\else 
+ \vskip12pt plus6pt minus3pt\unvbox\authorbox@ \fi
+**
+
+The affiliation and date are handled similarly, except that the date
+is put inside a *\centerline* (with *\rm* explicitly stated).
+ And then, finally, some extra space is added
+before the first material of the document proper:
+\C**
+\def\maketitle{\hrule \height0pt \vskip-\topskip
+ \vskip24pt plus12pt minus12pt
+ \unvbox\titlebox@
+ \ifvoid\authorbox@ \else
+   \vskip12pt plus6pt minus3pt \unvbox\authorbox@ \fi
+ \ifvoid\affilbox@ \else
+   \vskip10pt plus5pt minus2pt \unvbox\affilbox@ \fi
+ \ifx\date@\relax\else
+  \vskip6pt plus2pt minus1pt \centerline{\rm\date@} \fi
+ \vskip18pt plus12pt minus6pt}
+**
+
+
+
+
+\chapter The bibliography\label{MAKEBIB}\endchapter
+\lamstex's bibliography constructions, an extension of those
+originally used in *amsppt.sty*,
+are really quite adequate for most bibliography requirements.  They show that
+ various ``fields'' of
+information, allowed to appear in any order, can be put together properly by
+\tex\ itself, without resorting to an external program like \bibtex@.
+Moreover, as explained on page~98 of the
+\lamstex~Manual, the bibliographic entries can be labelled, and thus cited
+within the text using *\ref*, so that the proper number for a bibliographic
+entry is printed automatically (after enough passes).
+
+Of course,
+ \bibtex\ also allows  bibliographic entries to be selected from
+ a data base and sorted in any of numerous desired ways.
+  Moreover, the \bibtex\ approach has the advantage that the final
+result (the *.bbl* file) consists of standard  (well, almost
+standard) \tex\ code, and is thus easily edited and modified. By contrast, it
+ may be quite
+difficult to coerce \lamstex's bibliography macros into performing as
+desired, and many special sorts of \tex\ trickery had to be built into the
+macros for this purpose. (With either approach, careful proofreading of the
+bibliography---rarely attempted by the authors, alas---is 
+advisable, to check that
+special situations have been handled correctly.
+
+Since many people have already made extensive data bases for \bibtex@,
+which they presumably don't want to go to waste,
+ \lamstex\ now provides an interface with \bibtex@, as explained
+in the next chapter. 
+(Of course, it would be nice if there were a L{\eightrm IB}\kern-1pt
+ \tex\ program,
+working like \bibtex@, but producing a *.bbl* file with \lamstex\ code
+instead of \latex\ code.)
+
+Others may prefer using \lamstex's  bibliography macros, however,
+especially since they provide features missing from \bibtex@.  I have added
+all features  that the AMS has added to
+*amsppt.sty* (though often with modified syntax),
+ not to mention a few more of my own. All in all, this was a
+rather harrowing experience---I now understand the perils of creeping
+featureism. I ended up deferring the bibliography macros to the very
+end, rightly dreading all the details that would be involved. On the other
+hand, when I finally came to writing this chapter, it turned out that
+the description of the macros, and the strategy behind them, went rather
+smoothly. 
+
+Most important of all, from the point of view of the user or style file
+designer, once \lamstex's hidden macros have taken
+ care of all the messy details,
+the final process of printing the information from all the fields, in the
+proper order, and with proper punctuation and spacing, is fairly
+straightforward, and thus easily modified if some other sort of arrangement
+is needed.
+
+
+\section{\CS{cite}}
+The *amsppt.sty* has  a *\cite* construction, which simply prints its
+argument within brackets.  When we are interfacing with \bibtex@,
+*\cite* will work essentially the same as in \latex@, but we will first give a
+default definition. We will still allow *\cite* to producing something like
+[Knuth1984, page~123], but the syntax for indicating the additional
+information `page~123' will be changed, to
+**
+\cite(page~123){Knuth1984}
+**
+This is close  to \latex's
+**
+\cite[page~123]{...}
+**
+syntax for optional arguments; however the use of the brackets has been
+avoided because they represent letters on Scandinavian keyboards. Of course,
+any *)*'s in the additional text must be hidden in braces,
+\setbox0\hbox{[\bf\dots{} \rm, section 1(a)]}
+**
+\cite({section 1(a)}){...}        "box0
+**
+
+
+There's nothing very surprising about the definition of *\cite*,
+ which uses standard
+techniques: 
+\C**
+\def\cite{%
+ \def\nextii@(##1)##2{{\rm[}{##2}, {##1\/}{\rm]}}%
+ \def\nextiii@##1{{\rm[}{##1\/}{\rm]}}%
+ \def\next@{\ifx\next(\expandafter\nextii@\else
+  \expandafter\nextiii@\fi}%
+ \futurelet\next\next@}
+**
+
+\small Note that we always specify *\rm* [ and ]. We put *##1* and *##2*
+inside braces, in case a font change instruction is added. (When we
+are interfacing with \bibtex@, a font change instruction will only be
+allowed in the optional argument *#1* (see page~\ref{OPARGCITE}).
+\endsmall
+
+\catcode`\@=11
+\newif\ifaltcrop@
+\def\topbibcrop@{\hbox{\smash{\dimen@\hsize\ifaltcrop@
+ \advance\dimen@13pt\else\advance\dimen@8pt\fi
+ \hbox to\dimen@{\vrule \height0pt depth5pt width.4pt
+  \hskip-.4pt\vrule \height.4pt depth0pt width5pt \hfil
+ \vrule \height.4pt depth0pt width5pt \hskip-.4pt
+  \vrule \height0pt depth5pt width.4pt}}}}
+\def\botbibcrop@{\hbox{\smash{\dimen@\hsize\ifaltcrop@
+ \advance\dimen@13pt\else\advance\dimen@8pt\fi
+ \hbox to\dimen@{\vrule \height5pt depth0pt width.4pt
+ \hskip-.4pt\vrule \height.4pt depth0pt width5pt\hfil
+ \vrule \height.4pt depth0pt width5pt \hskip-.4pt
+  \vrule \height5pt depth0pt width.4pt}}}}
+\def\bibcrop@#1{\vbox{\topbibcrop@\vbox{\vskip5pt
+ \hbox{\ifaltcrop@\hskip5pt\fi
+ #1\hskip3pt}\vskip3pt}\vskip-\baselineskip\botbibcrop@}}
+\def\showbib#1\endbib{\medskip\setbox0\vbox{%
+ \sfcode`\.=\@m\def\nopunct{\nopunct@true}%
+ \def\nospace{\nospace@true}%
+ \def\nakerns@{\null\kern\m@ne sp\kern\@ne sp}%
+ \def\lkerns@{\null\kern-\tw@ sp\kern\tw@ sp}%
+ \def\nkerns@{\null\kern-\thr@@ sp\kern\thr@@ sp}\bib#1\endbib}%
+ \centerline{\bibcrop@{\box0}\ifaltcrop@\hskip5pt\fi}%
+ \medskip\altcrop@false}
+\def\altshowbib{\altcrop@true\showbib}
+\catcode`\@=\active
+
+
+
+\section{Features of \lamstex's bibliography macros}
+The original *amsppt.sty* command *\Refs* is called
+**
+\makebib
+**
+in \lamstex@, and this *\makebib* now requires a matching
+**
+\endmakebib
+**
+at the end of the entries. With the 
+**
+\makebib
+ . . .
+\endmakebib
+**
+region,
+the general *amsppt.sty* syntax
+**
+\ref ... \endref
+**
+has been changed to
+**
+\bib ... \endbib
+**
+since *\ref* already has another use in \lamstex@.
+
+Within *\bib...\endbib* we can use the fields
+**
+\no \key 
+\by \bysame 
+\paper \jour \vol \issue \yr \toappear
+\pg \pp 
+\book \inbook \publ \publaddr 
+\paperinfo \bookinfo \finalinfo
+**
+which correspond to those
+from the original *amsppt.sty*, with *\pg* and *\pp* replacing *\page* and
+*\pages*, since *\page* has another use in \lamstex.
+
+Some changes have been made in conformity with changes by the AMS@:
+\bullist
+\item 
+*\key* now automatically adds brackets, and sets its field in *\bf*. 
+Thus, *\key C1* gives `[{\bf C1}]', which was  previously 
+ typed as *\key \bf C1*.
+\item
+*\inbook* normally
+prints only the book title, not preceded by `in~' [which many people don't
+like very much], although, as discussed below, this can be changed.
+\item
+*\issue* now prints `no. ' before its field, 
+ though I think that's very bad (*\issue* was originally designed
+for something like `Special commemorative issue'). 
+\item
+The AMS has also changed\pagelabel{USEFINFO}
+*\finalinfo*, so that it is preceded by a comma, rather than a period after
+all the previous information.  I think that's even worse, and have
+kept the old arrangement (see page~\ref{FINFO} for further discussion of this
+particular point.)
+\endbullist
+
+As in the AMS's new *amsppt.sty*, there is no longer a *\manyby* to indicate
+the start of a sequence of *\bysame*'s.  The first reference is simply
+typed as *\by*, with *\bysame* used for the subsequent ones.  In addition,
+*\bysame* now prints a horizontal rule of fixed width, rather than one that
+varies with the width of the first instance. (This makes the macros
+considerably easier to write, but it's what journals always use anyway, so
+there's no point apologizing for the shortcut.)
+
+*\moreref* has been changed to *\morebib*. As before, something like
+**
+\bib \no 2 \by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of 
+ compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\paper \rm II 
+\jour Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. \vol67 \yr1961 \pp 405--406
+\endbib
+**
+will produce
+\showbib
+\no 2
+\by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of 
+ compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\paper \rm II 
+\jour Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. \vol67 \yr1961 \pp 405--406
+\endbib
+
+
+If part II of this paper had appeared in the same journal, but in a different
+volume,
+**
+\bib \no 2 \by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of 
+ compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\paper \rm II 
+\vol36 \yr1961 \pp 13--15
+\endbib
+**
+the output would look like
+\showbib
+\no 2
+\by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\paper \rm II 
+\vol36 \yr1961 \pp 13--15
+\endbib
+
+
+\noindent*\morebib* remembers that there was a *\jour* before, so it prints
+the *\vol*, *\yr*, and *\pp* fields for the second title even though no
+*\jour* is given for that title. 
+
+By the way, this example
+illustrates one of those
+innumerable circumstances where a completely automated system won't give the
+optimal results:  journal volume numbers in the default style
+happen to be printed without commas following the preceding field, which
+looks just fine for the {\bf35} following\linebreak
+ `Comment. Math. Helv.', but not so fine
+after the shortened title `II'; in this case we would probably want to change
+the input to
+**
+\paper \rm II, "8COMNO"8
+**
+(see also page~\ref{UCOMNO}).
+
+\medbreak
+
+This ``remembering'' feature of *\morebib*
+is generally quite convenient, but it doesn't
+give the desired results in certain other situations. For example,
+**
+\bib
+\no 3 \by Stefan Banach
+\paper Sur la d\'ecomposition des ensembles de points 
+ en parties respectivement congruents
+\jour Fund. Math. \vol 6 \yr 1925 \pp 244--277
+\morebib 
+\book \OE uvres
+\publ \'Editions Scientifiques de Pologne
+\publaddr Warzaw \yr 1967
+\endbib
+**
+will produce
+\showbib
+\no 3 \by Stefan Banach
+\paper  Sur la d\'ecomposition des ensembles de points en parties
+respectivement congruents
+\jour Fund. Math. \vol 6 \yr 1925 \pp 244--277
+\morebib 
+\book \OE uvres
+\publ \'Editions Scientifiques de Pologne
+\publaddr Warzaw \yr 1967
+\endbib
+\noindent Here the 1967 got printed first, as if it were the *\yr* for a
+*\jour*, because *\morebib* remembered that a *\jour* appeared before.
+
+
+So there is now *\anotherbib*, which clears out such information. If we use
+*\anotherbib* instead of *\morebib* we will get the desired result:
+\showbib
+\no 3\by Stefan Banach
+\paper Sur la d\'ecomposition des ensembles de points en parties
+respectivement congruents
+\jour Fund. Math. \vol 6 \yr 1925 \pp 244--277
+\anotherbib
+\book \OE uvres
+\publ \'Editions Scientifiques de Pologne
+\publaddr Warzaw \yr 1967
+\endbib
+
+
+By the way, the AMS does not seem to have retained this ``remembering''
+feature for *\morebib*. At any rate, the
+ \amstex~Version 2.0 User's Guide gives an example
+like
+**
+\bib \no 7
+\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
+\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~\rm I
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \vol 36 \yr1983
+\pp 253--290 
+\morebib\paper \rm II
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
+\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pp 571--594
+\morebib\paper \rm III
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
+\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pp 809--829
+\endbib
+**
+to produce
+\showbib \no7
+\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
+\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~\rm I
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \vol 36 \yr1983
+\pp 253--290 
+\morebib\paper \rm II
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
+\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pp 571--594
+\morebib\paper \rm III
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
+\vol 36 \yr 1983 \pp 809--829
+\endbib
+\noindent which is an obvious example of overkill. The listing
+\showbib \no 7
+\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
+\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~\rm I
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \vol 36 \yr1983
+\pp 253--290 
+\morebib\paper \rm II
+\pp 571--594
+\morebib\paper \rm III
+\pp 809--829
+\endbib
+\noindent would have been preferable by far.
+
+\bigskip
+
+There are now four new fields, as added by the AMS@:
+\bullist
+\item
+*\ed* and *\eds* are for one editor, or several editors, respectively, of a
+book; the first adds ``ed\.'' after the editor's name, while the
+second adds ``eds''; all the information is enclosed in parentheses.
+\item
+ *\lang*, for the original language of a translation, prints its
+information, enclosed in parentheses,
+ at the very end, after the final punctuation for the *\bib*
+entry. I have followed the AMS macros in this
+regard---*\lang* basically becomes *\finalinfo*---although I don't think
+that's 
+the optimal solution.
+\item
+ *\transl* is for translation information,
+preceding the *\jour* or *\book* to which it pertains; thus, an entry with
+*\transl* may well have more than one *\jour* or *\book*---in essence,
+*\transl* functions something like *\anotherbib*.
+\endbullist
+\medskip
+
+\noindent As examples,
+**
+\bib\no9 \by S. Kripke   "8Kripke"8
+\paper Semantical analysis of intuitionistic logic \rm I
+\inbook Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+\eds J. Corssely and M. A. E. Dummett
+\publ North-Holland \yr1965 \pp92--130 
+\endbib
+**
+produces
+\showbib
+\no9 \by S. Kripke
+\paper Semantical analysis of intuitionistic logic \rm I
+\inbook Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+\eds J. Corssely and M. A. E. Dummett
+\publ North-Holland \yr1965 \pp92--130 
+\endbib
+and
+**
+\bib\no6 \by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya
+\book Mathematical problems in the dynamics of a viscous 
+incompressible fluid \bookinfo 2nd rev. aug. ed.
+\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow \yr 1970
+\lang Russian
+\transl English transl. of 1st ed.
+\book The mathematical theory of viscous
+ incompressible flow
+\publ Gordon and Breach \publaddr New York
+\yr 1963; rev. 1969
+\endbib
+**
+produces
+\showbib
+\no6 \by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya
+\book Mathematical problems in the dynamics of a viscous 
+incompressible fluid \bookinfo 2nd rev. aug. ed.
+\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow \yr 1970
+\lang Russian
+\transl English transl. of 1st ed.
+\book The mathematical theory of viscous
+ incompressible flow
+\publ Gordon and Breach \publaddr New York
+\yr 1963; rev. 1969
+\endbib
+
+
+
+As you can see from these examples, 
+the default style, in conformity with the AMS's changes,
+ now prints both paper titles and book titles in italics,
+except for book titles produced by *\inbook*.
+However,  there are new AMS constructions
+**
+\bookinquotes
+\paperinquotes
+**
+which 
+have also been added in \lamstex@.  Typing
+**
+\bookinquotes
+**
+after *\makebib*
+will cause all the book entries to be placed in quotes (and in roman type),
+ and similarly for *\paperinquotes*.
+
+
+\medskip
+
+*\paperinquotes* and *\bookinquotes* can be used together, but
+I personally feel that 
+one, and only one, of
+these commands should always be used,
+ to distinguish between papers and books. The necessity for
+this is well illustrated by
+one of the AMS's examples in the User's Guide:
+\showbib
+\no 4 \by V. I. Arnol$'$d, A. N. Varchenko, and S. M. Guse\u\i n-Zade
+\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~\rm I
+\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow \yr 1982
+\lang Russian
+\endbib
+\noindent
+Until I looked at the input,
+**
+\bib \no 4 \by V. I. Arnol$'$d, A. N. Varchenko, 
+ and S. M. Guse\u\i n-Zade
+\book Singularities of differentiable maps.~\rm I
+\publ ``Nauka'' \publaddr Moscow \yr 1982
+\lang Russian
+\endbib
+**
+I didn't know this was a book! (Normally a book would have something 
+like `Volume~1' in its title.)
+
+\medskip 
+
+The Kripke example on page~\ref{Kripke}  appears on
+page~ 263 of the second edition of {\it The Joy of \tex}, but with
+**
+\inbook in Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+**
+to explicitly add `in~' before the book title.  Unfortunately, that won't
+work very well if *\bookinquotes* has been specified!  Instead, I have added 
+**
+\ininbook
+**
+to add `in~' before all book titles specified by
+*\inbook*; if *\bookinquotes* has also 
+been specified, the quotes will go only
+around the book title itself.
+
+\medskip
+
+The AMS has extended the use of (the old) *\nofrills* within the
+bibliography: *\nofrills* after a field suppresses the punctuation that would
+normally occur. The above mentioned example was actually given as
+**
+\bib
+\no9 \by S. Kripke
+\paper\nofrills Semantical analysis of 
+ intuitionistic logic \rm I;
+\inbook in Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+\eds J. Corssely and M. A. E. Dummett
+\publ North-Holland \yr1965 \pp92--130 
+\endbib
+** 
+to produce
+\showbib
+\no9 \by S. Kripke
+\nopunct\paper Semantical analysis of intuitionistic logic \rm I;
+\inbook in Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+\eds J. Corssely and M. A. E. Dummett
+\publ North-Holland \yr1965 \pp92--130 
+\endbib
+
+*\nofrills* has been replaced by *\nopunct* and *\nospace* in \lamstex\ (and
+its positioning has been changed), and this usage now extends to bibliography
+items also: In \lamstex\ 
+the above example could be typed as
+**
+\ininbook
+"slip
+\bib
+\no9 \by S. Kripke
+\nopunct\paper Semantical analysis of 
+ intuitionistic logic \rm I;
+\inbook  Formal Systems and Recursive Functions
+\eds J. Corssely and M. A. E. Dummett
+\publ North-Holland \yr1965 \pp92--130 
+\endbib
+**
+
+Note that on page~\ref{COMNO} we might use
+**
+\nopunct \paper \rm II, "8UCOMNO"8
+**
+if we weren't sure about the treatment of punctuation for the next field.
+
+\medbreak
+
+The AMS also allows *\nofrills* to occur before a field name, in order to
+suppress punctuation after the {\it previous\/} field.  For \lamstex@, where
+*\nopunct* and *\nospace* always precede the fields, I have added
+**
+\noprepunct
+\noprespace
+**
+For example, 
+to print
+\showbib \no 7
+\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
+\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~\rm I
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \vol 36 \yr1983
+\pp 253--290 
+\noprepunct\finalinfo (overview)
+\morebib\paper \rm II
+\pp 571--594
+\morebib\paper \rm III
+\pp 809--829
+\endbib
+\noindent we can use
+**
+\bib \no 7
+\by P. D. Lax and C. D. Levermore
+"2
+\paper The small dispersion limit for the KdV equation.~\rm I
+"2
+\jour Comm. Pure Appl. Math. \vol 36 \yr1983
+"2
+\pp 253--290 
+"2
+\noprepunct\finalinfo (overview)
+"2
+\morebib\paper \rm II
+"2
+\pp 571--594
+"2
+\morebib\paper \rm III
+\pp 809--829
+\endbib
+**
+thereby suppressing the punctuation on the field 
+ immediately preceding the *\finalinfo* (we might not be sure
+just which field this is).
+
+As another example,\pagelabel{FINFO} note that in \lamstex\ the input
+**
+\bib
+\key C \by H. Cartan
+\paper Operations dans les construction acycliques 
+\inbook Seminaire H. Cartan 1954--55
+\bookinfo Expos\'e 6 \publ ENS \publaddr Paris
+\finalinfo Reprinted by W. A. Benjamin, New York (1967)
+\endbib
+**
+produces
+\altshowbib
+\key C \by H. Cartan
+\paper Operations dans les construction acycliques 
+\inbook Seminaire H. Cartan 1954--55
+\bookinfo Expos\'e 6 \publ ENS \publaddr Paris
+\finalinfo Reprinted by W. A. Benjamin, New York (1967)
+\endbib
+\noindent with the information from the
+*\finalinfo* field following a period after all the other fields
+(see page~\ref{USEFINFO}).  To print this in the AMS's manner,
+\altshowbib
+\key C\by H. Cartan
+\paper Operations dans les construction acycliques 
+\inbook Seminaire H. Cartan 1954--55
+\bookinfo Expos\'e 6 \publ ENS \publaddr Paris
+\noprespace\noprepunct\finalinfo
+ , reprinted by W. A. Benjamin, New York (1967)
+\endbib
+\noindent we can type
+**
+ . . .
+\publ ENS \publaddr Paris
+\noprespace\noprepunct\finalinfo  , reprinted by
+ W. A. Benjamin, New York (1967).
+\endbib
+**
+
+Notice also 
+that, once again in conformity with the AMS's changes, 
+ punctuation  is supplied automatically after *\finalinfo*,
+unless it is preceded by *\nopunct*.
+
+\medskip
+
+Finally, it turned out that one more such modifier was needed.  When book
+or paper titles are printed in quotes, we sometimes want to suppress the
+quotation marks.  For example,
+{\paperinquotes
+\showbib
+\no2\by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\paper \rm II 
+\jour Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. \vol67 \yr1961 \pp 405--406
+\endbib
+\noindent
+looks much better if we suppress the quotations around the II,
+\showbib
+\no2
+\by L. Auslander
+\paper On the Euler characteristic of compact locally affine spaces
+\jour Comment. Math. Helv. \vol 35 \yr 1961 \pp25--27
+\morebib
+\noquotes\paper \rm II 
+\jour Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. \vol67 \yr1961 \pp 405--406
+\endbib
+\noindent To obtain this, we would type
+**
+\morebib
+\noquotes\paper \rm II
+ . . .
+**
+
+}
+
+\section{Storing the fields\label{BASICD}}
+One of
+the basic problems in the bibliography macros is that we want
+to be able to type things like
+**
+ \by ... \paper ... \jour ...
+**
+instead of
+**
+ \by {...} \paper {...} \jour {...}
+**
+but we also don't want to force the various elements to be typed in a
+particular order, or force all of them to appear.  
+
+The solution to this problem is to have boxes, say *\bybox@*, *\paperbox@*,
+*\jourbox@*, \dots, in which to store the information from these various
+fields, and to make definitions like
+**
+\def\by{\unskip\egroup \setbox\bybox@=\hbox\bgroup}
+\def\paper{\unskip\egroup \setbox\paperbox@=\hbox\bgroup}
+**
+The idea is that the *\egroup* matches the *\bgroup* from the previous field,
+and then we start storing the current field. (The *\unskip* before the
+*\egroup* simply removes any extraneous space at the end of the previous
+field; it is convenient to get rid of this space at the very outset, instead
+of worrying about it later.) 
+ The definition of
+*\bib* will have to start with an extra *\bgroup*, which will  be
+closed by the *\egroup* of the first field that follows, while *\endbib* will
+ supply a final *\egroup*, and then take the material in all these
+boxes, and suitably arrange them.
+
+This whole idea works because *\hbox* can be ended by *\egroup*, rather
+than an explicit~*}*.
+However, several details intrude:
+
+\Pitem If the user adds one of the 
+ line breaking commands, *\nolinebreak*,\linebreak
+*\allowlinebreak*, *\linebreak*, or *\newline* at the end of a field, we
+want the corresponding *\penalty* to be inserted {\it after\/} the
+punctuation that will follow the field when it is printed, not before.
+
+Recall (section~\Sref{LBK})
+that the \lamstex\ definitions of *\nolinebreak*,\linebreak
+ *\allowlinebreak*, and *\linebreak*
+ have an extra element *\lkerns@* at the end, while
+ *\newlines* has *\nkerns@*.  Originally these
+are both *\relax*, but now we will change them, so that they involve very
+small kerns like
+**
+\kern-1sp \kern1sp
+**
+The presence of such *\kern*'s, presumably not ever explicitly inserted by
+the user, will allow us to recognize that such commands were typed, and to
+deal
+with them suitably (details are presented in section~\Sref{VBOXI}).
+
+\pitem Some people like to prepare a ``template'' with all possible fields,
+**
+\bib 
+\no
+\key
+\paper
+ . . .
+**
+and then fill in only the necessary fields. So we have to deal with the
+possibility that certain fields are empty.\pagelabel{EFIELD}
+
+\pitem Finally, there is the phenomenon reported by Michael Downes 
+in TUG{\ninerm BOAT}, Volume~11, No.~4.  Normally when \tex\ is setting
+text it inserts a discretionary break after hyphens, en- and em-dashes,
+and explicitly typed discretionary hyphens~*\-*. But these are omitted
+when setting an *\hbox*
+(in restricted horizontal mode).  If the *\hbox* is later *\unhbox*'ed, and
+made part of a paragraph, \tex\ will attempt hyphenation, as usual, if it
+can't set the paragraph without hyphenation. But when this second attempt is
+made, hyphenations are inserted only by the hyphenation algorithm---possible
+break points after hyphens, 
+dashes and discretionary hyphens are not added at this
+stage. Since the possible break points after hyphens, dashes and
+discretionary hyphens weren't added in the original *\hbox*, they have thus
+been
+lost forever.  So, for example, a compound word like ``Nebraska--Lincoln''
+will not be able to break properly at the end of a line.
+
+The solution to this problem will be to set everything as a *\noindent*'ed
+paragraph within a *\vbox*
+with *\hsize=\maxdimen*, and then take the *\vbox* apart.
+So we will be using definitions like
+\Litbox0=**
+\def\paper{\unskip\egroup
+ \setbox\paperbox@=\vbox\bgroup \hsize=\maxdimen }
+**
+$$\pagelabel{BASICA}\vcenter{\box0}\tag"\style{\bf A}"$$ 
+
+In this situation,  line breaking commands at the end of a field have
+to be handled a bit differently. We will add things like
+**
+\null\kern-1sp\kern1sp
+**
+so that the *\null* will keep the *\kern*'s from disappearing at the end of
+the line.
+
+
+\section{Starting the bibliography macros\label{SBMACS}}
+The definition of *\makebib* begins
+**
+\def\makebib@W{Bibliography}
+"slip
+\def\makebib{\begingroup
+ \rm
+ \bigbreak
+ \centerline{\smc\makebib@W}
+ \nobreak\medskip
+ \sfcode`\.=1000 \everypar={}\parindent=0pt
+**
+We use *\makebib@W* instead of specifying `*Bibliography*' explicitly,
+so that *\newword\makebib* can be used to change this heading 
+(compare section~\Sref{OTHERE} and Chapter~\ref{acces}). *\rm* is added, just
+in case another font has been selected.
+The space factor code of the period is changed 
+to ~*1000* because almost all periods in a bibliography will come from
+abbreviations (except for the periods at the ends of each entry, and those
+ occur at the
+ends of paragraphs). We add *\everypar={}* \pagelabel{EVAPI}
+just in case *\everypar* was
+non-empty before, since each entry begins as a nonindented paragraph, and we
+might as well set *\parindent* to~*0pt*, though that shouldn't matter.
+
+Once *\makebib* has appeared, we might be using not only *\nopunct* and
+*\nospace*, but also *\noprepunct* and *\noprespace* and
+*\noquotes* 
+before various elements
+of a *\bib...\endbib* entry.
+Since all of these can precede almost any construction, 
+ we want to save
+ourselves all the agony of section~\Sref{AGONY}, and simply have each of
+these set a flag.  *\nopunct* and *\nospace*, which already have definitions,
+will thus have to be changed by *\makebib*, and, to be on the safe side,
+we will reset the flags  to  be false,
+**
+\def\makebib{\bigbreak
+ \centerline{\smc Bibliography}
+ \nobreak\bigskip
+ \sfcode`\.=1000 \everypar={}\parindetn=0pt
+ \def\nopunct{\nopunct@true}
+ \def\nospace{\nospace@true}
+ \nopunct@false\nospace@false
+**
+
+As mentioned in section~\Sref{BASICD}, *\lkerns@*, and
+*\nkerns@*
+ have to be changed for the bibliography macros; these
+new definitions also have to be added to *\makebib*:
+\C**
+\def\makebib{\bigbreak
+ \centerline{\smc Bibliography}%
+ \nobreak\bigskip
+ \sfcode`\.=1000 \everypar={}\parindent=0pt
+ \def\nopunct{\nopunct@true}%
+ \def\nospace{\noprepunct@true}%
+ \nopunct@false\nospace@false
+ \def\lkerns@{\null\kern-1sp\kern1sp}%
+ \def\nkerns@{\null\kern-2sp\kern2sp}%
+}
+**
+
+The *\endmakebib* simply supplies the *\endgroup* that matches the\linebreak
+*\begingroup* with which *\makebib* begins:
+\C**
+\let\endmakebib=\endgroup
+**
+
+Next we add the flags and definitions
+\C**
+\newif\ifnoprepunct@
+\newif\ifnoprespace@
+\newif\ifnoquotes@
+"2
+\def\noprepunct{\noprepunct@true}
+\def\noprespace{\noprespace@true}
+\def\noquotes{\noquotes@true}
+**
+
+And then we declare all the boxes needed to hold various constructions:
+\C**
+\newbox\nobox@
+\newbox\keybox@       
+\newbox\bybox@
+"2
+\newbox\paperbox@
+\newbox\paperinfobox@
+"2
+\newbox\jourbox@
+\newbox\volbox@ 
+\newbox\issuebox@
+\newbox\yrbox@
+"2
+\newbox\pgbox@
+\newbox\ppbox@
+"2
+\newbox\bookbox@ 
+\newbox\inbookbox@
+\newbox\bookinfobox@
+"2
+\newbox\publbox@
+\newbox\publaddrbox@ 
+"2
+\newbox\edbox@
+\newbox\edsbox@
+"2
+\newbox\langbox@
+\newbox\translbox@
+\newbox\finalinfobox@
+**
+
+\section{\CS{bibinfo\@}\label{BIBINFO}}
+Each of 
+ various constructions within a *\bib...\endbib* entry, like
+*\paper*, *\jour*, \dots, 
+may be preceded by *\nopunct*,\dots,\linebreak
+ *\noquotes*, and we need an easy
+way to keep track of this information.
+We will store all the
+necessary information for a *\bib...\endbib* entry
+in a control sequence *\bibinfo@* (initially empty at the beginning of each
+*\bib*).
+Each field like *\paper*, *\jour*, \dots, will first update *\bibinfo@*,
+based on the current values of the flags *\ifnopunct@*, \dots,
+*\ifnoquotes@*---these values will simply depend on whether *\nopunct*, \dots,
+*\noquotes* occurred before this field (but after the preceding field).
+
+ Remember that 
+ *\paperbox@*, *\jourbox@*, \dots, are simply \tex\ integers, 
+\footnote{More precisely
+({\it The \tex book}, page~121),
+the *\newbox* routine will *\chardef\paperbox@*, etc., and \tex\ allows
+*\chardef*'d quantities to be used as integers.}
+which we can produce with
+ *\the\paperbox@*, 
+*\the\jourbox@*, \dots. If\linebreak
+ *\paperbox@*
+happens to have the value ~*28* (it did the last time I checked), and 
+*\jourbox@* happens 
+to have the value ~*30*, and *\paper* and *\jour* are preceded by 
+any of *\nopunct*, \dots, *\noquotes*, then we want *\bibinfo@* to be
+\setbox1\hbox{$_{\text1}$}\setbox2\hbox{$_{\text2}$}
+\setbox3\hbox{$_{\text3}$}\setbox4\hbox{$_{\text4}$}
+\setbox5\hbox{$_{\text5}$}
+**
+28,x"copy1"relax"0x"copy2"relax"0x"copy3"relax"0x"copy4"relax"0x"copy5"relax"030,y"copy1"relax"0y"copy2"relax"0y"copy3"relax"0y"copy4"relax"0y"copy5
+**
+\setbox1\hbox{$_{\text1}$}\setbox2\hbox{$_{\text2}$}%
+\setbox3\hbox{$_{\text3}$}\setbox4\hbox{$_{\text4}$}%
+\setbox5\hbox{$_{\text5}$}%
+$\bigl[$or
+*30,y"copy1"relax"0y"copy2"relax"0y"copy3"relax"0y"copy4"relax"0y"copy5"relax"028,x"copy1"relax"0x"copy2"relax"0x"copy3"relax"0x"copy4"relax"0x"copy5
+*
+if *\jour* appears before *\paper*$\bigr]$,
+where 
+\setbox7\hbox{$_{\text1}$}\setbox2\hbox{$_{\text2}$}
+\setbox3\hbox{$_{\text3}$}\setbox4\hbox{$_{\text4}$}
+\setbox5\hbox{$_{\text5}$}
+$$\align
+ \text{{\tt x}\copy7\quad is\quad}&
+ \cases {\tt1}&\text{if {\tt\bs nopunct} precedes
+  {\tt\bs paper}}\\
+  {\tt0}&\text{otherwise}\endcases\\
+\allowdisplaybreak
+ \text{{\tt x}\copy2\quad is\quad}&
+ \cases {\tt1}&\text{if {\tt\bs nospace} precedes
+  {\tt\bs paper}}\\
+  {\tt0}&\text{otherwise}\endcases\\
+\allowdisplaybreak
+ \text{{\tt x}\copy3\quad is\quad}&
+  \cases {\tt1}&\text{if {\tt\bs noprepunct} precedes
+  {\tt\bs paper}}\\
+  {\tt0}&\text{otherwise}\endcases\\
+\allowdisplaybreak
+ \text{{\tt x}\copy4\quad is\quad}&
+  \cases{\tt1}&\text{if {\tt\bs noprespace} precedes
+  {\tt\bs paper}}\\
+  {\tt0}&\text{otherwise}\endcases\\
+\allowdisplaybreak
+ \text{{\tt x}\copy5\quad is\quad}&
+  \cases {\tt1}&\text{if {\tt\bs noquotes} precedes
+  {\tt\bs paper}}\\
+  {\tt0}&\text{otherwise}\endcases
+\endalign$$
+and similarly for *y*\copy7, \dots, *y*\copy5.
+ 
+
+To conserve memory,  and allow subsequent macros to work quickly,
+we want *\bibinfo@* to contain only necessary information; boxes not preceded
+by any of
+*\nopunct*, \dots, *\noquotes* simply shouldn't show up.
+
+
+The routine *\setbibinfo@#1*, used when *#1* is *\paperbox@*, \dots, 
+suitably expands *\bibinfo@* if necessary, based on the current
+values of
+the flags *\ifnopunct@*, \dots, *\ifnoquotes@*:
+\C**
+\def\setbibinfo@#1{\edef\next@{\ifnopunct@1\else0\fi
+ \ifnospace@1\else0\fi\ifnoprepunct@1\else0\fi
+ \ifnoprespace@1\else0\fi\ifnoquotes@1\else0\fi}%
+ \def\nextii@{00000}%
+ \ifx\next@\nextii@
+ \else
+  \xdef\bibinfo@{\bibinfo@\the#1,\next@}%
+ \fi}
+**
+\setbox1\hbox{$_{\text1}$}\setbox2\hbox{$_{\text2}$}%
+\setbox3\hbox{$_{\text3}$}\setbox4\hbox{$_{\text4}$}%
+\setbox5\hbox{$_{\text5}$}%
+Here we first set *\next@* to the proper *x*\copy1 \dots *x*\copy5.
+Then, if this sequence is *00000* (because none of *\nopunct*, \dots,
+*\noquotes* appeared) we do nothing; otherwise, we add
+\setbox1\hbox{$_{\text1}$}\setbox2\hbox{$_{\text2}$}%
+\setbox3\hbox{$_{\text3}$}\setbox4\hbox{$_{\text4}$}%
+\setbox5\hbox{$_{\text5}$}%
+**
+\the#1,x"copy1x"copy2x"copy3x"copy4x"copy5
+**
+to *\bibinbfo@*. An *\xdef* was needed to define *\bibinfo@* globally
+because we will be using *\setbibino@* within a group, to pass information on
+beyond that group (section~\Sref{VBOXII}).
+
+There is a corresponding *\getbibinfo@#1*, which will
+*\let\next@=x*$_{\text1}$, 
+ \dots,
+*\let\nextv@=x*$_{\text5}$ when
+ `*\the#1,*' appears in *\bibinfo@*, or simply *\let* them
+ *=0* otherwise:
+\C**
+\def\getbibinfo@#1{%
+ \ifx\bibinfo@\empty
+  \let\next@=0\let\nextii@=0\let\nextiii@=0%
+  \let\nextiv@=0\let\nextv@=0%
+"2
+ \else
+  \edef\next@{\def
+   \noexpand\next@####1\the
+    #1,####2####3####4####5####6####7\noexpand\next@
+    {\let\noexpand\next@=####2\let\noexpand\nextii@=####3%
+    \let\noexpand\nextiii@=####4\let\noexpand\nextiv@=####5%
+    \let\noexpand\nextv@=####6}%
+   \noexpand\next@\bibinfo@\the#1,00000\noexpand\next@}%
+  \next@
+ \fi}
+**
+By now it should be no problem to unravel this (compare
+page~\ref{ADDCSNAME} and Chapter~\ref{NEWC}).
+For the sake of speed, we have made a special clause for the (usual) case
+where *\bibinfo@* is empty.
+We use the rather rare assignments *\let\next@=0* or *\let\next@=1*, etc.,
+so that later we can use  simple *\if* tests,
+**
+\if\next@1  . . .
+**
+to test for the value.
+
+
+Note, finally, that these definitions work because *\paperbox@*, \dots, all
+represent 2@-digit numbers.  There would be ambiguity if, for example,
+one had the value ~*9* and another had the value ~*19*; fortunately, that
+can't happen, since *\newbox* only creates numbers greater than ~*9*.
+
+
+\section{Additional flags}
+Next we introduce the flags for determining the treatment of paper and
+book titles:
+\C**
+\newif\ifbookinquotes@
+\def\bookinquotes{\bookinquotes@true}
+\newif\ifpaperinquotes@
+\def\paperinquotes{\paperinquotes@true}
+\newif\ifininbook@
+\def\ininbook{\ininbook@true}
+**
+
+We will also need a flag
+\C**
+\newif\ifopenquotes@
+**
+which we will set true after printing each
+ *\paper* or
+*\book* title that has begun with~*``*.
+The next field will then supply the closing~*''* at the right time,
+and reset the flag to false,
+ using
+the routine
+\C**
+\def\closequotes@{\ifopenquotes@''\openquotes@false\fi} "8OQFALSE"8
+**
+
+
+In addition, we need special flags to deal with the possibilities of
+*\morebib*, *\anotherbib*, and *\transl*.
+The definitions of these constructions aren't given until
+section~\Sref{ENDS}, but some discussion  is necessary
+now. These three constructions act almost like an *\endbib*~ *\bib* pair,
+first printing the information already collected (but without ending the
+paragraph), and then collecting new information.  For efficiency, these
+constructions and *\endbib* all
+call upon a common construction, *\endbib@*, which
+does all the work of printing the accumulated information, except that
+certain flags will have to be set  differently for the various constructions.
+
+First we have the flags
+\C**
+\newif\ifbeginbib@
+\newif\ifendbib@
+**
+The flag *\ifbeginbib@* will, for example, determine whether or not we should
+print *\no* and *\key* information; it will be true when we are
+setting the first part of a *\bib...\endbib* entry, but false if we are
+printing a *\morebib* part. The flag *\ifendbib@* will, for example,
+determine whether we should print the final period at the end of the entry;
+it will be false if we are printing the first part of an entry that has
+a *\morebib* part to follow, though it will be true when we then set
+the *\morebib* part.
+
+We also need the flags
+\C**
+\newif\ifprevjour@
+\newif\ifprevbook@
+**
+to pass information to *\morebib* and *\anotherbib* about a *\jour* or
+*\book* in the main part.
+
+
+
+\section{\CS{bib}}
+For defining *\bib* we first introduce a new
+dimension 
+\C**
+\newdimen\bibindent@
+**
+with the default value
+\C**
+\bibindent@=20pt
+**
+in terms of which the hanging indentation for *\bib* items will be
+specified.  This makes it easier to add commands to change this indentation.
+(The default style doesn't have any such commands, but other styles do.)
+Then we define
+\C**
+\def\bib{\global\let\bibinfo@=\empty
+ \global\let\translinfo@=\relax
+ \beginbib@true
+ \begingroup
+ \noindent@\hangindent\bibindent@ \hangafter1
+ \bib@} 
+**
+The *\global\let\bibinfo@=\empty* clears out *\bibinfo@* from the previous
+*\bib..\endbib*. 
+  *\translinfo@*, which will play a role later, also has
+to be cleared out. Then we set *\ifbeginbib@* to be true, begin a group,
+start a *\noindent@*'ed paragraph with hanging indentation *\bibindent@* after
+the first line, and call *\bib@*.
+
+
+*\bib@* has to start by setting *\nobox@*, *\keybox@*, \dots, to void boxes.
+We introduce the abbreviation
+\C**
+\def\v@id#1{\setbox#1=\box\voidb@x}
+**
+and then 
+\C**
+\def\bib@{\v@id\nobox@ \v@id\keybox@ \v@id\bybox@
+ \v@id\paperbox@ \v@id\paperinfobox@
+ \v@id\jourbox@ \v@id\volbox@ \v@id\issuebox@ \v@id\yrbox@
+ \v@id\pgbox@ \v@id\ppbox@
+ \v@id\bookbox@ \v@id\inbookbox@ \v@id\bookinfobox@ 
+ \v@id\publbox@ \v@id\publaddrbox@ 
+ \v@id\edbox@ \v@id\edsbox@ 
+ \v@id\langbox@ \v@id\translbox@ \v@id\finalinfobox@
+ \bgroup}
+**
+As explained in section~\Sref{BASICD},
+ the *\bgroup* will immediately be closed
+by an *\egroup* at the beginning of the *\no* or *\key* or \dots\ that
+occurs next.
+
+\section{The basic construction}
+The basic definition ({\bf A}) on page~\ref{BASICA} is going to be
+changed in several ways.  First of all, when *#1* is *\paperbox@*,
+*\jourbox@*, etc., 
+we want to add
+**
+\unskip"9\setbibinfo@#1"9\egroup
+\setbox#1=\vbox\bgroup . . .
+**
+so that *\bibinfo@* will have
+ the proper information regarding any *\nopunct*, \dots, *\noquotes* that
+precede *\paper*, *\jour*, \dots. Since the information in
+ *\bibinfo@* is recorded using
+*\xdef*'s, this can be done before the *\egroup*; note also that
+since each *\nopunct*, \dots, *\noquotes* will occur within a field, and
+thus eventually within some *\bgroup...\egroup*, we don't have to worry about
+ their effects unexpectedly promulgating to another field.
+
+Inside the *\vbox* we will want to have
+**
+\hsize=\maxdimen
+**
+as well as
+**
+\leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt
+**
+(even if, for some strange reason, the bibliography is being set with other
+values, we want to have *\leftskip* and *\rightskip* be zero inside the
+preliminary *\vbox*), and
+also
+**
+\hbadness=10000 \hfuzz=\maxdimen
+**
+(so that *Underfull* and *Overfull* boxes will be reported only later, not
+during the *\vbox* step), all followed by
+**
+\noindent
+**
+to preclude any extra indentation in our test *\vbox*.
+
+But if we have an empty field (page~\ref{EFIELD}), in which case
+our *\vbox* will have width ~*0pt*,
+\footnote{The *\hsize=\maxdimen*
+ within our *\vbox*\pagelabel{MAXD}
+ simply describes the width of paragraphs
+of text within the *\vbox*, not necessarily the width of the *\vbox* itself.}
+ we want to reset
+our box to *\box\voidb@x*.  We can do this with
+**
+\unskip\setbibinfo@#1\egroup
+"9\def\aftergroup@{\ifdim\wd#1=0pt \setbox#1=\box\voidb@x\fi}"9
+\setbox#1=\vbox\bgroup "9\aftergroup\aftergroup@"9 . . .
+**
+ Here the `*\aftergroup@*' is performed immediately after the
+*\egroup* from the next field (or from *\endbib*)
+that eventually matches the *\bgroup*. 
+
+ In addition, in a few cases
+we will need to add something extra right after the first *\egroup* (namely,
+settings for the flags *\ifprevjour* and *\ifprevbook*).
+ So
+for this general case
+we define
+\C**
+\def\Setnonemptybox@#1#2{%
+ \unskip\setbibinfo@#1\egroup#2%
+ \def\aftergroup@{\ifdim\wd#1=0pt
+  \setbox#1=\box\voidb@x\fi}%
+ \setbox#1=\vbox\bgroup \aftergroup\aftergroup@
+  \hsize=\maxdimen \leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 \hfuzz=\maxdimen
+ \noindent}
+**
+ and then for the more common case we define
+\C**
+\def\setnonemptybox@#1{\Setnonemptybox@#1\relax}
+**
+
+\small Notice that we used *\noindent@* in the definition of *\bib*, but
+*\noindent* in the definition of *\Setnonemptybox@*. That is because there
+is a difference between the situation
+\Litbox0=**
+\bib \pagelabel{...} \no . . . \endbib
+**
+$$\box0\tag"\style{\bf A}"$$
+where the invisible *\pagelabel* occurs before any field,
+and something like
+\Litbox0=**
+\bib  . . .  \paper \pagelabel{...} . . . \endbib
+**
+$$\box0\tag"\style{\bf B}"$$
+where the *\pagelabel* occurs within a field.
+
+In case ({\bf A}), the *\bib* contributes a *\bgroup* (via the *\bib@*), and
+the *\no* supplies the ending *\egroup*. Within this group, the
+*\pagelabel{...}* has already deleted the final space, but even if it didn't,
+the *\unskip* before the *\egroup* contributed by *\no* would get rid of it.
+Consequently, nothing except a *\write* is contributed by this group. But if
+we tried to be too careful, and replaced the *\bgroup* in *\bib@* with
+**
+\bgroup\futurelet\next\pretendspace@
+**
+then, since the invisible *\pagelabel* follows,
+the results would be wrong: 
+\list
+\item First *\pretendspace* would contribute *\hskip-1pt\hskip1pt*.
+\item Then the *\prevanish@* in *\pagelabel* would set *\saveskip@* to~ *1pt*
+and remove the *\hskip1pt*.
+\item Then the *\postvanish@* in *\pagelabel* would add back the *1pt* and
+then delete the next space, if any.
+\item Consequently, the *\unskip\egroup* in *\no* would remove the final
+*1pt*, leaving an extra *\hskip-1pt* at the beginning.
+\endlist
+
+In case ({\bf B}), however, the *\noindent* (which eventually calls the
+combination
+*\futurelet\next\pretendspace@*) makes everything work out correctly if an
+invisible element occurs first (followed by something else). Of course, this
+won't work
+if a *\pagelabel* appears within an {\it empty\/} field, but that doesn't
+seem worth worrying about!	
+\endsmall
+
+\nopunct\section{\CS{no}, \CS{key}, \dots.}
+Now we are ready to give definitions of *\no*, *\key*, \dots, many of 
+which are 
+quite
+similar.  First we have
+\C**
+\def\no{\setnonemptybox@\nobox@}
+\def\key{\setnonemptybox@\keybox@\bf}
+\def\by{\setnonemptybox@\bybox@}
+**
+Notice that *\key* specifies *\bf* for the font.
+
+For *\bysame* we simply specify the desired rule, rather than waiting for
+user input:
+\C**
+\def\bysame{\setnonemptybox@\bybox@
+ \leaders\hrule\hskip3em\null}
+**
+The *\null* is essential, to prevent the *\unskip* from the next field from
+deleting this *\leaders* glue (compare the \lamstex~Manual, page~225).
+
+The definition of *\paper* is a little more complicated, because we
+have to begin with~*``* when *\ifpaperinquotes@* is true,
+ except not
+when *\noquotes* precedes *\paper*.  To find out this latter information,
+ we use
+**
+\getbibinfo@\paperbox@
+**
+which will *\let\nextv@=1* if *\noquotes* preceded *\paper*, but
+will\linebreak 
+*\let\nextv@=0* otherwise:
+\C**
+\def\paper{\setnonemptybox@\paperbox@
+ \ifpaperinquotes@
+  \getbibinfo@\paperbox@
+  \if\nextv@1\else``\fi
+ \else
+  \it
+ \fi}
+**
+Notice that we've specified *\it* when *\ifpaperinquotes@* is false (even if
+*\noquotes* preceded *\paper*).
+
+The next definition reverts to the simple case,
+\C**
+\def\paperinfo{\setnonemptybox@\paperinfobox@}
+**
+but the definition of *\jour* uses *\Setnonemptybox@*, since we need to
+set *\ifprevjour@* true (for possible use by *\morebib* later on):
+\C**
+\def\jour{\Setnonemptybox@\jourbox@\prevjour@true}
+**
+
+The next definitions are simple (*\vol* merely adds *\bf* for the font),
+\C**
+\def\vol{\setnonemptybox@\volbox@\bf}
+\def\issue{\setnonemptybox@\issuebox@}
+\def\yr{\setnonemptybox@\yrbox@}
+**
+
+But *\toappear* is handled quite specially:
+\C**
+\def\toappear{\noprepunct\finalinfo(to appear)}
+**
+
+
+Then come another two simple definitions:
+\C**
+\def\pg{\setnonemptybox@\pgbox@}
+\def\pp{\setnonemptybox@\ppbox@}
+**
+
+The definition of *\book* has both the complexities of
+*\paper* (involving quotation marks) and *\jour* (setting a flag),
+\C**
+\def\book{\Setnonemptybox@\bookbox@\prevbook@true
+ \ifbookinquotes@\getbibinfo@\bookbox@
+  \if\nextv@1\else``\fi
+ \else
+ \it
+\fi}
+**
+and the definition of *\inbook* has yet another clause, because of the
+flag *\ifinbook@*:
+\C**
+\def\inbook{\Setnonemptybox@\inbookbox@\prevbook@true
+ \ifininbook@ in \fi
+ \ifbookinquotes@\getbibinfo@\inbookbox@
+  \if\nextv@1\else``\fi
+ \fi}
+**
+(In this case we don't change fonts even if there are no
+quotation marks.)
+
+Then comes another bunch of simple definitions,
+\C**
+\def\bookinfo{\setnonemptybox@\bookinfobox@}
+\def\publ{\setnonemptybox@\publbox@}
+\def\publaddr{\setnonemptybox@\publaddrbox@}
+\def\ed{\setnonemptybox@\edbox@}
+\def\eds{\setnonemptybox@\edsbox@}
+\def\lang{\setnonemptybox@\langbox@}
+\def\finalinfo{\setnonemptybox@\finalinfobox@}
+**
+
+This leaves only *\transl*, *\morebib*, and *\anotherbib*, all of which
+are treated somewhat similarly---it will be easiest to understand their
+definitions later (section~\Sref{ENDS})
+after examining how *\endbib* puts all the information together.
+
+
+\section{Manipulating the \CS{vbox}'es\label{VBOXI}}
+At the end of a *\bib...\endbib* entry,
+we will have stored all our information in various *\vbox*'es, and we now
+have to get information out of each such  box, *#1*, with a construction
+*\getbox@#1*.  Most of the time we could simply use
+**
+\def\getbox@#1{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox#1
+ \setbox0=\lastbox
+ \global\setbox1=\hbox{\unhbox0 \unskip\unskip\unpenalty}}
+ \unhbox1 }
+**
+Here the inner *\box0* (*\lastbox*) is the final line of this
+one line paragraph (having *\hsize=\maxdimen*), at the end of which we have
+(see {\it The \tex book}, page~100),
+\setbox0\hbox{\<}\setbox1\hbox{\>}
+**
+\penalty 10000 "copy0\parfillskip glue"copy1 "copy0\rightskip glue"copy1
+**
+which we delete with the *\unskip\unskip\unpenalty*.
+
+But since line breaking commands may have
+occurred (either in the middle of the field, or at the end),
+ our *\vbox* may have several *\hbox*'es, separated by glue and
+possibly penalties (*\clubpenalty*, etc.), and we may have to use a *\loop*
+to discover all these boxes.
+We
+ add *\vskip-10000 pt* at the beginning as a
+marker, the assumption that such a *\vskip* won't be
+inserted otherwise.
+\C**
+\def\getbox@#1{\setbox0=\vbox{\vskip-10000pt "8VSMARK"8
+ \unvbox#1%   "8GUNV"8
+"2
+ \setbox0=\lastbox
+"2
+ \global\setbox1=\hbox{\unhbox0 \unskip\unskip\unpenalty}
+"2
+ \ifdim\lastskip=-10000pt 
+ \else
+"2
+  \loop
+   \ifdim\lastskip=-10000 pt
+"2
+   \else
+    \unskip\unpenalty\setbox0=\lastbox
+    \global\setbox1=\hbox{\unhbox0 \unhbox1}%
+   \repeat
+"2
+ \fi}%
+ \unhbox1 }
+**
+Notice that we use the test *\ifdim\lastskip=-10000pt* before entering
+the *\loop*, even though it is also used within the *\loop*; this 
+allows us to bypass the *\loop* completely if it is unnecessary.
+
+
+\small The combination *\setbox0=\lastbox* occurs rather often, so right
+before the definition of *\getbox@* we have
+\C**
+\def\setboxzl@{\setbox\z@\lastbox}
+**
+and then we use *\setboxzl@* throughout.  However, for the sake of
+readability, we will always simply print `*\setbox0=\lastbox*'.
+\endsmall
+
+\section{Line breaking commands\label{BIBMACS}}
+Next we have to deal with the problem of a line breaking command appearing at
+the end of one our fields, since the appropriate penalties must be
+inserted {\it after\/} the punctuation that is normally added after the
+field. These line breaking commands
+ produce 
+\setbox0\hbox{\it n}
+**
+\null\kern-"copy0",sp",\kern","copy0",sp
+**
+at the end of the horizontal list produced by *\getbox@*.
+More specifically, 
+\list \advance\litindent15pt
+\item *\nolinebreak* produces
+\setbox0\hbox{\<possible glue\>}
+**
+\penalty10000 "box0 \null\kern-1sp\kern1sp
+**
+The \<possible glue\> comes about because *\nolinebreak* remembers the
+glue before it, and inserts it after the *\penalty10000*, so that this
+glue does {\it not\/} disappear.  Of course, it is unlikely that any one would
+want to have such a non-disappearing space at the end of a field, but we
+might as well allow for the possibility.
+\item Similarly, *\allowlinebreak* produces
+\setbox0\hbox{\<possible glue\>}
+**
+\penalty0 "box0 \null\kern-1sp\kern1sp
+**
+\item *\linebreak* produces
+\setbox0\hbox{\<}\setbox1\hbox{\>}
+**
+\penalty-10000 "copy0"relax0pt glue"copy1 \null\kern-1sp\kern1sp
+**
+Here the *\null\kern-1sp\kern1sp* comes from the last *\hbox* in the
+*\vbox*, while the *\penalty-10000 "copy0"relax0pt glue"copy1* comes from the
+previous *\hbox*, the *"copy0"relax0pt glue"copy1*
+ being the *\rightskip* glue, and the
+*\penalty-10000* the penalty from *\linebreak*.
+\item *\newline* produces
+\setbox0\hbox{\<}\setbox1\hbox{\>}
+**
+"hskip-20pt\null \hfil \penalty-10000 "copy0"relax0pt"copy1 \null\kern-2sp\kern2sp
+**
+Now the *\null\hfil\penalty-10000 "copy0"relax0pt glue"copy1* comes from the next to last
+*\hbox*, the *"copy0"relax0pt glue"copy1*
+ again being the *\rightskip* glue, and the
+*\null\hfil\penalty-10000* coming from the *\newline*.
+\endlist
+
+ Since such  small
+*\kern*'s were
+presumably not inserted by the user, their presence indicates that one of
+the line breaking commands occurred; the value of the *\kern*, 
+together with the *\penalty* before the *\null*, allows us to
+distinguish the four cases.
+
+We introduce
+the routine *\adjustpunct@#1*, where *#1* is normally some punctuation
+symbol, which will find such information, delete all the *\kern*'s,
+*\penalty*'s, etc., add the punctuation *#1*, and then put back
+the proper *\penalty*.
+   We begin with
+**
+\def\adjustpunct@#1{\count@=\lastkern
+**
+so that *\count@* is the number of scaled points in *\lastkern*. This will
+normally either be ~*0*, because there is no *\kern*, or if a *\kern* was
+inserted by the user, it will be
+something reasonably large or large negative,
+presumably \hbox{*>2*} or \hbox{*<-2*}. 
+In such cases, we just want to add the punctuation
+*#1*, except that this must be followed by *\closequotes@*, in case
+*''* needs to be added after the punctuation, because the previous field began
+with~*``*:
+**
+\def\adjustpunct@#1{\count@=\lastkern
+ \ifnum\count@=0 #1\closequotes@\else
+ \ifnum\count@>2 #1\closequotes@\else
+ \ifnum\count@<-2 #1\closequotes@\else
+  . . .
+**
+
+In the remaining, more interesting case, we use
+**
+\unkern\unkern\setbox0=\lastbox
+**
+to get rid of the
+\setbox0\hbox{\it n}
+**
+\null \kern-"copy0",sp\kern","copy0",sp
+**
+Then we save the previous glue in *\skip@* and remove it:
+**
+\skip@=\lastskip \unskip
+**
+Now we've reached the point where the original *\penalty* is revealed;
+we store it in *\count@@* and remove it:
+**
+\count@@=\lastpenalty \unpenalty
+**
+Moreover, in the case of *\newline* (*\count@* is~*2*), we also get rid of
+the *\null\hfil*:
+**
+\ifnum\count@=2 \unskip \setbox0=\lastbox \fi
+**
+Now we can add the punctuation *#1*, followed by *\closequotes@*;
+if *\skip@* is non-zero, because of the \<possible glue\> in the case of
+*\nolinebreak* or *\allowlinebreak*, we add this first:
+**
+\ifdim\skip@=0pt \else \hskip\skip@ \fi
+#1\closequotes@
+**
+In the case of *\newline* we then add back a *\null\hfill*, and in all
+cases we add back the original *\penalty*, now stored in *\count@@*:
+\C**
+\def\adjustpunct@#1{\count@=\lastkern
+ \ifnum\count@=0 #1\closequotes@\else
+ \ifnum\count@>2 #1\closequotes@\else
+ \ifnum\count@<-2 #1\closequotes@\else
+  \unkern\unkern\setbox0=\lastbox
+  \skip@=\lastskip \unskip
+  \count@@=\lastpenalty\unpenalty
+  \ifnum\count@=2 \unskip\setbox0=\lastbox\fi
+  \ifdim\skip@=0pt \else \hskip\skip@ \fi
+  #1\closequotes@
+  \ifnum\count@=2 \null\hfill\fi
+  \penalty\count@@
+ \fi\fi\fi}
+**
+
+\section{Adding punctuation before a field\label{VBOXII}}
+The routine *\adjustpunct@* figures prominently in the routine
+**
+\prepunct@#1#2
+**
+which adds *#1*,
+ some sort of 
+punctuation, before the field corresponding to *#2*,
+which  is *\paperbox@*, \dots.
+
+Before we consider this routine, we need to reconsider the information
+in *\bibinfo@*, which we use with the
+routine *\getbibinfo@* to funnel  information from *\bibinfo@* into
+*\next@*, \dots, *\nextv@*.
+Note that the information derived from the value of *\next@* and *\nextii@*,
+i.e., whether or not *\nopunct* or *\nospace* preceded the field, is not
+used when printing the field; this information has to be used
+by the {\it next\/} field, to decide whether to print the finishing
+punctuation and space, before printing the new material from that next field.
+ Consequently,
+the information from the value of *\next@* and *\nextii@* has to be passed
+along to the next field.  We will pass this information along by setting the
+values of the flags *\ifnopunct@* and *\ifnospace@* once again, thus
+providing them with a dual role.
+
+
+Now our definition of *\prepunct@* begins
+**
+\def\prepucnt@#1#2{\getbibinfo@#2%
+ "hskip-10pt% first part
+ \ifnopunct@
+ \else
+  \if\nextiii@0\adjustpunct@#1\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \closequotes@
+ \ifnospace@
+ \else
+  \if\nextiv@0\space\else\fi
+ \fi
+ "hskip-10pt% second part
+ \nopunct@false \nospace@false
+ \if\next@1\nopunct@true\fi
+ \if\nextii@1\nospace@true\fi
+**
+
+Before examining the first part of this code, consider the second part:
+this sets *\ifnopunct@* to be true if *\nopunct@* preceded the field
+and *\ifnospace@* to be true if *\nospace@* preceded the field.
+
+The first part of the code should now make more sense, when we
+remember that
+ those same assignments will have been made by the field which precedes
+this field: 
+The test *\ifnopunct@* is true if
+ the previous field is not supposed to have punctuation at the end, 
+and *\nextiii@* will be~*1* (rather than *0*) if the current field
+was followed by *\noprepunct*.  In either of these cases,
+ we don't supply any punctuation; otherwise, we use *\adjustpunct@#1*
+to supply the punctuation *#1*. Even when no punctuation is supplied, we
+need *\closequotes@*, in case
+the previous field set *\ifopenquotes@* true (if *\adjustpunct@* {\it was\/}
+used, the *\closequotes* within it has already set *\ifopenquotes@* to be
+false [page~\ref{OQFALSE}], so we won't be adding closing quotes twice).
+Space following 
+the punctuation is handled similarly, using the flags *\ifnospace@* and
+the value of *\nextiv@*.
+\C**
+\def\prepunct@#1#2{\getbibinfo@#2%
+ \ifnopunct@
+"2
+ \else
+   \if\nextiii@0\adjustpunct@#1\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \closequotes@
+"2
+ \ifnospace@
+ \else
+  \if\nextiv@0\space\else\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \nopunct@false\nospace@false
+ \if\next@1\nopunct@true\fi
+ \if\nextii@1\nospace@true\fi}
+**
+
+ *\prepunct@#1#2* is usually followed immediately by *\getbox@#2*, so
+we introduce an abbreviation for that combination:
+\C**
+\def\ppunbox@#1{\prepunct@{#1}#2\getbox@#2}
+**
+
+\section{\CS{endbib\@}\label{SEMICOL}}
+ Now we're ready to actually typeset all the
+information acquired by a *\bib...\endbib* entry.
+First we 
+\C**
+\let\semicolon@=;
+**
+so that we can use *\semicolon@* in place of *;* everywhere.  This is done
+solely for the benefit of French styles (compare section~\Sref{ALF}), 
+which can then redefine *\semicolon@* (presumably as something like
+*" ;*).
+
+
+The final command *\endbib* is defined in terms of
+*\endbib@*, which does most of the work.
+We begin with
+**
+\def\endbib@{%
+ \ifbeginbib@
+  \ifvoid\nobox@
+   \ifvoid\keybox@\else
+    \hbox to\bibindent@{[\getbox@\keybox@]\hss}\fi
+  \else
+   \hbox to\bibindent@{\hss\getbox@\nobox@. }
+  \fi
+ . . .
+**
+Thus, when *\ifbeginbib@* is true
+ (which will  usually be the case, unless we
+are printing remaining information from *\morebib*, *\anotherbib*, or
+*\transl*),
+if *\box\nobox@* isn't void we
+start our *\noindent@*'ed paragraph with 
+**
+\hbox to\bibindent@{\hss\getbox@\nobox@. }
+**
+a box of width *\bibindent@*, which is also the amount of hanging indentation
+we will be using,
+containing 
+ the
+information in *\box\nobox@*. This information
+(from *\getbox@\nobox@*) is followed by a period
+and a space, and preceded by *\hss* (rather than *\hfil*, just in case the
+number is too long). 
+Because the *\ifvoid* test always tells us whether or not a particular field
+has been set, we don't need any flags for this.  Note also that *\getbox@#1*
+uses *\unvbox#1* (page~\ref{GUNV}),
+ so that once we print the information for a
+field, the box containing that information
+has become void again.
+
+
+If *\box\nobox@* is void,  we instead use
+the information in *\box\keybox@*, if that isn't void.  In this case
+we surround the information with brackets, and have it start at the left
+margin, with the additional space at the right.
+
+In the other case, where *\ifbeginbib@* is false, we use
+**
+\else
+ \nopunct@true  "8NOPUNCTT"8
+ \ifvoid\bybox@\else\getbox@\bybox@\fi
+\fi
+**
+We first set *\ifnopunct@* to be true because we don't want the first
+field of our *\morebib* or *\anotherbib* or *\transl* portion to
+add any punctuation to the end of the previous field, which 
+will already have been supplied with a closing~ *;* (see 
+page~\ref{FINTCH}ff.). Normally
+*\box\bybox@* will be void for this subsequent portion, but 
+*\by* could conceivably be used after *\anotherbib*, so we add that in.
+
+
+After this preamble, we start to add the other
+various elements in the required
+order. Although  *\transl* isn't defined until section~\Sref{ENDS}, it
+does end up storing its information in *\box\translbox@*, just like
+other fields; if this box is nonvoid, then we must be setting this
+second portion of the entry, and this information should come first, so
+ we now add
+**
+\ifvoid\translbox@\else\ppunbox@,\translbox@\fi
+**
+to print the information.
+
+Next comes
+**
+\ifvoid\paperbox@
+\else
+ \ppunbox@,\paperbox@
+ \ifpaperinquotes@
+  \if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi
+ \fi
+\fi 
+**
+Thus, if *\box\paperbox@* isn't void we add the information in it, 
+with appropriate punctuation and spacing before it.  The *\ppunbox@* routine
+has already used *\getbibinfo@\paperbox@* to get information from
+*\bibinfo@*. When the flag *\ifpaperinquotes@* is true (so that we are
+enclosing paper titles in quotation marks), then the paper title normally
+has begun with *``* and we want to set *\ifopenquotes@* to be true, so that
+the next routine will know the add the *''*; however, we don't do this
+when the *\bibinfo@* has caused
+*\nextv@* to be~*1*, since this indicates that a *\noquotes* preceded the
+*\paper*, in which case the opening *``* will not have been included in
+the paper title.
+
+After the paper title, we add any *\paperinfo*:
+**
+\ifvoid\paperinfobox@\else\ppunbox@,\paperinfobox@\fi
+**
+
+Then comes the information in *\jourbox@*, *\volbox@*, *\issuebox@*, \dots.
+Information from *\volbox@*, \dots, should be added only if there was
+\list\newnumstyle\list1\alph
+\item information in *\jourbox@*;
+\item or in the case of *\morebib*, information in a previous *\jourbox*.
+\endlist
+In the latter case, *\ifprevjour@* will have been set true, so we use
+\setbox0\hbox{\<material for *\vol*, *\issue*, *\yr*, *\pp*, *\pg*\>}
+**
+\test@false
+\ifvoid\jourbox@\else\test@true\ppunbox@,\jourbox@\fi
+\ifprevjour@\test@true\fi
+\iftest@
+ "box0
+\fi
+**
+
+For *\volbox@* we use
+**
+\ifvoid\volbox@\else\ppunbox@\relax\volbox@\fi
+**
+since there is no punctuation before the information in *\volbox@*.
+Similarly, 
+**
+\ifvoid\issuebox@
+ \else\prepunct@\relax\issuebox@ no.~\getbox@\issuebox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\yrbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\yrbox@
+ (\getbox@\yrbox@)\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\ppbox@\else\ppunbox@,\ppbox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\pgbox@\else\prepunct@,\pgbox@
+  p.~\getbox@\pgbox@\fi
+**
+puts ``no. '' before the *\issue*, which has no punctuation before it,
+encloses the *\yr* in parentheses, with no punctuation before it, and
+ adds ``p.~'' before *\pg*.
+
+Next comes information for a book. As with *\jour*, succeeding information
+will be printed only if there is a *\book* or *\inbook* or when 
+*\ifprevbook@*
+is true. The flag *\ifbookinquotes@* also requires steps similar to those
+used for *\paper*:
+\setbox0\hbox{\<subsidiary fields for *\book*\>}
+**
+\test@false
+\ifvoid\bookbox@\else
+ \test@true\ppunbox@,\bookbox@
+ \ifbookinquotes@\if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi\fi
+\fi
+\ifvoid\inbookbox@\else
+ \test@true\ppunbox@,\inbookbox@
+ \ifbookinquotes@\if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi\fi
+\fi
+\ifprevbook@\test@true\fi
+\iftest@
+ "copy0
+\fi
+**
+
+ The subsidiary fields include *\edbox@*, *\edsbox@*,
+*\bookinfobox@*,\linebreak 
+*\publbox@*, *\publaddrbox@*, and once again *\yrbox@*, *\ppbox@*
+and\linebreak 
+ *\pgbox@*,
+since the latter three can be  with *\paper* as well as with *\book*.
+There's nothing here that we haven't already considered:
+**
+\ifvoid\edbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\edbox@
+  (\getbox@\edbox@, ed.)\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\edsbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\edsbox@
+  (\getbox@\edsbox@, eds.)\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\bookinfobox@\else\ppunbox@,\bookinfobox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\publbox@\else\ppunbox@,\publbox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\publaddrbox@\else\ppunbox@,\publaddrbox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\yrbox@\else\ppunbox@,\yrbox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\ppbox@\else\prepunct@,\ppbox@
+  pp.~\getbox@\ppbox@\fi
+"2
+\ifvoid\pgbox@\else\prepunct@,\pgbox@
+  p.~\getbox@\pgbox@\fi 
+**
+
+Then come the finishing touches.  At this point the flag
+*\ifendbib@* will be important.  It will have been set true if we
+are finishing off the whole *\bib...\endbib* entry, but it will be false
+if we are simply printing the first portion of an entry, with a further 
+portion from *\morebib* or *\anotherbib* or *\transl* to follow.
+The possibility of a *\finalinfo* field will also play a role. We begin
+with the case where there was no *\finalinfo* field:
+**
+\ifvoid\finalinfobox@
+ \ifendbib@
+  \ifnopunct@\else.\closequotes@\fi
+ \else
+  \ifvoid\langbox@\else\space(\getbox@\langbox@)\fi
+  \/\semicolon@\closequotes@  "8FINTCH"8
+. . .
+**
+In other words, if we are truly at the end, we print a period, unless
+a *\nopunct* preceded the previous field, which will be indicated by
+*\ifnopunct@* being true; the *\closequotes@* is added just in case
+the previous field happened to be a *\jour* or *\book* in quotes.
+
+  Otherwise (*\morebib* or *\anotherbib* or
+*\transl* information follows), we add any *\lang* field information in
+parentheses, and then a semicolon (with the italic correction *\/*
+before it, in case the previous field was set in a slanted font),
+ again calling on *\closequotes@*
+to supply any necessary closing quotes.
+Notice that no space has been added after the semicolon. The *\prepunct@*
+or *\ppunbox* for the next field will add in that space, even though
+the extra punctuation will not be added (because we set *\ifnopunct@*
+to be true when *\ifbeginbib@* is false [page~\ref{NOPUNCTT}]).
+
+
+
+For the other case, where there is a *\finalinfo* field, we use
+**
+\else
+ \ifendbib@
+  \ppunbox@{.\spacefactor3000\relax}\finalinfobox@
+   \ifnopunct@\else.\fi
+  \else
+  \ppunbox@,\finalinfobox@\/\semicolon@\fi
+ \fi
+**
+So, if we are at the very end, we add a period before the *\finalinfo*
+field (unless a *\nopunct* or *\noprepunct* tells us not to), and
+then a final period (unless a *\nopunct* preceded the *\finalinfo*). 
+After the period before the *\finalinfo* material we
+change the *\spacefactor* to *3000*,
+since that period
+is not an abbreviation.
+  If we're not at the very end, so that the *\finalinfo*
+applies only to the first portion of the entry, then we want a comma
+before this information, and a semicolon (with *\/* before it).
+
+
+Finally, we add
+**
+\ifvoid\langbox@\else\space(\getbox@\langbox@)\fi
+**
+at the very end, to take care of a *\lang* field that has to go after
+everything else.
+
+Our whole definition thus reads:
+\C**
+\def\endbib@{%
+ \ifbeginbib@
+"2
+  \ifvoid\nobox@
+   \ifvoid\keybox@\else
+    \hbox to\bibindent@{[\getbox@\keybox@]\hss}\fi
+"2
+  \else
+   \hbox to\bibindent@{\hss\getbox@\nobox@. }\fi
+  \ifvoid\bybox@\else\getbox@\bybox@\fi
+"2
+ \else
+  \nopunct@true
+  \ifvoid\bybox@\else\ppunbox@\relax\bybox@\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \ifvoid\translbox@\else\ppunbox@,\translbox@\fi
+"2
+ \ifvoid\paperbox@\else\ppunbox@,\paperbox@\ifpaperinquotes@
+  \if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi\fi\fi
+"2
+ \ifvoid\paperinfobox@\else\ppunbox@,\paperinfobox@\fi
+"2
+ \test@false
+ \ifvoid\jourbox@\else\test@true\ppunbox@,\jourbox@\fi
+ \ifprevjour@\test@true\fi
+"2
+ \iftest@
+"2
+  \ifvoid\volbox@\else\ppunbox@\relax\volbox@\fi
+"2  
+  \ifvoid\issuebox@
+   \else\prepunct@\relax\issuebox@ no.~\getbox@\issuebox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\yrbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\yrbox@
+    (\getbox@\yrbox@)\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\ppbox@\else\ppunbox@,\ppbox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\pgbox@\else\prepucnt@,\pgbox@ p.~\getbox@\pgbox@\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \test@false
+ \ifvoid\bookbox@\else\test@true\ppunbox@,\bookbox@
+  \ifbookinquotes@\if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \ifvoid\inbookbox@\else\test@true\ppunbox@,\inbookbox@
+  \ifbookinquotes@\if\nextv@1\else\openquotes@true\fi\fi
+ \fi
+"2
+ \ifprevbook@\test@true\fi
+"2
+ \iftest@
+"2
+  \ifvoid\edbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\edbox@
+   (\getbox@\edbox@, ed.)\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\edsbox@\else\prepunct@\relax\edsbox@
+   (\getbox@\edsbox@, eds.)\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\bookinfobox@\else\ppunbox@,\bookinfobox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\publbox@\else\ppunbox@,\publbox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\publaddrbox@\else\ppunbox@,\publaddrbox@\fi
+  \ifvoid\yrbox@\else\ppunbox@,\yrbox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\ppbox@\else\prepunct@,\ppbox@ pp.~\getbox@\ppbox@\fi
+"2
+  \ifvoid\pgbox@\else\prepunct@,\pgbox@ p.~\getbox@\pgbox@\fi 
+ \fi
+"2
+ \ifvoid\finalinfobox@ 
+"2
+  \ifendbib@
+   \ifnopunct@\else.\closequotes@\fi
+"2
+  \else
+   \ifvoid\langbox@\else\space(\getbox@\langbox@)\fi
+   \semicolon@\closequotes@
+  \fi
+"2
+ \else
+"2
+  \ifendbib@
+   \ppunbox@{.\spacefactor3000\relax}\finalinfobox@
+    \ifnopunct@\else.\fi
+"2
+  \else
+   \ppunbox@,\finalinfobox@\semicolon@\space\fi
+ \fi
+ \ifvoid\langbox@\else\space(\getbox@\langbox@)\fi
+}
+**
+
+
+
+\section{\CS{endbib}, \CS{morebib}, \CS{anotherbib}, and \CS{transl}\label
+ {ENDS}}
+ The construction *\endbib*  begins with 
+**
+\unskip\egroup
+**
+just like all other fields, and then it calls *\endbib@* with the
+flag
+*\ifendbib@* set true (*\ifbeginbib@* has already been set true
+by *\bib*),
+finishing up with a *\par* and then an
+*\endgroup* to match the *\begingroup* supplied by the original *\bib*:
+\C**
+\def\endbib{\unskip\egroup
+ \endbib@true\endbib@\par\endgroup}
+**
+
+*\morebib* uses an *\endbib@* to set the material so far, just like *\endbib*,
+except that we set *\ifendbib@* 
+to be false:
+**
+\def\morebib{\unskip\egroup
+ \endbib@false\endbib@
+**
+And then we want to call *\bib@* again, to deal with the following material,
+except that we also need to reset *\bibinfo@* to be empty
+ and *\ifbeginbib@* to be false:
+\C**
+\def\morebib{\unskip\egroup
+ \endbib@false\endbib@
+ \global\let\bibinfo@=\empty
+ \beginbib@false
+ \bib@}
+**
+
+And *\anotherbib* is almost the same, except that we also
+set *\ifprevjour@*
+and *\ifprevbook@* to be false before the *\bib@*,
+ so that no previous material will be
+``remembered'': 
+\C**
+\def\anotherbib{\unskip\egroup
+ \endbib@false\endbib@
+ \global\let\bibinfo@=\empty
+ \beginbib@false
+ \prevjour@false\prevbook@false
+ \bib@}
+**
+
+Finally, *\transl* is something like a cross between *\morebib* and
+a more standard field. We want to begin with something like
+**
+\unskip\egroup
+\endbib@false\endbib@
+**
+in order to print the previous information. 
+
+Then we want to call *\bib@* again, after first  setting
+*\ifbeginbib@* to be false, as with *\morebib*. Now we start with
+**
+\beginbib@false
+\bib@
+\egroup
+\def\aftergroup@{...}
+\egroup\setbox\translbox@=\vbox\bgroup
+ \aftergroup\aftergroup@ \hsize=\maxdimen . . .
+ \noindent@}
+**
+so that we will be putting the following field into *\box\translbox@* in
+essentially the same way that *\paper*, *\jour*, etc., put their fields
+into boxes, using *\setnonemptybox@*.  The one thing we are missing from
+*\setnonemptybox@* is the procedure for storing information about
+any *\nopunct*, \dots, *\noquotes* that precedes the *\transl*. This
+information should be stored in *\bibinfo@*, except that any other information
+in *\bibinfo@* should be emptied out, ready to be refilled, if necessary,
+with current information for the fields following *\transl*.  
+
+To do this, we first store the information in *\translinfo@*, before the
+*\egroup*,
+**
+\def\transl{\unskip
+ \xdef\translinfo@{\the\translbox@,\ifnopunct@1\else0\fi
+  \ifnospace@1\else0\fi\ifnoprepunct@1\else0\fi
+  \ifnoprespace@1\else0\fi0}
+**
+(we simply use *0* as the last value,
+ without bothering about the value of *\ifnoquotes@*, since the
+value is never used in setting the translation information anyway),
+and
+then we set *\bibinfo@* to be *\translinfo@* before calling *\bib@*:
+\C**
+\def\transl{\unskip
+ \xdef\translinfo@{\the\translbox@,\ifnopunct@1\else0\fi
+  \ifnospace@1\else0\fi\ifnoprepunct@1\else0\fi
+  \ifnoprespace@1\else0\fi0}%
+"2
+ \egroup
+ \endbib@false
+ \endbib@
+"2
+ \global\let\bibinfo@=\translinfo@
+ \beginbib@false
+ \bib@
+"2
+ \egroup
+"2
+ \def\aftergroup@{\ifdim\wd\translbox@=0 
+  \setbox\translbox@=\box\voidb@x\fi}%
+"2
+ \setbox\translbox@=\vbox\bgroup
+  \aftergroup\aftergroup@
+  \hsize=\maxdimen \leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt
+  \hbadness=10000 \hfuzz=\maxdimen
+  \noindent@}
+**
+\medskip
+
+And that jolly well finishes off the bibliography macros!
+
+
+
+
+\chapterg Interfacing with B{\eightbf IB}\kern-.1em\tex
+ \label{bibtex}\endchapterg
+\runningchapter{Interfacing with B{\eightit IB}\kern-.1em\tex}
+
+
+It turns out that we can easily prepare an *.aux* file on which \bibtex\ can
+operate, so that a \lamstex\ file can use the resulting *.bbl* file.
+The control sequence 
+**
+\UseBibTeX
+**
+will set things up for this.
+When *\UseBibTex* is specified (preferably close to the beginning of the
+document), a
+**
+\bibliographystyle{...}
+**
+line  should also appear somewhere. 
+
+Furthermore, when *\UseBibTeX* is specified,
+ *\cite* will essentially function just as in \latex@, rather
+than as in the previous chapter, except that we will 
+continue to use *(...)* for an optional argument rather than *[...]*.
+As in \latex@, a citation of the form
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+\cite{"box0,"box1,...}
+**
+had better not 
+have  spaces after the commas, because this multiple argument is going to be
+passed directly to the *.aux* file, on which \bibtex\ operates, and \bibtex\
+will insist that no space appears. (Of course, spaces will be made to appear 
+after the commas in the output.)
+
+
+Finally, when *\UseBibTeX* is specified,
+instead of a
+**
+\makebib
+ . . .
+\endmakebib
+**
+region, a line
+\setbox0\hbox{\<source list\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<source list\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+\bibliography{"box0,"box1,...}
+**
+should appear, at the appropriate place. 
+In this case,
+ no specific references should be
+given, either in \latex\ or in \lamstex\ format. The references will be
+supplied by the *.bbl* file that will eventually be made, and which the
+*\bibliography* command will read in,
+and
+any additions
+or changes would be made directly in that file. 
+
+
+\section{\CS{UseBibTeX}}
+We first declare new streams for writing the *.aux* file, and reading
+the *.bbl* file:
+\C**
+\newwrite\auxwrite@
+\newread\bbl@
+**
+
+Now *\UseBibTeX*
+must first open up an *.aux* file,
+**
+\immediate\openout\auxwrite@=\jobname.aux
+**
+and then redefine *\cite*.  
+We will simply
+**
+\let\cite=\BTcite@
+**
+where *\BTcite@* is defined separately afterwards. 
+That allows a style file to redefine  aspects of *\BTcite@* that deal with
+the material actually printed.
+
+
+*\UseBibTeX* will also define *\nocite*,
+**
+\def\nocite#1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@{\string\citation{#1}}
+**
+and *\bibliographystyle*,
+**
+\def\bibliographystyle#1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@
+  {\string\bibstyle{#1}}}
+**
+
+Finally, it must define *\bibliography*, and this is somewhat more complex.
+To begin with, we want to
+**
+\def\bibliography@W{Bibliography}
+**
+so that *\newword\bibliography* can be used.
+Then we start with
+**
+\def\bibliography#1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@
+  {\string\bibdata{#1}}
+ . . .
+**
+Then we have to see whether a *.bbl* file exists.  If it doesn't, we simply
+give a message to that effect,
+but if the *.bbl* file does exists, we read in a special
+macro file *bibtex.tex* before we *\input* the *.bbl* file, since
+the *bibtex.tex* macros will make this a file that we can process,
+**
+\def\bibliography#1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@
+  {\string\bibdata{#1}}%
+ \immediate\openin\bbl@=\jobname.bbl
+"2
+ \ifeof\bbl@
+  \W@{No .bbl file}%
+"2
+ \else
+  \immediate\closein\bbl@
+  \begingroup
+  \input bibtex 
+  \input\jobname.bbl 
+  \endgroup
+  \fi}
+"2
+**
+Putting this all together, we have
+\C** 
+\def\UseBibTeX{\immediate\openout\auxwrite@=\jobname.aux 
+"2
+ \let\cite=\BTcite@
+"2
+ \def\nocite##1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@
+   {\noexpand\citation{##1}}}%
+"2
+ \def\bibliographystyle##1{\immediate\write\auxwrite@
+  {\string\bibstyle{##1}}}%
+"2
+ \def\bibliography@W{Bibliography}%
+ \def\bibliography##1{%
+  \immediate\write\auxwrite@{\string\bibdata{##1}}%
+  \immediate\openin\bbl@=\jobname.bbl
+"2
+  \ifeof\bbl@
+   \W@{No .bbl file}%
+"2
+  \else
+   \immediate\closein\bbl@
+   \begingroup    "8UBTBG"8
+   \input bibtex 
+   \input\jobname.bbl 
+   \endgroup
+  \fi}%
+ }
+**
+We use *\string*'s rather than *\noexpand*'s (section
+~\Sref{SACN})
+so that
+no extra
+spaces will appear in the *.aux* file, since \bibtex\
+doesn't seem to like that!
+
+
+The definition of *\BTcite@* (compare the definition of *\cite* in the
+previous chapter) leaves the parsing for commas to
+*\BTcite@@"allowbreak..."allowbreak\BTcite@@*: 
+\C**
+\def\BTcite@{%
+ \def\nextii@(##1)##2{%
+  {\rm[}\BTcite@@##2,\BTcite@@{\rm," }{##1\/}{\rm]}%
+  \immediate\write\auxwrite@{\string\citation{##2}}}%
+ \def\nextiii@##1{{\rm[}\BTcite@@##1,\BTcite@@\/{\rm]}%
+  \immediate\write\auxwrite@{\string\citation{##1}}}%
+ \def\next@{\ifx\next(\expandafter\nextii@
+  \else\expandafter\nextiii@\fi}%
+ \futurelet\next\next@}%
+**
+Notice that *\nextii@*, used
+in the case of an optional argument *(...)*, explicitly inserts a comma and
+space (in the *\rm* font---see the small print note on page~\ref{RMCOMMA}).
+ *\BTcite@@...,\BTcite@@*
+ will be defined so that the comma and space is {\it
+not\/} added after the final part of the argument.
+
+The definition  of *\BTcite@@*
+uses standard parsing methods.
+For each individual `\<key\>*,*' combination in the argument `*#1,*'
+we will call\linebreak
+ *\BTcite@@@{*\<key\>*}* followed by `*{\rm," }*',
+{\it except for the last such\/} \<key\>, where the comma will simply 
+be dropped:
+\C**
+\def\BTcite@@#1,{\BTcite@@@{#1}\futurelet\next\BTcite@@@@}
+\def\BTcite@@@@{\ifx\next\BTcite@@
+ \expandafter\eat@\else{\rm, }\expandafter\BTcite@@\fi} 
+**
+
+Here
+*\BTcite@@@* will  basically be equivalent to
+*\ref*
+ (compare the definition on page~\ref{DEFREF2}):
+\C**
+\catcode`\~=11
+\def\BTcite@@@#1{\nolabel@\cite{#1}\relax
+ \def\nextii@##1~##2\nextii@{##1}%
+ \csL@{#1}\expandafter\nextii@\Next@\nextii@\fi}
+\catcode`\~=\active
+**
+
+ The *\nolabel@\cite{#1}\relax*
+ means that we will initially get an
+error message or warning message
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>}
+**
+No \label found for "box0.
+**
+which is reasonable, since a *\cite* is essentially like a *\ref*;
+the label will be created when we have a *\bibitem* from the *.bbl* file.
+As in \latex@, three passes will normally be required:
+\list
+\item First each *\cite* creates a *\citation* line in the *.aux* file.
+\item Then \bibtex\ creates a *.bbl* file, with a *\bibitem* for
+each key cited. When we \tex\ the file again, the *\bibitem*'s in the *.bbl*
+file will be treated like *\label*'s, and write appropriate
+information (forward references)
+to the *.lax* file.
+\item When we \tex\ the file yet again, these references will finally
+be inserted.
+\endlist
+
+
+\small Because \bibtex\ makes \pagelabel{RMCOMMA}
+ *\cite{...}* work like  *\ref{...}*, it is then not permissible
+to say things like \pagelabel{OPARGCITE}
+**
+\cite{\bf ...}
+**
+Once can  type
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+By {\bf\cite{"box0,"box1}} we have ...
+**
+to print something like \medskip
+\centerline{By [{\bf3}, {\bf4}] we have \dots{}}
+\medskip
+\noindent
+(*\rm* has been explicitly specified for
+the brackets and comma 
+definitions), but
+a change to the style file should be used if all citations are
+supposed to be in *\bf*. 
+It is even possible to type something like
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>}
+**
+By {\bf\cite(\it page~123){"box0}} we have ...
+**
+to print something like \medskip
+\centerline{By [{\bf3}, {\it page~123\/}] we have \dots{}}
+\medskip
+\noindent
+(there are no restrictions on the material occurring in the
+optional argument).  In the 
+definition of *\BTcite@* we typed *{##1\/}* in the definition of
+*\nextii@* to allow for the fact that font change instructions might occur
+in this argument.
+
+\andsmall If we have a multi-key *\cite*,
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+\cite{"box0,"box1,...}
+**
+then \<key\>$_{\text{1}}$ will give a warning message like
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+**
+Warning: No \label found for "copy0.
+l.35 ... \cite{"copy0}
+**
+while
+\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$ will give a warning message like
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+Warning: No \label found for "copy0.
+l.35 ... \cite{"copy0}
+**
+Although it would be nicer if we got a single message involving
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{1}}$}
+\setbox1\hbox{\<key\>$_{\text{2}}$}
+**
+l.35 ... \cite{"box0,"box1,...} 
+**
+this doesn't really seem worth worrying about.
+\endsmall
+
+The *.bbl* file will have *\bibitem*'s, but the definition of *\bibitem*
+ is found only in
+the file *bibtex.tex*.  However, we will state
+\C**
+\let\newblock=\relax
+**
+even though *\newblock* occurs only in the *.bbl* file that is read in after
+the *bibtex.tex* file;  the reason for this is that different styles might
+want to change the definition of *\newblock*. (Many \latex\ style files
+define *\newblock* to be *\hskip.11em plus.33em minus.07em*, but the default
+\lamstex\ style leaves no extra space between various parts of a
+bibliographical entry.)
+
+Similarly, we define a default routine
+\C**
+\def\beginthebibliography@#1{\rm          "8BTHEBIB"8
+ \setbox0\hbox{#1\ }\bibindent@=\wd0
+ \bigbreak
+ \centerline{\smc\bibliography@W}%
+ \nobreak\medskip
+ \sfcode`\.=1000 \everypar{}\parindent=0pt}
+**
+which will be used by the
+**
+\begin{thebibliography}
+**
+that occurs in the *.bbl* file; style files can redefine this, 
+to produce different sorts of formatting for the information in the *.bbl*
+file. 
+
+\section{The {\tt bibtex.tex} file} The file *bibtex.tex* is read in right
+before the *.bbl* file; its purpose is to make sense out of the various
+\latex\ macros that are going to appear.
+
+The file begins
+with 
+\CC**
+%\input cd.tox
+"2
+%\input islands.tox
+"2
+%\input bib.tox
+"2
+%\input alignat.tox
+"2
+%\input lists.tox
+"2
+%\input cardord.tox
+"2
+%\input anynum.tox
+"2
+%\input dblacc.tox
+"2
+%\input literal.tox
+**
+(As in section~\Sref{GENDEFS}, we are using double horizontal lines for
+code that is in the subsidiary file *bibtex.tex*, rather than in
+*lamstex.tex* itself).
+Although these
+lines are commented out, it might be wise to uncomment them,
+if it turns out that adding the extra material from *bibtex.tex* unduly
+strains the implementation of \tex\ that is being used.
+
+This is followed by
+\CC**
+\catcode`\@=11
+\let\alloc@=\alloc@@
+**
+since we will be using a *\newcount* and *\newdimen*
+(compare page~\ref{NEWALLOC}).
+
+Next we have to deal with the fact that the *.bbl* file usually begins
+with things like
+**
+\newcommand{\noopsort}[1]{}
+\newcommand{\printfirst}[2]{#1}
+**
+and perhaps there will be *\newcommand*'s for control sequences without
+arguments also. So we have to interpret *\newcommand* correctly.
+
+For a situation like
+\Litbox0=**
+\newcommand{\foo}{bar}
+**
+$$\box0 \tag"\style{\bf A}"$$
+where a control sequence *\foo* without arguments is being defined, we
+can simply let
+*\newcommand#1* mean *\define#1*.  But the general case is more complicated.
+
+First we define *\args@* so that *\args@1* makes *\toks@* be the token list
+*##1*, and *\args@2* makes *\toks@* be the token list *##1##2*, etc\.~(we
+want the double *##*'s because *\toks@* will then be used within an *\edef*).
+The definition looks pretty strange,
+\CC**
+\def\args@#1{\count@=1 \toks@={}%
+ \loop
+ \edef\next@{\toks@={\the\toks@########\number\count@}}%
+ \next@
+ \ifnum\count@<#1 \advance\count@ by 1 
+ \repeat}
+**
+because we have the {\it octuplet\/} *########*, even though we want to
+end up with only a pair *##*.  The reason we need this octuplet is 
+that the *\loop...\repeat* construction (section~\Sref{LOOP}) 
+defines *\iterate* in terms of `*...*';
+when this definition is made,
+ the octuplet *########* then coalesces into a quadruplet
+*####* (unfortunately, even the redefinition of *\loop...\repeat* doesn't get 
+around {\it this\/} problem), 
+ and then the *\edef* turns this quadruplet into a pair *##*.
+
+
+Now that *\args@* is defined,  a situation like
+**
+\newcommand{\foo}[2]{...}
+**
+can be taken care of with
+\Litbox0=**
+\def\newcommand#1[#2]{\args@#2
+ \edef\next@{\noexpand\define\noexpand#1\the\toks@}
+ \next@}
+**
+$$\vcenter{\box0}\tag"\style{\bf B}"$$
+For example, 
+**
+\newcommand{\switchargs}[2]{#2#1}
+**
+first uses *\args@2* to make *\toks@* be the token list *##1##2*.
+Then the *\edef* makes *\next@* be
+**
+\define\switch#1#2
+**
+so we end up with
+**
+\define\switch#1#2{#2#1}
+**
+
+For the general case we must use
+\CC**
+\def\newcommand#1{\def\nextiv@{#1}%
+ \def\nextii@[##1]{\args@##1%
+  \edef\next@{\noexpand\define\expandafter\noexpand\nextiv@
+   \the\toks@}%
+   \next@}%
+ \def\nextiii@{\edef\next@{\noexpand\define
+  \expandafter\noexpand\nextiv@}\next@}%
+ \def\next@{\ifx\next[\expandafter\nextii@\else\expandafter
+  \nextiii@\fi}%
+ \futurelet\next\next@}
+**
+Thus, we first save *#1* in *\nextiv@*, and then use a *\futurelet* to
+see if the next token is *[*.  If it is,
+ we use *\nextii@*, whose definition is
+based on ({\bf B}), except that
+we need
+**
+\expandafter\noexpand\nextiv@
+**
+to get back the *\noexpand#1* (compare pages~\ref{EXNE} and ~\ref{EXNE2}).
+ If the next token isn't *[*, then we use
+*\nextiii@*, based on ({\bf A}), again
+using 
+**
+\expandafter\noexpand\nextiv@
+**
+to get back the *\noexpand#1*.
+
+
+We also need to replicate the definitions of several special commands
+from \latex:
+\CC**
+\def\em{\ifdim\fontdimen1 \the\font>0pt \rm\else\it\fi}
+\def\mbox{\leavevmode\hbox}
+**
+(The actual definition of *\mbox* in \latex\ is
+**
+\def\mbox#1{\leavevmode\hbox{#1}}
+**
+ but the above definition works
+just as well [and even allows category changes, if that matters].)
+
+
+To deal with the various items of the bibliography, we will need a new
+counter 
+\CC**
+\newcount\bibitemcount@
+**
+for automatically numbered items, and a dimension
+\CC**
+\newdimen\bibindent@
+**
+for the hanging indentation of items.
+
+A *\bibitem*, which is written by \bibtex@, might have an ``optional
+argument'' *[...]*, so we will need maneuvers similar to that for
+*\newcommand*. 
+The case
+\setbox0\hbox{\<key\>}
+**
+\bibitem[...]{"copy0}
+**
+will call
+**
+\bibitem@{...}{"copy0}
+**
+while the case
+**
+\bibitem{"copy0}
+**
+without the optional argument will call
+**
+\bibitem@{\number\bibitemcount@}{"copy0}
+**
+where *\bibitem@#1#2* takes care of making the \<key\> *#2*
+act like a *\label* with
+the value *#1*, and then printing *#1* at the beginning of the
+bibliographical data that follows:
+\CC**
+\def\bibitem{%
+ \def\nextii@[##1]##2{\bibitem@{##1}{##2}}%
+ \def\nextiii@##1{\global\advance\bibitemcount@ by 1
+  \bibitem@{\number\bibitemcount@}{##1}}%
+ \def\next@{\ifx\next[\expandafter\nextii@\else
+  \expandafter\nextiii@\fi}%
+ \futurelet\next\next@}%
+**
+
+In order for *\bibitem@#1#2* to make *#2* act  like a *\label* with
+the value *#1*, we simply have to
+**
+{\def\thelabel@{#1}
+ \let\thelabel@@=\empty \let\thelabel@@@=\empty 
+ \let\thelabel@@@@=\empty
+ \label{#2}}
+**
+---remember that *\label{...}* will always make sense when *\thelabel@* is
+defined, and will record the value of this label in terms of 
+*\thelabel@*, \dots, *\thelabel@@@@* (we only care about *\thelabel@*,
+since it is used for *\ref*, the only thing used by *\cite*).
+
+And then we start the bibliographic entry with
+**
+\par\hangafter 1 \hangindent=\bibindent@
+\noindent@\hbox to\bibindent@{#1\hfil}\ignorespaces
+**
+So the definition is
+\CC**
+\def\bibitem@#1#2{%
+ {\def\thelabel@{#1}%
+  \let\thelabel@@=\empty \let\thelabel@@@=\empty
+  \let\thelabel@@@@=\empty
+  \label{#2}}%
+ \par
+ \hangafter1 \hangindent=\bibindent@
+ \noindent@\hbox to\bibindent@{#1\hfil}\ignorespaces}
+**
+
+Finally, as soon as we hit the
+**
+\begin{thebibliography}{...}
+**
+we want everything to be properly set up. Hopefully, this is the only
+*\begin* that will occur  in the *.bbl* file.
+So we give an error message in any other case:
+\CC**
+\def\begin#1#2{%
+ \def\next@{#1}\def\nextii@{thebibliography}%
+ \ifx\next@\nextii@
+ \beginthebibliography@{#2}%
+ \else
+  \Err@{I can't deal with \string\begin{#1}}%
+ \fi}
+**
+Recall that *\beginthebibliography@* (page~\ref{BTHEBIB}) prints the heading,
+and sets everything else up properly.
+
+
+At the very end of the file we will encounter
+**
+\end{thebibliography}
+**
+Again, hopefully this is the only *\end* that will occur in the *.bbl*
+file, and we define
+\CC**
+\def\end#1{%
+ \def\next@{#1}\def\nextii@{thebibliography}%
+ \ifx\next@\nextii@
+ \else
+  \Err@{I can deal with \string\end{#1}}%
+ \fi}
+**
+(The fact that we are redefining *\end* isn't important, since the
+definitions of *bibtex.tex*, together with the *.bbl* file are all read in
+within a *\begingroup"allowbreak..."allowbreak\endgroup* region
+(page~\ref{UBTBG}.) 
+
+Finally, we reassign *\alloc@* its original definition from *plain* \tex@,
+and make *@* active:
+\CC**
+\def\alloc@#1#2#3#4#5{\global\advance\count1#1by\@ne
+ \ch@ck#1#4#2\allocationnumber=\count1#1
+ \global#3#5=\allocationnumber
+ \wlog{\string#5=\string#2\the\allocationnumber}}
+\catcode`\@=\active
+**
+
+
+\chapter \CS{purge}'ing and \CS{unpurge}'ing\endchapter
+There's nothing mysterious about *\purge* and *\unpurge*---they simply
+read in a *.tox* or *.tex* file:
+\C**
+\def\unpurge#1{\input #1\relax}
+\def\purge#1{\input #1.tox\relax}
+**
+
+Each *.toc* file clears up the memory space used for certain control sequence
+definitions, 
+by redefining these control sequences.
+Control sequences meant for the user (those without *@* in their names)
+are set equal to  *\undefined*, which \lamstex\ always keeps undefined,
+so that their use will give an error message. On the other hand,
+control sequences used internally by \lamstex\ (those with *@* in their
+names) are simply set equal to *\relax*.  For example,
+the file
+**
+lists.tox
+**
+which eliminates everything for making lists, starts
+(again, as in section~\Sref{GENDEFS}, we use double horizontal lines
+for code in subsidiary files) 
+\CC**
+\catcode`\@=11
+\let\listformatbi@=\relax
+ . . .
+\let\listformtmi@=\relax
+ . . . 
+\let\listformatti@=\relax
+ . . .
+\let\listformate@=\relax
+**
+thereby removing from memory the initial definitions 
+of section~\Sref{liststy}.
+
+Then, for the definitions in section~\Sref{liststy2}, we
+\CC**
+\expandafter\let\csname list@P1\endcsname=\relax
+ . . .
+\expandafter\let\csname list@Q1\endcsname=\relax
+ . . . 
+**
+We {\it don't\/} bother with counters like `*\list@C1*', or any thing else
+ created with a *\new...* construction, because it would create confusion
+if we had to restore them in the *.tex* files---each *\newcount* construction
+will use up another possibility for a counter, even if we happen to be using
+the same name as before. *\newif* works differently, so flags
+are set equal to *\relax*, and we also
+\CC**
+\let\list@@C=\relax
+ . . .
+**
+Intermingled with these redefinitions we also have
+\CC**
+\let\keeplisting=\undefined
+\let\list=\undefined
+\let\runinitem=\undefined
+ . . .
+**
+And at the very end we 
+make *@* active again,
+\CC**
+\catcode`\@=\active
+**
+
+On the other hand, the file *lists.tex* essentially consists of all the
+definitions for *\lists*, except for things like
+**
+\expandafter\newcount\csname list@C1\endcsname
+**
+that aren't removed by *lists.tox*.
+
+
-- 
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