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+
+\title{A \LaTeX\ Tour: Part 1}
+\author[David Carlisle]{David Carlisle}
+% Mathematics Department\\
+% Manchester University}
+
+\begin{Article}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+In this article I hope to give a `guided tour' around the files
+that make up the basic \LaTeX\ distribution. Subsequent articles in
+this mini-series will cover other packages by the \LaTeX\ development
+team, and also some of the main contributed packages.
+
+The primary source for \LaTeX\ is the `\textsc{ctan}\footnote
+{\texttt{ftp.tex.ac.uk} in the UK}' network of archives, so
+if I refer to path names of files this relates to the \textsc{ctan} file
+structure. Note however that if you obtained \LaTeX\ as part of a
+`pre-packaged' \TeX\ distribution, then these files may have been
+moved (typically documentation files may be separated from \TeX\
+source files). Hopefully this will not cause any confusion.
+
+\section{The Components of \LaTeX}
+
+The \LaTeX\ distribution at the \textsc{ctan} archives is organised into
+the following directories.
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[base] Contains the core \LaTeX\ files. You need at least these
+files for a minimal \LaTeX\ installation.
+
+\item[unpacked] Includes \emph{all} the files in \texttt{base}
+together with the result of `unpacking' the source files. (More about
+this later.) Thus when obtaining \LaTeX\ you should get either
+\texttt{base} or \texttt{unpacked}, but not both. Getting the former
+saves on time transferring the files, but getting the latter saves
+time that would be taken unpacking the source files, so which is
+preferable depends on the relative speed (and cost) of your machine
+and your connection to the archives.
+
+\item[packages] Consists of seven independent \LaTeX\ `extensions'
+that are written and supported by the \LaTeX\ developers (or the
+American Mathematical Society).
+
+\texttt{amsfonts}, \texttt{amslatex}, \texttt{babel}, \texttt{graphics},
+\texttt{mfnfss}, \texttt{psnfss} and \texttt{tools}
+
+These packages will be described in more detail later in the series.
+
+\item[fonts] The metafont sources and \TeX\
+font metric files of a few fonts that \LaTeX\ requires that are not
+part of the original plain \TeX\ distribution.
+
+\item[doc] This directory is not part of the main \LaTeX\
+distribution, it is generated by the \textsc{ctan} archives.
+As a convenience
+for those people that have not yet installed \LaTeX, some of the main
+introductory documentation files which are available as \LaTeX\ files
+in the base distribution are made available in this directory as dvi
+and \PS\ files.
+
+\item[contrib] This directory contains an ever growing number of
+contributed \LaTeX\ packages, and other extensions, that have been
+contributed by \LaTeX\ users. They are not part of the `official'
+\LaTeX\ distribution, but many of them form a vital part of any
+`working' \LaTeX\ installation. The packages are divided into two
+subdirectories `\texttt{supported}' and `\texttt{other}', however at
+the current time one should ignore this distinction when looking for
+packages to fetch from the archives. Contrary to
+expectations some of the best supported packages are distributed (at
+their author's request) from \path|contrib/other|.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+Unfortunately (for mainly historical reasons) people in search of
+contributed \LaTeX\ packages also need to look in more distant
+\textsc{ctan} directories.
+Firstly, the \path|macros/latex209/contrib| area on
+\textsc{ctan} contains packages that were written for the previous
+version of \LaTeX\ that has been obsolete for 19 months now.
+Any packages that are still distributed from this \LaTeX2.09 tree are
+likely to be less than well supported, but you can still find some
+useful files there.
+Secondly, there are some packages that work with multiple formats, not
+just \LaTeX, and these are to be found under \path|macros/generic|
+or in their own top-level directory, such as \path|macros/musictex|.
+
+\section{Documentation in the Base Distribution}
+The documentation that comes with \LaTeX\ is of two forms: plain
+(ASCII) text files with extension \texttt{.txt}, or \LaTeX\ documents
+distributed as \LaTeX\ source with extension \texttt{.tex}.
+Generally speaking the text files are mainly of interest to people
+installing \LaTeX, who may need information before they have a working
+system. Information of more general interest to \LaTeX\ users is
+normally distributed as a \LaTeX\ document.
+
+\subsection{The ASCII text files}
+\subsubsection{Installation instructions}
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[00readme] Provides a general introduction to the system,
+and should be the first file to look at when installing \LaTeX\ for
+the first time.
+\item[install] Provides `generic' installation instructions, but for
+many \TeX\ versions more specific
+specific instructions that have been contributed by the authors or
+users of those systems, thus \File|emtex| gives instructions for the
+popular em\TeX\ implementation, \File|web2ctex| gives specific
+instructions on installing under \textsc{unix}, etc.
+
+\item[tex2] If you have a \TeX\ that pre-dates version 3.0 (which was
+released in 1989) by far the best thing to do is to update your \TeX,
+but if that is really not possible this file details how \LaTeX\ may
+be built under \TeX2.
+
+\item[autoload] Describes the installation of an `autoloading' version
+of \LaTeX.
+This produces a much smaller format by saving less common commands in
+external files rather than in memory. These files are automatically
+`autoloaded' as required.
+This version of \LaTeX\ is particularly recommended if you are using
+a small installation (for instance a `small' em\TeX\ on a sub-386 PC).
+
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\subsubsection{Other text files}
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[legal] Contains the copyright notices and distribution
+conditions for \LaTeX.
+
+\item[bugs] Contains instructions on how to compile a bug report
+ (see below).
+
+\item[patches] Describes the \LaTeX\ patch mechanism that is used for
+ distributing small updates between the `full' releases. This file
+also contains a list of all the files that have changed since the last
+full release.
+\item[changes]
+A Change Log of all the changes made to the \LaTeX\ files.
+This is mainly intended for internal use by the \LaTeX\ developers,
+but some people like to read it.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+
+\subsection{The \LaTeX\ `guides'}
+
+These documents are distributed as \LaTeX\ source (i.e, \texttt{.tex}
+files) although as noted in the above introduction, the \textsc{ctan}
+archives distribute most of them in ready-formatted versions in the
+directory \path|latex/doc| so you can read these before installing
+\LaTeX\ if you wish.
+Unlike the ASCII text files described above, most of these documents
+are primarily intended for \emph{users} of the system rather than
+system managers and software installers.
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[usrguide] \emph{\LaTeXe\ for Authors}.
+This document describes all the main new features of
+the 2e release of \LaTeX. It was written originally with the user of
+the old \LaTeX\,2.09 in mind, but newcomers to \LaTeX\ who have never
+used the old version should still gain something by reading this
+document. It does not however cover the majority of \LaTeX\ commands
+that were not changed, and so it is not a substitute for a full
+\LaTeX\ manual.
+\item[clsguide] \emph{\LaTeXe~for class and package writers}.
+ A companion to to \texttt{usrguide}, gives details of
+the \LaTeX\ commands for structuring class files and extension
+packages.
+\item[fntguide] \emph{\LaTeXe{} font selection}.
+For font addicts only, but if you want to know the detailed
+specification of the `New Font Selection Scheme' commands, here is the
+place to look.
+\item[cfgguide] \emph{Configuration options for \LaTeXe}.
+Discusses what you can (and can not) do to configure a \LaTeX\
+installation to the requirements of your local site.
+\item[ltx3info] \emph{The \LaTeX3 Project}. A brief summary of the
+aims of the \LaTeX3 project, the group of volunteers that has taken on
+the maintenance and development of \LaTeX.
+\item[modguide] \emph{Modifying \LaTeX}. This document discusses some
+of the rationale behind the \LaTeX\ distribution conditions as
+expressed in \texttt{legal.txt} and \texttt{cfgguide.tex}. Unless you
+are making a distribution of a modified version of \LaTeX, or are
+particularly interested in software copyright issues, you probably do
+not want to read this.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\subsection{\LaTeX~News}
+As well as these larger documents there are a series of one-page
+`newsletters'. A new one is produced with each full release of \LaTeX.
+These detail any changes that have occurred in \LaTeX\
+or the main extension packages over the six months since the previous
+release. (\LaTeX\ releases occur at regular intervals, in June and
+December of each year.) Currently the four files
+\texttt{ltnews01}--\texttt{ltnews04} are distributed corresponding to
+the four releases of \LaTeX\ since June 1994.
+
+\subsection{Example Documents}
+There are two (very) small example documents, as described in the
+\LaTeX\ book by Leslie Lamport.
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[small2e] A very small (1 page) \LaTeX\ document.
+\item[sample2e] A slightly larger document.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+
+\subsection{Documented sources}
+The source for the \LaTeX\ format, and for all the packages and
+classes in the core distribution is distributed as `\texttt{dtx}'
+files. These are \LaTeX\ documents which may be processed in the usual
+way to produce typeset documentation.
+For example a command such as \texttt{latex ltpictur.dtx}
+would produce documented source of the picture mode commands.
+The files with names of the form
+`\texttt{lt}\ldots\texttt{.dtx}' make up the source of
+the \LaTeX\ format. If you want to produce a combined document
+incorporating all these files, you may process
+\File|source2e.tex|. This document will
+produce a typeset version of the \LaTeX\ sources, together with
+change log and index. It is well over 500 pages long, and so may take a
+long time to produce. It may produce an index that is too large to be
+handled by the `makeindex' program on smaller machines.
+
+
+\subsection{Errata}
+The principal documentation for \LaTeX\ is the two books \emph{\LaTeX:
+A Document Preparation System}, and \emph{The \LaTeX\ Companion}.
+Errata for these (and the German edition of \emph{The Companion}) are
+available as \texttt{manual.err}, \texttt{compan.err} and
+\texttt{begleit.err}.
+
+\section{The \LaTeX\ Bug Report Database}
+As described in the file \texttt{bugs.txt} mentioned above, the
+\LaTeX3 project maintain a database of bug reports for \LaTeX.
+
+If, after checking with colleagues, reading the manual, etc.,\ you
+decide that some behaviour of \LaTeX\ is incorrect then you may
+send a message to the \LaTeX\ bug database. Before doing this
+you should check that your \LaTeX\ is not more than one year old (the
+bug my have been fixed in a recent release). If you have access
+to the World Wide Web, you may access the database and see if the
+problem is already reported by using the search page accessible from:
+\URL|http://www.tex.ac.uk/CTAN/latex/bugs.html|.
+
+If you decide to send a report, two files are available to help compose
+a message in the correct format:
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[latexbug.tex] \LaTeX\ this file and you will be prompted for
+information such as your name, and the name of a test file that shows
+the problem. A mail message will be written to the file
+\File|latexbug.msg| which should be sent to
+\Email|latex-bugs@uni-mainz.de|.
+(You should \emph{always} use \File|latexbug.tex| to generate
+messages to be sent to this bug address. It is an interface to
+a database (The GNU GNATS problem tracking system) and can not handle
+messages that are not in the special format written by
+\File|latexbug.tex|.
+\item[latexbug.el] For users of the GNU Emacs text editor, a more
+convenient interface is provided by this file. It runs
+\File|latexbug.tex| automatically, and provides online help for
+filling in the various fields, and finally automatically mails the
+message to the correct address.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\section{Docstrip files}
+As mentioned above, \LaTeX\ is distributed as documented
+sources. The files that are actually used by \TeX\ are extracted from
+these files by running \File|docstrip.tex|. The \LaTeX\ distribution
+contains many files with extension \texttt{.ins} that control how
+\texttt{docstrip} extracts each file. Most of these are never used
+individually, as they would just `unpack' one small part of the
+distribution. The file \File|unpack.ins| is a `master' installation
+script that calls the smaller install files in turn and so unpacks the
+whole distribution. Normally running \TeX\ on this file is the first
+step in installing \LaTeX. This step may be omitted however if the
+\File|unpacked| directory is obtained from \textsc{ctan} rather than
+\File|base|. \File|unpacked| is \emph{exactly} the result of obtaining
+base and running \TeX\ on \File|unpack.ins|. If you have a slow
+machine you may prefer this route as it saves unpacking time, but
+conversely it requires downloading more files, so if you are
+transferring the files via a slow connection such as a modem
+then you may prefer to get the smaller `base' distribution.
+
+There are three install files that are \emph{not} included into
+\File|unpack.ins| so you may have need to run these if you need the
+following features.
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[autoload] Processing \File|autoload.ins| will generate
+the source file for the `autoload' version of
+\LaTeX, \File|latexa.ltx|,
+as described in \File|autoload.txt|. This should be processed
+with ini\TeX\ to create a format file to be used in place of the
+standard \File|latex.fmt|. As well as the modified format, various
+packages are created containing the code that has been taken out of the
+format. Normally these do not need to be invoked explicitly as they
+are loaded on demand when they are needed. Currently the following
+package files are produced.
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[autopict] Source for \env{picture} mode.
+\item[autotabg] Source for \env{tabbing} environment.
+\item[autoerr] The texts of most \LaTeX\ error commands.
+\item[autofss1] Less used font selection commands.
+\item[autoout1] Code related to \verb|\enlargethispage|.
+\end{filedesc}
+The autoload format is still quite experimental, and so the range of
+such `autoloading' packages may change with future releases.
+\item[cmextra] Processing \File|cmextra.ins| installs the
+`\texttt{fd}' files
+for the `concrete' variants of the Computer Modern fonts, and also the
+AMS Cyrillic fonts.
+\item[olddc] If using the Computer Modern fonts in the 8-bit `T1'
+encoding, \LaTeX\ defaults to using the `dc fonts'. During 1995 these
+fonts were updated and the names of the fonts \emph{changed}. Thus the
+10\,pt roman font corresponding to \File|cmr10| is now \File|dcr1000|
+rather than \File|dcr10|. The install file \File|unpack.ins| includes
+\File|newdc.ins| so by default \LaTeX\ will use the new 1995 names (dc
+fonts release 1.2 or later) when using T1 font encoding. If you still
+have the old dc fonts, then you must process \File|olddc.ins| to
+produce suitable \texttt{fd} files referring to the old names.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\section{The Standard \LaTeX\ Classes}
+
+The general appearance of a \LaTeX\ document, and the specification
+of the commands available is specified in a \emph{document
+class}. This may be further modified by loading \emph{packages}, as
+described in \texttt{usrguide}. In this section I give a brief
+overview of the available classes in the base distribution. They all
+have extension \texttt{.cls} (after being unpacked from the
+\texttt{.dtx} source file during the installation process).
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[article] `\class{Article} Class'. In some sense the canonical
+reference class against which all others are judged.
+This class (which is generated from the same \File|classes.dtx| source
+as \class{report} and \class{book} described below) is a mixed blessing.
+On one hand it provides quite a rich collection of commands for marking
+up documents that means that it serves well as as the basic `generic'
+class to be used when no more suitable specific class is available. On
+the other hand the visual appearance of documents produced with this
+class is very distinctive. Many people who say they
+``don't like \LaTeX''
+and so use some other format such as plain, in fact are misled into
+believing that \LaTeX\ \emph{is} this class. In fact by loading
+\class{article} and then making small adjustments one can produce
+very different visual designs. The class file for \BV~ is an example of
+such a non-standard class based on \class{article}.
+
+However for many purposes, portability is more important than
+original typographical design, and in these cases the \class{article}
+class has the big advantage of being installed at all \LaTeX\ sites.
+
+\item[report] `\class{Report} Class'. Very similar to \class{article}
+ (and produced from the same source).
+The main differences being that this class has a
+higher level of sectioning command (\verb|\chapter|) than is available
+in \class{article}, and the front matter is typeset differently.
+
+\item[book] The \class{book} class is again very similar to
+\class{report}
+with the addition of a few extra features for controlling the front
+matter and back matter.
+It is unlikely that you would want to use this class `as
+is' as for a book, you would almost certainly want to spend some
+effort (and perhaps money!) on an original design. However it can be
+used as a basis or example of the implementation of a \LaTeX\ class
+for book production.
+
+\item[letter] This provides commands for producing one or more
+letters. Many sites use this as a basis for producing site-specific
+letter class files, for instance with a modified heading that inserts
+a departmental logo and address.\footnote{One should be able to
+find details of such local variants in the famous `local guide'.}
+
+
+\item[proc] Proceedings class. This is a variant of \class{article}
+class (and inputs the \File|article.cls| file when used).
+It defaults to two column mode and makes one or two other small
+adjustments. It may be used as a model for how make a class that
+builds on another.
+
+\item[slides] The \class{slides} class.
+This class essentially provides the functionality that was formally
+built into \SLiTeX. It provides a
+mechanism for producing pages suitable for projecting on an overhead
+projector. It is described in the \LaTeX\ book, and some people like
+it, however if you are making a lot of such presentations you may
+prefer to look at the contributed classes \class{seminar}
+(T.~v.~Zandt) or \class{foiltex} (J. Hafner). these provide alternatives
+to the standard class that many people find more useful.
+
+\end{filedesc}
+
+As well as these `Standard Classes' the base distribution contains a
+few other special purpose classes.
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[minimal] This is the minimal \LaTeX\ class.
+It just sets up a text area, and a font in a single size.
+None of the normal sectioning or font size commands are available.
+This class is not intended to be used in documents, but it is often
+useful when testing macros as it loads very quickly.
+\item[ltxguide] A special purpose class for the `\LaTeX\ guides'
+mentioned earlier.
+\item[ltnews] The class file used for the `\LaTeX~News' news sheets.
+\item[ltxdoc] This class is used in all the \texttt{dtx} documentation
+files. It is based on the \class{article} class and the \package{doc}
+package, but with additional commands for documenting the \LaTeX\
+sources. It was not conceived as a class for general use, but some
+people find it convenient to use it when documenting their own package
+files.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+
+\section{Standard Packages}
+
+\subsection{Encoding Packages}
+One of the main features of the 2e release of \LaTeX\ is that it
+attempts to remove all `hard wired' assumptions about the encodings
+being used, both for input and also in the fonts used for typesetting.
+
+It maintains a strict distinction between the \emph{Input Encoding}
+and the \emph{Output Encoding}. The input encoding relates to the text
+that you type, this may be a standard encoding such as ASCII (The
+traditional 7-bit encoding) or ISO-latin-1, or
+a platform specific encoding such as `Windows ANSI' as used on
+MicroSoft Windows 3.x machines.
+The output encoding for text fonts is usually either OT1 (The encoding
+devised by Knuth and implemented in the original Computer Modern \TeX\
+fonts.) or T1 the new \TeX\ encoding also known as `Cork' after the
+meeting where it was agreed.
+
+\LaTeX\ maintains this separation by \emph{always} translating input
+to an \emph{Internal Encoding}. This is essentially traditional \TeX\
+7-bit input. This internal encoding is then translated to the encoding
+used in the font without reference to the original input mechanism
+used. Thus if you specify an input encoding that includes the
+character \textbf{\'{e}} you may type that directly at the keyboard,
+and see it as a single character, however internally \LaTeX\ will
+treat this as \verb|\'{e}|. If you are using 7-bit OT1 encoded fonts
+this command will use the \verb|\accent| primitive to add an accute to
+the \textbf{e}, however if you are using T1 fonts, the existing
+\textbf{\'{e}} will be accessed directly. Note however that the
+position of \textbf{\'{e}} in the output encoding (T1) is typically
+\emph{different} from the position of the character in the input
+encoding used.
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[inputenc]
+Specifies that an 8-bit input encoding is being used.
+A package option should always be used which sets up
+the default encoding. The currently available options
+include \package{latin1}, \package{latin2},
+\package{ansinew}, \package{cp437}, \package{cp437de},
+\package{applemac}. (The two IBM codepage 437 variants differ just in
+one slot, the former uses $\beta$, the latter uses \ss.)
+
+So typical usage (to specify ISO Latin-1 input conventions) would be:\\
+\verb|\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}|
+
+\item[fontenc]
+Specifies the default output encoding for text fonts. Currently
+the available options are \package{OT1} and \package{T1}.
+So to specify that fonts in the the T1 (Cork) encoding be used in the
+document one would declare:\\
+\verb|\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}|
+
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\subsection{Remaining Packages in the Base Distribution}
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[alltt] Defines the \env{alltt} environment, similar to
+\env{verbatim} except that \verb|\|, \verb|{| and \verb|}| retain
+their usual \TeX\ meanings.
+\item[doc] The package defining the commands used for documenting all
+the \LaTeX\ code in the distribution.
+\item[shortvrb] This package (really a small part of the \package{doc}
+package) defines the \verb|\MakeShortVerb| command that allows
+shorthands like \verb"|\foo|" instead of \verb"\verb|\foo|" This is
+very convenient if you are documenting \TeX\ or some other situation
+where you need to make a lot of use of short sections of verbatim text.
+\item[exscale] For mainly historical reasons \LaTeX\ always uses the
+math extension font (used for brackets and sum and integral signs
+etc.) at the same size, whatever the current font size. This package
+modifies this behaviour so that magnified fonts are used at larger
+sizes. At the same time it makes the plain \TeX\ commands \verb|\big|,
+\verb|\bigg| etc., work as expected in conjunction with \LaTeX\ size
+commands.
+\item[flafter] \LaTeX\ floats such as the \env{figure} and
+\env{table} environment can float \emph{up} to the top of the
+current page. This means that it is possible that the figure appears
+before its first reference. Some publisher's styles do not allow
+this. \package{flafter} redefines the float placement algorithm so that
+a float never appears before its position in the source file, so by
+using this package, and placing the \env{figure} environment after
+the first reference to the figure, one can ensure that figure will
+appear after the reference.
+\item[graphpap] The \verb|\graphpaper| command produces a grid for use
+in the \env{picture} environment.
+\item[ifthen] Provides an `if \ldots then \ldots else\ldots' programming
+construct for use in \LaTeX\ packages. Many of the examples in `The
+\LaTeX\ Companion' assume this package has been loaded.
+\item[makeindx] Implements support for generating an index.
+\item[pict2e] This package produces an error message to say that
+it has not been written. Even if it were written one would be advised
+to instead use the \package{PSTricks} package, as described in
+Sebastian Rahtz' article elsewhere in this issue.
+\item[showidx] This causes the argument of each \verb|\index|
+command to be printed on the page where it occurs. See also
+\File|idx.tex| described below.
+\item[syntonly] Used to process a document without
+ typesetting it. On some systems this speeds things up considerably,
+and so may (possibly) be useful while debugging documents.
+\item[tracefnt] This allows you to control how much information about
+ \LaTeX's font loading is displayed.
+\item[latexsym] Loads the special \LaTeX\ symbol font and then
+defines commands such as \verb|\Box| that use this font. These
+commands were defined by default in \LaTeX2.09.
+\item[newlfont] Defines `old' font commands to act in the `new'
+way. For example it makes \verb|\rm| essentially equivalent to
+\verb|\rmfamily|. This package is not now recommended but is
+distributed so old documents written using the \LaTeX2.09 version of
+this package still work.
+\item[oldlfont] A companion to \package{newlfont}. This package is
+only to be used for old documents that used the \LaTeX2.09 package of
+the same name.
+\end{filedesc}
+
+\section{Font Definition Files}
+Unpacking the \LaTeX\ distribution creates dozens of `font definition
+files' with extension `\texttt{.fd}' from their documented sources (with
+extension \texttt{.fdd}). These map the internal \LaTeX\ model of fonts
+on to the external file names as used on your system. Normally you
+never need to load these explicitly into a \LaTeX\ document and they
+will not be considered in detail here except to say that if you
+obtain some new fonts from the \TeX\ archives, make sure to also get
+the related \texttt{fd} files, and install them where \LaTeX\ can
+find them.
+
+\section{Makeindex Styles}
+The distribution includes three styles (with extension \texttt{.ist})
+for the \emph{makeindex} index generator. They modify the makeindex
+defaults so as to work with the special requirements of the
+\package{doc} package.
+
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[gind] Produces indices of command definition and use.
+\item[gglo] Produces `change log' entries (using the \LaTeX\
+\verb|\glossary| command rather than \verb|\index|).
+\item[source2e] This style is only produced if the \LaTeX\ document
+\File|source2e.tex| is processed. It is almost identical to
+\File|gind.ist| but defines `I' to be in the series
+`\mbox{I--J--K}' rather than `\mbox{I--II--III}'. This is needed for
+the numbering conventions used in that document.
+\end{filedesc}
+\section{Miscellaneous Utilities and Files}
+\begin{filedesc}
+\item[idx.tex] Print out index entries in your document.
+\item[lablst.tex] Generate list of labels used in a
+document. You may prefer instead to have the labels show up in the
+margins of your drafts, in which case use the \package{showkeys}
+package from the `tools' collection to be described later in this
+`tour'.
+\item[ltxcheck.tex] This `document' should always be processed after
+\LaTeX\ has been installed. It produces no output but checks various
+components of the system are configured correctly for your machine
+type.
+\item[nfssfont.tex] Test file for testing a font. A more
+extensive font test is available if you use the \package{fontsmpl}
+package from the `tools' collection.
+\item[testpage.tex] Test file for checking the accuracy of a
+printer. This is particularly useful to see if you need to specify any
+offsets to your printer driver to ensure that the printed text is
+correctly positioned on the paper.
+\item[Makefile.unx] A very simplistic template `Makefile' for
+installing the \LaTeX\ base distribution under \textsc{unix}.
+Many \textsc{unix} \TeX\
+distributions come with far more suitable installation procedures. For
+example the excellent `te\TeX' distribution allows you to install \TeX,
+\LaTeX, metafont, dvips, xdvi, and a host of other utilities and fonts
+just by typing \texttt{sh install.sh}.
+\item[latex209.def] This file is loaded whenever a document begining
+with \verb|\documentstyle| is seen. It forces \LaTeX\ into `2.09
+compatibility mode' which is exceedingly slow, but a fairly accurate
+emulation of the old version of \LaTeX. This enables old documents to
+be processed under the current system.
+\end{filedesc}
+\end{Article}