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diff --git a/support/mimetex/mimetex.html b/support/mimetex/mimetex.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..82e0e1515b --- /dev/null +++ b/support/mimetex/mimetex.html @@ -0,0 +1,5164 @@ +<!-- + **************************************************************************** + * Copyright(c) 2002-2012, John Forkosh Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. + * http://www.forkosh.com mailto: john@forkosh.com + * ========================================================================== + * This file is part of mimeTeX, which is free software. You may redistribute + * and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, + * version 3 or later, as published by the Free Software Foundation. + * MimeTeX is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but + * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, not even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY. + * See the GNU General Public License for specific details. + * By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood and + * agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you possess the legal + * right and ability to enter into this agreement and to use mimeTeX + * in accordance with it. + * Your mimetex.zip distribution file should contain the file COPYING, + * an ascii text copy of the GNU General Public License, version 3. + * If not, point your browser to http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ + * or write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., + * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA. + **************************************************************************** + --> +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> + <!-- "http://www.forkosh.com/loose.dtd" --> + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +Preamble +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<html> + <head> + <title> mimeTeX user's manual </title> + <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + <style type="text/css"> + body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */ + /*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/ + /*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */ + background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; + margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em; + font-size: large; /* or medium */ + clear: both } + A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } + A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } + A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none } + A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline + /*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/ + /*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ } + h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; + font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ + font-size: xx-large; + padding-top: 2.0em; + letter-spacing: 0.25em } + h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline; + font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */ + font-size: x-large; + padding-top: 1.0em; + letter-spacing: 0.20em } + h3 { color: maroon; 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+ z-index:24; + /*background-color:#8692A5;*/ + visibility: inherit; + text-decoration: none; } + a.info:hover{ + z-index:25; + /*background-color:#999999; + color: #FFFF00;*/ + text-decoration: none; } + a.info span{ + display: none; + /*color: #FFFF00;*/ } + a.info:hover span{ + display:block; + position:absolute; + top:2em; + left:2em; + /*width:15em;*/ + border:1px solid #330066; + background-color:#FFFF99; + color:#660000; + text-align: left; + font-size: 13px; + font-weight: normal; + margin: 3px; + padding: 6px; } + a.info:link { + text-decoration: none; + /*color: #FFFF00;*/ /*themecolour1%0;*/ } + a.info:visited { + text-decoration: none; + /*color: #FFFF00;*/ /*themecolour1%0;*/ } + </style> + <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- + // add/clear text to expression + function eqntext(eqn) + { var eqnSrc = document.getElementById(eqn).src; + var texSrc = eqnSrc.substring(eqnSrc.indexOf('?')+1,eqnSrc.length); + addtext(texSrc); } + function addtext(text) + { cleartext(); + document.expression.formdata.value += unescape(text); + document.expression.formdata.focus(); } + function cleartext() + { document.expression.formdata.value = ""; + //document.inlineframe.value = ""; + document.expression.formdata.focus(); } + --> + </script> + + <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + php functions to use Vertical-Align: info from mimetex + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <?php + //$mimetexurl = "../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?"; + $mimetexurl = "http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.cgi?"; + //$mimetexurl = "http://psi2star/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?"; + function verticalalign( $expression ) { + global $mimetexurl; + // note: curl_init() stops at the first whitespace char in $url argument + $expression = ereg_replace(" ","~",$expression); // remove whitespace + $url = $mimetexurl . "\depth~" . $expression; + $valign = "0"; + $options = array( + CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => true, // return web page + CURLOPT_HEADER => true); // return headers + $ch = curl_init( $url ); + //curl_setopt_array( $ch, $options ); + curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true ); + curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true ); + $gif = curl_exec( $ch ); + $errno = curl_errno( $ch ); + $error = curl_error( $ch ); + //$info = curl_getinfo( $ch ); + curl_close( $ch ); + //echo '<br> url= ',$url,'<br>',"\n"; + //echo '<br> gif=<br>',$gif,'<br>',"\n"; + if ( $errno == 0 ) { + $fields = explode("Vertical-Align:",$gif); + $vfield = trim($fields[1]); + $fldlen = strspn($vfield,"+-0123456789"); + $valign = substr($vfield,0,$fldlen); } + else { + echo 'verticalalign> errno ',$errno,' = ',$error,'<br><br>',"\n"; } + return $valign; + } + function mimetextag( $label, $expression ) { + global $mimetexurl; + $valign = verticalalign($expression); + $url = $mimetexurl . $expression; + //echo ' valign=',$valign,' ',"\n"; + echo '<a href="#preview" class="info"><img id="',$label,'" '; + echo ' onclick="eqntext(',"'",$label,"'",')" '; + echo ' src="',$url,'" '; + echo ' style="Vertical-Align:',$valign,'px" '; + echo ' alt="" border=0>'; + echo '<span>',$expression,'</span>'; + echo '</a>', "\n"; + } + ?> + + <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ + + javascript from mathtran.org to render <img alt="tex:math expression"> + ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <!-- script type="text/javascript" + src="http://www.mathtran.org/js/mathtran_img.js"></script --> + </head> +<body> + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +Banner across top of page, containing title and two example mimeTeX images. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<br> +<hr size=4> +<center> + <table cellspacing=10> + <tr> + <td align="center"> + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2} + {b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td align="center" valign="middle"> + <center> <font color="maroon" size=4> + <b><nobr>m i m e T e X m a n u a l</nobr></b> <br> + <font size=3>( for mimeTeX version + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageVer1" onclick="eqntext('imageVer1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\versionnumber" + alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a> )</font> <br> + <font size=3> <b>Click for:</b> + <!-- <a href="http://www.forkosh.com" target="_top">homepage</a>, + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/resume.html" target="_top">resume</a> --> + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> + LaTeX tutorial</a><br> + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top"> + mimeTeX QuickStart</a><br> + + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/weblist.cgi?-t=weblist + &-f=sources/weblistemplate.html&files=@sources/sourcecode/mimetex.lis + ©right=2002-2011&counter=mimetex + &title=mimetex&description=m i m e T e X S o u r c e L i s t i n g" + target="_top">mimeTeX Source Listing</a><br> + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> + <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> --> + <font size=4>download mimeTeX</font></a></font> + </font> </center> </td> + <td align="center"> + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} + \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br> + <a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td> + </tr> + <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"> + This page discusses mimeTeX, a program that displays math on the web.<br> + (<font size=3>See + <a href="http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2009/3/writing-math-on-the-web/1" + target="_top">Writing Math on the Web</a> + for a more general discussion.</font>) + </td> </tr> + </table> +</center> +<hr size=4> +<center><b><font color="maroon" size=3> +Copyright <font size=5>©</font> 2002-2012, +<a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> <br> +email: <a href="mailto:john@forkosh.com">john@forkosh.com</a> +</font></b> <br><br> +<a href="#preview"><img id="timestamp1" onclick="eqntext('timestamp1')" +src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\begin{matrix} +\large\today\\\normalsize\today[3]\end{matrix}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +Table of Contents +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<br> <center><b><font color="maroon" size=6> + <u> C o n t e n t s + </u></font></b> <br> +<table cellspacing=0 class="medium"> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> + <font size=3><b>- - - T u t o r i a l - - -</b></font> </td> + <td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450><font size=3><b> + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + </b></font></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3> + <a href="#introduction"> (I) Introduction </a><br> + <a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a><br> + <a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a><br> + <a href="#scripts"> c. Scripts&Plugins </a><br> + <a href="#gpl"> d. GPL License </a> </font> </td> + <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3> + <a href="#build"> (II) Building mimeTeX </a><br> + <a href="#compile"> a. Compile </a><br> + <a href="#install"> b. Install </a><br> + <a href="#options"> c. Compile Options </a><br> + <a href="#cmdline"> d. Command Line </a> </font> </td> + <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3> + <a href="#reference"> (III) Syntax Reference </a><br> + <a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a><br> + <a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a><br> + <a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a><br> + <a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a><br> + <a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a><br> + <a href="#picture"> f. \picture( ){ } </a><br> + <a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a><br> + <a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a><br> + <a href="#messages"> i. Errors and Messages </a> </font> </td> + <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3> + <a href="#appendices"> (IV) Appendices </a><br> + <a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a><br> + <a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a><br> + <a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a> + <br><a href="#remarks"> Remarks </a> </font> </td> + </tr> +</table> +</center> + +<!-- br --> +<p style="margin-left:3em;margin-right:3em;"> + <font color="blue" size=3> This page contains more information + than you'll probably need to read. If you follow the + <font color="maroon">Installation and Usage Summary</font> + below, try installing mimeTeX immediately. <!-- If you need + more information, --> Or continue reading until you feel comfortable + trying to install mimeTeX. <!-- Return to this page as needed. --> + Prerequisites are: some knowledge of your OS's shell, + of installing cgi's, of LaTeX. </font> + <font color="maroon" size=3> <br> + + <b>"</b><i>Computers are like Old Testament gods<b>:</b> + lots of rules and no mercy.</i><b>"</b><br> + + <b>––</b> Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth + (Doubleday 1988, page 18) </font> </p> + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++ Installation and Usage Summary +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<!-- br --> +<center> +<table border="0"> +<tr> <!-- banner --> + <td align="left"> + <!-- <b><font color="maroon" size=4> + <u> I n s t a l l a t i o n + a n d U s a g e S u m m a r y + </u></font></b> --> + <font size=4 color="maroon"><b>- - - - - - I n s t a l l a t i o n + a n d U s a g e S u m m a r y - - - - - -</b></font> + </td> </tr> +<tr> + <td valign="top"> <!-- summary --> + <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"> + <tr><td align="right" valign="top"> + <a href="#build">Installation</a>: </td> + <td><font size=4> Download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> + mimetex.zip</a> and then type <br> + <b> unzip mimetex.zip</b> <br> + <b> cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> + <br>Now just <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b> + directory, <br> set permissions as necessary, and you're all done. + </font></td></tr> + <tr><td colspan="2"> <font size="2"> </font> </td></tr> + <tr><td align="right" valign="top"> + <a href="#introduction">Usage</a>: </td> + <td><font size=4> To see the image <br> + <a href="#preview"><img id="summary1" onclick="eqntext('summary1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br> + just write the tag <br> + <b> <img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<br> + x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"></b> + </font></td></tr> + </table> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SECTION I. INTRODUCTION +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a> </h1> + +<p> <font color="maroon">MimeTeX, licensed under the + <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>, + lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages.</font> + It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the + corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi. + And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use + TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your + site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX + is very easy to <a href="#build">install</a>. <br> + <nobr> + Just download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> + mimetex.zip</a> and then type </nobr> <br> + <nobr><b> + unzip mimetex.zip</b></nobr> <br> + <nobr><b> + cc –DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c + –lm –o mimetex.cgi</b></nobr> <br> + <nobr> + Now just <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b> + directory, </nobr> <br> + <nobr> + set permissions as necessary, and you're all done. </nobr> <br> + <br> + And mimeTeX is equally easy to <a href="#quickstart">use</a><b>:</b> + just place an html <img> tag in your document + wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression. <br> + <nobr> + For example, the <img> tag </nobr> <br> + <nobr><b> + <img + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" ></b></nobr><br> + <nobr> + immediately generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly,</nobr><br> + <nobr> + displaying + <?php mimetextag('imageI1', + '\normalsize f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt'); ?> + wherever you put that tag.</nobr><br> + <br> + MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't + create separate gif files for each converted expression. + (But you can enable image caching with mimeTeX's + <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a>.) + And there's no inherent need to repeatedly write the + cumbersome <img> tag illustrated above. + You can write your own + <a href="#scripts">wrapper scripts</a>, + discussed below, around mimeTeX to simplify the notation. </p> + +<h3> <a name="alternatives"> +Alternative solutions<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> +<p> MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as + mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a + problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX + distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like + <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>, + then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like + <a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender" + target="_top">latexrender</a> + which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX + produces. For comparison, + <?php mimetextag('imageI2', + '\small f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt'); ?>, + with arbitrary mean + <?php mimetextag('imageI3','\normalsize\mu'); ?> and standard deviation + <?php mimetextag('imageI4','\normalsize\sigma'); ?>, + and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like </p> + <center> + <table> + <tr align="center"> + <td> <font size="4">latexrender</font> </td> + <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}" + alt="" border=0> </td> + <td> <font size="4">mimeTeX</font> </td> + </tr> + <tr align="center"> + <td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> + <?php mimetextag('imageI5', + '\normalsize f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}} + \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt'); ?> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + </center> +<p> Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are + <a href="http://www.mathtran.org" target="_top">mathtran</a>, + <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html" + target="_top">textogif</a> and + <a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/" + target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more + links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web" + target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the + <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML" + target="_top">tex-faq</a>. </p> + +<p> For example, <a href="http://www.mathtran.org" target="_top">mathtran</a> + is a public LaTeX web service that's + particularly easy to use by following these simple + <a href="http://www.mathtran.org/wiki/index.php/TeX_image" + target="_top">instructions</a>. In the <head> of your + html page, place the tag <br> + + <script type="text/javascript" <br> + + src="http://www.mathtran.org/js/mathtran_img.js"></script><br> + and in the <body>, wherever you want to see latex images, + place tags like <br> + + <img alt=<b>"</b>tex:<i>any latex math expression</i><b>"</b>><br> + For comparison, <br> + + <img alt="tex: f(x) = \frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} <br> + + \int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt"> <br> + looks like </p> + <center> + <table> + <tr align="center"> + <td> <font size="4">mathtran</font> </td> + <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}" + alt="" border=0> </td> + <td> <font size="4">mimeTeX</font> </td> + </tr> + <tr align="center"> + <td> unavailable + <!-- img alt="tex:\displaystyle f(x) = \frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} + \int_{-\infty}^x e^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" --> <br> </td> + <td> </td> + <td> + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageP3" onclick="eqntext('imageP3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}} + \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + </table> + </center> + +<!-- +<p> The remainder of this introductory mimeTeX tutorial section contains </p> + <ul> + <li> First, a concise <a href="#quickstart">Quickstart</a> providing + just enough information for you to try rendering your own + expressions by <a href="#preview">Submitting Queries</a> + right from this page. </li> + <li> Then, a variety of additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> + that more fully illustrate mimeTeX's capabilities + (later on, Section III comprises a more complete mimeTeX + <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a>). </li> + <li> Finally, the <a href="#gpl">gpl</a> license, whose terms + and conditions you must agree to before using mimeTeX.</li> + </ul> +--> +<p> You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a> + below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you + spend more time learning to use it. </p> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +QUICKSTART +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start </a> </h2> + + <p> <!-- Unlike MathML, --> MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though + not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX + math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX + <a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a> + are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts' + <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html" + target="_top">Latex Math I</a> and + <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html" + target="_top">Latex Math II</a>, or my own + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top"> + LaTeX math tutorial</a>. + Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you can <!-- may prefer + to play with mimeTeX yourself. In that case, --> just Submit any LaTeX + math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started + you out with a little example already in the box, or <!-- , instead, --> + you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below + to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. </p> + + <p> Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting + your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: </p> + <ul> + <li> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes selected by + one of the usual directives <b>\tiny</b> + or <b>\small</b> or <b>\normalsize</b> , + or <b>\large</b> (default) or <b>\Large</b> + or <b>\LARGE</b> , or <b>\huge</b> or <b>\Huge</b> . + Unlike standard LaTeX, font size directives may + appear within math mode expressions. They affect everything + to their right, except that their scope will be limited to any + <b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression in which they occur. + For example, "<b>a+\small b+c</b>" + renders + <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBu" onclick="eqntext('imageBu')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a+\small b+c" + alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-2px"></a>, + whereas "<b>\small a+{\Large b+}c</b>" + renders + <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBv" onclick="eqntext('imageBv')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small a+{\Large b+}c" + alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-2px"></a>. </li> +<!-- <li> At smaller font sizes, try preceding your expression with + <b>\light</b> which adjusts mimeTeX's anti-aliasing + parameters to produce thinner lines that you may feel are + more legible, e.g.,<br> + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA1" onclick="eqntext('imageIA1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\light\small\displaystyle + e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 + align=middle> </a>   versus + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA2" onclick="eqntext('imageIA2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\displaystyle + e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 + align=middle> </a> </li> --> + <li> <!-- For displaystyle math mode limits illustrated above, + write either + <b>\displaystyle e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b> + or <b>e^x=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b> + in the usual way (ditto for <b>\int</b>, <b>\prod</b>, + <b>\cup</b>, <b>\cap</b>, etc). --> <!-- MimeTeX also recognizes + <b>\Bigint</b>, <b>\Bigsum</b>, <b>\Bigprod</b>, and several + similar extra symbols which are a little bigger, and which + automatically render displaystyle limits. --> + <!-- MimeTeX default-renders limits displaystyle at sizes + <b>\large</b> and larger (see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change the + default). <b>\textstyle</b> overrides this default for + your entire expression, or <b>\nolimits</b> overrides it + for a single operator. --> + By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle + <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle + \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 + style="Vertical-Align:-5px"></a> + at sizes <b>\normalsize</b> and smaller, + and renders them displaystyle + <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 + style="Vertical-Align:-15px"></a> + at sizes <b>\large</b> and larger. + The LaTeX directives <b>\displaystyle</b> or <b>\textstyle</b>, + and <b>\limits</b> or <b>\nolimits</b>, override mimeTeX's default + in the usual way. Or see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> below to change + the default. </li> + <!-- <li> As discussed in the <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>, + you can replace cumbersome <img> tags with your own custom + tags or wrapper scripts. </li> --> + <li> <!-- And --> There are occasional exceptions where I couldn't + program mimeTeX to recognize valid LaTeX syntax. + One particular "gotcha" is that mimeTeX bindings + are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although + mimeTeX correctly interprets <b>\frac12</b> as well as + <b>\frac1{x^2}</b>, etc, the legal LaTeX expression + <b>x^\frac12</b> must be written <b>x^{\frac12}</b>. + Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as <b>{x^\frac}12</b>, i.e., + the same way <b>x^\alpha12</b> would be interpreted, which is + nonsense for <b>\frac</b>. The same "gotcha" also applies to + other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write + <b>\sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}</b>, or + <b>\frac\alpha{\sqrt\beta}</b>, etc. + The <a href="#reference">Syntax Reference</a> section + contains much additional information. <!-- Or you can just begin + playing with mimeTeX for yourself to see if it might have + any potential usefulness for you. --> </li> + <li> And there are various additional syntactic and cosmetic + differences between LaTeX and mimeTeX. For example, + bounding boxes for mimeTeX's character bitmaps don't + accommodate italic corrections. Therefore, an expression + like <b>\int\nolimits_a^b</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="gotcha1" onclick="eqntext('gotcha1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\displaystyle\int\nolimits_a^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> rather than + <a href="#preview"><img id="gotcha2" onclick="eqntext('gotcha2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_a}^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a><b>.</b> + To render the latter image you have to write the somewhat + cumbersome expression <b>{\smashmargin2{\int\nolimits_a}^b}</b> + instead (see <a href="#smash">smash</a> below). </li> + <li> Besides such exceptions, mimeTeX + also provides various LaTeX extensions <!-- , i.e., LaTeX errors + permitted by mimetex. --> (such as font size + directives like <b>\Large</b> permitted within mimeTeX + math mode expressions, as discussed above). + <!-- , but flagged as errors by LaTeX. --> + <!-- But note well: if you take advantage of mimeTeX extensions, + your math mode expressions will no longer be accepted by + standard TeX engines. --> </li> + </ul> + <p> <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a> + Now enter your own LaTeX expression, use the sample provided, + or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>. + Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be + displayed in the little window immediately below it. </p> + <center> + <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> + <tr align="center"><td> + <form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi" + method="get" target="inlineframe"> + <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"> + <tr align="left"><td align="center"> + <b>First enter your own LaTeX expression, + or Click any example...</b> <br> + <textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72" + >\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> <br> + </td></tr> + <tr align="center"><td> + <font size="-1"> <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()" + value="Clear Expression"> + <input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> </font> + </td></tr> + </table> + </form> </td></tr> <tr align="left"><td align="center"> + <b>Now click Submit to see it rendered below...</b> <br> + <iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110"> + <p>iframe's not supported if you see this.</p> + </iframe> + </td></tr> + </table> + </center> + <p> You should see + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize + f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" + alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-11px"></a> + if you submit the sample expression already in the box. + Or see <a href="#messages">error messages</a> whenever an + unexpected image is displayed instead. And (as discussed + above) the <img> tag to embed this same integral anywhere + in your own document is <br> + <nobr><b> + <img + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" ></b></nobr><br> + </p> + <!-- p class="continue"> + And recall that the typical mimeTeX <img> tag has the form </p> +<pre> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></pre> <p class="continue"> + where <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> is the relative path from your html + page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and + where <b>any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression</b> + is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: </p --> + +<!-- ++++++++ + <h3> <a name="errormessages"> + Error messages<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + <p> Any (La)TeX error is typically also a mimeTeX error. + However, mimeTeX has no command line interface or + <b>.</b>log file for reporting errors. Its only + communication with you is through the mimeTeX image + rendered by your browser. So error messages are embedded + in that image whenever feasible. For example, + suppose you want to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages1" onclick="eqntext('messages1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\beta\gamma\delta" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> + but you mistakenly type <b>\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta</b> + instead. Then the image rendered is + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages2" onclick="eqntext('messages2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> + indicating the unrecognized <b>[\bethe?]</b> where you wanted to type + <b>\beta</b> and had hoped to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages3" onclick="eqntext('messages3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\bf\beta" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a><b>.</b> + If your expression contains some unprintable character + (meaning any character mimeTeX has no bitmap for), + then just + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages4" onclick="eqntext('messages4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\bf[?]" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> + is displayed in the corresponding position. </p> + + <p> The preceding example illustrates a pretty trivial error. + Any non-trivial errors in your expression are likely to + go unrecognized and unreported by mimeTeX, and to render + unexpected images. While checking your input expression + for syntax errors, keep in mind the following points + about mimeTeX's behavior: </p> + <ul> + <li> An unmatched left brace <b>{</b> is matched + by mimeTeX with a "phantom" right brace <b>}</b> + that's imagined to be at the end of your expression. </li> + <li> Likewise, an unmatched <b>\left(</b>, + or <b>\left\{</b> or <b>\left\</b><i>anything</i>, + is matched by mimeTeX with a "phantom" <b>\right.</b> + at the end of your expression. </li> + <li> On the other hand, an unmatched right brace <b>}</b> + is displayed in place, as if you had typed \rbrace. </li> + <li> But an unmatched <b>\right\</b><i>anything</i> + is interpreted as an + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetexmanual.html?abbreviations" + target="_top">abbreviation</a> for <b>\</b>rightarrow + followed by <b>\</b><i>anything</i>. For example, + <b>\leff( abc \right) def</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages5" + onclick="eqntext('messages5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\leff(abc\right)def" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>. + </li> + </ul> +++++++++ --> + +<!-- ++++++++ + <h3> <a name="infomessages"> + Informational messages<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + <p> The latest release of mimeTeX is version + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages11" onclick="eqntext('messages11')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\versionnumber" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> + which was last revised + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages12" onclick="eqntext('messages12')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\revisiondate" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>. + The special mimeTeX directive <b>\version</b> + displays that same information, </p> + <center> + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages13" onclick="eqntext('messages13')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> + </center> + <p> To check that your own release of mimeTeX is current, + type a url into your browser's locator window something like <br> + + <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version</b> <br> + which will display the version and revision date of + mimeTeX installed on your server. </p> +++++++++ --> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +EXAMPLES +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples </a> </h2> + + <p> Here are various additional random examples further illustrating + mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any + one of them to place its corresponding expression in the + <a href="#preview">Query Box</a> above. Then press Submit + to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit + your own purposes. </p> + +<table cellspacing=15> +<!-- first example: taylor series for e^x at various font sizes and colors +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5><a name="example1">(1)</a></font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan=4> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\normalsize\displaystyle + e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\large\displaystyle + e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\Large + e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque + \LARGE e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>     + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE + e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> + </td> + </tr> + +<!-- second example ++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(2)</font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan=4> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2} + =-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + +<!-- third example +++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(3)</font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan=4> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} + \frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[ + (x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + +<!-- fourth example: solution to quadratic, definition of derivative +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(4)</font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan=4> + <table> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + solution for quadratic </td> + </tr> + <tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ = + \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + definition of derivative </td> + </tr> + </table> </td> + </tr> + +<!-- fifth example: continued fraction ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(5)</font> </td> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+ + \frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + illustrating <b>\frac{}{}</b> for continued fraction </td> + </tr> + +<!-- sixth example: demonstrating \left\{ ... \right. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(6)</font> </td> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{ + {\ddot x\text{ if \vec x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right." + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + illustrating <b>\left\{...\right<font size=5>.</font></b> + <!-- we may write <b>\{...\.</b> --> <br> + and note the accents </td> + </tr> + +<!-- seventh example: demonstrating \overbrace \underbrace ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(7)</font> </td> + <td align="center"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, + \underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10} + \normalsize\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}}, + \overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + <b>\overbrace{}^{}</b> and <b>\underbrace{}_{}</b> <br> + (TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td> + </tr> + +<!-- eighth example: demonstrating \begin{array} ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(8)</font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan=3> + <table> + <tr> + <td align="left" colspan=2> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2 + \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right] + \hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk} + \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td> + </tr> + <tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\ =\ \normalsize\left( + \begin{array}{c.cccc}&1&2&\cdots&n\\ + \hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\ + 2&a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\ + \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ + n&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{array}\right)" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + demonstrating <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a>'s dashed lines </td> + </tr> + </table> </td> + </tr> + +<!-- ninth example: block diagonal form using nested arrays ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5><a name="example9">(9)</a></font> </td> + <td align="left" colspan="2"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example9c" onclick="eqntext('example9c')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \left(\large\begin{array}{GC+45} + \varepsilon_x\\\varepsilon_y\\\varepsilon_z\\\gamma_{xy}\\ + \gamma_{xz}\\\gamma_{yz}\end{array}\right)\ {\large=} + \ \left[\begin{array}{CC} + \begin{array}\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}x}} + &-\frac{\nu_{xy}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}} + &-\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}xz}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}\\ + -\frac{\nu_{yx}}{E_y}&\frac1{E_{y}}&-\frac{\nu_{yz}}{E_y}\\ + -\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}zx}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}& + -\frac{\nu_{zy}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}} + &\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}z}}\end{array} & {\LARGE 0} \\ + {\LARGE 0} & \begin{array}\frac1{G_{xy}}&&\\ + &\frac1{G_{\fs{+1}xz}}&\\&&\frac1{G_{yz}}\end{array} + \end{array}\right] + \ \left(\large\begin{array} + \sigma_x\\\sigma_y\\\sigma_z\\\tau_{xy}\\\tau_{xz}\\\tau_{yz} + \end{array}\right)" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td align="left"> + Block diagonal form using nested <b>\begin{array}</b>'s.<br> + Also, note rows aligned across all three arrays. + </td> + </tr> + +<!-- tenth example: demonstrating \begin{eqnarray} to align equations +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(10)</font> </td> + <td align="center"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example10" onclick="eqntext('example10')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left.\begin{eqnarray} + x+y+z&=&3\\2y&=&x+z\\2x+y&=&z\end{eqnarray}\right\}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + using <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> to align equations </td> + </tr> + +<!-- eleventh example: demonstrating commutative diagram +using \longxxxarrow[] and \begin{array} +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(11)</font> </td> + <td align="center"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example11" onclick="eqntext('example11')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\begin{array}{rccclBCB} + &f&\longrightarrow[75]^{\alpha:{\normalsize f\rightarrow g}}&g\\ + \large\gamma&\longdownarrow[50]&&\longdownarrow[50]&\large\gamma\\ + &u&\longrightarrow[75]_\beta&v\end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td> + commutative diagram using <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a> </td> + </tr> + +<!-- twelfth example: demonstrating \picture ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(12)</font> </td> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example12" onclick="eqntext('example12')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\hspace{5}\unitlength{1} + \picture(175,100){ (50,50){\circle(100)} + (1,50){\overbrace{\line(46)}^{3$\;\;a}} + (52,50){\line(125)} (50,52;115;2){\mid} (52,55){\longleftar[60]} + (130,56){\longrightar[35]} (116,58){\small r} + (c85,50;80;2){\small\bullet} (c85,36){\small -q} (c165,36){\small q} + (42,29){\underbrace{\line(32)}_{\scriptsize a^2/r\;\;\;}} }" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td valign="middle"> + mimeTeX <a href="#picture">\picture(size){pic_elems}</a> + "environment", illustrating the image charge <b>- q</b> + for a grounded conducting sphere of radius <b>a</b> with + a charge <b>q</b> at distance <b>r > a</b> outside it. </td> + </tr> + +<!-- thirteenth example: demonstrating \picture ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> + <tr> + <td> + <font size=5>(13)</font> </td> + <td align="left"> + <a href="#preview"> + <img id="example13" onclick="eqntext('example13')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\hspace{10}\unitlength{.75} + \picture(120,220){ (60,200){\circle(120,40)} (0,20){\line(0,180)} + (5,189;0,-30){\pict(110,20){(c20,10;70;2){ + \pict(40,20){(20,10){\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}} } } + (119,20){\line(0,180)} (60,20){\circle(120,40;34)}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + <td valign="middle"> <a href="#picture">\picture</a> "environment" + illustrating the surface polarization charge induced by a uniform + electric field. Inside the slab of material, the volume polarization + charge clearly vanishes. <br><br> The little + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\unitlength{.75} \pict(40,20){(20,10) + {\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> + dipole image is drawn only once, then multiput across two columns, and + then that result is further multiput down the rows. MimeTeX \picture's + can be used as picture elements in other pictures, nested to any level. + The image at left is picture-in-picture-in-picture. </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<!-- font examples +++++++++++++++++++ --> +<!-- font-size-examples-commented-out --- +<br><br> +<h3> Some font examples <font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + <p> Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols + available with mimeTeX. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi, + cmmib (use <b>\mathbf{ }</b>), cmsy, cmex, bbold (use + <b>\mathbb{ }</b>), rsfs (use <b>\mathscr{ }</b>), + stmary and cyrillic wncyr (use <b>{\cyr }</b> or + <b>\cyr{ }</b>) should be available, but they're not all shown. + And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt, + accents, etc. The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large, + 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 7=\Huge, 6=\huge, + 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 0=\tiny). </p> + +<h3>cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,& +2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> + +<h3>calligraphic, and rsfs (<b>\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc</b>)</h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,& +4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO& +3$\calP,& +3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU& +2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,& +2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW& +2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> + +<h3>cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma& +4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi& +4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma& +3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi& +3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma& +2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi& +2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> + +<h3>cmmi greek lowercase</h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta& +4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%& +4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta& +3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%& +3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta& +2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%& +2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> + +<h3>cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3<br> +<font size="3">(operators shown large are automatically "promoted"<br> +to the larger size in \displaystyle mode)</font> </h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\ +1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp& +\oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\ +1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq& +\sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\ +1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear& +\simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\ +1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'& +\forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\ +1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap& +\uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\ +1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel& +\updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\ +1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit& +\Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> + +<h3>a few other cmmi, cmr, stmary and wncyr symbols +at mimeTeX font size 4</h3> +<p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$ +1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo& +\triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial& +\flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\ +1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE \\ +1$\rm~stmary:~&\moo&\Lbag&\Rbag&\lightning&\llbracket&\rrbracket& +\subsetpluseq&\supsetpluseq&\Yup&\Ydown\\ +1$\rm~wncyr:~&\cyr A&\cyr a&\cyr B&\cyr b&\cyr V&\cyr v&\cyr G&\cyr g& +\cyr D&\cyr d&\cyr Dj&\cyr dj&\cyr\=E&\cyr\=e&\cyr Zh&\cyr zh}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p> +--- end-of-font-size-examples-commented-out --> + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SCRIPTS & PLUGINS +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h2> <a name="scripts"> (Ic) Scripts & Plugins </a> </h2> + +<p> Some useful scripts that automatically construct + mimeTeX <img> tags for you are illustrated below. + And you can also write your own scripts to simplify + the HTML notation required to incorporate mimeTeX + math images in your pages. </p> + +<h3> <a name="plugins"> +mimeTeX plugins<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> +<!-- p> There's no inherent need to repeatedly write the cumbersome + <img> tag illustrated above. You can write your own <a href= + "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/1.4/docs/tutorial/doc/JSPIntro9.html#wp73314" + target="_top">custom tags</a>, + or write a wrapper script around mimeTeX to simplify the + notation. </p --> + +<p style="margin-bottom:0"> <!-- For example, --> + The following javascript snippet (based on + <a href="http://www.mathtran.org" target="_top">mathtran</a>'s + <a href="http://www.mathtran.org/js/mathtran_img.js" + target="_top">mathtran_img.js</a>) lets you just write + <b><img alt="mimetex:c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}"></b> + wherever you want to see <a href="#preview"><img id="imageJS1" + onclick="eqntext('imageJS1')" src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}" alt="" border=0 + style="Vertical-Align:-1px"></a> </p> + <pre class="medium" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0" +> <script type="text/javascript"> + <!-- + // Create a namespace to hold variables and functions + mimetex = new Object(); + // Change this to use your server + mimetex.imgSrc = "http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?"; + // Transform the whole document: add src to each img with + // alt text starting with "mimetex:", unless img already has a src. + mimetex.init = function () { + if (! document.getElementsByTagName) return; + var objs = document.getElementsByTagName("img"); + var len = objs.length; + for (i=0; i<len; i++) { + var img = objs[i]; + if (img.alt.substring(0,8) == 'mimetex:') + if (!img.src) { + var tex_src = img.alt.substring(8); + img.src = mimetex.imgSrc + encodeURIComponent(tex_src); + // Append TEX to the class of the IMG. + img.className +=' tex'; } + } + mimetex.hideElementById("mimetex.error"); } + // Utility function + mimetex.hideElementById = function (id) { + var obj = document.getElementById(id); + if (obj) obj.style.display = 'none'; } + // resolve a cross-browser issue (see <a href="http://scottandrew.com/weblog/articles/cbs-events" target="_top">CBS events</a>) + mimetex.addEvent = function (obj, evType, fn, useCapture) { + if (obj.addEventListener) { //For Mozilla. + obj.addEventListener(evType, fn, useCapture); + return true; } + else if (obj.attachEvent) { //For Internet Explorer. + var r = obj.attachEvent("on"+evType, fn); + return r; } + } + // Initialize after entire document is loaded + mimetex.addEvent(window, 'load', mimetex.init, false); + --> + </script></pre> + +<p style="margin-bottom:0"> + Bulletin boards, wikis, etc, can also incorporate mimeTeX images + with short scripts. For example, if you're using + <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB2</a>, then + <a href="http://www.themathforum.com/" target="_top">Jameson</a> + contributed the following typical one-line mod that lets you write + <b>[tex] c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2} [/tex]</b> to obtain the + same <a href="#preview"><img id="imageJS2" + onclick="eqntext('imageJS2')" src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize c=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}" alt="" border=0 + style="Vertical-Align:-1px"></a> image illustrated above </p> + <pre class="medium" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0" +> #--------[open]----------------------------------------------------- + /includes/bbcode.php + #--------[find]----------------------------------------------------- + // Remove our padding from the string.. + #--------[before, add]---------------------------------------------- + $text = preg_replace('/\[tex\](.*?)\[\/tex\]/ie', + "'<img src=\"/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?'.rawurlencode('$1').'\" align=\"middle\" />'", + $text);</pre> +<p class="continue" style="margin-top:0"> If you're using + <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB3</a>, + then no mod is even needed. + Just click Postings from the Administrator Control Panel, + and add the custom BBCode <b>[tex]{TEXT}[/tex]</b> + with the HTML replacement + <b><img src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?{TEXT}" align=middle></b></p> + +<p> Similarly, <a href="http://www.pmwiki.org/" target="_top">PmWiki</a> + also has a + <a href="http://www.pmwiki.org/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" target="_top"> + mimeTeX plugin</a> that lets you just write + <b>{$ f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt $}</b> + to obtain that same image. Several other packages + also have similar mimeTeX plugins: </p> + <center><table> + <tr> <td align=center> <u> <b>Package</b> </u> </td> + <td> </td> + <td align=center> <u> <b>Plugin</b> </u> </td> + </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.pmwiki.org" target="_top"> + PmWiki</a> </td> <td> </td> + <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.pmwiki.org/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" + target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <!-- a href="http://www.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" --> + <!-- a href="http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Main_Page" --> + <a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki" + target="_top">MediaWiki</a> </td> + <td align=center> </td> + <td align=center> + <!-- a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mimetex_alternative" --> + <a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Mimetex_alternative" + target="_top">"mimeTeX alternative"</a> </td> </tr> +<!-- ***redirect loop*** + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/Main_Page" + target="_top">MathWiki</a> </td> <td> </td> + <td align=center> <a href= + "http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/MimetexParser" + target="_top">"mimeTeX Parser"</a> </td> </tr> +--> + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://forums.punbb.org/" target="_top">PunBB</a> </td> + <td> </td> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.math-linux.com/spip.php?article44" + target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <!-- a href="http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/" --> + <a href="http://www.movabletype.com/" + target="_top">Movable Type</a> </td> <td> </td> + <td align=center> <a href= + "http://www.unitorganizer.com/myblog/2006/08/creating_equations_in_movable.html" + target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_top">WordPress</a> </td> + <td> </td> <td align=center> <a href= + "http://www.anlak.com/?page_id=66" target="_top"> + <!-- "http://sixthform.info/steve/wordpress/index.php?p=13&page=2" --> + mimeTeX plugin</a> <!-- (see item 9) --> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.joomla.org/" + target="_top">Joomla</a> </td> <td> </td> + <td align=center> <a href= + "http://extensions.joomla.org/component/option,com_mtree/task,viewlink/link_id,5932/Itemid,35/" + target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://mambo-foundation.org/" + target="_top">Mambo</a> </td> <td> </td> + <td align=center> <a href= + "http://webscripts.softpedia.com/script/Modules/Joomla-Mambo-Modules/MimeTeX-Bot-9250.html" + target="_top">"mimeTeX bot"</a> </td> </tr> + <!--- dead links ---> + <!-- tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB</a> </td> + <td> </td> <td align=center> + <a href= + "http://www.themathforum.com/math/showthread.php?p=621#post621" + target="_top">mimeTeX plugin</a> </td> </tr --> + <!-- tr> <td align=center> + <a href="http://www.mamboserver.com/" target="_top">Mambo</a> </td> + <td> </td> <td align=center> + <a href="http://mamboxchange.com/projects/mimetexbot/" + target="_top">"mimeTeX bot"</a> </td> </tr --> + </table></center> + +<p> <b>Please note:</b> If you're writing your own plugin for mimeTeX, + please don't write php code using <b>system( )</b>, or any other + shell escape mechanism, just to cache images. Use mimeTeX's + <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> instead. + <b>system( )</b> raises security + issues, either real ones if used carelessly, or just in the minds of + system administrators. Either way, I've received many emails from + people unable to use mimeTeX because of unnecessary <b>system( )</b> + calls prohibited by security-conscious sysadmins. MimeTeX itself poses + minimal risk when used as illustrated above, but you're responsible + for any plugin/wrapper script you write around it. </p> + +<h3> <a name="valignment"> +Vertical alignment<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> +<p> An image like + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageAV1" onclick="eqntext('imageAV1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> + doesn't look as good as the same image + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageAV2" onclick="eqntext('imageAV2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt" + alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-26px"></a> + that's vertically aligned with your surrounding text. + Along with several standard + <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html"> + HTTP header fields</a>, mimeTeX also emits a special + <b>Vertical-Align: –<i>nn</i></b> + header, where <b>–<i>nn</i></b> is the number of pixels + (usually negative as illustrated) needed for a + <b>style="Vertical-Align: –<i>nn</i> px"</b> + attribute in the <b><img></b> tag used to + render your expression. This Vertical-Align: header + is obtained by placing the directive <b>\depth</b> + anywhere in your expression. </p> + +<p> But mimeTeX's special Vertical-Align: header + is unrecognized and ignored by your browser. You have to get the + header, interpret it, and write the corresponding <img> tag. + The only feasible way to do all this is using a scripting language, + as illustrated by the following, rather naive, php code </p> + <pre class="medium" style="margin-top:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em" +> <?php + $mimetexurl = "http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?"; + function verticalalign( $expression ) { + global $mimetexurl; + // note: curl_init() stops at the first whitespace char in $url argument + $expression = ereg_replace(" ","~",$expression); // so remove whitespace + $url = $mimetexurl . "\depth~" . $expression; + $valign = "0"; + $ch = curl_init( $url ); + curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true ); + curl_setopt( $ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true ); + $gif = curl_exec( $ch ); + $errno = curl_errno( $ch ); + curl_close( $ch ); + if ( $errno == 0 ) { + $fields = explode("Vertical-Align:",$gif); + $vfield = trim($fields[1]); + $fldlen = strspn($vfield,"+-0123456789"); + $valign = substr($vfield,0,$fldlen); } + return $valign; + } + function mimetextag( $expression ) { + global $mimetexurl; + $valign = verticalalign($expression); + $url = $mimetexurl . "\depth~" . $expression; + echo ' <img src="',$url,'" '; + echo ' style="Vertical-Align:',$valign,'px" '; + echo ' alt="" border=0>', "\n"; + } + ?></pre> + +<p> Now you can write + <?php mimetextag('\frac12\left(a^2+b^2\right)'); ?> + wherever you want to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="imageAV5" onclick="eqntext('imageAV5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\frac12\left(a^2+b^2\right)" + alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-7px"></a> + correctly aligned. Note that the php code automatically + prepends <b>\depth</b> to your expression for you. + <!-- Besides making you escape backslashes + (each \ must be written \\), --> + (Also note that this code calls mimeTeX twice to render each + expression, once to get the Vertical-Align: header and build + an <img> tag, and then again to render that tag. + If you're a good php programmer and write better code, + please email me a copy.) </p> + +<p> If you're using mimeTeX's + <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path</i>/\"</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a>, you can request + that all images be cached with Vertical-Align: headers, + whether or not they contain the \depth directive. Prefix your + <b><i>path</i>/</b> with a leading <b>%</b> and write + <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"%<i>path</i>/\"</b> instead. + That leading <b>%</b> won't become part of your cache + directory's <b><i>path</i>/</b>, but it will signal mimeTeX + to cache headers along with each image. (In this case, + the directive <b>\nodepth</b> suppresses + mimeTeX's header caching for that image.) + <!-- Otherwise, the Vertical-Align: information is lost, + and attempts to align cached images will fail. --> </p> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +GPL +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h2> <a name="gpl"> (Id) GPL License </a> </h2> + +<font color="black"> +<b>"</b><i>My grandfather once told me there are two kinds of people:<br> +    Those who do the work and those who take the credit.<br> +    He told me to try to be in the first group; there was much +less competition.</i><b>"</b><br> +Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India</font> <br> + + <p> MimeTeX's copyright is registered by me with the US Copyright Office, + and I hereby license it to you under the terms and conditions of the + <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>. + There is no official support of any kind whatsoever, + and you use mimeTeX entirely at your own risk, with no guarantee + of any kind, in particular with no warranty of merchantability. </p> + + <p> By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood + and agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you <!-- are at least + 18 years of age and --> possess the legal right and ability to enter + into this agreement and to use mimeTeX in accordance with it. </p> + + <p> Hopefully, the law and ethics regarding computer programs will + evolve to make this kind of obnoxious banter unnecessary. + In the meantime, please forgive me my paranoia. </p> + + <p> To protect your own intellectual property, I recommend (both are pdf) + <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf" + target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The Library of Congress, + in particular <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ61.pdf" + target="_top">Circular 61</a>, Copyright Registration for + Computer Programs. + <!-- and similarly, + <a href="http://www.abanet.org/intelprop/comm106/106copy.html" + target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The American Bar Association. --> + Very briefly, download + <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formtxi.pdf">Form TX</a> + and follow the included instructions. + In principle, you automatically own the copyright + to anything you write the moment it's on paper. In practice, + if the matter comes under dispute, the courts look _very_ favorably + on you for demonstrating your intent by registering the copyright. + <!-- For example, courts will stop unauthorized use of unregistered + material, but monetary damages are awarded _only_ if you + register the copyright before infringement occurs. --> </p> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SECTION II. BUILDING MIMETEX +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h1> <a name="build"> (II) Building mimeTeX </a> </h1> + +<!-- <center> --> + <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> + <tr><td><center><hr size="2">Very quickly --- download + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> + <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> --> + mimetex.zip</a> and then type + <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> + <tr align="left"> + <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{50}" alt="" border=0></td> + <td><b>unzip mimetex.zip</b> <br> + <b>cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b></td> + </tr></table> + Now <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b> + directory, and you're all done. <br> + Read the rest of this section for more detailed + information.<hr size="2"></center></td> + <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{150}" alt="" border=0></td> + </tr></table> +<!-- </center> --> + +<p> I've built and run mimeTeX under Linux and NetBSD using gcc. The source + code is ansi-standard C, and should compile and run under all + environments without change. Instructions below + are for Unix. Modify them as necessary for your particular situation + (note the -DWINDOWS switch if applicable). </p> + +<h2> <a name="compile"> (IIa) Download and Compile </a> </h2> + + <p> The steps needed to download and compile mimeTeX are </p> + <ul> + <li> Download and unzip + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip"> + <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> --> + mimetex.zip</a> in any convenient working directory. + Your working directory should now contain <center> + <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0> + <tr><td width=100>README</td> <td>mimeTeX release notes</td></tr> + <tr><td>COPYING</td> <td>GPL license, under which you may use + mimeTeX</td></tr> + <tr><td>mimetex.c</td> <td>mimeTeX source program and all required + functions</td></tr> + <tr><td>mimetex.h</td> <td>header file for mimetex.c (and for + gfuntype.c)</td></tr> + <tr><td>gfuntype.c</td> <td>parses output from <b>gftype -i</b> + and writes bitmap data</td></tr> + <tr><td>texfonts.h</td> <td>output from several <b>gfuntype</b> runs, + needed by mimetex.c</td></tr> + <tr><td>gifsave.c</td> <td>gif library by Sverre H. Huseby + <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" + target="_top">http://shh.thathost.com</a> + </td></tr> + <tr><td>mimetex.html</td> <td>this file, the mimeTeX + user's manual</td></tr> + </table></center> + + Note: all files use Unix line termination, i.e., linefeeds + (without carriage returns) signal line endings. Conversion for + Windows PC's, Macs, VMS, etc, can usually be accomplished by + unzip's -a option, i.e., unzip -a mimetex.zip + <br> <br> </li> + <li> To compile an executable that emits anti-aliased gif images + (which is recommended for most uses), just type the following + command from the Unix shell <br> + + <b>cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li> + <li> Or, to compile an executable that emit gif images + without anti-aliasing <br> + + <b>cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li> + <li> Alternatively, to compile an executable that emits mime xbitmaps<br> + + <b>cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li> + <li> Compile Notes: <ul> + <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with + the <b>-DAA</b> or <b>-DGIF</b> option (but not -DXBITMAP), then + add <b>-DWINDOWS</b> . For example, <br> + <nobr> <b>gcc -DAA -DWINDOWS + mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.exe</b> </nobr> <br> + The above Unix-like syntax works with + <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and + <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a> + Windows compilers, but probably not with most others, + where it's only intended as a "template". <br> + + Explanation: mimeTeX writes gif bytes directly to stdout, as usual + for cgi's. But Windows treats stdout as a character stream, + interpreting any hex 0A byte as an <lf>, and automatically + preceding it with a spurious hex 0D <cr> byte. The + -DWINDOWS switch compiles in a non-portable, Windows-specific + _setmode() call that sets stdout to binary mode. </li> + <li> If you're compiling for Windows and would prefer + to install mimeTeX as a Win32 DLL, see the + <a href="http://www.codeproject.com/dotnet/Eq2Img.asp"> + Code Project</a> developed by + <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com">Shital Shah</a>, and + download <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com/dev/eq2img_all.zip"> + eq2img_all.zip</a> containing Shital's latest code. </li> + <li> If you install mimeTeX on one server and try to use it + from another, you may instead see messages like <br> + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\message{3}" + alt="" align="middle" border=0> <br> + In this case, compile mimetex.cgi with the -DNOREFCHECK switch, + <i>e.g.</i>,<br> + <nobr> <b>cc -DAA -DNOREFCHECK + mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </nobr> <br> + and read the -DREFLEVELS=<i>n</i> discussion under + <a href="#options">compile options</a> below. </li> + <!-- <li> If you're compiling on Sun or VMS, and see about a zillion + irritating warnings, try adding <b>-DSIGNEDCHAR</b> + (for VMS, that's cc/define=(AA,SIGNEDCHAR) mimetex.c) </li> --> + </ul> <br> </li> + <li> The gfuntype program is only needed if you plan to change the + font information in texfonts.h, as explained in + <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below. + In that case, compile gfuntype with the command <br> + + <b>cc gfuntype.c mimetex.c -lm -o gfuntype</b> </li> + </ul> + <p> That's all there is to compiling mimeTeX. + Several other optional compile-line <a href="#options">options</a> + available for mimetex.c are discussed below. </p> + + <p> Immediately after compiling mimeTeX, test your new executable + by typing <b>./mimetex.cgi "x^2+y^2"</b> + from the Unix shell (or <b>mimetex "x^2+y^2"</b> + from the Windows Command Prompt), which should emit + two "ascii rasters" something like the following </p> <pre> +Ascii dump of bitmap image... Hex dump of colormap indexes... +...........**....................**... ..........1**1...................1**1.. +..........*..*......*...........*..*.. ..........*23*......*............*23*.. +.............*......*..............*.. .............*......*...............*.. +....****.....*......*.....*..*.....*.. ...1****....2*......*.....2*..*....2*.. +...*.*.*....*.......*....**..*....*... ...*.*.*...1*.......*.....**..*...1*... +.....*.....*.*..********..*..*...*.*.. ....1*1...2*.*..********..3*..*..2*.*.. +.....*....****......*.....*..*..****.. ....2*2...****......*......*12*..****.. +..*.*.*.............*.....*.*......... ..*.*.*.............*......*.*2........ +...****.............*.....***......... ..1****.............*......***......... +....................*.......*......... ....................*........*......... +.........................*.*.......... ..........................*.*1......... +.........................**........... ..........................**1.......... + The 5 colormap indexes denote rgb vals... + .-->255 1-->196 2-->186 3-->177 *-->0</pre> + <p class="continue"> <b>(</b>The right-hand illustration shows asterisks + in the same positions as the left-hand one, along with anti-aliased + grayscale colormap indexes assigned to neighboring pixels, and with + the rgb value for each index.<b>)</b> Just typing <b>./mimetex.cgi</b> + without an argument should produce ascii rasters for the default + expression <b>f(x)=x^2</b>. If you see these two ascii rasters then + your binary's good. Otherwise, you must find and fix the problem + before proceeding. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="install"> (IIb) Install </a> </h2> + + <p> Once you've successfully tested mimetex.cgi from the Unix shell + (or mimetex.exe from the Windows Command Prompt), + the steps needed to install mimeTeX are </p> + <ul> + <li> <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi (or <b>move</b> mimetex.exe) + to your server's <b>cgi-bin/</b> directory, wherever cgi + programs are expected. </li> + <li> Now you may need to <b>chmod 755 mimetex.cgi</b> + and/or <b>chown</b> it, too, depending on your server's + requirements. Contact your system administrator or ISP + if you're not already familiar with this information. </li> + <li> Once mimetex.cgi is moved to your server's <b>cgi-bin/</b> + directory, with permissions and owner set as necessary, + you're all done. </li> + </ul> + + <p> Immediately after installing mimeTeX, test your new mimetex.cgi + by typing a url into your browser's locator window something like <br> + + <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</b> <br> + which should display + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 + style="Vertical-Align:-3px"> + in the upper-left corner of your window, + just like clicking this link does, which tests my mimetex.cgi, <br> + + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2" + target="_top">http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</a><br> + If you see the same <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 style="Vertical-Align:-3px"> + image from the <b><i>yourdomain</i></b> link, then you've completed + a successful mimeTeX installation. </p> + + <p> If you don't see the image, then your installation failed. + If your earlier post-compilation "ascii raster" test + succeeeded, then the problem is probably some server-specific + installation requirement. First make sure you installed mimetex.cgi + in the correct <b>cgi-bin/</b> directory, set the correct <b>chmod</b> + permissions, and typed the correct url into your browser's locator + window. Then contact your system administrator or ISP, + and ask how to install cgi programs on your server. </p> + + <p> After you've successfully installed mimeTeX, and both preceeding tests + have succeeded, you can optionally "regression test" + all mimeTeX features as follows: </p> + <ul> + <li> <b>mv</b> mimetex.html (this file) to your server's + <b>htdocs/</b> directory </li> + <li> Paths to <b>cgi-bin/</b> and <b>htdocs/</b> directories + are typically <b><i>path</i>/www/cgi-bin/</b> and + <b><i>path</i>/www/htdocs/</b>, so I set up mimtex.html + to access mimetex.cgi from the relative path <b>../cgi-bin/</b>. + If your directories are non-conforming, you may have to edit + the few dozen occurrences of <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> + in your mimetex.html page. Sometimes a suitable symlink works; + if not, you'll have to edit. Globally changing + <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> usually works. </li> + <li> Now visit your page + <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/mimetex.html</b> </li> + <li> Once your mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume + everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents + using mimetex.cgi to render your own math. </li> + </ul> + + <p> That's all there is to installing mimeTeX. </p>. + + +<h2> <a name="options"> (IIc) Additional Compile-Line Options </a></h2> + + <p> In addition to -DAA or -DGIF or -DXBITMAP (along with -DWINDOWS + when necessary) on the mimetex.c compile line, as discussed above, + you may also optionally include the following -D switches, + whose functionality is discussed below. </p> + <dl> + <dt> <b>-DAA</b> </dt> + <dd> As already discussed, -DAA turns on anti-aliasing. + It also sets default values for individual anti-aliasing + parameters discussed below. If you specify -DAA + then you needn't specify the individual parameters unless + you want to override the defaults. <br> + Anti-aliasing can't be applied to mime + xbitmaps, so don't specify -DAA if you also specify -DXBITMAP. <br> + And mimeTeX's anti-aliasing only works + well on white (or light gray) backgrounds. Your html file + probably contains a <body> tag of the form + <body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000"> + which specifies black text on a pure white background. + The background can be grayed down to maybe bgcolor="#e7e7e7", + but much darker will begin to show white rings around + mimeTeX's anti-aliased characters. This page is displayed + using bgcolor="#ffffff". </dd> + <dt> <b>-DCENTERWT=<i>n</i> <br> + -DADJACENTWT=<i>j</i> <br> + -DCORNERWT=<i>k</i></b> </dt> + <dd> MimeTeX currently provides a lowpass filtering + algorithm for anti-aliasing, which is applied to the + existing set of bitmap fonts. This lowpass filter applies + weights <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1&2&1\\2&\,8\,&2\\1&2&1\end{pmatrix}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> to neighboring pixels. The defaults + weights are CENTERWT=8, ADJACENTWT=2 and CORNERWT=1, + which you can adjust to control anti-aliasing. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> This option saves each rendered image to a file in directory + <b><i>path/</i></b>, which mimeTeX reads rather than + re-rendering the same image every time it's given + the same LaTeX expression. Sometimes mimeTeX disables caching, + e.g., expressions containing <b>\input{ }</b> are + re-rendered since the contents of the inputted file may have + changed. If compiled without <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> + mimeTeX always re-renders expressions. This usually isn't too + cpu intensive, but if you have unusually high hit rates then + image caching may be helpful. The <b><i>path/</i></b> + is relative to mimetex.cgi, and must be writable by it. + Files created under <b><i>path/</i></b> are named + <b><i>filename</i>.gif</b>, where <b><i>filename</i></b> + is the 32-character MD5 hash of your LaTeX expression. <br> + If you're also using mimeTeX's + <a href="#valignment">Vertical-Align:</a> feature, prefix your + <b><i>path</i>/</b> with a leading <b>%</b> and write + <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"%<i>path</i>/\"</b> + instead. That leading <b>%</b> won't become part of + your cache directory's <b><i>path</i>/</b>, but it will signal + mimeTeX to cache headers along with each image. + Otherwise, the Vertical-Align: information is lost, + and attempts to align cached images will fail. <br> + When caching a new image, mimeTeX also + updates the file <b><i>path/</i>mimetex.log</b> containing + a timestamp, filename and LaTeX expression for each new file + created. A sample entry looks like +<pre>--------------------------------------------------------------------- +2008-09-07:11:29:53am f8ccc8dd93c8eeb1d9c40b353ef781e0.gif +\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} +---------------------------------------------------------------------</pre></dd> + <dt><b>-DDEFAULTSIZE=<i>n</i></b> </dt> + <dd> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes numbered 0-7, + and always starts out in DEFAULTSIZE, whose default value is 3. + Specify -DDEFAULTSIZE=2 on the compile line if you prefer + mimeTeX to start in default size 2, etc. </dd> + <dt><b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b> </dt> + <dd> By default, operator limits like <b>\int_a^b</b> are rendered + <b>\textstyle</b> <a href="#preview"> + <img id="displaysize1" onclick="eqntext('displaysize1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_a}^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\normalsize</b> + and smaller, and rendered <b>\displaystyle</b> <a href="#preview"> + <img id="displaysize2" onclick="eqntext('displaysize2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\large</b> and + larger. This default corresponds to <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=3</b>, + which you can adjust; e.g., <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=0</b> always defaults + to <b>\displaystyle</b>, and <b>99</b> (or any large number) + always defaults to <b>\textstyle</b>. Note that explicit + <b>\textstyle</b>, <b>\displaystyle</b>, <b>\limits</b> or + <b>\nolimits</b> directives in an expression always override + the <b>DISPLAYSIZE</b> default. </dd> + <dt><b>-DGAMMA=<i>gammacorrection</i></b> </dt> + <dd> Applies <b><i>gammacorrection</i></b> to antialiased + gif images. Default is 1.25 (rather than the standard 2.2). + Specify 0.0 to turn off gamma correction (1.0 makes no + gamma correction but doesn't actually turn it off). </dd> + <dt><b>-DINPUTOK</b> </dt> + <dd> To enhance mimeTeX's security, the + <a href="#input">\input{ }</a> command is disabled + by default when you compile mimeTeX. Note that the + <a href="#counter">\counter</a> and + <a href="#environment">\environment</a> commands are + also disabled by default, and <b>-DINPUTOK</b> enables + all three commands simultaneously. (Compile mimeTeX with + <b>-DCOUNTEROK</b> to enable only \counter, or with + <b>-DENVIRONOK</b> to enable only \environment.) <br> + Compiling mimeTeX with the + <b>-DINPUTOK</b> switch enables \input{ } for all users, + subject only to your <b>-DPATHPREFIX</b> restrictions, + discussed below. And the following two switches give you + additional control over \input{ }'s usage... </dd> + <dt> <b>-DINPUTPATH=\"<i>path</i>\" <i>-or-</i><br> + -DINPUTPATH=\"<i>path1,path2,etc</i>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> Permits <b>\input{<i>filename</i>}</b> for specific + <i>filename</i>'s, even when the \input{ } command + is otherwise disabled (for security). <br> + If INPUTPATH is defined, mimeTeX + performs a case-insensitive test of \input{ }'s + <i>filename</i> argument, to verify that it contains + the authorized 'path' as a substring. <br> + If given several 'path's (second form) + then <i>filename</i> must contain either 'path1' or + 'path2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. <br> + If <i>filename</i> doesn't contain + a substring matching any of these path(s), then mimeTeX emits + an error message image instead of reading <i>filename</i>. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DINPUTREFERER=\"<i>domain</i>\" <i>-or-</i><br> + -DINPUTREFERER=\"<i>domain1,domain2,etc</i>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> Permits <b>\input{ }</b> for users from specific + <i>domain</i>'s, even when the \input{ } command + is otherwise disabled (for security). <br> + If INPUTREFERER is defined + but INPUTOK is not defined, then mimeTeX + performs a case-insensitive test of the user's + HTTP_REFERER environment variable, to verify that it contains + the authorized 'domain' as a substring. <br> + If given several 'domain's (second form) + then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or + 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. <br> + If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain + a substring matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX renders + an error message image instead of reading <i>filename</i>. <br> + Finally, if HTTP_REFERER is not found as + an environment variable, then mimeTeX renders the + same error message image. </dd> + <dt><b><a id="newcommands">-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"<i>newcommands.h</i>\"</a> + </b> </dt> + <dd> LaTeX-like <b>\newcommand</b>'s are available in mimeTeX, + via the following facility to help you define your + own "new commands" during compilation. Edit a file named + newcommands.h (or any filename you specify between + <b>\"...\"</b>'s with the <b>-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"<i>filename</i>\"</b> + switch). For newcommands _without_ + arguments, your file should contain one or more lines + like the following examples: +<pre>{ "\\iint", NULL, "{\\int\\int}" }, +{ "\\rightleftharpoons",NULL,"{\\rightharpoonup\\atop\\leftharpoondown}" }, +{ "\\ldots", NULL, "{\\Large.\\hspace1.\\hspace1.}" }, +{ "\\cr", NULL, "\\\\" }, +{ "\\neq", NULL, "{\\not=}" },</pre> + For newcommands _without_ arguments, as illustrated above, + the general form of each line in your file should be +<b>{ "\\<i>command</i>", NULL, "{<i>replacement</i>}" },</b> + Don't forget a comma at the end of every line, + and write a double backslash <b>\\</b> + between quotes <b>"...\\..."</b> wherever you actually + want a single backslash <b>\</b>. The only effect + of the above examples (without arguments) is simple string + substitution, i.e., every occurrence of <b>\<i>command</i></b> + is replaced by <b>{<i>replacement</i>}</b>. Note that the + <b>{ }</b>'s surrounding <b><i>replacement</i></b> + aren't required, but are usually a good idea (the case + of <b>\cr</b> illustrated above is one exception, where + <b>{ }</b>'s would defeat the purpose). + <br> To define newcommands _with_ arguments, + change the <b>NULL</b> after the <b>\\<i>command</i></b> + to define your command's arguments as illustrated by the + following example: +<pre>{ "\\lvec", "2n", "#2_1,\\cdots,#2_{#1}" },</pre> + In this case the <b>NULL</b> has been replaced by <b>"2n"</b> + (note the mandatory surrounding quotes <b>"..."</b>). This + example corresponds to the similar one discussed in TLC2 on + page 845. The first character inside the <b>"..."</b>s is + <b>2</b> indicating the number of arguments, + which may be <b>1</b> thru <b>9</b>. If there are no + subsequent characters followng this one, then all arguments are + mandatory, enclosed in <b>{ }</b>'s as usual. Otherwise, + any subsequent characters signal that the first argument + is optional, enclosed in <b>[ ]</b>'s if given. And + these subsequent characters comprise the first argument's + default value if it's not explicitly given. The illustrated + example's first argument is optional with default value + <b>n</b> as shown. In this case that's just a single + character, but you can write any length default you like. + <br> To see many additional examples, search for the + uppercase string NEWCOMMANDS in mimetex.c, and look below that. + All the above examples are already there. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DNOREFMAXLEN=<i>n</i></b> </dt> + <dd> The environment variable HTTP_REFERER identifies the + domain a request originates from. If HTTP_REFERER is not + defined, then NOREFMAXLEN is the maximum length query string + permitted from unidentified domains. It defaults to 9999, + i.e., any query string is permitted, since + mail and various other legitimate programs often don't + supply an HTTP_REFERER. See -DREFERER and -DREFLEVELS + below for further discussion, and also see -DNOREFSAFELEN + immediately below. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DNOREFSAFELEN=<i>n</i></b> </dt> + <dd> If you compile mimeTeX with either the -DREFERER or + -DREFLEVELS switch (discussed below), then the default + NOREFMAXLEN value 9999 is replaced by the (usually much + shorter) NOREFSAFELEN value whose default is 24. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DOPAQUE</b> </dt> + <dd> By default, mimeTeX renders gif images with black symbols + on a transparent white background. Defining OPAQUE renders + images on an opaque background instead. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DPATHPREFIX=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> The <a href="#input">\input{ }</a> and + <a href="#counter">\counter{ }</a> commands discussed below + require filename arguments which, by default, point to files + residing in the same cgi-bin/ directory as your mimetex.cgi. + Moreover, for security, absolute paths with leading <b>/</b>'s + or <b>\</b>'s, and paths with <b>../</b>'s or <b>..\</b>'s, + are not permitted. Instead, compile mimetex with PATHPREFIX + defined as <i>path</i><b>/</b> if you want input files in some + other directory. And make sure your <i>path</i><b>/</b> ends + with <b>/</b> (or with <b>\</b> for Windows). </dd> + <dt> <b>-DPLUSBLANK <i>-or-</i><br> + -DPLUSNOTBLANK</b> </dt> + <dd> mimeTeX receives your LaTeX math expression as a url + query string, in which blank spaces are often encoded + as <b>%20</b> or as plus signs <b>+</b>, and + where actual plus signs are often encoded as <b>%2B</b>. + But these conventions aren't always respected, + and even when they are blank spaces may be either + <b>%20</b> or <b>+</b>. The only ambiguity for + mimeTeX is whether or not to translate plus signs <b>+</b> + back to blank spaces. <br> + If you know how your applications behave, + then define PLUSBLANK to always translate plus signs <b>+</b> + to blank spaces, or define PLUSNOTBLANK to never translate. <br> + Otherwise, if you define neither, + mimeTeX applies some common-sense rules to decide whether or + not to translate. These usually work, but can't be guaranteed. + If your query string contains actual blank spaces or + blanks encoded as <b>%20</b>, then plus signs <b>+</b> + aren't translated. Otherwise, if your query string + contains <b>%2B</b>, then plus signs <b>+</b> are + translated. If neither <b>%20</b> nor <b>%2B</b>, or both + <b>%20</b> and <b>%2B</b>, occur in your query string, + then the situation is ambiguous. In this case, if mimeTeX + finds two or more plus signs <b>++</b> with no intervening + space, then they're translated; otherwise they're not. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DREFERER=\"<i>domain</i>\" <i>-or-</i><br> + -DREFERER=\"<i>domain1,domain2,etc</i>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> Blocks mimeTeX requests from unauthorized domains that + are using your mimetex.cgi (hence your server's resources) + without permission. <br> + If compiled with -DREFERER, then mimeTeX + performs a case-insensitive test of the environment variable + HTTP_REFERER to verify that it contains the authorized 'domain' + as a substring. For example, if -DREFERER=\"\",<br> + If given several 'domain's (second form) + then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or + 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. <br> + If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain a substring + matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX emits the error + message image<br> + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\message{0}" + alt="" align="middle" border=0> <br> + instead of the requested image. You can manually + modify this invalid_referer_msg, which is msgtable[0] + defined immediately above function main(), + to personalize the error message displayed for your own site. <br> + Finally, if you specify <b>-DREFERER</b> + (or -DREFLEVELS discussed immediately below) but HTTP_REFERER + is not found as an environment variable, then + mimeTeX correctly generates images whose QUERY_STRING's + contain 24 or fewer characters. For 25 or more + characters, mimeTeX generates an error. + See -DNOREFMAXLEN and -DNOREFSAFELEN above to change + the 24 limit. </dd> + <dt><b>-DREFLEVELS=<i>n</i></b> <i>-or-</i><br> + <b>-DNOREFCHECK</b> </dt> + <dd> Besides <b>-DREFERER</b> discussed immediately above, + mimeTeX can block requests from HTTP_REFERER's that + don't match your HTTP_HOST, <i>i.e.</i>, from pages on + different servers than your mimetex.cgi image. <br> + The default value of REFLEVELS is 3, + meaning the topmost three levels of HTTP_REFERER and + HTTP_HOST must match. For example, phy.cam.ac.uk matches + math.cam.ac.uk because they share the same topmost three + levels cam.ac.uk. So a page installed at the physics + department can use a mimetex.cgi installed at the math + department. If you always want a complete match, compile + mimeTeX with <b>-DREFLEVELS=99</b> or any large number. + If HTTP_REFERER is not found, then the same 24 + character limit discussed immediately above remains in effect. <br> + To completely disable the REFLEVELS check, + compile mimeTeX with <b>-DNOREFCHECK</b> (or with + <b>-DREFLEVELS=0</b>). Or, if you supply a specific + <b>-DREFERER</b> list of authorized domains, as discussed + immediately above, then the REFLEVELS check is automatically + disabled. </dd> + <dt><b>-DSECURITY=<i>n</i></b> </dt> + <dd> This is essentially a "paranoid" setting that defaults + to a high value 999, which inhibits some optional logging + activity. <b>-DCACHEPATH=<i>path</i>/</b> isn't affected, + since you're explicitly supplying a <b><i>path</i>/</b> + you want files written to. But, for example, you must set + <b>-DSECURITY=5</b> (or less) to permit the <b>\counter</b> + command to create a new counter file. A malicious user + could conceivably flood your file system by submitting + zillions of <b>\counter{<i>filename</i>}</b> commands + to mimeTeX, each with a different <b><i>filename</i></b>. </dd> + <dt><b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i> <i>-or-</i><br> + -DNOSMASH</b> </dt> + <dd> TeX typically renders an expression like + <b>\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> as <a href="#preview"> + <img id="nosmash1" onclick="eqntext('nosmash1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX tries to remove extra + whitespace, rendering the same expression as <a href="#preview"> + <img id="nosmash2" onclick="eqntext('nosmash2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. + Compile with <b>-DNOSMASH</b> if you prefer the typical TeX + behavior as mimeTeX's default. Or, to adjust the minimum + number of pixels between smashed symbols (default is 3), + compile with <b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i></b>. + See <a href="#smash">Smash</a> for further discussion. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DWARNINGS=<i>n</i> <i>-or-</i> <br> + -DNOWARNINGS</b> </dt> + <dd> If an expression submitted to mimeTeX contains an + unrecognzied escape sequence, e.g., "y=x+\abc+1", then + mimeTeX generates a gif image containing an embedded + warning in the form "y=x+[\abc?]+1". Or, if an expression + contains an unrecognized character, i.e., one for which mimeTeX + has no corresponding bitmap, then the embedded warning is [?]. + If you want these warnings suppressed, either <b>-DWARNINGS=0</b> + or <b>-DNOWARNINGS</b> on the compile line tells mimeTeX to treat + unrecognized/undisplayable input as white space. </dd> + <dt> <b>-DWHITE</b> </dt> + <dd> MimeTeX usually renders black symbols on a white + background. This option renders white symbols on + a transparent black background instead (or on an opaque + black background when combined with <b>-DOPAQUE</b> ). </dd> + + <dt> <a name="adswitches"> </a> <font color="black" size="5"> + <br> <b>Advertising switches</b><font size=5>...</font></font> + <br> </dt> + <dd style="margin-left:0em;"> The next three switches + set up a mimeTeX web service that embeds advertising messages + along with rendered images. + <!-- See <a href="#webservice">mimeTeX web service</a> + above for further discussion. --> <br> <br> </dd> + + <dt> <a name="adfrequencyswitch"> </a> + <b>–DADFREQUENCY=0</b> </dt> + <dd> If ADFREQUENCY is defined as a positive number <b><i>n</i></b>, + then one request out of every <b><i>n</i></b> submitted to mimeTeX + is randomly selected to be displayed along with a pre-defined + "advertisement". For example, if your expression is + <b>\large\int_0^xe^{-x^2}dx</b>, then the default + advertisement displays <br> + + <a href="#preview"><img id="adswitch1" onclick="eqntext('adswitch1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\advertisement + \int_0^xe^{-x^2}dx" alt="" align="middle" border=0></a> + instead of just + <a href="#preview"><img id="adswitch2" onclick="eqntext('adswitch2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \int_0^xe^{-x^2}dx" alt="" align="middle" border=0></a> <br> + See the <b>–DADVERTISEMENT</b> switch <!-- immediately --> + below for instructions to define your own advertisement replacing + my default. </dd> + + <dt> <a name="adhostswitch"> </a> + <b>–DHOST_SHOWAD=\"\\000\"</b> </dt> + <dd> Advertisement messages are usually displayed randomly, + in one request to mimeTeX out of every <b><i>n</i></b>, + as defined by the <b>–DADFREQUENCY</b> switch above. + But if a HOST_SHOWAD string is also defined, + then advertisements are only displayed when mimeTeX is running + on a host whose HTTP_HOST (or SERVER_NAME) environment variable + contains that string. For example, + <b>–DHOST_SHOWAD=\"mathsite\"</b> displays advertisements + on www.mathsite.com but never on www.mathhouse.com . + The default HOST_SHOWAD value is an empty string, + which displays advertisements on any host. </dd> + + <dt> <a name="advertisementswitch"> </a> + <b>–DADVERTISEMENT=\"</b><i>filename</i><b>\"</b> </dt> + <dd> To define your own advertisement, replacing my default + illustrated immediately above, edit a file containing lines + of the form <br> + <nobr> <b>"\\</b>begin{gather}{\\small\\text<b>"</b></nobr><br> + <nobr> <b>"</b>{\\fbox{\\begin{gather}<b>"</b></nobr><br> + <nobr> <b>"</b>mime\\TeX rendering courtesy of\\\\<b>"</b></nobr><br> + <nobr> <b>"</b>http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html \\end{gather}}}\\\\<b>"</b></nobr><br> + <nobr> <b>"</b> %%expression%%<b>"</b></nobr><br> + <nobr> <b>"\\</b>end{gather}<b>"</b></nobr><br> + Every line in your file must be enclosed in <b>"</b>quotes<b>"</b>, + and all backslashes written as double-backslashes <b>\\</b>. + Note <b>\\\\</b> at the end of the third and fourth lines, + which LaTeX sees as <b>\\</b>. The entire example shows how my + default advertisement is defined. <br> + Your advertisement may consist of any valid + mimeTeX commands you like. But it must somewhere contain the line <br> + <nobr> <b>"</b> %%expression%% <b>"</b></nobr><br> + which is replaced by the user's expression. <br> + Once mimeTeX is compiled with your advertisement, + test it by submitting an expression like + <b>\advertisement x^2+y^2</b> containing the special + mimeTeX \advertisement directive, which forces that + expression to be rendered with your advertisement. In this case + (and with my default advertisement message) we see <br> + + <a href="#preview"><img id="adswitch3" onclick="eqntext('adswitch3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\advertisement x^2+y^2" + alt="" align="middle" border=0></a> instead of + just + <a href="#preview"><img id="adswitch4" onclick="eqntext('adswitch4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0></a> <br> + regardless of your ADFREQUENCY value. </dd> + </dl> + + +<h2> <a name="cmdline"> (IId) Command Line Features </a> </h2> + + <p> MimeTeX usually runs from a browser, obtaining its input expression + from a query_string. But you can also run mimeTeX from your Unix + shell, supplying all input from the command line. This was briefly + illustrated above, where you were advised to test your newly-compiled + mimeTeX executable from the command line before installing it. </p> + + <p> In addition to such simple testing, mimeTeX also provides some + possibly useful functionality from the command line. In particular, + you can store a gif (or xbitmap) image of any expression to a file. + No syntax checking is applied to command-line arguments, so enter + them carefully. (Likewise, plus signs <b>+</b> are never + translated to blank spaces, nor is any other <b>%xx</b> url decoding + performed on command-line arguments.) </p> + + <p> The complete command-line syntax for mimeTeX is </p> + <pre> + ./mimetex [ -d ] dump gif image on stdout, + [ -e export_file ] or write gif image to export_file + [ expression expression, e.g., "x^2+y^2", + | -f input_file ] or read expression from input_file + [ -g1 -d ] dump .pbm-formatted image on stdout + [ -g1 -e export_file ] or write .pbm image to export_file + [ -g2 -d ] dump anti-aliased .pgm image on stdout + [ -g2 -e export_file ] or write .pgm image to export_file + [ -m msglevel ] verbosity of debugging output + [ -o ] render image with opaque background + [ -s fontsize ] default fontsize, 0-5 + + -d Rather than printing ascii debugging output, mimeTeX + dumps the actual gif (or xbitmap) to stdout, e.g., + ./mimetex -d "x^2+y^2" > expression.gif + creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 + + -e export_file Like -d but writes the actual gif + (or xbitmap) directly to export_file, e.g., + ./mimetex -e expression.gif "x^2+y^2" + creates file expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2 + + expression Place LaTeX expression directly on command + line, with no -switch preceding it, as in the example + immediately above, or..... + + -f input_file .....read expression from input_file + (and automatically assume -d switch). The input_file + may contain the expression on one line or spread out + over many lines. MimeTeX will concatanate all lines + from input_file to construct one long expression. + Blanks, tabs, and newlines are just ignored. + + -g1 -d dumps a .pbm-formatted portable bitmap image to stdout. + Note that this is the bitmap image _before_ anti-aliasing. + + -g1 -e export_file Like -g1 -d but writes the .pbm-formatted + portable bitmap directly to export_file, e.g., + ./mimetex -g1 -e expression.pbm "x^2+y^2" + creates file expression.pbm containing a bitmap image + of x^2+y^2 before anti-aliasing. + + -g2 -d dumps a .pgm-formatted portable graphic image to stdout. + Note that this is the bytemap image _after_ anti-aliasing. + + -g2 -e export_file Like -g2 -d but writes the .pgm-formatted + portable graphic image directly to export_file, e.g., + ./mimetex -g3 -e expression.pgm "x^2+y^2" + creates file expression.pgm containing a bytemap image + of x^2+y^2 after anti-aliasing. + + -m msglevel 0-99, controls verbosity/message level for + debugging output (usually used only while testing code). + + -o Rather than the default transparent gif background, + the rendered image will contain black symbols on an + opaque white background (or vice versa if compiled + with -DWHITE). For example, if you have ImageMagick's + display utility, + ./mimetex -o -d "x^2+y^2" | display & + opens a small window containing the rendered expression. + (Note: if you already compiled mimeTeX with -DOPAQUE + then -o renders images on a transparent background.) + + -s fontsize 0-7, font size. Font size can also be specified + within the expression by a directive, e.g., \Large f(x)=x^2 + displays f(x)=x^2 at font size 4, overriding -s. + Default font size is 3. + </pre> + + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SECTION III. SYNTAX REFERENCE +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h1> <a name="reference"> (III) Syntax Reference </a> </h1> + +<p> Since mimeTeX's syntax is as TeX-like as possible, we'll mostly discuss + the occasional differences. + <!-- (which exist only to simplify my programming + task, not to impose any syntactic aesthetics of mine on you). --> + This section contains short paragraphs that each discuss some aspect + of mimeTeX where your LaTeX experience might not be precisely + duplicated. </p> + +<p> Anything not discussed here that still doesn't behave like you expect + is probably just not implemented. That includes (La)TeX packages + (though a few ams commands like \begin{gather} and \begin{pmatrix} + are recognized), non-standard fonts, etc. You can try out any + questionable syntax by <a href="#forminput">Submit</a>ting a query + to quickly see whether or not it works. And you might want to + occasionally re-browse the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> above, + which may better illustrate implemented features. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="spaces"> (IIIa) \unitlength{ }, Math Spaces and Whitespace + </a> </h2> + +<h3> <a name="unitlength">\unitlength<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> Lengths in mimeTeX are all ultimately expressed in number of pixels. + Various commands discussed below require length arguments, including </p> + <ul> + <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hspace{ }</a> </li> + <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hfill{ }</a> </li> + <li> <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ }</a> </li> + <li> <a href="#circleline">\line( , )</a> and + <a href="#circleline">\circle( , )</a> </li> + <li> <a href="#arrows">\longrightarrow[ ]</a> </li> + </ul> <p class="continue"> + (the \long<i>xxx</i>arrow [ ]-arguments are optional mimeTeX + extensions to LaTeX) MimeTeX's length-type arguments never + take units, e.g., {10pt} and {1cm} are both invalid. Lengths always + refer to number of pixels, optionally scaled by a user-specified + <b>\unitlength</b>. </p> + + <p> MimeTeX's <b>\unitlength{ }</b> command lets you specify + the number of pixels per "length unit", e.g., + <b>\unitlength{10} \hspace{2.5}</b> renders a 25-pixel space. + Both <b>\unitlength{ }</b> and <b>\hspace{ }</b>'s + length arguments may be integers or may contain decimal points. + Ditto for all other mimeTeX commands that take length arguments. + The default <b>\unitlength</b> is, you guessed it, <b>1</b>. </p> + + <p> A specified <b>\unitlength</b> applies to all subsequent terms, + i.e., everything to its right. And several <b>\unitlength</b>'s + may be specified in the same expression, each one overriding + those to its left. But if one or more <b>\unitlength</b>'s + appear within a <b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression, then terms + following its closing right <b>}</b> revert to the <b>\unitlength</b> + in effect before its opening left <b>{</b>. For example, </p> <center> + <b>A\hspace{10} {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C} \hspace{10}D</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="unitlength1" onclick="eqntext('unitlength1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\hspace{10} + {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}\hspace{10}D" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + which has a 10-pixel space between <b>A</b> and <b>B</b>, then + 25 pixels between <b>B</b> and <b>C</b>, and finally + another 10 pixels between <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>. </p> + +<h3> <a name="mathspace">Math Spaces<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> Except inside <a href="#textboxes">text boxes</a>, + unescaped blanks, tildes (a <b>~</b>), and all other usual + <a href="#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters are completely + ignored by mimeTeX, just like they are in LaTeX math mode. + As usual, you must explicitly write one of the recognized math + spaces to put extra visible space in your rendered expressions. </p> + + <p> MimeTeX recognizes math spaces <b>\/ \, \: \;</b> + as well as <b>\quad</b> and <b>\qquad</b> , + and also a backslashed blank + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?1$\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> + (i.e., a <b>\</b> followed by a blank). + For example, + <b>(a\/b\,c\:d\;e\ f\quad g\qquad h)</b> +   renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="spacing2" onclick="eqntext('spacing2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?(a\/b\,c\:d\;e\ f\quad g\qquad h)" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a>. + In mimeTeX, you may also write <b>\hspace{10}</b> + to insert a 10-pixel (or any other number) space, scaled by any + preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, as illustrated + just above. </p> + + <p> For negative spaces, <b>\!</b> produces a small (two + pixel) negative space, e.g., <b>a=b</b> renders + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom"> + whereas <b>a\!=b</b> renders + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom"> + and <b>a\!\!=b</b> renders + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom">. + For large negative space, <b>\hspace{-10}</b> permits + a negative argument. But it stops at the first pixel to its left + rather than "erasing" pixels. If you don't want to stop, use + <b>\hspace*{-10}</b> instead. For example, + <b>ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF</b> renders + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom">, erasing all of the <b>C</b> + and the right half of the <b>B</b>. </p> + +<!-- + <p> Although some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces + inside html query_string's, mimeTeX also recognizes escaped blanks + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> (a <b>\</b> followed by a blank) as math + spaces, just in case you can safely use them. </p> +--> + + <p> MimeTeX also supports <b>\hfill{<i>textwidth</i>}</b>, where + <b><i>textwidth</i></b> is roughly equivalent to LaTeX's + <b>\textwidth</b>, i.e., it's the total number of pixels, scaled by + <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, that your entire rendered + expression will span. However, if <b>\hfill{ }</b> appears + within a <b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression, then it applies + only to that subexpression. For example, </p> <center> + <b>{abc \hfill{75} def} \hfill{150} ghi</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace1" onclick="eqntext('mathspace1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large{abc\hfill{75}def}\hfill{150}ghi" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + The first/inner <b>\hfill{75}</b> inserts exactly enough whitespace so + that subexpression "<b><i>abc def</i></b>" spans 75 pixels. + Then the second/outer <b>\hfill{150}</b> inserts exactly enough + whitespace so that the entire expression spans 150 pixels. + Without explicit <b>{ }</b>-nesting, mimeTeX evaluates expressions + left-to-right (sinistrally), e.g., <b>...\hfill{150}...\hfill{75}...</b> + is exactly equivalent to <b>...\hfill{150}{...\hfill{75}...}</b>. + Notice that, this time, the second/right <b><i>textwidth</i></b> + argument is necessarily smaller than the first/left. </p> + + <p> Finally, mimeTeX begins a new line whenever you write <b>\\</b> . + And you may optionally write <b>\\[10]</b> to put a 10-pixel (or any + other number) vertical space, scaled by + <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, between lines. + <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> also splits long + equations over several lines, as illustrated by + <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above. + But when that's not the best solution, you can also write, + for example, </p> <center> + <b>y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h</b> + to produce + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace2" onclick="eqntext('mathspace2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> However, mimeTeX can't correctly handle automatically-sized delimiters + across linebreaks, e.g., </p> <center> + <b>y=\left\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\right\}</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace3" onclick="eqntext('mathspace3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\{a+b+c+d\\ + \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br> + whereas you probably wanted + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace4" onclick="eqntext('mathspace4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\big{a+b+c+d\\ + \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\big}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> + </center> <p class="continue"> + which I produced using <b>\big{...\\...\big}</b> instead + of <b>\left\{...\\...\right\}</b>. Expressions of the + form <b>\left...\right \\ \left...\right</b> should all be + rendered properly. It's only <b>\left...\\...\right</b> that will + look odd. </p> + +<h3> <a name="whitespace">Whitespace, Comments, +and some other characters<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> Some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces + inside html query_string's. In that case, you can write + tildes (a <b>~</b>) wherever blanks are required or desired, + e.g., <b>\alpha~w</b> instead of <b>\alpha w</b>, or + <b>\frac~xy</b> or <b>\sqrt~z</b>, etc. MimeTeX correctly + interprets both blanks and <b>~</b>'s, and all + other usual whitespace characters. So use whatever's convenient + as long as it's correctly interpreted inside query_string's by your + browser. </p> + + <p> Similarly, some browsers occasionally misinterpret linebreaks/newlines + inside the middle of long html query_string's. + For example, </p> +<pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} + \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre><p class="continue"> + breaks a long query_string over two lines. If your browser interprets + this correctly, then mimeTeX will render it correctly, too. Otherwise, + you'll have to enter long expressions on one big long line. </p> + + <p> If you can break long query_string's over several lines, then you may + find mimeTeX's <b>%%comments%%</b> feature useful, too. Note that + comments must be preceded <i>and followed</i> by two <b>%</b>'s + rather than LaTeX's usual one. The above example could be written </p> +<pre><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} %%normalization%% + \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt %%integral%%" + alt="" border=0 align=middle> </pre> + + <p> Besides whitespace, browsers may misinterpret embedded apostrophes, + and especially quotes, within query strings. The <b>a's</b> and + <b>b's</b> in <a href="#example7">Example 7</a> above actually use + superscripted commas for apostrophes, i.e., <b>a^,s</b> and <b>b^,s</b>, + and you can also use LaTeX <b>\prime</b>'s, as in <b>a^\prime s</b>. + For quotes, you can use <b>^{,,}</b> since <b>"</b> almost certainly + won't work. To help make things easier, in addition to the usual + LaTeX <b>\prime</b>, mimeTeX also recognizes <b>\apostrophe</b> and + <b>\quote</b> and <b>\percent</b>, all with the obvious meanings. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="symbols"> (IIIb) Math Symbols, Sizes, and Modes </a></h2> + +<h3> <a name="characters">Character Sets<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> The <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/" + target="_top"> Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List </a> + illustrates some 6,000 symbols supported by LaTeX. For complete + information about the subset of these characters and math symbols + available in mimeTeX, you'll need to browse through the bottom + 1500-or-so lines of <b>mimetex.h</b>. And several additional + symbols like <b>\ldots</b> and <b>\AA</b> and <b>\hbar</b> are + defined by the mimeTeX preprocessor, function <b>mimeprep( )</b> + in <b>mimetex.c</b> <br> + + I haven't exhaustively checked all the name-number matchings for + the thousand-or-so symbols in mimetex.h. You can eaily correct + any minor mistake you find in what I hope is an obvious manner. + The fonts <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below provides + additional information. </p> + + <p> Generally speaking, I've tried to + encode the cmr10, cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, + stmary10 and wncyr10 families with "names", e.g., <b>\alpha \beta + \forall \sqcup</b>, etc, identical to your LaTeX expectations. + For example, the calligraphic symbols in cmsy10 are accessed by + writing <b>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{XYZ}</b>. Similarly, + write <b>\mathbf{A}</b> for the cmmib fonts, write <b>\mathscr{A}</b> + for rsfs10, write <b>\mathbb{R}</b> for bbold10, and write + <b>{\cyr Khrushchev}</b> or <b>\cyr{Khrushchev}</b> to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="cyrillic1" onclick="eqntext('cyrillic1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\cyr Khrushchev" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a>. + Most LaTeX distributions supply stmaryrd.dvi and stmaryrd.sty + that both document the names of the stmary10 symbols. + Similarly, amsfndoc.dvi documents the names of the wncyr10 + cyrillic symbols and ligatures. </p> + + <!-- But there are various additions and omissions and exceptions + vis-a-vis LaTeX. For example, </p> + <ul> + <li> "Large" operators like \int are often also available as + \Bigint, and similarly for \sum \prod \cup \cap, etc. + If you find a \Bigxxx in mimetex.h then you'll also find the + corresponding \xxx. \Bigxxx operators are somewhat larger + than their \xxx counterparts, and they automatically render + super/subscripts in <a href="#modes">displaystyle</a>. </li> + </ul> --> + + + <p> In addition to extra LaTeX symbols like <b>\ldots</b>, <b>\AA</b> + and <b>\hbar</b>, mentioned above, the mimeTeX preprocessor + <b>mimeprep( )</b> also recognizes various html special + characters like <b>&lt;</b>, <b>&gt;</b>, <b>&nbsp;</b>, + <b>&quot;</b>, <b>&amp;</b>, etc. Some web tools apparently + translate characters like, e.g., <b>></b> to <b>&gt;</b>, + even inside quoted query_string's, so mimeTeX's preprocessor + translates them back to LaTeX symbols for you. Moreover, html + misinterprets quotes <b>"</b> inside a quoted + query string as the end of the query string. So, for example, + the cyrillic ligature <b>\"E</b> has to be written in the + even more cumbersome form <b>\&quot;E</b> inside a query + string. </p> + + <p> Illustrated below are some of the character sets and math symbols + supported by mimeTeX, starting with several roman character fonts. + The blackboard bold font contains many characters besides + <b>a-z,A-Z</b>. Calligraphic and script fonts contain + uppercase <b>A-Z</b> only. </p> + + <center><a href="#preview"><img id="roman8" onclick="eqntext('roman8')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \begin{array}{|c+57|c|c|c0|c|c|c|c|c| C25 C+15} \hline + \large \textrm{a-z} & \small \backslash\textrm{text} & + \small \backslash\textrm{mathbb} & & + \large \textrm{A-Z} & \small \backslash\textrm{text} & + \small \backslash\textrm{mathbb} & \small \backslash\textrm{mathcal} & + \small \backslash\textrm{mathscr} \\ \hline + a&\text{a}&\mathbb{a}& &A&\text{A}&\mathbb{A}&\mathcal{A}&\mathscr{A}\\ + b&\text{b}&\mathbb{b}& &B&\text{B}&\mathbb{B}&\mathcal{B}&\mathscr{B}\\ + c&\text{c}&\mathbb{c}& &C&\text{C}&\mathbb{C}&\mathcal{C}&\mathscr{C}\\ + d&\text{d}&\mathbb{d}& &D&\text{D}&\mathbb{D}&\mathcal{D}&\mathscr{D}\\ + e&\text{e}&\mathbb{e}& &E&\text{E}&\mathbb{E}&\mathcal{E}&\mathscr{E}\\ + f&\text{f}&\mathbb{f}& &F&\text{F}&\mathbb{F}&\mathcal{F}&\mathscr{F}\\ + g&\text{g}&\mathbb{g}& &G&\text{G}&\mathbb{G}&\mathcal{G}&\mathscr{G}\\ + h&\text{h}&\mathbb{h}& &H&\text{H}&\mathbb{H}&\mathcal{H}&\mathscr{H}\\ + i&\text{i}&\mathbb{i}& &I&\text{I}&\mathbb{I}&\mathcal{I}&\mathscr{I}\\ + j&\text{j}&\mathbb{j}& &J&\text{J}&\mathbb{J}&\mathcal{J}&\mathscr{J}\\ + k&\text{k}&\mathbb{k}& &K&\text{K}&\mathbb{K}&\mathcal{K}&\mathscr{K}\\ + l&\text{l}&\mathbb{l}& &L&\text{L}&\mathbb{L}&\mathcal{L}&\mathscr{L}\\ + m&\text{m}&\mathbb{m}& &M&\text{M}&\mathbb{M}&\mathcal{M}&\mathscr{M}\\ + n&\text{n}&\mathbb{n}& &N&\text{N}&\mathbb{N}&\mathcal{N}&\mathscr{N}\\ + o&\text{o}&\mathbb{o}& &O&\text{O}&\mathbb{O}&\mathcal{O}&\mathscr{O}\\ + p&\text{p}&\mathbb{p}& &P&\text{P}&\mathbb{P}&\mathcal{P}&\mathscr{P}\\ + q&\text{q}&\mathbb{q}& &Q&\text{Q}&\mathbb{Q}&\mathcal{Q}&\mathscr{Q}\\ + r&\text{r}&\mathbb{r}& &R&\text{R}&\mathbb{R}&\mathcal{R}&\mathscr{R}\\ + s&\text{s}&\mathbb{s}& &S&\text{S}&\mathbb{S}&\mathcal{S}&\mathscr{S}\\ + t&\text{t}&\mathbb{t}& &T&\text{T}&\mathbb{T}&\mathcal{T}&\mathscr{T}\\ + u&\text{u}&\mathbb{u}& &U&\text{U}&\mathbb{U}&\mathcal{U}&\mathscr{U}\\ + v&\text{v}&\mathbb{v}& &V&\text{V}&\mathbb{V}&\mathcal{V}&\mathscr{V}\\ + w&\text{w}&\mathbb{w}& &W&\text{W}&\mathbb{W}&\mathcal{W}&\mathscr{W}\\ + x&\text{x}&\mathbb{x}& &X&\text{X}&\mathbb{X}&\mathcal{X}&\mathscr{X}\\ + y&\text{y}&\mathbb{y}& &Y&\text{Y}&\mathbb{Y}&\mathcal{Y}&\mathscr{Y}\\ + z&\text{z}&\mathbb{z}& &Z&\text{Z}&\mathbb{Z}&\mathcal{Z}&\mathscr{Z}\\ + \hline \end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a></center> + + <p> Characters from the Greek alphabet supported by mimeTeX, + along with <b>\mathbb{ }</b> versions, are + illustrated next. For example, <b>\mathbb{\lambda}</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="bblambda" onclick="eqntext('bblambda')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\mathbb{\lambda}" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>. </p> + + <center><a href="#preview"><img id="greek2" onclick="eqntext('greek2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \begin{array}{|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|} + \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Gamma} & \Gamma & \mathbb{\Gamma} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Delta} & \Delta & \mathbb{\Delta} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Theta} & \Theta & \mathbb{\Theta} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Lambda} & \Lambda & \mathbb{\Lambda} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Xi} & \Xi & \mathbb{\Xi} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Pi} & \Pi & \mathbb{\Pi} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Sigma} & \Sigma & \mathbb{\Sigma} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Upsilon} & \Upsilon & \mathbb{\Upsilon}& + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Phi} & \Phi & \mathbb{\Phi} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Psi} & \Psi & \mathbb{\Psi} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Omega} & \Omega & \mathbb{\Omega} \\ + \; \\ \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{alpha} & \alpha & \mathbb{\alpha} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{beta} & \beta & \mathbb{\beta} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{gamma} & \gamma & \mathbb{\gamma} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{delta} & \delta & \mathbb{\delta} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{epsilon} & \epsilon & \mathbb{\epsilon}& + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{zeta} & \zeta & \mathbb{\zeta} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{eta} & \eta & \mathbb{\eta} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{theta} & \theta & \mathbb{\theta} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{iota} & \iota & \mathbb{\iota} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{kappa} & \kappa & \mathbb{\kappa} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{lambda} & \lambda & \mathbb{\lambda} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{mu} & \mu & \mathbb{\mu} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{nu} & \nu & \mathbb{\nu} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{xi} & \xi & \mathbb{\xi} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{pi} & \pi & \mathbb{\pi} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{rho} & \rho & \mathbb{\rho} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sigma} & \sigma & \mathbb{\sigma} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{tau} & \tau & \mathbb{\tau} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{upsilon} & \upsilon & \mathbb{\upsilon}& + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{phi} & \phi & \mathbb{\phi} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{chi} & \chi & \mathbb{\chi} \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{psi} & \psi & \mathbb{\psi} & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{omega} & \omega & \mathbb{\omega} \\ + \; \\ \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{varepsilon} & \varepsilon & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{vartheta} & \vartheta & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{varpi} & \varpi & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{varrho} & \varrho & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{varsigma} & \varsigma & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{varphi} & \varphi & \\ + \; \\ \hline + \end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a></center> + + <p> Finally, some of the math symbols supported by mimeTeX are illustrated + below. Operators shown in two sizes are automatically + "promoted" to the larger size in   <b>\displaystyle</b> + mode. For example, + <b>f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathsy1" onclick="eqntext('mathsy1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a> + whereas + <b>\displaystyle f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="mathsy2" onclick="eqntext('mathsy2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\displaystyle + f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt" alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a> + </p> + + <center><a href="#preview"><img id="mthtbl1" onclick="eqntext('mthtbl1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\textstyle + \begin{array}{|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|} + \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{cdot} & \cdot & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{times} & \times & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ast} & \ast & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{div} & \div & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{diamond} & \diamond & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{pm} & \pm & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{mp} & \mp & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{oplus} & \oplus & \Bigoplus & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ominus} & \ominus & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{otimes} & \otimes & \Bigotimes & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{oslash} & \oslash & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{odot} & \odot & \Bigodot \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{bigcirc} & \bigcirc & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{circ} & \circ & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{bullet} & \bullet & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{asymp} & \asymp & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{equiv} & \equiv & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{subseteq} & \subseteq & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{supseteq} & \supseteq & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{leq} & \leq & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{geq} & \geq & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{preceq} & \preceq & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{succeq} & \succeq & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sim} & \sim & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{approx} & \approx & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{subset} & \subset & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{supset} & \supset & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ll} & \ll & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{gg} & \gg & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{prec} & \prec & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{succ} & \succ & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{leftarrow} & \leftarrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{rightarrow} & \rightarrow & \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{uparrow} & \uparrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{downarrow} & \downarrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{leftrightarrow}&&\leftrightarrow\\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{nearrow} & \nearrow & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{searrow} & \searrow & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{simeq} & \simeq & \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Leftarrow} & \Leftarrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Rightarrow} & \Rightarrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Uparrow} & \Uparrow & \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Downarrow} & \Downarrow & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Leftrightarrow}&&\Leftrightarrow& + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{nwarrow} & \nwarrow & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{swarrow} & \swarrow & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{propto} & \propto & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{prime} & \prime & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{infty} & \infty & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{in} & \in & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ni} & \ni & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{triangle} & \triangle & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{bigtriangledown}&&\bigtriangledown& + \hspace{10}\backslash^\prime & \' & \\ + \hspace{10}\textrm{/} & / & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{forall} & \forall & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{exists} & \exists & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{neg} & \neg & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{emptyset} & \emptyset & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Re} & \Re & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Im} & \Im & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{top} & \top & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{bot} & \bot & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{aleph} & \aleph & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{mathcal\lbrace A\rbrace}&\;\mathcal{A}&....& + .... \normalsize\backslash\textrm{mathcal\lbrace Z\rbrace}&\;\mathcal{Z}&\\ + \; \\ \hline + \end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a><br> + <a href="#preview"><img id="mthtbl2" onclick="eqntext('mthtbl2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\textstyle + \begin{array}{|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|} + \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{cup} & \cup & \Bigcup & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{cap} & \cap & \Bigcap & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{uplus} & \uplus & \Biguplus \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{wedge} & \wedge & \Bigwedge & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{vee} & \vee & \Bigvee & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{vdash} & \vdash & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{dashv} & \dashv & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{lfloor} & \lfloor & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{rfloor} & \rfloor & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{lceil} & \lceil & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{rceil} & \rceil & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{lbrace} & \lbrace & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{rbrace} & \rbrace & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{langle} & \langle & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{rangle} & \rangle & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{mid} & \mid & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{parallel} & \parallel & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{updownarrow}& & \updownarrow \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{Updownarrow}& & \Updownarrow & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{setminus} & \setminus & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{wr} & \wr & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{surd} & \raisebox{15}\surd & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{amalg} & \amalg & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{nabla} & \nabla & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{int} & \int & \Bigint & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sqcup} & \sqcup & \Bigsqcup & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sqcap} & \sqcap & \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{sqsubseteq} & \sqsubseteq & & + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{sqsupseteq} & \sqsupseteq & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{S} & \S & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{dag} & \dag & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ddag} & \ddag & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{P} & \P & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{clubsuit} & \clubsuit & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Diamond} & \Diamond & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{Heart} & \Heart & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{spadesuit} & \spadesuit & \\ + \; \\ \hline + \end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a><br> + <a href="#preview"><img id="mthtbl3" onclick="eqntext('mthtbl3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\textstyle + \begin{array}{|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|l98c28c28|} + \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{oint} & \oint & \Bigoint & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sum} & \sum & \Bigsum & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{prod} & \prod & \Bigprod \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{coprod} & \coprod & \Bigcoprod \\ + \; \\ \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{leftharpoonup} &&\leftharpoonup& + \normalsize\backslash\textrm{leftharpoondown} &&\;\leftharpoondown& + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{rightharpoonup}&&\rightharpoonup\\ + \normalsize\backslash\textrm{rightharpoondown}&&\;\rightharpoondown& + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{triangleright} &&\triangleright& + \hspace{10}\normalsize\backslash\textrm{triangleleft} &&\triangleleft\\ + \normalsize\backslash\textrm{rightleftharpoons}&&\;\rightleftharpoons& + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{star} & \LARGE{\star} & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{partial} & \partial & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{flat} & \flat & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{natural} & \natural & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{sharp} & \sharp & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{smile} & \smile & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{frown} & \frown & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ell} & \ell & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{imath} & \imath & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{jmath} & \jmath & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{wp} & \wp & \\ + \; \\ \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ss} & \ss & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ae} & \ae & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{oe} & \oe & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{AE} & \AE & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{OE} & \OE & \\ + \; \\ \hline \; \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{AA} & \AA & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{aa} & \aa & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{hbar} & \hbar & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ldots} & \ldots & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{cdots} & \cdots & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{vdots} & \vdots & \\ + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{ddots} & \ddots & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{angle} & \angle & & + \hspace{10}\backslash\textrm{iint} & \iint & \Bigiint \\ + \; \\ \hline + \end{array}" + alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a></center> + +<h3> <a name="sizes">Font Sizes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes, numbered 0-7, with default 3. + This font size numbering corresponds to the usual LaTeX directives + <b>\tiny</b>, <b>\small</b>, <b>\normalsize</b>, + <b>\large</b> (default), <b>\Large</b>, + <b>\LARGE</b>, <b>\huge</b> and <b>\Huge</b>. + These directives can be placed anywhere in a mimeTeX expression, + and they change font size from that point forwards. However, as usual, + a font size change inside a <b>{ }</b>-subexpression remains + in effect only within that subexpression. </p> + + <p> In mimeTeX you may also write <b>\fontsize{0}...\fontsize{7}</b> or + the shorter <b>\fs{0},...,\fs{7}</b> for <b>\tiny,...,\Huge</b>. + And since these arguments are all single digits, the even shorter + form <b>\fs0,...,\fs7</b> works equally well. For example, </p> + <center> <table cellpadding=0> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>0</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\tiny</b> f(x)=x^2"> + produces... </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes0" onclick="eqntext('sizes0')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>1</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs1</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>2</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\normalsize</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>3</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b></b>f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes3" onclick="eqntext('sizes3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>4</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\Large</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>5</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs5</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>6</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\huge</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td align="left"> <b>7</b>: + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs7</b> f(x)=x^2"> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr> + </table> </center> <p class="continue"> + rendering <b>f(x)=x^2</b> in mimeTeX font sizes + <b>0</b> (\tiny or \fs0), <b>1</b> (\small or \fs1), + <b>2</b> (\normalsize or \fs2), <b>3</b> (default \large), + <b>4</b> (\Large or \fs4), <b>5</b> (\LARGE or \fs5), + <b>6</b> (\huge or \fs6) and <b>7</b> (\Huge or \fs7). </p> + + <p> You'll soon notice that exponents and \frac's and \atop's + are automatically rendered one size smaller than their base + expressions. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\Large y=e^{x^2}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{x^2}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large), the <b>"x"</b> in + font size 3 (\large), and the <b>"2"</b> in font size 2 (\normalsize). + If you get below font size 0, the font size remains 0. </p> + + <p> Explicit size declarations override mimeTeX's default sizing behavior. + You can rewrite the preceding example as, say, </p> <center> + <b>\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}</b> which now produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large unchanged), + the <b>"x"</b> in font size 2 (\normalsize), and the <b>"2"</b> + in font size 0 (\tiny). </p> + + <p> Preceding an <b>\fs{ }</b> size argument with <b>+</b> or + <b>-</b> specifies "relative" sizing. For example, + <b>\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, rendering the <b>"def"</b> + in font size 1 (two sizes smaller than \large). Note that + <b>\fs{-2}</b> affects only the subexpression in which it appears, + and that its braces are no longer optional since <b>-2</b> contains + two characters. For exponents (or any other size-changing commands + like \frac), </p> <center> + <b>\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large), as usual. + The <b>"x"</b> would usually be rendered one size smaller, + in font size 3, and your <b>\fs{-1}</b> is applied to that, + resulting in font size 2. And the final <b>"2"</b> is rendered, + by the usual rules, one size smaller than the <b>"x"</b>, + in font size 1. </p> + + <p> Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols + at several mimeTeX sizes. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi, + cmmib (use <b>\mathbf{ }</b>), cmsy, cmex, bbold (use + <b>\mathbb{ }</b>), rsfs (use <b>\mathscr{ }</b>), + stmary and cyrillic wncyr (use <b>{\cyr }</b> or + <b>\cyr{ }</b>) should be available, but they're not all shown. + <!-- And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt, + accents, etc. --> The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large, + 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 7=\Huge, 6=\huge, + 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 0=\tiny). </p> + + <center> <table cellspacing="7"> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,& +2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">calligraphic, and rsfs (<b>\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc</b>)</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,& +4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO& +3$\calP,& +3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU& +2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,& +2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW& +2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma& +4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi& +4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma& +3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi& +3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma& +2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi& +2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">cmmi greek lowercase</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$ +2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta& +4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%& +4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\ +2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta& +3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%& +3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\ +2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta& +2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%& +2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3</font><br> +<font size="3">(operators shown large are automatically "promoted"<br> +to the larger size in \displaystyle mode)</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\ +1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp& +\oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\ +1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq& +\sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\ +1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear& +\simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\ +1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'& +\forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\ +1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap& +\uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\ +1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel& +\updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\ +1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit& +\Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> +<font size="4">a few other cmmi, cmr, stmary and wncyr symbols +at mimeTeX font size 4</font> +<br><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$ +1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo& +\triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial& +\flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\ +1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE \\ +1$\rm~stmary:~&\moo&\Lbag&\Rbag&\lightning&\llbracket&\rrbracket& +\subsetpluseq&\supsetpluseq&\Yup&\Ydown\\ +1$\rm~wncyr:~&\cyr A&\cyr a&\cyr B&\cyr b&\cyr V&\cyr v&\cyr G&\cyr g& +\cyr D&\cyr d&\cyr Dj&\cyr dj&\cyr\=E&\cyr\=e&\cyr Zh&\cyr zh}" +alt="" border=0 align=middle> + </td> <tr> + </table> </center> + +<h3> <a name="modes">Modes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> MimeTeX is always in a math-like mode, so you needn't surround + expressions with <b>$...$</b>'s for <b>\textstyle</b>, + or <b>$$...$$</b>'s for <b>\displaystyle</b>. + <!-- or <b>\[...\]</b>'s, etc. In fact, mimeTeX interprets <b>$</b> + as a "preamble" terminator (e.g., see <a href="#array">\array</a> + below), and interprets <b>\[...\]</b> as an abbreviation for + <b>\left[...\right]</b>. --> + By default, operator limits like <b>\int_a^b</b> are rendered + <b>\textstyle</b> <a href="#preview"> + <img id="modes99a" onclick="eqntext('modes99a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\normalsize</b> + and smaller, and rendered <b>\displaystyle</b> <a href="#preview"> + <img id="modes99b" onclick="eqntext('modes99b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\large</b> and + larger (see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> to change this default). + And when <b>\displaystyle</b> is invoked (either implicitly at font size + <b>\large</b> or larger, or if you explicitly write <b>\displaystyle</b> + at any font size), then operators <b>\int</b>, <b>\sum</b>, + <b>\prod</b>, etc, are automatically promoted to larger sizes. + <!-- their <a href="#characters">\Bigxxx</a> counterparts. --> + <!-- Conversely, <b>\displaystyle</b> is applied to all + <a href="#characters">\Bigxxx</a> operators regardless of font size. --> + <!-- i.e., super/subscripts are placed directly above/below + <b>\Bigsum</b>, but "alongside" <b>\sum</b>. --> + For example, </p> <center> + <!-- <b>\Bigsum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1a" onclick="eqntext('modes1a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\Bigsum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, <br> --> + <b>\normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2a" onclick="eqntext('modes2a')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, whereas <br> + <b>\displaystyle \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, </center> + <p class=continue> and <!-- replacing <b>\Bigsum</b> with the smaller + <b>\sum</b> symbol, --> </p> <center> + <b>\large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, whereas <br> + <b>\textstyle \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2b" onclick="eqntext('modes2b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle\large + \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. + <!-- instead. --> </center> + + <p> As usual, <b>\nolimits</b> turns displaystyle off (or textstyle on) + for the operator immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\large \sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes3" onclick="eqntext('modes3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a></center> <p class="continue"> + and likewise, <b>\limits</b> turns displaystyle on for the operator + immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\normalsize \sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes4" onclick="eqntext('modes4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize\sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> By the way, <b>\limits</b> affects <i><b>_any_</b></i> character + or subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center> + <b>A^i_j</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes5" onclick="eqntext('modes5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A^i_j" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> as usual, whereas <br> + <b>A\limits^i_j</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes6" onclick="eqntext('modes6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\limits^i_j" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. </center> + <p class="continue">Likewise, for subexpressions, </p> <center> + <b>\widehat{xyz}\limits^a</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes7" onclick="eqntext('modes7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\widehat{xyz}\limits^a" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + This side effect may occasionally be useful. For example, </p> <center> + <b>x\rightarrow\limits^gy</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes8" onclick="eqntext('modes8')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\rightarrow\limits^gy" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + (mimeTeX automatically centers super/subscripts above/below + the long and Long <a href="#arrows">arrow</a> forms) </p> + + <p> The <b>\displaystyle</b> command turns on displaystyle math mode for + the entire expression (or <b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression), + affecting <b><i>_all_</i></b> super/subscripts to the right + of the \displaystyle, except for character classes Ordinary and + Variable (TeXbook page 154). Similarly, <b>\textstyle</b> turns + off displaystyle math mode. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\sum_1^n {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j} \sum_1^m</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="modes9" onclick="eqntext('modes9')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_1^n + {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j}\sum_1^m" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + Note that <b>\sum</b>'s within the subexpression are all affected by + the beginning <b>\displaystyle</b>, but not the Variable <b>x_i^j</b>. + An explicit <b>x\limits_i^j</b> always affects any preceding term. </p> + +<h3> <a name="textboxes">text boxes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> Finally, mimeTeX also has a text-like/roman mode + entered by writing either <b>\text{anything at all}</b> + or the equivalent LaTeX-2.09-like command + <b>{\rm anything at all}</b>, both of which render + <b>anything at all</b> in roman (font family cmr10). + <b>\mbox{ }</b> and several similar LaTeX commands are + recognized by mimeTeX as synonyms for <b>\text{ }</b>. + For italic, write <b>\textit{anything at all}</b> or + <b>{\it anything at all}</b>, both of which render + <b>anything at all</b> in italic (font family cmmi10). + All four forms respect spaces between words, except that the + first/required space after <b>{\rm etc}</b> and + <b>{\it etc}</b> is still ignored. <!-- Math <b>$...$</b> + subexpressions inside <b>\mbox{ }</b> or <b>\text{ }</b> + are treated in the usual way. --> For example, </p> <center> + <b>anything at all</b> just produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes1" onclick="eqntext('textboxes1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize anything at all" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> whereas <br> <br> + <b>\text{anything at all}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes2" onclick="eqntext('textboxes2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\text{anything at all}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> and <br> <br> + <b>\textit{anything at all}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes3" onclick="eqntext('textboxes3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textit{anything at all}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. </center> + + <p> You don't usually surround mimeTeX expressions with <b>$</b>'s, + but that works in the usual way for <b>\text{ }</b> and + <b>\mbox{ }</b>, rendering the <b>$...$</b>-enclosed + subexpression in mathmode. For example, </p> <center> + <b>n=\left\{m/2\text{ if $m$ even} + \\(m+1)/2\text{ if $m$ odd}\right.</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes9" onclick="eqntext('textboxes9')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + n=\left\{m/2\text{ if $m$ even}\\(m+1)/2\text{ if $m$ odd}\right." + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + +<h2> <a name="delimiters"> (IIIc) Delimiters </a> </h2> + +<h3> <a name="parens">Parentheses and Braces +(delimiters)<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> LaTeX's <b>\left( ... \right)</b> and the other 21 + standard LaTeX delimiters are also recognized by mimeTeX. + And mimeTeX also recognizes an etex-like <b>\middle</b>. + <!-- may be written exactly + like that, or may be abbreviated <b>\(</b> and <b>\)</b> in mimeTeX. + Not all <b>\left</b> and <b>\right</b> LaTeX delimiters are currently + available in mimeTeX, but those that are can be written in the usual + way, or can be abbreviated as described above. One exception is + that <b>\left\|...\right\|</b> must instead be abbreviated + <b>\=...\=</b> or can be written in full <b>\left\|...\right\|</b> + as usual. Also, <b>\left\langle...\right\rangle</b> is abbreviated + <b>\<...\></b> . </p> --> + <!-- <p> Mixing abbreviated and unabbreviated delimiters within + a matching pair is not allowed, e.g., \left(...\) <b>_won't_</b> work. + But you can mix nested pairs, e.g., <b>\left(...\(...\)...\right)</b> + will work as long as the matching delimiters comprising each pair are + either both abbreviated or both unabbreviated. </p> + <p> --> Several of the most common automatically sized delimiters + are illustrated below... </p> <center> + <!-- <table cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1> --> + <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1> + <tr align=center> + <!-- <td> <b>LaTeX or <br> mimeTeX</b> </td> --> + <td> <b>Delimiter</b> </td> + <!-- <td> <b>or mimeTeX <br> abbreviation</b> </td> --> + <td> <b>example...</b> </td> + <td> <b>...renders</b> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left( ... \right) </td> + <!-- <td> \( ... \) </td> --> + <td> \left( \frac1{1-x^2} \right)^2 </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens1" onclick="eqntext('parens1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left(\frac1{1-x^2}\right)^2" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left[ ... \right] </td> + <!-- <td> \[ ... \] </td> --> + <td> \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens2" onclick="eqntext('parens2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large + \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left\{ ... \right\} </td> + <!-- <td> \{ ... \} </td> --> + <td> \left\{ 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots \right\} </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens3" onclick="eqntext('parens3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large\left\{1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots\right\}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left\langle ...<br> + ... \right\rangle </td> + <!-- <td> \< ... \> </td> --> + <td> \left\langle \varphi \middle| \hat H <br> + \middle| \phi \right\rangle </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens4" onclick="eqntext('parens4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large + \left\langle\varphi\middle|\hat H\middle|\phi\right\rangle" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left| ... \right| </td> + <!-- <td> \| ... \| </td> --> + <td> \left| \begin{matrix} a_1 & a_2 \\<br> + a_3 & a_4 \end{matrix} \right|</td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens5" onclick="eqntext('parens5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \left|\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2\\a_3&a_4\end{matrix}\right|" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left\| ... \right\| </td> + <!-- <td> \= ... \= </td> --> + <td> \left\|x^2-y^2\right\| </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens6" onclick="eqntext('parens6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left\|x^2-y^2\right\|" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left\{ ... + \right<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> </td> + <!-- <td> \{ ... \<b>.</b> </td> --> + <td> y=\left\{ \text{this\\that} + \right<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens7" onclick="eqntext('parens7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large y=\left\{\text{this\\that}\right." + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + <tr align=center> + <td> \left<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> + ... \right\} </td> + <!-- <td> \<b>.</b> ... \} </td> --> + <td> \left<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> + \text{this\\that} \right\}=y </td> + <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens8" onclick="eqntext('parens8')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large\left.\text{this\\that}\right\}=y" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> + </tr> + </table> </center> + <p> <b><u>Notes... </u></b> </p> + <ol compact type=1> + <!-- <li> The other LaTeX delimiters, i.e., floor's, ceil's, + arrows, etc, can't yet be sized to fit. </li> --> + <li> <a href="#sizes">Size declarations</a> inside any of the + above delimiter pairs affect only the enclosed subexpression, + e.g., <b>\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9" onclick="eqntext('parens9')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> + <li> An expression may contain as many etex-like <b>\middle</b>'s as + you like, and in mimeTeX the surrounding <b>\left...\right</b> + isn't required. When omitted, the scope of <b>\middle</b> is + either the entire expression or the <b>{ }</b>-enclosed + subexpression in which the <b>\middle</b>'s occur. For example, + <b>\frac{a+1}b \middle/ \middle(\frac{c+1}d \middle/ \frac{e+1}f\middle)</b> + renders + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \frac{a+1}b\middle/\middle(\frac{c+1}d\middle/\frac{e+1}f\middle)" + border=0 align=middle>. </li> + <li> In the last two examples, note that mimeTeX recognizes the + <b>\\</b> in <b>\text{this\\that}</b> + as a linebreak. For example, <b>x=1\\y=2\\z=3</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9b" onclick="eqntext('parens9b')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small x=1\\y=2\\z=3" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li> + <!-- <li> An abbreviated left delimiter must be paired with the same + "type" of matching right delimiter, e.g., <b>\[...\]</b> works + whereas <b>\[...\)</b> doesn't work. To render an "unmatched" + pair of delimiters you must use the unabbreviated form, e.g., + <b>\left[...\right)</b> works fine. </li> --> + <!-- <li> Similarly, "unusual" delimiter abbreviations like + <b>\)...\(</b> also don't work in mimeTeX. That is, + <b>(, [, <, {,</b> etc, must always be "left" + in mimeTeX, and <b>), ], >, },</b> etc, + must always be "right". To render "unusual" delimiter pairs you + must use the unabbreviated form, e.g., <b>\left)...\right[</b> + works fine. </li> --> + <!-- <li> <b>\right.</b> may be paired with any of the automatically + sized delimiters, and may optionally be abbreviated as <b>\.</b> + The same <b>\.</b> also serves as an abbreviation + for <b>\left.</b> MimeTeX correctly interprets your + intention if you correctly balance delimiters. For example, + either <b>y=\left\{{this\atop that}\right.</b> or + <b>y=\{{this\atop that}\.</b> renders the usual useful + construction + <a href="#preview"><img id="parens10" onclick="eqntext('parens10')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \normalsize y=\{\text{this\atop that}\." + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> illustrated above. </li> --> + <!-- <li> However, abbreviated <b>\.</b>'s cannot be nested in mimeTeX, + e.g., <b>\[\(...\.\.</b> doesn't work. Instead, unabbreviated + <b>\left.</b> and <b>\right.</b> may be nested, e.g., + <b>\left[\left(...\right.\right.</b> works fine. </li> --> + <!-- <li> Simply nested abbreviations like <b>\[\(...\)\]</b> work + fine in mimeTeX. But abbreviated delimiters like <b>\|...\|</b> + and <b>\=...\=</b>, whose left and right forms are + identical, cannot be nested. To nest these delimiters you + must use the corresponding unabbreviated <b>\left|..\right|</b> + and <b>\left\|...\right\|</b>. </li> --> + <!-- <li> All <b>\left(...\right)</b>'s (and abbreviated + <b>\(...\)</b>'s), etc, must be correctly balanced, + which may include being matched with <b>\left.</b> + or <b>\right.</b> (or abbreviated <b>\.</b>). + And, to repeat, you may <b>_not_</b> mix + abbreviated and unabbreviated \(...\right), etc, within a + matching pair. </li> --> + </ol> + + <p> Besides the <b>\left...\right</b> delimiters discussed above, + mimeTeX also supports constructions like + <b>\left\int_a^b...\right<b>.</b></b> , which automatically + sizes the <b>\left\int</b> to accommodate everything between it + and its matching <b>\right<b>.</b></b> delimiter. + The <b>\right</b> delimiter needn't necessarily be + the <b>\right<b>.</b></b> illustrated, e.g., + <b>\left\int_a^b x^2dx =\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="parens11" onclick="eqntext('parens11')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \left\int_a^bx^2dx=\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b" border=0 alt="" + align=middle></a>. <!-- Except for Opening (TeX class 4) and + Closing (class 5) delimiter characters like <b>( )</b> and + <b>[ ]</b> and <b>\{ \}</b>, limits are default-rendered + \displaystyle, which is why <b>\right|\nolimits_a^b</b> was required. --> + You can also write <b>\left\sum</b>, <b>\left\prod</b>, + <b>\left\cup</b>, etc, for many of the symbols in CMEX10 and STMARY10. + And any symbol that works with <b>\left</b> will also work + with <b>\right</b> . <!-- But mimeTeX abbreviations like + <b>\(...\)</b> for <b>\left(...\right)</b> + won't work with any of these CMEX10 symbols. You'll have to write + the usual unabbreviated <b>\left...\right</b> form. --> </p> + + <p> Unescaped <b>( )</b>'s and <b>[ ]</b>'s and <b>| |</b>'s + and <b>< ></b>'s don't need to be balanced since mimeTeX just + displays them like ordinary characters without any special significance. + Ditto for the usual four <b>\big(</b> and <b>\Big(</b> and <b>\bigg(</b> + and <b>\Bigg(</b>, and for their four right <b>)</b> counterparts, which + just display <b>(...)</b>'s at fixed larger sizes, and also have no + special significance. All four big <b>[ ]</b>'s and + <b>< ></b>'s and <b>{ }</b>'s are also available + as ordinary characters. </p> + + <p> As usual, unescaped <b>{...}</b>'s aren't displayed at all, + must be balanced, and have the usual special LaTeX significance. + MimeTeX interprets escaped <b>\{...\}</b>'s as abbreviations + for <b>\left\{...\right\}</b> and therefore always sizes them to fit. + If you need displayed but unsized <b>{...}</b>'s, write + <b>\lbrace...\rbrace</b> or any of the four <b>\big{...\big}</b>'s. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="accents"> (IIId) Accents, Functions, Arrows, +Raise and rotate, Compose, Abbreviations, etc. </a> </h2> + +<h3> Accents<font size=5>...</font> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\vec{ } \hat{ } \bar{ } \tilde{ } \dot{ } + \ddot{ }</b> and <b>\acute{ } \grave{ } + \breve{ } \check{ }</b> are the only accents currently + supported. The first four are all "wide". For example, you can write + <b>\widehat{ }</b> if you like, but there's absolutely no + difference either way (and <b>\bar{ }</b> and + <b>\overline{ }</b> are identical). The last four accents + only take a single character argument. <p> + + <p> Other accent-like directives available in mimeTeX are + <b>\underline{ } \cancel{ } \sout{ }</b>, + as well as + <b>\overset{ }{ } \underset{ }{ }</b> + and the more ususal + <b>\overbrace{ }^{ } \underbrace{ }_{ }</b>. + And <b>\not</b> also works on the single character immediately + following it. Some of these directives are discussed in more detail + below. </p> + +<h3> <a name="functions">Function names<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> All 32 usual LaTeX function names <b>\arccos</b>,...,<b>\tanh</b> + are recognized by mimeTeX and treated in the usual way. MimeTeX + also recognizes <b>\tr</b> for the trace, and also <b>\bmod</b> + and <b>\pmod</b>. And those functions that normally take "limits" + also behave as expected, e.g., </p> <center> + <b>\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="functions1" onclick="eqntext('functions1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + +<h3> <a name="arrows">long Arrows<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> All mimeTeX \long and \Long arrows take an optional [width] argument + that explicitly sets the arrow's width in pixels, scaled by + <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. For example, + <b>\longrightarrow[50]</b> draws a 50-pixel wide arrow + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows1" onclick="eqntext('arrows1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow[50]" alt="" border=0 + align=middle></a>, whereas just <b>\longrightarrow</b> calculates + a default width + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows2" onclick="eqntext('arrows2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow" alt="" border=0 + align=middle></a>, as usual. And, in addition to the usual + right, left and leftright arrows, there are also \long (and \Long) up, + down and updown arrows that take an optional [height] argument, also + scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. </p> + + <p> In the event that you actually want to place an []-enclosed expression + immediately following an "unsized" long arrow, just place a <b>~</b> or + any white space after the arrow, e.g., <b>f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows3" onclick="eqntext('arrows3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Without any intervening white space, + mimeTeX would have "eaten" the [0,1]. </p> + + <p> Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long left/right arrows + are displayed the same way <a href="#modes">\limits</a> displays them, + e.g., </p> <center> + <b>x\longrightarrow^gy</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows4" onclick="eqntext('arrows4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow^gy" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br> + <b>x\longrightarrow[50]^gy</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows5" onclick="eqntext('arrows5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow[50]^gy" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + Subscripted long arrows can occasionally be useful, too, as in + <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> above, e.g., </p> <center> + <b>u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta v</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows6" onclick="eqntext('arrows6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta^{\,}v" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + To defeat this default behavior, e.g., <b>\longrightarrow\nolimits^g</b> + displays super/subscripts in the usual way. </p> + + <p> Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long up/down arrows + are treated correspondingly, i.e., superscripts are vertically + centered to the arrow's left, and subscripts to its right. + For example, </p> <center> + <b>\longuparrow[30]^\gamma</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows7" onclick="eqntext('arrows7')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longuparrow[30]^\gamma" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br> + <b>\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows8" onclick="eqntext('arrows8')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue"> + whose occasional usefulness is also illustrated by + <a href="#example11">Example 11</a>. And as before, to defeat + this default behavior, e.g., <b>\longuparrow\nolimits^\gamma</b> + displays super/subscripts in the usual way. </p> + +<h3> <a name="raiserotate">\raisebox{ }{ } and +\rotatebox{ }{ } and \reflectbox[ ]{ } +<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> The <b>\raisebox{<i>height</i>}{<i>expression</i>}</b> + and <b>\rotatebox{<i>angle</i>}{<i>expression</i>}</b> + and <b>\reflectbox[<i>axis</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b> + commands help you fine-tune and manipulate mimeTeX renderings: </p> + <ul> + <li> <b>\raisebox</b>'s <b><i>height</i></b> argument is number + of pixels, scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, + and can be positive or negative. </li> + <li> <b>\rotatebox</b>'s <b><i>angle</i></b> argument is number + of degrees, and can also be positive (for clockwise) or + negative, but must be a multiple of 90. </li> + <li> <b>\reflectbox</b>'s optional <b><i>axis</i></b> argument + defaults to 1 if not given, which reflects horizontally + (the usual LaTeX behavior), or reflects vertically if + specified as 2. </li> + <li> For all three commands, the <b><i>expression</i></b> + can be any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression. </li> + </ul> + <p> For example, mimeTeX's preprocessor + defines the LaTeX <b>?`</b> symbol, an upside-down question + mark, like </p> <center> + <b>abc\raisebox{-2}{\rotatebox{180}?}def</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot1" onclick="eqntext('raiserot1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\rotateb{180}{\LARGE?}}def" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + <p> Using <b>\reflectbox[2]{ }</b> instead of + <b>\rotatebox{180}{ }</b> would result in the slightly + different </p> <center> + <b>abc\raisebox{-2}{\reflectbox[2]?}def</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot2" onclick="eqntext('raiserot2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\reflectb[2]{\LARGE?}}def" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> </center> + +<h3> <a name="compose">\compose{ }{ }<font size=5>...</font></a></h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\compose[<i>offset</i>]{<i>base</i>}{<i>overlay</i>}</b> + superimposes the <b><i>overlay</i></b> expression on top of the + <b><i>base</i></b> expression, displaying the result. + The superimposed <b><i>overlay</i></b> is centered, both + horizontally and vertically, on the <b><i>base</i></b> image, + with the composite image baseline + <!-- the same as the <b><i>base</i></b>. --> + completely ignored. + That means the <b><i>base</i></b> remains positioned in your expression + just as if it had been rendered alone, while the <b><i>overlay</i></b> + is moved around, vertically as well as horizontally, to accommodate it. + For example, </p> <center> + <b>\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="compose1" onclick="eqntext('compose1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> </center> + + <p> Optionally, the <b><i>overlay</i></b> is horizontally + <b><i>offset</i></b> by the specified number of pixels + (positive offsets to the right, negative to the left). + For example, </p> <center> + <b>\compose[-4]{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="compose2" onclick="eqntext('compose2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose[-4]{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> </center> + + <p> Vertical offset can be obtained using a <b>\raisebox</b> + in either the <b><i>base</i></b> or <b><i>overlay</i></b> + expression, or in both. (Although, note that + <b>\compose{\raisebox{10}{<i>base</i>}}{<i>overlay</i>}</b> + renders identically to + <b>\raisebox{10}{\compose{<i>base</i>}{<i>overlay</i>}}</b>, + so applying <b>\raisebox</b> to the <b><i>base</i></b> + expression is typically unnecessary.) + Vertical <b><i>overlay</i></b> offset is relative to the + centered image, as discussed immediately above, + i.e., <b>\compose{<i>base</i>}{\raisebox{0}{<i>overlay</i>}}</b> + has no effect at all, and the <b><i>overlay</i></b> image + remains centered on the <b><i>base</i></b>. + For example, </p> <center> + <b>abc\compose{\LARGE O}{\raisebox{5}{\normalsize c}}def</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="compose3" onclick="eqntext('compose3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + abc\compose{\LARGE O}{\raisebox{5}{\normalsize c}}def" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>, and <br> + <b>abc\compose{\raisebox{10}{\LARGE O}}{\raisebox{-20}{\normalsize c}}def</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="compose3" onclick="eqntext('compose3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?abc + \compose{\raisebox{10}{\LARGE O}}{\raisebox{-20}{\normalsize c}}def" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a></center> + + <p> Separately or in some judicious combination, <b>\compose</b> and + <b>\raisebox</b> and <b>\rotatebox</b> and <b>\reflectbox</b>, + discussed above, perhaps along with <b>\rule</b> and <b>\eval</b> + discussed immediately below, may help you construct special symbols + not "natively" available with mimeTeX's limited set of built-in font + families. This can be especially useful in conjunction with the + <a href="#newcommands">–DNEWCOMMANDS</a> compile-time + <a href="#options">option</a> discussed above. </p> + +<h3> <a name="rule">\rule{ }{ }<font size=5>...</font></a></h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\rule{<i>width</i>}{<i>height</i>}</b> behaves in the usual way, + rendering a black rectangle <b><i>width</i></b> pixels wide and + <b><i>height</i></b> pixels high, with its base on the established + baseline. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="rule1" onclick="eqntext('rule1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> The mimeTeX version of <b>\rule</b> has an optional + <b>[<i>lift</i>]</b> argument, so that its full form is + <b>\rule[<i>lift</i>]{<i>width</i>}{<i>height</i>}</b>. + <b><i>lift</i></b> moves the rule's baseline by the specified + number of pixels, up if positive or down if negative. + For example, </p> <center> + <b>\frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="rule2" onclick="eqntext('rule2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> and <br> + <b>\frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="rule3" onclick="eqntext('rule3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + +<h3> <a name="evaluate">\eval{ }<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> mimeTeX can evaluate arithmetic expressions, + which is a feature intended primarily for use in + <a href="#newcommands">\newcommand's</a> discussed above. + Expressions can be built up from the following elements </p> + <ul> + <li> digits <b>0</b>-<b>9</b> + and numbers composed of uninterrupted (no whitespace) + sequences of digits, </li> + <li> binary operators + <b>+</b>, <b>-</b>, <b>*</b>, <b>/</b>, <b>%</b> + (<b>+</b> and <b>-</b> can be unary, preceding + the first number in an expression, and <b>%</b> is + the modulo operator), </li> + <li> balanced <b>(</b> ... <b>)</b> + parentheses nested to any level (see below), </li> + <li> whitespace anywhere + (except between digits comprising a number), </li> + <li> One additional construction interpreted by <b>\eval{ }</b> + is similar to (but not identical to) the + <a href="http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(programming)#As_a_ternary_operator" + target="_top">?: conditional</a>, as follows. + The expression <b>(i?v0:v1:v2:<i>etc</i>)</b>, usually + parenthesized as illustrated, evaluates to <b>v0</b> + if <b>i</b> evaluates to <b>0</b>, or evaluates to <b>v1</b> + if <b>i</b> evaluates to <b>1</b>, etc. If <b>i < 0</b> + then <b>v0</b> is used, and if <b>i</b> is too large, the last + <b>v</b> is used. All components, <b>i</b> and all <b>v</b>'s, + can themselves be expressions, even another + <b>(i?v0:v1:v2:<i>etc</i>)</b>, which in this case must be + parenthesized. The only situation where parentheses aren't + required is when <b>i?v0:v1:v2:<i>etc</i></b> comprises + your entire expression. + For example, <br> <nobr> + <b>\eval{1+2?10:11:12:13:14:15}</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="eval1" onclick="eqntext('eval1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\eval{1+2?10:11:12:13:14:15}" + alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a></nobr></li> + <li> and <u> most importantly, </u> + the built-in variables<br> + <b>fs</b> for current fontsize and<br> + <b>unitlength</b> for unitlength<br> + which provide the capability for useful constructions, + as follows... </li> + </ul> + + <p> All optional <b>[</b> <b>]</b> and mandatory + <b>{</b> <b>}</b> numeric arguments for + <a href="#rule">\rule[lift]{width}{height}</a>, + <a href="#compose">\compose[offset]{ }{ }</a>, + <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{height}{ }</a>, + <a href="#raiserotate">\rotatebox{angle}{ }</a>, and + <a href="#arrows">\longarrow[width]</a> + can be expressions as described above, rather than just + numeric constants. By using the <b>fs</b> variable, you can + construct <a href="#newcommands">\newcommand</a> + expressions that properly scale with font size. + For example, the <b>\mapsto</b> symbol is not explicitly provided + in any mimeTeX font, but is instead constructed by the + embedded <a href="#newcommands">\newcommand</a><br> + <nobr> <b> + { "\\mapsto", NULL, "{\\rule[fs/2]{1}{5+fs}\\hspace{-99}\\to}" },</b> + </nobr><br> + where \rule's [lift]=fs/2 and {height}=5+fs are scaled by + font size to render symbols<br> + + <a href="#preview"><img id="eval2" onclick="eqntext('eval2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\text\begin{array}{rrl} + \backslash tiny & fs=\tiny\eval{fs} & \tiny\mapsto \\ + \backslash small & fs=\small\eval{fs} & \small\mapsto \\ + \backslash normalsize & fs=\normal\eval{fs} & \normal\mapsto\\ + \backslash large & fs=\large\eval{fs} & \large\mapsto \\ + etc. & & + \end{array}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a><br> + whose rendering automatically varies appropriately with font size. + This kind of <a href="#newcommands">\newcommand</a> construction + is the primary use intended for mimeTeX's expression evaluation feature. + </p> + + <p> But mimeTeX also provides the <b>\eval{<i>expression</i>}</b> + command to make the expression evaluation feature render + "visible" results. It's not particularly useful, + but an expression like <b>1+2+3+4+5=\eval{1+2+3+4+5}</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="eval2" onclick="eqntext('eval2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small 1+2+3+4+5=\eval{1+2+3+4+5}" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>. </p> + + <p> Finally, one little "gotcha" is mimeTeX's + order of evaluation when interpreting expressions. + Parentheses are respected as you'd expect. But within + <b>(</b>...<b>)</b> parentheses, or in an + unparenthesized expression, mimeTeX finds the first (reading + from the left) operator, then iteratively evaluates the + separate subexpressions to that operator's left and to its right, + and then finally combines those two separate results. + So an expression like <b>2*3+4</b> renders <b>14</b>, + and you need to write <b>(2*3)+4</b> to get <b>10</b>. + </p> + + +<h3> <a name="magstep"> \magstep{ } and + \magbox{ }{ }<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\magstep{<i>magnification</i>}</b>, placed anywhere + within an expression, magnifies the entire expression + by an integer factor <b>1<=<i>magnification</i><=10</b> + in both width and height. + Each single pixel thus becomes a square box, <i>e.g.</i>, + for <b><i>magnification</i>=2</b> each single pixel becomes + a four-pixel square box with dimensions <b>2</b>-by-<b>2</b>. + This compromises mimeTeX's anti-aliasing algorithm, + and the resulting image is both hazy/blurry and jagged/staircased + compared to an unmagnified image of the same expression. + For example, at <b>\LARGE</b> size,<br> + <nobr>   + <b>f(x)=x^2</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="magbox1" onclick="eqntext('magbox1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align="absmiddle"></a> and </nobr><br> + <nobr>   + <b>\magstep{2} f(x)=x^2</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="magbox2" onclick="eqntext('magbox2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\magstep{2} f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align="absmiddle"></a> , whereas </nobr><br> + at mimeTeX's largest "native" font size, <br> + <nobr>   + <b>\Huge f(x)=x^2</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="magbox3" onclick="eqntext('magbox3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\HUGE f(x)=x^2" + alt="" border=0 align="absmiddle"></a> . </nobr><br> + Nevertheless, if you still want to render images larger than + mimeTeX's <b>\Huge</b> size, then <b>\magstep{<i>magnification</i>}</b> + may render almost-acceptable results. </p> + + <p> To magnify just part of an expression, + you can use <b>\magbox{<i>magnification</i>}{<i>expression</i>}</b>, + which only magnifies each pixel within the enclosed + <b>{<i>expression</i>}</b>, again + by an integer factor <b>1<=<i>magnification</i><=10</b> + in both width and height, and also adjusts the baseline accordingly. + But <b>\magbox</b> is applied directly to mimeTeX's black-and-white + bitmap <u><b><i> before anti-aliasing </i></b></u>. + At the present time, this virtually completely defeats + mimeTeX's anti-aliasing algorithm, and the resulting image + exhibits even more pronounced jagged-line/staircase effects. + For example, <br> + <nobr>   + <b>\LARGE f(x)={\magbox{2}{x}}^2</b> + renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="magbox5" onclick="eqntext('magbox5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f(x)={\magbox{2}{x}}^2" + alt="" border=0 align="absmiddle"></a>.</nobr><br> + </p> + +<h3> <a name="abbreviations">Abbreviations<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\ga</b> displays <b>\gamma</b>, but just <b>\g</b> displays + <b>\gg</b> (<b>>></b>). That is, mimeTeX selects the + shortest symbol or command which begins with whatever you type. + This feature can help shorten an otherwise very long line, + but it may be a bit dangerous. </p> + + <p> The mimeTeX <a href="#symbols">preprocessor</a>, briefly mentioned + above, is responsible for recognizing several LaTeX symbols like + <b>\ldots</b> and several commands like <b>\atop</b> . + These symbols and commands cannot be abbreviated. The special + html characters like <b>&nbsp;</b> are also recognized by + the preprocessor and cannot be abbreviated. </p> + +<h3> <a name="colors">Colors<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> Rudimentary color commands are provided by mimeTeX. You can write + <b>\color{red}</b> or <b>\color{green}</b> or<b>\color{blue}</b> + (which may be abbreviated <b>\red</b> or <b>\green</b> or + <b>\blue</b>) anywhere in an expression to render the entire + expression in the specified color. That is, + <b>abc{\red def}ghi</b> renders the entire expression red, + not just the <b>def</b> part. Also, note that mimeTeX's "green" + is actually color <b>#00FF00</b>, which the html standard more + accurately calls "lime". For example, </p> <center> + <b>\blue e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="colors1" onclick="eqntext('colors1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \Large\color{blue} e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + +<h3> <a name="smash">"Smash"<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> TeX represents characters by boxes, with no idea how ink will be + distributed inside. So an expression like + <b>\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> is typically rendered as + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash1" onclick="eqntext('smash1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. + But mimeTeX knows the character shapes of its fonts, and therefore tries + to remove extra whitespace, rendering the same expression as + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash2" onclick="eqntext('smash2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. </p> + + <p> Precede any expression with the mimeTeX directive <b>\nosmash</b> + to render it without "smashing". Or compile mimetex.c with the + <b>-DNOSMASH</b> <a href="#options">option</a> if you prefer + the typical TeX behavior as mimeTeX's default. In this case, + precede any expression with <b>\smash</b> to render it "smashed". + And note that explicit space like <b>\hspace{10}</b> + or <b>\;</b> , etc, is never smashed. </p> + + <p> The scope of <b>\smash</b> and <b>\nosmash</b> is the + <b>{ }</b>-enclosed subexpression in which the directive occurs. + For example, if you want the <b><i>g(x)</i></b> part of the + preceding example smashed, but not the <b>1/2</b> part, + then the expression + <b>\nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx}</b> + renders as + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash3" onclick="eqntext('smash3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. + <!-- Moreover, explicit space like + <b>\hspace{10}</b> or <b>\;</b>, etc, is never smashed. + So <b>{\frac12\;\;}\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> renders as + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash4" onclick="eqntext('smash4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + {\frac12\;\;}\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. --> </p> + + <p> For finer-grained control, note that <b>\smash</b> is shorthand + for the default <b>\smashmargin{+3}</b> (and <b>\nosmash</b> is + shorthand for <b>\smashmargin{0}</b>). <b>\smashmargin</b>'s value + is the minimum number of pixels between smashed symbols. The leading + <b>+</b> is optional. If present, the font size (\tiny=0,...,\Huge=7) + is added to the specified minimum. Compile mimetex.c with the + <b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i></b> <a href="#options">option</a> to change + the default from <b>3</b> to <b><i>n</i></b>. Compare the preceding + example with the over-smashed <b>\smashmargin{1}</b> + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash5" onclick="eqntext('smash5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle + \smashmargin1\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead. </p> + + <p> Smashing is in "beta testing" and some expressions still don't look + quite right when smashed, e.g., <b>1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots</b> renders as + <a href="#preview"><img id="smash6" onclick="eqntext('smash6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Just compile with <b>-DNOSMASH</b> + if you come across numerous annoying situations. </p> + +<h3> <a name="not">\not and \cancel and \sout<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> The usual LaTeX <b>\not</b> "slashes" the single symbol + following it, e.g., <b>i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla</b> + produces <a href="#preview"> + <img id="not1" onclick="eqntext('not1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. </p> + + <p> For arbitrary expressions, mimeTeX provides <b>\cancel</b> + which draws a line from the upper-right to lower-left corner of its + argument, e.g., <b>a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="not2" onclick="eqntext('not2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}" + alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. </p> + + <p> Finally, similar to the <b>ulem.sty</b> package, <b>\sout</b> + draws a horizontal strikeout line through its argument, + e.g., <b>\sout{abcdefg}</b> produces <a href="#preview"> + <img id="not3" onclick="eqntext('not3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout{abcdefg}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX's <b>\sout</b> also + takes an optional argument that adjusts the vertical position of its + strikeout line by the specified number of pixels, e.g., + <b>\sout[+2]{abcdefg}</b> produces <a href="#preview"> + <img id="not4" onclick="eqntext('not4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[+2]{abcdefg}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> and + <b>\sout[-2]{abcdefg}</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="not5" onclick="eqntext('not5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[-2]{abcdefg}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="array"> (IIIe) \begin{array}{lcr}...\end{array} Environment + </a> </h2> + + <p> Rendering vectors and matrices, aligning equations, etc, is all done + using the customary LaTeX environment + <b>\begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array}</b> + which you can write in exactly that form. MimeTeX also + recognizes the following array-like environments </p> + <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{array}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{matrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{matrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{tabular}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{tabular}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{pmatrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{pmatrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{bmatrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{bmatrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{Bmatrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{Bmatrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{vmatrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{vmatrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{Vmatrix}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{Vmatrix}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{eqnarray}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&=&b \\ c&=&d \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{eqnarray}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{align}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&=b \\ c&=d \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{align}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{cases}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a&b \\ c&d \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{cases}</b> </td> </tr> + <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{gather}</b> </td> + <td align="center"> <b>a \\ b \\ etc</b> </td> + <td align="left"> <b>\end{gather}</b> </td> </tr> + </table> </center> <p class="continue"> + There's a built-in maximum of 64 columns and 64 rows. Nested + array environments, e.g., + <b>\begin{pmatrix}a&\begin{matrix}1&2\\3&4\end{matrix}\\c&d\end{pmatrix}</b>, + are permitted. </p> + + <p> MimeTeX also provides the abbreviation + <b>\array{lcr$a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}</b> + which has exactly the same effect as + <b>\begin{array}{lcr} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{array}</b>. + And the <b>lcr$</b> "preamble" in <b>\array{lcr$etc}</b> is optional. + In that case, <b>\array{a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}</b> + has exactly the same effect as + <b>\begin{matrix} a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc \end{matrix}</b>. + You can also write <b>\(\array{etc}\)</b> to "manually abbreviate" + the pmatrix environment, or <b>\array{rcl$etc}</b> to abbreviate + eqnarray, but mimeTeX has no explicit abbreviations for these + other environments. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="array1" onclick="eqntext('array1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\ + b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> Solid <b>\hline</b>'s (but not \cline's) and vertical <b>l|c|r</b> bars + are available, as usual. For dashed lines and bars, + <b>\begin{array}</b> provides the additional features <b>\hdash</b> + and <b>l.c.r</b> . <b>\hline</b> and <b>\hdash</b> may not be + abbreviated. For example, </p> <center> + <b>\begin{array}{c.c|c} a_1&a_2&a_3 \\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3 <br> + \\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3 \end{array}</b> produces <br> + <a href="#preview"> <img id="array22" onclick="eqntext('array22')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{array}{c.c|c} + a_1&a_2&a_3\\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3\\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3\end{array}" + alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> + + <p> The default font size is unchanged by <b>\array{ }</b>, but you + can explicitly control it in the usual way, e.g., + <b>{\Large\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}}</b> renders the entire array + in font size 4. In addition, any <b>&...&</b> cell may contain font + size declarations which are always local to that cell, + e.g., <b>&\fs{-1}...&</b> renders that one cell one font size smaller + than current. </p> + + <p> The <b>{lcr}</b> in <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> sets left,center,right + <i>"horizontal justification"</i> down columns of an array, + as usual. And "vertical justification" across rows defaults + to what we'll call <b><i>baseline</i></b>, i.e., aligned equations, + as in <a href="#example10">Example 10</a> above, display properly. + But the down arrows (for + <a href="#preview"><img id="array3" onclick="eqntext('array3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\gamma&\Large\downarr}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> and for + <a href="#preview"><img id="array4" onclick="eqntext('array4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\Large\downarr&\beta}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>) + in <a href="#example11">Example 11</a> require + <i>"vertical centering"</i> across the middle row of that + array. So, in addition to lowercase <b>lcr</b>, mimeTeX's <b>{lcr}</b> + in <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> may also contain uppercase <b>BC</b> to + set "<b>B</b>"aseline or "<b>C</b>"enter vertical justification across + the corresponding rows. For example, <b>\begin{array}{rccclBCB}</b> + sets baseline justification for the first and third rows, and center + justification for the second row. Without any <b>BC</b>'s, + all rows default to the usual <b>B</b> baseline justification. </p> + + <p> MimeTeX has no <b>\arraycolsep</b> or <b>\arraystretch</b> parameters. + Instead, <b>\begin{array}{lc25rB35C}</b> sets the absolute width + of the second column to 25 pixels, and the absolute height of the + first row to 35 pixels, as illustrated by + <a href="#example9">Example 9</a>. Any number following + an <b>lcrBC</b> specification sets the width of that one column + (for <b>lcr</b>), or the height of that one row (for <b>BC</b>). <br> + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> + You can optionally precede the number with a <b>+</b> sign, + which "propagates" that value forward to all subsequent columns for + <b>lcr</b>, or all subsequent rows for <b>BC</b>. For example, + <b>\begin{array}{lc+25rB+35C}</b> sets the absolute width of + column 2 and all subsequent columns to 25 pixels, + and the absolute height of row 1 and all subsequent rows + to 35 pixels. After absolute sizing has been set, the special + value <b>0</b> reverts to automatic sizing for that one row or + column, and <b>+0</b> reverts to automatic sizing for all subsequent + rows or columns. For example, <b>\begin{array}{c+25ccc+35ccc+0}</b> + sets the absolute widths of columns 1-3 to 25 pixels, + columns 4-6 to 35 pixels, and then reverts to automatic + sizing for columns 7 and all subsequent columns. <br> + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> + The "propagation" introduced by <b>+</b> is local to the + <b>\begin{array}</b> in which it occurs. So you have to repeat + the same specifications if you want rows aligned across several + arrays on the same line (or columns aligned on several lines + separated by <b>\\</b>). Instead, a lowercase <b>g</b> globally + copies your column specifications to all subsequent arrays, + and an uppercase <b>G</b> globally copies your row specifications. + And <b>gG</b> copies both column and row specifications. For example, + <b>\begin{array}{GC+25}</b> sets the height of all rows in this + array to 25 pixels, and ditto for all subsequent arrays to its right. + Explicit specifications in subsequent arrays override previous global + values. <br> + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0> + Click one of the following examples to see illustrations + of the above discussion: </p> <center> + <a href="#preview"> <img id="array31" onclick="eqntext('array31')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \left( \begin{array}{GC+30} + \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2\\ + i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array} + z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) + \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 1}" + alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> <br> + <a href="#preview"> <img id="array32" onclick="eqntext('array32')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large + \left( \begin{array}{GC+30gc+40} + \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2 \\ + i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array} + z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right) + \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 2}" + alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center> + + <p> See <a href="#example8">Examples 8-11</a> above for several + additional <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> applications. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="picture"> (IIIf) \picture( ){ } "Environment", + including \line( ){ } and \circle( ) </a> </h2> + + <p> Besides <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b>, mimeTeX also tries to emulate the + familiar LaTeX picture environment with the somewhat similar<br> + <b> \picture(width[,height]) + { (loc1){pic_elem1} (loc2){pic_elem2} ... }</b><br> + as illustrated by <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above. + Arguments surrounded by <b>[ ]</b>'s are optional. + If the optional <b>[,height]</b> is omitted, then <b>height=width</b> + is assumed. Locations <b>(loc1)</b> and <b>(loc2) ...</b> each + denote either a <b>\put(loc)</b> or a <b>\multiput(loc)</b>, + and each location is of the form <b>([c]x,y[;xinc,yinc[;num]])</b>. </p> + + <p> A <b>\put(loc)</b> is denoted by a location of the form <b>([c]x,y)</b> + where <b>x,y</b> denotes the coordinate where the lower-left corner + of the subsequent picture_element will be placed, unless the letter + <b>c</b> precedes the <b>x</b>-number, in which case <b>cx,y</b> + denotes the center point instead. The very lower-left corner of the + entire picture is always <b>0,0</b>, and the upper-right corner is + <b>width-1,height-1</b>. Note, for example, that you'd never want + to specify location <b>c0,0</b> since the picture_element would be + mostly out-of-bounds (only its upper-right quadrant would be + in-bounds). </p> + + <p> A <b>\multiput(loc)</b> starts like a <b>\put(loc)</b>, but location + <b>[c]x,y</b> is followed by <b>;xinc,yinc[;num]</b> indicating the + <b>x,y-inc</b>rements applied to each of <b>num</b> repetitions + of picture_element. If <b>;num</b> is omitted, repetitions continue + until the picture_element goes out-of-bounds of the specified + <b>width[,height]</b>. Note that <b>x,y</b> are always positive or + zero, but <b>xinc,yinc</b> may be postive, zero or negative. </p> + + <p> The <b>\picture(,){...}</b> parameters <b>width, height, x, y, xinc, + yinc</b> may be either integer or may contain a decimal point, + and they're all scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. + The <b>num</b> parameter must be integer. </p> + + <p> Picture_element's <b>{pic_elem1}</b> and <b>{pic_elem2} ...</b> + may be any expressions recognized by mimeTeX, even including other + <b>\picture</b>'s nested to any level. </p> + +<h3> <a name="circleline">\line( ){ } and +\circle( )<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> To help draw useful picture_element's, mimeTeX provides several + drawing commands, <b>\line(xinc,yinc)[{xlen}]</b> and + <b>\circle(xdiam[,ydiam][;arc])</b>. Although primarily intended + for use in <b>\picture</b>'s, you can use them in any mimeTeX + expression, e.g., <b>abc\circle(20)def</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline1" onclick="eqntext('circleline1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large abc\circle(20)def" + alt="" border="0" align="middle"></a>. </p> + + <p> Without its optional <b>{xlen}</b> parameter, the expression + <b>(x,y){\line(xinc,yinc)}</b> draws a straight line from point + <b>x,y</b> to point <b>x+xinc,y+yinc</b>. The <b>inc</b>'s + can be positive, zero or negative. Don't prefix location <b>x,y</b> + with a leading <b>c</b> for <b>\line</b>'s; the intended "corner" + is determined by the signs of <b>xinc</b> and <b>yinc</b>. + If given, the optional <b>{xlen}</b> parameter rescales the length + of the line so its x-projection is <b>xlen</b> and its slope is + unchanged. </p> + + <p> Without optional <b>,ydiam</b> and <b>;arc</b>, the expression + <b>(x,y){\circle(xdiam)}</b> draws a circle of diameter <b>xdiam</b> + centered at <b>x,y</b>. Don't prefix location <b>x,y</b> with a + leading <b>c</b> for <b>\circle</b>'s; centering is assumed. + If <b>,ydiam</b> is also given, then <b>(x,y){\circle(xdiam,ydiam)}</b> + draws the ellipse inscribed in a rectangle of width <b>xdiam</b> + and height <b>ydiam</b> centered at <b>x,y</b>. <br> + Finally, <b>;arc</b> specifies the arc to be + drawn, in one of two ways. An <b>;arc</b> argument given in the + form <b>;1234</b> interprets each digit as a quadrant to be drawn, + with <b>1</b> the upper-right quadrant and then proceeding + counterclockwise, e.g., <b>\circle(12;34)</b> specifies the + lower half of a circle whose diameter is twelve. <br> + Alternatively, an <b>;arc</b> argument given in + the form <b>45,180</b> or <b>-60,120</b> specifies the endpoints of + the desired arc in degrees, with <b>0</b> the positive x-axis and + then proceeding counterclockwise. The first number must always + be smaller than the second (negative numbers are allowed), and the + arc is drawn counterclockwise starting from the smaller number. </p> + + <p> Besides <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above, + it's hard to resist illustrating<br> + <font size=4><b> + \unitlength{.6} \picture(100) {<br> + + (50,50){\circle(99)} %%head%%<br> + + (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} %%eyes%%<br> + + (50,40){\bullet} %%nose%%<br> + + (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} %%upper lip%%<br> + + (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)} %%lower lip%% }</b></font></p> + <center> + <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline2" onclick="eqntext('circleline2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\unitlength{.6}\picture(100){ + (50,50){\circle(99)} (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} (50,40){\bullet} + (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a><br>Have a nice day!</center> + + +<h2> <a name="commands"> (IIIg) Other mimeTeX Commands </a> </h2> + + <p> Various and sundry other LaTeX-like commands are also provided + by mimeTeX. In addition to features explicitly discussed below, + mimeTeX supports the usual sub<b>_</b>scripts and super<b>^</b>scripts, + and most of the typical LaTeX commands, many already discussed + above, including </p> + <ul> + <li> <b>\frac{ }{ }</b> and <b>{ \over }</b> </li> + <li> <b>{ \atop }</b> and <b>{ \choose }</b> </li> + <li> <b>\sqrt{ }</b> </li> + <li> <b>\lim_{ }</b> and all the usual LaTeX function names </li> + <li> <b>\hat{ }</b> and <b>\widehat{ }</b> + and many of the usual LaTeX accents </li> + <li> <b>\overbrace{ }^{ }</b> and + <b>\underbrace{ }_{ }</b> </li> + <li> <b>\overline{ }</b> and <b>\underline{ }</b> </li> + </ul> <p class="continue"> + All these typical commands should behave as they usually do + in LaTeX, and won't be discussed further. Short discussions + of some other commands follow. </p> + +<h3> <a name="stackrel">\overset{ }{ } or +\stackrel{ }{ } and +\underset{ }{ } or \relstack{ }{ } +<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\stackrel{ }{ }</b> behaves as usual in LaTeX, + rendering its first argument one font size smaller and centered above + its second. And the amsmath-style <b>\overset{ }{ }</b> is + identical. For example, </p> <center> + <b>"\vec x\overset{\rm def}=(x_1\ldots x_n)"</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel1" onclick="eqntext('stackrel1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \Large\vec x\,\overset{\small\rm def}= + \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> "Conversely" to <b>\stackrel{ }{ }</b>, mimeTeX provides + <b>\relstack{ }{ }</b>, which renders its second argument + one font size smaller and centered below its first. + And the amsmath-style <b>\underset{ }{ }</b> renders its + first argument one font size smaller and centered below its second. + For example, the <b>\log</b> function name doesn't treat + limits like <b>\lim_</b>, but you can write, for example, </p> <center> + <b>"\underset{\rm base 2}\log32=5"</b> to render + <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel2" onclick="eqntext('stackrel2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \Large\underset{\small\rm base 2}\log32\,=\,5" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> MimeTeX's <b>\limits</b> provides an easier but non-standard + alternative to achieve the same effect. For example, </p> <center> + <b>"\vec x =\limits^{\rm def} (x_1\ldots x_n)"</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel3" onclick="eqntext('stackrel3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\vec x\,=\limits^{\small\rm def} + \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br><br> + and <b>"\log\limits_{\rm base 2}32=5"</b> + produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel4" onclick="eqntext('stackrel4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi? + \Large\log\limits_{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + +<h3> <a name="fbox">\fbox{ }<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> In case html border attributes aren't suitable, mimeTeX provides + the usual <b>\fbox{<i>expression</i>}</b> command, e.g., </p> <center> + <b>"\fbox{x=\frac12}"</b> produces + <a href="#preview"><img id="fbox1" onclick="eqntext('fbox1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\fbox{x=\frac12}" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + + <p> You can also write <b>\fbox[<i>width</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b> + to explicitly set the box's width, or you can write + <b>\fbox[<i>width</i>][<i>height</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b> + to explicitly set both width and height. </p> + +<h3> <a name="today">\today and \calendar<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> <b>\today</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="today1" onclick="eqntext('today1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\today" + border=0 align=middle></a> + in the usual LaTeX text mode way. + That's <b>\today</b>'s default format#1. MimeTeX has + an optional format argument so that, for example, + <b>\blue\today[2]</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="today2" onclick="eqntext('today2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\today[2]" + border=0 align=middle></a>, + showing both date and time. And + <b>\red\today[3]</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="today3" onclick="eqntext('today3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\red\today[3]" + border=0 align=bottom></a>, + showing time only. </p> + + <p> To accommodate time zones, you may also write, for example, + <b>\small\blue\today[2,+3]</b>, which renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="today4" onclick="eqntext('today4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\today[2,+3]" + border=0 align=middle></a>, + adding three hours to format#2. + The arguments may be in either order. The time zone increment + must always be preceded by either <b>+</b> or <b>-</b>, + and must be in the range <b>-</b>23 to <b>+</b>23. </p> + + <p class="continue"> <b>\calendar</b> renders a calendar for + the current month, as illustrated by the left-hand image below. + For a different month, the optional argument   + <b>\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]</b> renders the right-hand + image, for the requested year and month. Years must be + 1973<b>...</b>2099 and months must be 1<b>...</b>12. </p> + <center> + <a href="#preview"><img id="today5" onclick="eqntext('today5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\calendar" + border=0 align=middle> </a> + <a href="#preview"><img id="today6" onclick="eqntext('today6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]" + border=0 align=middle> </a> </center> + + <p> The default calendar emphasizes the current day of the current month, + while any other month emphasizes no day. Day emphasis is controlled + by an optional third argument. <b>\calendar[0,0,1]</b> + emphasizes the first day of the current month, and + <b>\calendar[2001,9,11]</b> emphasizes the eleventh + day of that month. <b>\calendar[0,0,99]</b> + renders the current month with no day emphasized. </p> + +<h3> <a name="input">\input{ }<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p class="continue"> + <b>\input{<i>filename</i>}</b> behaves just like the corresponding + LaTeX command, reading the entire contents of <b><i>filename</i></b> + into your expression at the point where the <b>\input</b> command + occurs. By default, <b><i>filename</i></b> resides in the same + directory as mimetex.cgi. Moreover, for security, absolute paths + with leading <b>/</b>'s or <b>\</b>'s, and paths with <b>../</b>'s + or <b>..\</b>'s, are not permitted. See the <b>-DPATHPREFIX</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a>, discussed above, + if you want <b>\input</b> files in some other directory. + In any case, if <b><i>filename</i></b> isn't found, then + <b>\input</b> tries to read <b><i>filename</i>.tex</b> instead.</p> + + <p> And for further security, <b>\input{ }</b> is disabled by default + unless mimeTeX is compiled with either the <b>-DINPUTOK</b> or + <b>-DINPUTPATH</b> or <b>-DINPUTREFERER</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> discussed above. + When it's disabled, the command <b>\input{<i>filename</i>}</b> + renders the error message + <b>[\input{<i>filename</i>} not permitted]</b> . </p> + + <p> MimeTeX also supports the optional form + <b>\input{<i>filename:tag</i>}</b>. In this case, + <b><i>filename</i></b> is read as before, but only those characters + between <b><<i>tag</i>>...</<i>tag</i>></b> are placed + into your expression. This permits you to have one file containing + many different <b><<i>tag</i>></b>'s, e.g., one file containing + all the questions and/or answers to a homework assignment or a quiz, + etc. </p> + +<h3> <a name="counter">\counter[ ]{ } +<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + + <p> The bottom-right corner of this page contains a page hit counter + that's maintained using mimeTeX's + <b>\counter[<i>logfile</i>]{<i>counterfile</i>:<i>tag</i>}</b> + command. As with <b>\input</b>, described immediately above, + both the required <b><i>counterfile</i></b> and the optional + <b><i>logfile</i></b> are the names of files that reside in the + same directory as your mimetex.cgi executable, unless you compiled + mimetex with the <b>-DPATHPREFIX</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a>. Before using + the <b>\counter</b> command, Unix "touch" and "chmod" those files + so they're mimeTeX readable and writable. </p> + + <p> Also as with <b>\input</b>, for security <b>\counter</b> is + disabled by default unless mimeTeX is compiled with either + the <b>-DINPUTOK</b> or the <b>-DCOUNTEROK</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> + (notice that <b>-DINPUTOK</b> also enables <b>\counter</b>). + If you've compiled mimeTeX with <b>\counter</b> enabled, + then it behaves as <nobr>follows...</nobr> </p> + + <p> If <b><i>counterfile</i></b> isn't readable and writable, + then the <b>\counter</b> command always displays + <b>1<sup><u>st</u></sup></b>. Otherwise, it maintains a + line in <b><i>counterfile</i></b> of the form + <b><<i>tag</i>> <i>value</i> </<i>tag</i>></b> + where <b><i>value</i></b> is initialized as <b>1_</b> if the + specified <b><<i>tag</i>></b> line doesn't already exist, + and then incremented on each subsequent call. That trailing + underscore on the value in the file, e.g., <b>99_</b>, tells + mimeTeX to display <b>99<sup><u>th</u></sup></b> with an + ordinal suffix. Edit the value in the file and remove the + underscore if you don't want the ordinal suffix displayed. + Finally, mimeTeX makes no effort to lock files or + records (tags), so be careful using <b>\counter</b> + if your hit rates are high enough so that frequent collisions + are likely. </p> + + <p> The same <b><i>counterfile</i></b> can contain as many different + <b><<i>tag</i>></b> lines as you like, so counters for + all the pages on your site can be maintained in one file. + MimeTeX also maintains a special <b><timestamp></b> tag + in <b><i>counterfile</i></b> that logs the the date/time and + name of the most recently updated tag. </p> + + <p> Somewhat more detailed log information can be accumulated in + the optional <b><i>logfile</i></b>. If you provide that + filename, mimeTeX writes a line to it of the form + <b>2008-09-07:12:59:33pm <<i>tag</i>>=99 192.168.1.1 <i>http_referer</i></b> + containing a timestamp, the counter tag and its current value, + and the user's IP address and http_referer page if they're + available. </p> + + <p> The page hit counter displayed at the bottom-right corner + of this page is maintained by the command + <b>\counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}</b>. + After compiling and installing your + own mimetex.cgi and your own copy of this page, that counter will + continually show <b>1<sup><u>st</u></sup></b>'s + unless/until you "touch" and "chmod" counters.txt (and, optionally, + counters.log) in your mimetex.cgi directory. </p> + +<h3> <a name="environment">\environment +<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3> + <p> Submitting the expression <b>\environment</b> + to mimeTeX renders </p> <center> + <img id="environ1" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\nocaching\environment" + align="middle" border=0> </center> + <p class="continue"> displaying the http environment variables + known to mimeTeX. This is primarily a programming aid, + showing information available to mimeTeX that might facilitate + future enhancements. </p> + + <p> As with <b>\input</b> and <b>\counter</b> above, + for security <b>\environment</b> is + disabled by default unless mimeTeX is compiled with either + the <b>-DINPUTOK</b> or the <b>-DENVIRONOK</b> + <a href="#options">compile option</a> + (notice that <b>-DINPUTOK</b> also enables <b>\environment</b>). </p> + + +<h2> <a name="exceptions"> (IIIh) Other Exceptions +to LaTeX Syntax </a> </h2> + +<h3> Binding Exceptions<font size=5>...</font> </h3> + + <p> MimeTeX's bindings are pretty much left-to-right. For example, + although mimeTeX correctly interprets <b>\frac12</b> as well as + <b>\frac{1}{2}</b>, etc, the legal LaTeX expression <b>x^\frac12</b> + must be written <b>x^{\frac12}</b>. Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets + it as <b>{x^\frac}12</b>, i.e., the same way <b>x^\alpha12</b> + would be interpreted, which is entirely wrong for <b>\frac</b>. + The same requirement also applies to other combinations of commands, + e.g., you must write <b>\sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}</b>, etc. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="messages"> (IIIi) mimeTeX Errors +and Messages </a> </h2> + +<h3> mimeTeX Errors<font size=5>...</font> </h3> + + <p> Any (La)TeX error is typically also a mimeTeX error. + However, mimeTeX has no command line interface or + <b>.</b>log file for reporting errors. Its only + communication with you is through the mimeTeX image + rendered by your browser. So error messages are embedded + in that image whenever feasible. For example, + suppose you want to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages1" onclick="eqntext('messages1')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\beta\gamma\delta" + border=0 align=bottom></a>, but you mistakenly type + <b>\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta</b> instead. + Then the image rendered is + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages2" onclick="eqntext('messages2')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\alpha\bethe\gamma\delta" + border=0 align=bottom></a>, indicating the unrecognized + <b>[\bethe?]</b> where you wanted to type <b>\beta</b> + and hoped to see + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages3" onclick="eqntext('messages3')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\bf\beta" + border=0 align=bottom></a>. + If your expression contains some unprintable character + (meaning any character mimeTeX has no bitmap for), + then just + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages4" onclick="eqntext('messages4')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\bf[?]" + border=0 align=bottom></a> is displayed in the + corresponding position. </p> + + <p> The preceding example illustrates a pretty trivial error. + Any non-trivial errors in your expression are likely to + go unrecognized and unreported by mimeTeX, and to render + unexpected images. While checking your input expression + for syntax errors, keep in mind the following points + about mimeTeX's behavior: </p> + <ul> + <li> An unmatched left brace <b>{</b> is matched + by mimeTeX with a "phantom" right brace <b>}</b> + that's imagined to be at the end of your expression. </li> + <li> Likewise, an unmatched <b>\left(</b>, + or <b>\left\{</b> or <b>\left\</b><i>anything</i>, + is matched by mimeTeX with a "phantom" <b>\right.</b> + at the end of your expression. </li> + <li> On the other hand, an unmatched right brace <b>}</b> + is displayed in place, as if you had typed \rbrace. </li> + <li> But an unmatched <b>\right\</b><i>anything</i> + is interpreted as an abbreviation for <b>\</b>rightarrow + followed by <b>\</b><i>anything</i>. For example, + <b>\leff( abc \right) def</b> renders + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages5" + onclick="eqntext('messages5')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\leff(abc\right)def" + border=0 align=bottom></a>. </li> + </ul> <!-- p class="continue"> + </p --> + +<h3> mimeTeX Messages<font size=5>...</font> </h3> + +<!-- + <p> The special mimeTeX directive <b>\version</b> + displays the following information </p> + <center> + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages6" onclick="eqntext('messages6')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version" + border=0 align=middle> </a> </center> +--> + <p> The latest release of mimeTeX is version + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages11" onclick="eqntext('messages11')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\versionnumber" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a> + which was last revised + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages12" onclick="eqntext('messages12')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\revisiondate" + alt="" border=0 align="bottom"></a>. + The special mimeTeX directive <b>\version</b> + displays that same information, </p> + <center> + <a href="#preview"><img id="messages13" onclick="eqntext('messages13')" + src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version" + alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> + <p> To check that your own release of mimeTeX is current, + type a url into your browser's locator window something like <br> + + <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\version</b> <br> + which will display the version and revision date of + mimeTeX installed on your server. </p> + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +SECTION IV. APPENDICES +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h1> <a name="appendices"> (IV) Appendices </a> </h1> + +<p> Programming information to help you modify mimeTeX's behavior, + and to use its functionality in your own programs, is provided + by these appendices. The currently available appendices discuss + (a)how to modify or extend mimeTeX's fonts, (b)how to use + mimeTeX's principal function, make_raster(), and (c)how to use + <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> + gifsave.c library. </p> + + +<h2> <a name="fonts"> (IVa) mimeTeX Fonts </a> </h2> + +<p> The font information mimeTeX uses to render characters is + derived from .gf font files (usually generated by <b>metafont</b> + running against .mf files), which are then run through + <b>gftype -i</b> and finally through my <b>gfuntype</b> program + (supplied with your mimeTeX distribution). </p> + +<p> The final output from each such sequence of three runs + (metafont > gftype -i > gfuntype) gives mimeTeX the + bitmap information it needs to render one particular font + family at one particular size. The file <b>texfonts.h</b> + supplied with your mimeTeX distribution collects the output + from 72 such (sequences of) runs, representing nine font + families at eight sizes each. </p> + +<p> This collection of information in texfonts.h is + "wired" into mimeTeX through tables maintained in <b>mimetex.h</b>. + To change mimeTeX's fonts, you'll have to first modify (or totally + replace) texfonts.h using your own gfuntype output, and then + change mimetex.h to reflect your texfonts.h modifications. </p> + +<p> This appendix provides a brief description of the above + process, though you'll probably need at least some previous + C programming experience to confidently accomplish it. + Your motivation might be to add more fonts to mimeTeX, + to change the font sizes I chose, or to add more + font sizes, etc. MimeTeX's design permits all this to be + easily done once you understand the process. </p> + +<p> Running <b>metafont</b> to generate a <b>.gf</b> file from <b>.mf</b> + source will usually be your very first step. A typical such run + might be </p> + <!-- <b>mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmmi10'</b> --> <center> + <b>mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmmi10'</b></center> +<p class="continue"> which in this case generates output file + <b>cmmi10.131gf</b> (which is mimeTeX's font size 3 for the + cmmi family). </p> + +<p> Given the cmmi10.131gf file from this metafont run + (or substitute any other .gf file you like), next run </p> + <center><b>gftype -i cmmi10.131gf > typeout</b></center> +<p class="continue"> where <b>typeout</b> can be any temporary + filename you like. </p> + +<p> Finally, run <b>gfuntype</b> against the typeout file + you just generated with the command </p> + <center><b>gfuntype -n cmmi131 typeout cmmi131.h</b></center> + <p class="continue"> to generate the final output file <b>cmmi131.h</b> + (or any filename you supply as the last arg). This + contains the cmmi data in an array whose name is taken + from the <b>-n</b> arg you supplied to gfuntype. </p> + +<p> The above sequence of three runs resulted in output file + <b>cmmi131.h</b>, containing the font information mimeTeX needs + for one font family (cmmi) at one font size (3). Repeat this + sequence of three runs for each font size and each font family. + Then pull all the output files into one big <b>texfonts.h</b> file + (or write a small texfonts.h which just #include's them all). </p> + +<p> For your information, the 72 sequences of runs represented + in the texfonts.h file supplied with your mimeTeX distribution + correspond to the following eight inital metafont runs for cmr10 </p> +<!-- + 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=nextscrn; input cmr10' + 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=lview; input cmr10' + 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmr10' + 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=itoh; input cmr10' + 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=lqlores; input cmr10' +--> + <pre> size=0 (.83gf) mf '\mode=eighthre; input cmr10' + 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-17.874274); input cmr10' + 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.966458); input cmr10' + 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmr10' + 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-15.296391); input cmr10' + 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-14.650373); input cmr10' + 6 (.210gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-13.804885); input cmr10' + 7 (.250gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-12.848589); input cmr10'</pre> + <p class="continue"> + Then ditto for the eight other font families cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, + cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, stmary10 and wncyr10. And to generate other + <b>.</b><i>dpi</i><b>gf</b> font sizes, calculate magsteps + <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\frac{\log(dpi/2602)}{\log1.2}" + alt="" align=middle border=0>. All the subsequent gftype and + gfuntype runs just follow the standard format described above. </p> + +<p> To incorporate all this font information you just generated into + mimeTeX, edit your <b>mimetex.h</b> file and find the table that looks + something like </p><pre>static fontfamily aafonttable[] = { + /* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + family size=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 + ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */ + { CMR10,{ cmr83, cmr100, cmr118, cmr131, cmr160, cmr180, cmr210, cmr250}}, + { CMMI10,{ cmmi83, cmmi100, cmmi118, cmmi131, cmmi160, cmmi180, cmmi210, cmmi250}}, + { CMMIB10,{ cmmib83, cmmib100, cmmib118, cmmib131, cmmib160, cmmib180, cmmib210, cmmib250}}, + { CMSY10,{ cmsy83, cmsy100, cmsy118, cmsy131, cmsy160, cmsy180, cmsy210, cmsy250}}, + { CMEX10,{ cmex83, cmex100, cmex118, cmex131, cmex160, cmex180, cmex210, cmex250}}, + { RSFS10,{ rsfs83, rsfs100, rsfs118, rsfs131, rsfs160, rsfs180, rsfs210, rsfs250}}, + { BBOLD10,{ bbold83, bbold100, bbold118, bbold131, bbold160, bbold180, bbold210, bbold250}}, + {STMARY10,{stmary83,stmary100,stmary118,stmary131,stmary160,stmary180,stmary210,stmary250}}, + { CYR10,{ wncyr83, wncyr100, wncyr118, wncyr131, wncyr160, wncyr180, wncyr210, wncyr250}}, + { -999,{ NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}} +} ; /* --- end-of-fonttable[] --- */</pre><p class="continue"> + Note the 72 names <b>cmr83...wncyr250</b> in the table. These must + correspond to (or must be changed to) the names following the <b>-n</b> + switch you specified for your gfuntype runs. </p> + +<p> If you want more than eight font sizes, first build up texfonts.h + with all the necessary information. Then change LARGESTSIZE (and + probably NORMALSIZE) in mimetex.h, and finally edit the above aafonttable[] + by extending the columns in each row up to your largest size. </p> + +<p> You can also add new rows by #define'ing a new family, + and then adding a whole lot of character definitions at the bottom + of mimetex.h, all in the obvious way (i.e., it should become obvious + after reviewing mimetex.h). A new row would be required, + for example, to make another font available in mimeTeX. </p> + +<p> One small problem with the above procedure is that the default + gftype program supplied with most TeX distributions + can't emit the long lines needed to display mimeTeX's larger font sizes. + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/gftype.zip" + target="_top">gftype.zip</a> contains a statically linked linux + executable modified to emit the necessary long lines. + It may or may not run on your intel linux machine. + If not, you'll need to compile your own version from source. + The following instructions are for Unix/Linux: <br> + First, download both + <!-- http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web-7.5.3.tar.gz --> + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/web-7.5.3.tar.gz" + target="_top">web-7.5.3.tar.gz</a> and + <!-- http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz --> + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz" + target="_top">web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz</a> + <!-- or more recent versions. --> (note: these files are no longer + explicitly archived by <a href="http://www.ctan.org/" + target="_top">ctan</a>, having been superceded + by <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/texlive" + target="_top">texlive</a> sources, so the preceding two links + point to copies kept on my site, www.forkosh.com). + Then untar both gzipped tar files, + cd web2c-7.5.3/ and run ./configure + and make in the usual way (make may fail before + completion if you don't have all needed fonts installed, + but it will create and compile gftype.c before failing). Now edit + texk/web2c/gftype.c and notice three lines very near the top + that #define maxrow (79)   and similarly for + maxcol and linelength. Change all three 79's to 1024, and + then re-run make. The new texk/web2c/gftype executable + image can emit the long lines needed for mimeTeX's larger font sizes. </p> + +<p> Finally, the Unix/Linux bash shell script + <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/texfonts.sh" + target="_top">texfonts.sh</a> generates file texfonts.h + containing the information for all 72 mimeTeX fonts discussed above + (and, optionally, an extra 1200dpi cmr font used to test mimeTeX's + supersampling algorithm). You'll need to understand and edit this + script to use it meaningfully. But it helps automate mimeTeX's font + generation procedure in case you want to experiment with different + fonts. (Note that metafont emits a complaint while generating the + 83dpi rsfs font. Just press <CR> and it completes + successfully.) </p> + + +<h2> <a name="makeraster"> (IVb) mimeTeX's make_raster() +function </a> </h2> + +<p> MimeTeX converts an input LaTeX math expression to a corresponding GIF + image in two steps. First, it converts the input LaTeX expression to a + corresponding bitmap raster. Then <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" + target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> gifsave library, discussed + <a href="#gifsave">below</a>, converts that bitmap to the emitted gif. + Though you never explicitly see that bitmap, it's mimeTeX's principal + result. MimeTeX is written so any program can easily use its + expression-to-bitmap conversion capability with just a single line of code. + The following complete program demonstrates the simplest such use. </p> + +<pre> #include <stdio.h> + #include "mimetex.h" + int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) + { + raster *rp = make_raster(argv[1],NORMALSIZE); + type_raster(rp,stdout); /* display ascii image of raster */ + }</pre> + +<p> Cut-and-paste the above sample code from this file to, say, + mimedemo.c (and fix the brackets around stdio.h). Then compile <br> + + cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c -lm -o mimedemo <br> + and run it from your unix shell command line like <br> + ./mimedemo "x^2+y^2" </p> + +<p> MimeTeX's expression-to-bitmap conversion is accomplished by the + make_raster() call, whose first argument is just a pointer to a + (null-terminated) string containing any mimeTeX-compliant LaTeX + expression, and whose second argument is the mimeTeX font size + to use (overridden if your expression contains a preamble). + The ascii display of the bitmap raster returned by make_raster() + results from the subsequent call to type_raster(). That's all + this program does, but you could use make_raster()'s returned bitmap + for any other purpose you have in mind. </p> + +<p> MimeTeX's primary purpose is to emit either xbitmaps or gif images + rather than ascii displays. And mimeTeX has anti-aliasing and various + other options that further complicate its main() function compared to + the simple example above. The example below demonstrates mimeTeX + usage in the slightly more realistic situation where an input expression + is converted to a gif, without anti-aliasing, and emitted on stdout. </p> + +<pre> #include <stdio.h> + #include <stdlib.h> + #include "mimetex.h" + + /* --- global needed by callback function, below, for gifsave.c --- */ + static raster *rp = NULL; /* 0/1 bitmap raster image */ + + /* --- callback function to return pixel value at col x, row y --- */ + int GetPixel ( int x, int y ) /* pixel value will be 0 or 1 */ + { return (int)getpixel(rp,y,x); } /* just use getpixel() macro */ + + /* --- main() entry point --- */ + int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) + { + /* --- get LaTeX expression from either browser query or command-line --- */ + char *query = getenv("QUERY_STRING"), /* check for query string */ + *expression = (query!=NULL? query : /* input either from query */ + (argc>1? argv[1] : "f(x)=x^2")); /* or from command line */ + /* ---- mimeTeX converts expression to bitmap raster ---- */ + rp = make_raster(expression,NORMALSIZE); /* mimeTeX rasterizes expression */ + /* ---- convert returned bitmap raster to gif, and emit it on stdout ---- */ + if ( query != NULL ) /* Content-type line for browser */ + fprintf( stdout, "Content-type: image/gif\n\n" ); + /* --- initialize gifsave library and colors, and set transparent bg --- */ + GIF_Create(NULL, rp->width, rp->height, 2, 8); /* init for black/white */ + GIF_SetColor(0, 255, 255, 255); /* always set background white */ + GIF_SetColor(1, 0, 0, 0); /* and foreground black */ + GIF_SetTransparent(0); /* and set transparent background */ + /* --- finally, emit compressed gif image (to stdout) --- */ + GIF_CompressImage(0, 0, -1, -1, GetPixel); + GIF_Close(); + }</pre> + +<p> Cut-and-paste as before, compile like <br> + + cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimedemo <br> + and run it like the first example, but this time you may want to redirect + stdout <br> + ./mimedemo "x^2+y^2" + <b>></b> mimedemo.gif <br> + since output is now a gif image consisting of mostly unprintable bytes. + Input is typically from the command line as illustrated, but this example + checks for a browser query string too. That means you could actually + replace mimetex.cgi with this executable, though anti-aliasing wouldn't + be available. </p> + +<p> Of course, this example's intent isn't to replace the mimetex.cgi + executable, but rather to illustrate GIFSAVE library usage, documented + in detail below. And this example also illustrates usage of several + mimeTeX raster structure elements, like rp->width and rp->height. + So you'll probably also want to refer to mimetex.h, which contains those + raster structures and other relevant definitions. For instance, the + example's GetPixel() callback function illustrates usage of the getpixel() + macro in mimetex.h, to retrieve individual pixels by their x,y-coordinates. + And there's a similar setpixel() macro in mimetex.h to store pixels. + After completing all this reading, you'll be prepared to begin using + mimeTeX functions in your own code. </p> + + + +<h2> <a name="gifsave"> +(IVc)</a> <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> +gifsave.c library </h2> + +<p> The information below is taken from the README file accompanying + <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> + distribution of GIFSAVE. I've made a few small editorial modifications, + including descriptions of the several minor changes necessary + to support mimeTeX. And the mimeTeX example program immediately above + uses GIFSAVE in a very straightforward way that should help clarify + any questions which may remain after reading the documentation below. </p> + +<pre> + INTRODUCTION + ============ + + The GIFSAVE functions make it possible to save GIF images from + your own C programs. + + GIFSAVE creates simple GIF files following the GIF87a standard. + Interlaced images cannot be created. There should only be + one image per file. + + GIFSAVE consists of five functions, all returning type int, + and no separate header file is required. + + The functions should be called in the order listed below + for each GIF-file. One file must be closed before a new one + can be created. + + GIF_Create() creates new GIF-files. It takes parameters + specifying filename, screen size, number of colors, + and color resolution. + + GIF_SetColor() sets up red, green, blue color components. + It should be called once for each possible color. + + GIF_SetTransparent() is optional. If called, it sets the + color number of the color that should be transparent, + i.e., the background color shows through this one. + + GIF_CompressImage() performs the compression of the image. + It accepts parameters describing the position and size + of the image on screen, and a user defined callback + function that is supposed to fetch the pixel values. + + GIF_Close() terminates and closes the file. + + To use these functions, you must also write a callback + function that returns the pixel values for each point + in the image. + + + THE FUNCTIONS + ============= + + GIF_Create() + ------------ + Function Creates a new GIF-file, and stores info on + the screen. + + Syntax int GIF_Create( + char *filename, + int width, int height, + int numcolors, int colorres + ); + + Remarks Creates a new (or overwrites an existing) + GIF-file with the given filename. No + .GIF-extension is added. + + If filename is passed as a NULL pointer, + output is directed to stdout. + + The width- and height- parameters specify + the size of the image in pixels. + + numcolors is the number of colors used in + the image. + + colorres is number of bits used to encode a + primary color (red, green or blue). + In GIF-files, colors are built by combining + given amounts of each primary color. + On VGA-cards, each color is built by + combining red, green and blue values in + the range [0, 63]. Encoding the number 63 + would require 6 bits, so colorres would be + set to 6. + + Return value GIF_OK - OK + GIF_ERRCREATE - Error creating file + GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file + GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory + + + GIF_SetColor() + -------------- + Function Specifies the primary color component of a + color used in the image. + + Syntax void GIF_SetColor( + int colornum, + int red, int green, int blue + ); + + Remarks This function updates the colortable-values + for color number colornum in the image. + + Should be called for each color in the range + [0, numcolors] + + with red, green and blue components in the + range [0, (2^colorres)-1] + + colorres and colornum are values previousely + given to the function GIF_Create(). + + Return value None + + + GIF_SetTransparent() + -------------------- + Function Specifies the color number of the color + that should be considered transparent. + + Syntax void GIF_SetTransparent( + int colornum + ); + + Remarks Need not be called at all. But if called, + should be called only once with colornum in + the range [0, numcolors] i.e., colornum + must be one of the values previously + given to GIF_SetColor(). + + Return value None + + + GIF_CompressImage() + ------------------- + Function Compresses an image and stores it in the + current file. + + Syntax int GIF_CompressImage( + int left, int top, + int width, int height, + int (*getpixel)(int x, int y) + ); + + Remarks The left- and top- parameters indicate the + image offset from the upper left corner of + the screen. They also give the start values + for calls to the userdefined callback + function. + + width and height give the size of the image. + A value of -1 indicates the equivalent screen + size given in the call to GIF_Create(). + + If the image is supposed to cover the entire + screen, values 0, 0, -1, -1 should be given. + + GIF_CompressImage() obtains the pixel values + by calling a user specified function. This + function is passed in the parameter getpixel. + See "callback()" further down for a + description of this function. + + Return value GIF_OK - OK + GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file + GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory + + + GIF_Close() + ----------- + Function Closes the GIF-file. + + Syntax int GIF_Close(void); + + Remarks This function writes a terminating descriptor + to the file, and then closes it. Also frees + memory used by the other functions of GIFSAVE. + + Return value GIF_OK - OK + GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file + + + THE CALLBACK FUNCTION + ===================== + + callback() + ---------- + Function Obtains pixel-values for the + GIF_CompressImage() -function. + + Syntax int callback(int x, int y); + + Remarks This function must be written by the + programmer. It should accept two integer + parameters specifying a point in the image, + and return the pixel value at this point. + + The ranges for these parameters are as + follows + x : [img_left, img_left + img_width - 1] + y : [img_top, img_top + img_height - 1] + + where img_left, img_top, img_width and + img_height are the values left, top, width + and height passed to GIF_CompressImage(). + + An example; if the screen has width 640 and + height 350, and the image covers the entire + screen, x will be in the range [0, 639] + and y in the range [0, 349]. + + callback() need not get its values from the + screen. The values can be fetched from a + memory array, they can be calculated for + each point requested, etc. + + The function is passed as a parameter to + GIF_CompressImage(), and can thus have any + name, not only callback(). + + Return value Pixel value at the point requested. Should + be in the range [0, numcolors-1] where + numcolors is as specified to GIF_Create(). +</pre> + + + +<!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +CONCLUDING REMARKS +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ --> +<h1 id="remarks"> Concluding Remarks </h1> + +<p> I hope you find mimeTeX useful. 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