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+% PAPER1.TEX -- Original proposal, presented as a display paper at
+% June 1989 AAS meeting in Ann Arbor.
+
+\documentstyle[12pt,aasms,tighten]{article}
+\nofiles
+
+\pagestyle{empty}
+\begin{document}
+
+% title page -----------------------------------------------------------------
+\null \vspace*{1.5in}
+
+\hbox to\textwidth{\hfill
+\begin{minipage}{5in}
+\begin{center}
+\large\bf \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ Macro Definition Files\\
+for Astronomical Publications\\[4ex]
+\normalsize C. D. Biemesderfer$^1$\\[1ex] and\\[1ex]
+ R. J. Hanisch$^2$
+\end{center}
+\end{minipage}
+\hfill}
+
+\vfill
+
+\begin{quote}
+\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\arabic{enumi})}
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 85721.
+NRAO is operated by Associated Universities, Inc.\ under cooperative
+agreement with the National Science Foundation.
+
+\item Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218.
+STScI is operated for NASA by Associated Universities for
+Research in Astronomy, Inc.
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{quote}
+
+\newpage
+% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+\title{\TeX\ and \LaTeX\ Macro Definition Files\\
+ for Astronomical Publications}
+\author{C. D. Biemesderfer (NRAO), R. J. Hanisch (STScI)}
+
+\vspace{1.5ex}
+
+As astronomers have become skilled in the use of the typesetting
+programs \TeX\ and \LaTeX, their use in preparing articles for
+astronomical journals has steadily increased.
+We believe that the community, including the journal publishers,
+can benefit significantly from the adoption of \TeX\ for production
+purposes as well as for the creation of authors' drafts.
+We have begun the development of macro definition files for the
+Chicago University Press journals ({\it Ap.J.\/} and {\it A.J.\/}),
+and have developed templates which guide authors in the preparation of
+their manuscripts.
+
+We wish to illustrate several points with our display:
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item High-quality output can be produced, even with a 300 dot per inch
+ laser printer.
+ \item There is merit in the use of a ``general'' set of macros,
+ usable by several authors, in order to produce identical
+ {\sl looking} results (identical form vs. variable
+ content).
+ \item We demonstrate the power of the typesetting system itself,
+ and the versatility possible with layers of macros,
+ with ``draft''
+ and ``reprint'' versions of the same paper produced
+ {\sl with the same markup} (variable form vs.
+ identical content).
+\end{itemize}
+
+%\pagebreak
+\subsection*{Why use \TeX~?}
+
+Look around. How many presentations and preprints that were prepared
+with \TeX\ have you seen at this meeting~?
+The most important reason for selecting these programs is
+{\sl familiarity}.
+Another consideration is that the whole \TeX\ system is in the public
+domain, so there is very little encumbrance of cost levied on the
+community.
+The system has been ported to a significant fraction of available
+computing machinery and printers, so the likelihood of requiring the
+acquisition of new hardware is very small.
+
+In addition, \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ do typesetting {\sl well}.
+They are capable of producing printed manuscripts that are practically
+indistinguishable from the printed pages of the various journals.
+Finally, \TeX\ has a well-developed macro facility.
+Through the use of standard macro files, it is possible for authors
+to send their manuscripts electronically to the journal editorial offices
+and for the journals to reduce costs by directly typesetting the submissions.
+Given the widening of the research computing network, it is easy to
+imagine that publishers need not produce final-copy reprints for
+authors to distribute; the bulk of reprint requests could be made
+{\sl and filled} via electronic mail.
+
+%\pagebreak
+\subsection*{Why use macros~?}
+
+The most important reason to use identical markup is to guarantee uniformity
+in the typeset results of manuscripts written by different authors.
+A secondary benefit is that by changing the {\sl definitions}
+of the markup macros, an author (or publisher) can produce articles with
+entirely different form, without modifying the source document.
+This means that an author can create an ``editorial'' copy of a
+paper suitable for review by a referee or a copy editor, and the
+journal publisher can produce ``proof'' pages (or the author can produce
+his own reprints) with the same markup.
+
+The accompanying figures show the original source files and typeset results of
+a trial article produced in ``draft'' and ``final'' forms.
+
+With the use of \LaTeX\ style files, the macro definitions can also be
+customized for the style differences between the different journals.
+Although we encourage the standardization efforts now in progress, if
+differences were to remain in the layout, font styles, references, etc.,
+between different journals, these could be accommodated in suitably
+tailored style files. Again, the source text would be identical except
+for the name of the style file.
+
+%\pagebreak
+\subsection*{Macro names}
+
+Proposing a ``standard'' for a community at large is always a
+contentious undertaking, and there will undoubtedly be differences
+of opinion about the nomenclature of the markup and the semantics
+of the ``little language'' that comprises the definitions.
+We have adopted the naming conventions and to a major extent the
+semantics of \LaTeX, primarily because the control sequence names
+of \LaTeX\ reflect the canonical terminology of typography and
+copy editing. \LaTeX\ is also widely used, and many scientists
+are likely to be familiar with the command names.
+
+We list in what follows the major features of the
+experimental {\it apj\/} style definition.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Journal and article identification information is established by the
+editorial staff. The following macros can (and probably should) be included
+in the manuscript preamble.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\journalid{VOL}{JOURNALDATE}
+\articleid{STARTPAGE}{ENDPAGE}
+\received{RECEIPTDATE}
+\accepted{ACCEPTDATE}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+The copyright line found at the beginning of each article is typeset using
+the journal and article identification information set by the
+\verb"\journalid" and \verb"\articleid" commands.
+
+\item Title and author identification is by way of standard \LaTeX\ commands
+\verb"\title" and \verb"\author".
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\title{TITLE}
+\author{AUTHOR}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+Authors' principal affiliation(s) is specified with a separate macro
+\verb"\affiliation". Authors often have
+affiliations above and beyond their main employer, and these are specified
+with the \verb"\altaffil" and \verb"\altaffiltext" commands.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\affiliation{PLACE}
+\altaffil{IDNUMBER}
+\altaffiltext{IDNUMBER}{PLACE}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\item The paper abstract is enclosed in a grouping construct as per the
+\LaTeX\ abstract environment.
+There is also a subject headings environment that permits main headings
+with subheadings, identified with \verb"\heading" and \verb"\subheading"
+macros, respectively.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{abstract}
+\end{abstract}
+
+\begin{subjects}
+\heading{MAINTOPIC}
+\subheading{SUBTOPIC}
+\end{subjects}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\item We permit sections, subsections, and subsubsections
+as described by the Manual of Style, and using the same syntax as their
+paradigms in \LaTeX.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\section{NAME}
+\subsection{NAME}
+\subsubsection{NAME}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\item There is an \verb"\acknowledgements" command to be used before any
+final paragraphs that may contain expressions of gratitude.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\acknowledgements
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\item At the present time, the references environment is not implemented
+with BIB\TeX, although we borrow syntactic and semantic ideas
+from that system (which, in turn, borrows from Scribe and {\it refer\/}).
+We have simply defined the several macros we needed for the sample
+papers, using the entry types described in the BIB\TeX\ documentation.
+The definitions make use of the required and optional fields as per
+BIB\TeX\ as well, and the required arguments are in the same order as
+they are mentioned in Appendix B of the \LaTeX\ manual. We have added
+the optional arguments where necessary in order to make correct {\it Ap.J.\/}
+references, although the specific syntax may not be desirable for
+authors submitting to many journals; something more general should
+be devised, or else BIB\TeX\ should be properly used.
+\begin{quote}\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{references}
+\article{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{JOURNAL}{YEAR}{VOL}{PAGE}
+\book{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{PUBLISHER}{YEAR}
+\inbook{AUTHOR}{TITLE}{CHAP/PAGE}{ED/PUB}{YEAR}
+\misc{AUTHOR}{YEAR}{NOTE}
+\end{references}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\item There is an authors' addresses environment.
+The syntax here is experimental.
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{authoraddresses}
+\authoraddress{NAME}{ADDRESS}
+\end{authoraddresses}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+where address components should be delimited by \verb"\\".
+For {\it Ap.J.\/} main journal addresses,
+\verb"\\" doesn't mean a line break; it is redefined to
+be simply a comma. In preprints, though, people frequently set up
+their addresses in a standard ``envelope'' form, hence that choice for
+the delimiter.
+\end{itemize}
+
+We also suggest that a number of commonplace abbreviations
+be specified as macros, particularly for the names of journals
+used in citations. The reason for this is because different
+journals do not use the same abbreviations, and if the ideas
+proposed in this paper catch on with several publishers, we can
+use the same citation macros without having to look up in the
+corresponding Manual of Style how to abbreviate
+{\it Astronomy and Astrophysics\/}.
+
+%\pagebreak
+\subsection*{Status of the macros}
+
+The macro package is in a very preliminary form, with many known
+shortcomings and omissions;
+the purpose of this paper is to serve as a trial balloon for the
+concepts we are proposing.
+
+There are several outstanding problems, most notably a generalized
+way of going in and out of ``two-column'' mode. Macros for setting
+tabular material and for inserting space for figures have not been
+developed (although they will not be terribly difficult).
+The most flexible way to handle embedded graphical material is for
+the graphics to be submitted in electronic form also, in some
+standard metacode such as PostScript, but this is a separate
+issue.
+
+\end{document}