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diff --git a/macros/plain/contrib/lextex/ltman.tex b/macros/plain/contrib/lextex/ltman.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..da5dab58c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros/plain/contrib/lextex/ltman.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1656 @@ +% This is LTman, the preliminary version of the Manual for \LT\. +\ifx\lextexisloaded\undefined\input lextex\relax\fi +\newif\iflongversion +%\input newmacs +% At the moment it is *very* preliminary and pretty messy. +% It is also long since it includes a lot of macros, including +% indexing macros which would normally be \input separately. +% It is possible to produce it in two versions, +% ie, with and without the text of the LeXTeX macros. +% The default is to omit them. +% +% If you wish to print the full version, change \longversionfalse +% to \longversiontrue. +% However DO NOT DO THIS at the moment since the text of the macros is +% missing!!!! +\longversionfalse +% +% +% These are the indexing and index-formatting macros. +% They are adapted messily from manmac and elsewhere. +% +\def\index{\indextrue \writeindex} +\def\indexname{Index} % ditto +\def\topofindex{\centerline{\titlefont\indexname}} +\def\botofindex{\vfill\eject} +\def\indexreadfile{\jobname.inx} % file that gets index info +\def\indexwritefile{\jobname.inx} % file that takes it +\def\writeindex{\inform{Opening index file: } + \openout\inx=\indexwritefile} +\def\readindex{\input \indexreadfile} + +% Use second version for formatting unsorted index +%\def\formatindex#1 !#2 #3.{% orig "#1 !#2" #3. +\def\formatindex"#1 !#2" #3.{% + {\ifcase#2 #1\or\tt #1\or\tt\bslash#1\or\tt<#1>\fi\space#3.}} +\def\printindex{% Print the index + \write\inx{} % ensure that the index file isn't empty + \immediate\closeout\inx % index information has been fully gathered + \inform{Index: }\relax +\vtop{\topofindex} + \begindoublecolumns + \advance\baselineskip by0pt plus1pt minus0pt % add some give + \tenpoint + \parindent=0pt + \parskip=0pt plus.8pt minus0pt + \everypar{\hangafter1 \hangindent10pt\formatindex} + \raggedright + \tolerance=1000 + \relax + \readindex\relax % read the index info + \enddoublecolumns + \botofindex }% print the index page(s), don't terminate +% +% Manmac macros which can be used to print index in 2 cols. +% +\newbox\partialpage +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup + \output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox255\bigskip}}% + \eject + \output={\doublecolumnout}% + \divide\hsize by2 \advance\hsize by-15pt % 15x2=inter col space + \multiply\vsize by2 \advance \vsize by1pt}% +\def\enddoublecolumns{\output={\balancecolumns}\eject + \endgroup \pagegoal=\vsize} +% +\def\doublecolumnout{\splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + \dimen0=\pageheight %8.5in + \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\partialpage + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 + \onepageout\pagesofar + \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty} +\def\pagesofar{\unvbox\partialpage + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}} +\def\balancecolumns{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255} \dimen0=\ht0 + \advance\dimen0 by\topskip \advance\dimen0 by-\baselineskip + \divide\dimen0 by2 \splittopskip=\topskip + {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0 + \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen0 + \ifdim\ht3>\dimen0 \global\advance\dimen0 by1pt \repeat} + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox1} + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox3} + \pagesofar} + % +% Modify \onepageout +\def\onepageout#1{\shipout\vbox{ % here we define one page of output + \offinterlineskip % butt the boxes together + \vbox to \pageheight{ + #1 % now insert the main information + \ifvoid\footins\else % footnote info is present + \vskip\skip\footins \kern-3pt + \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt + \unvbox\footins\fi + \boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth + } % this completes the \vbox to \pageheight + \vbox{{\vskip10pt\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}}% This is added + } + \advancepageno} + +% index macros +% adapted from manmac + +\chardef\*=`\* % \* produces an asterix in text mode +\newif\ifsilent +% The \null a couple of lines down prevents something odd happening +\def\specialstar{\ifmmode\def\next{*}% + \else\null\let\next=\beginindexref\fi\next} +\def\beginindexref{\futurelet\next\beginindexrefswitch} +\def\beginindexrefswitch{\ifx\next\specialstar\let\next=\silentindexref + \else\silentfalse\let\next=\indexref\fi\next} +\global\catcode`\*=\active \global\let*=\specialstar +\def\silentindexref*{\silenttrue\indexref} +% +\chardef\bslash=`\\ +\def\indexref{\futurelet\next\indexrefswitch} +\def\indexrefswitch{\begingroup + \ifx\next|\aftergroup\vindexref % case 1 or 2, |arg| or |\arg| + \else\ifx\next\<\aftergroup\angleindexref + % case 3, "\<arg>" means angle brackets. This may change. + \else\aftergroup\normalindexref \fi\fi\endgroup} % case 0, "{arg}" +\def\vindexref|{\catcode`\\=\active \futurelet\next\vindexrefswitch} +\def\vindexrefswitch#1|{\catcode`\\=0 + \ifx\next\empty\def\indexreftype{2}% + \def\next{{\tt\bslash\text}}% type 2, |\arg| + \else\def\indexreftype{1}\def\next{{\tt\text}}\fi % type 1, |arg| + \edef\text{#1}\makeindexref} +{\catcode`\|=0 \catcode`\\=\active |gdef\{}} +\def\angleindexref\<#1>{\def\indexreftype{3}\def\text{#1}% + \def\next{\<\text>}\makeindexref} +\def\normalindexref#1{\def\indexreftype{0} + \def\text{#1}\let\next=\text\makeindexref} +\def\makeindexref{\ifhmode\unskip\fi + \xdef\writeit{\write\inx{"\text\space!\indexreftype"\space + \noexpand\number\pageno.\endgraf}}\writeit + \ifsilent\unskip\ignorespaces\else\next\unskip\aftergroup\ignorespaces\fi} +% +\newif\ifsortedindex +\def\typeofindex{\ifsortedindex + \def\formatindex##1 !##2 ##3.{% orig "##1 !##2" ##3. + {\ifcase##2 ##1\or\tt ##1\or\tt\bslash##1\or\tt<##1>\fi\space##3.}}% + \def\indexreadfile{RHsind.tex}% +\fi\index} +% +% If we are not using a sorted the index, comment out next line. +%\sortedindextrue +% +% end of indexing macros + +\def\storypage{24} % listing of story.tex + +\def\AmSTeX{$\cal A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}\kern-.075em + S$-\TeX} +\def\bull{\vrule height .9ex width .8ex depth -.1ex } % square bullet +% +% Set/adjust the defaults +\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt +\parindent 0pt +\twelvebase=15pt +\tenbase=11.5pt +\ninebase=10pt +\quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt +\hsize=5.35truein +\vsize=8.5truein +\hoffset0.5truein +\voffset.5truein +\clubpenalty=2500 +\widowpenalty=7500 +\finalhyphendemerits=7500 +\displaywidowpenalty=50 +\brokenpenalty=2500 +\global\cnindent=45pt +\global\clskip=\smallskipamount + +% Start in 12 pt +\twelvepoint + +% Misc defs +\def\sh{\noindent\titlefont} % Change this to give new page etc +\def\tbi{**{TeX book, the}} +\def\T{\TeX} +\def\TB{{\sl \T book\/}} +\def\WP{{\sl Word Perfect\/}} +\def\pctex{{\tt PC\TeX}} +\def\MF{{\tt MYFILE}} +\def\tex{{\tt .TEX}} +\def\dvi{{\tt .DVI}} +\def\log{{\tt .LOG}} +\def\TEX{{\tt TEX}} +\def\ver#1{{\tt $\backslash$ #1}} +\def\vn{0.96} % VERSION NUMBER +\def\r{\LT}% Change of name +\def\botofcontents{\vfill\eject} % this material will end it + +% Latex logo +\def\sc{\scaps} +\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} + +\let\LT\LeXTeX + +% Start here +\version{Version \fmtversion\ (draft 1)} +% +% Do not produce contents for the time being +%\contents +% Set title of contents page (for when used) +\ctstitle{% + \centerline{\LeXTeX} + \medskip + \centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar} + \medskip + \centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh} + } +% + +\def\xyz{\iflongversion Long \else Short \fi} +\inform{} +\inform{This is the \xyz Version of the LeXTeX Manual} +\inform{} +\typeofindex +% +% This is the start of the text +% +% +\centerline{\headerfont \LeXTeX\ref{With apologies to the designer of the +\LaTeX\ logo.}} + +\medskip +\centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar} +\medskip +\centerline{\ca Preliminary Incomplete Draft\se Manual} +\smallskip +\centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh} + +\bigskip + +{\sh ^{Introduction}} + +\smallskip + + +\noindent\T\ is not a *{word-processor}; It is a *{text-formatter}. You +cannot use it to prepare your text; for that purpose you must use a normal +word-processor such as \WP\ or a text editor such as \ca Emacs\se. \T\ is +also not a ``*{what you see is what you get}'' program. It is suggested in +{\sl**{LaTeX}The \LaTeX\ Guide\/} \ref{Page 7. \bo The \LaTeX\ Guide\ok is +published by Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-15790-X.} that a better expression +for programs of that type is ``*{what you see is all you've got}''. All +that \T\ does it to convert a text file into printed output, but it can be +extremely successful at the job. + +The way that \T\ works is to respond to commands inserted in the text in a +similar way to that in which a word processor responds to its commands . +The difference is that \T\ commands are visible and have no effect +whatsoever while the file is being prepared; the commands inserted in a +word-processed file often take effect immediately so that, for example, text +to be centered is shifted to approximately the centre of the screen. Another +difference is that any \T\ command can be redefined at any time. To take an +example, the command |\centerline{This text is centered}| will normally +simply centre the words within the squiggly brackets. However it is +extremely simple to redefine the command |\centerline| so that it right or +left justifies the text, or prints it in italic type. In order to left +justify it all that would be necessary would be to add at the start of the +text file the command |\let\centerline=\leftline|. This would affect all +subsequent |\centerline| commands. + +This ability to define and redefine commands, or macros, makes \T\ extremely +powerful and flexible. One result is that it is possible to divorce the +preparation of the text, for example the body of a Pleading, from the layout +of the document; the draftsman can concentrate on the content rather than +the form. To take an example, the command |\writ| is used when printing a +Writ. The draftsman need not be concerned with whether the command simply +types at the top of the page ``[Usual Formal Parts]'' or inserts the full +formal text. Further, if the command |\os| is substituted for |\writ| the +formal parts will automatically change; the draftsman need not be concerned +with what they say. Similarly if after re-reading the Instructions it +becomes apparent that they are given on behalf of the Defendant all that is +necessary is to substitute |\defence| for |\writ| and the appropriate layout +will be produced. + +One well-known collection of macros that almost completely achieves this +separation is called \LaTeX\ after its author Leslie Lamport. It is, +however, designed principally for use by academics and so although extremely +good at producing papers for learned journals, is not so good at producing +the somewhat odd documents sent out by members of the Bar. + +Another set of macros which has been produced by me (with the assistance of +many other people) is called \LT. The sole object of this package of +macros is to assist in the formatting of the type of work produced by +members of the Bar. It cannot claim to be any where near as good at its job +as \LaTeX\ is at its, and it will be modified in the future as its +deficiencies become obvious, but it is already reasonably effective. + +There are versions of \T\ running on most modern computers from the \bo +Atari\ok home computer to the \bo Cray\ok super computer. In my own Chambers +\T\ has been installed on an \bo Acorn Archimedes\ok, a \bo Commodore +Amiga\ok, an \bo Apple Macintosh\ok and about half a dozen different MSDOS +clones. There are at least six different versions of \T\ available for MSDOS +machines, the differences between them being mainly questions of speed and +ease of use. + +Every version of \T\ will format a given input file in an identical manner. +Although the source code for the program is in the public domain, its +author, Professor Donald Knuth, retains the copyright and will not allow any +program to be sold or given away under the name of \T\ unless it can be +demonstrated that its output is identical to the output of all other +versions. Any version of \T\ is, however, allowed to use different names for +the places where it keeps files. For example one version may keep certain +files in a directory called |texinputs| while another may use an entirely +different name. It is not therefore possible in this manner to describe in +detail how to run \T\ or \LT\ on any particular machine and for this you +must refer to the instructions for your particular version of \T. + + +\TeX\ does not show you on screen what your text will look like as you type +it\ref{It is usually possible to look at the output produced by \TeX\ using +a screen previewer.}. One reason for this is that it is almost impossible +to show \T's output on screen. A normal computer screen has a resolution of +a few hundred dots in each direction. \T\ on the other hand uses scaled +points for its calculations, and one hundred scaled points is roughly the +wavelength of visible light; there are approximately 4,736,287 scaled +points to the inch, and a normal line of type is about 5.35 inches +long\ref{This is a slightly specious argument. The present generation of +laser printers print 300 dots to the inch and so would print no more than +1,605 dots on an average line.}. However, the main reason is that \TeX\ does +not decide where to break a paragraph into lines until it has read the +entire paragraph. The addition of one word to the end of a paragraph can +alter the place where every line in that paragraph is broken. + + +\bigbreak + +{\sh ^{Running \T.}} + +\nobreak\smallskip + +\noindent It is beyond the scope of this manual to explain the workings of +\T\ in detail. It is almost essential for a user of \T\ or any macro package +based on \T\ to acquire the main textbook on the subject, the \TB\ by +Professor Knuth\ref{Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-13447-0. The quotations from +this book used in this manual are printed with the permission of the +publishers.}. A shorter guide is \bo a Gentle Guide to \T\ok, by Michael +Droob. This can be downloaded in textual form from various electronic +bulletin boards such as |Legal Teleforum| or |CIX| or from the mailserver +|texserver@tex.ac.uk| or can be purchased in printed form from \bo +UK\T\ok\ref{Details from Malcolm Clark, IRS, Polytechnic of Central London, +115 New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8JS, e-mail: malcolmc@mole.pcl.ac.uk}, +the United Kingdom branch of the \bo \T\ Users Group\ok which has its +headquarters in America. + + +Running \T\ involves the following steps--- + +\cl Prepare a file, using a word-processor such as \WP**{Word Perfect}\ or a +text editor such as \bo Emacs\ok. + + +\cl Save that file in *{ASCII}\ref{Text produced by \WP\ must be saved in +*|DOS TEXT| format.} using the *{file extension} \tex. For the purposes of +these Notes I will assume that the file itself is called ``\MF''\ref{Those +familiar with computer manuals will know that stupid names of this type are +always chosen for examples.}**|MYFILE|. The document should therefore be +saved in the current directory as \MF\tex. + + +\cl Apply \T\ to the file by typing \TEX\ \MF. Note that it is not +necessary to type the file extension (although no harm will come from doing +so). \T\ will produce two additional files, \MF\dvi\ and \MF\log. The +latter contains error messages while the former, if your file contained no +major errors, will contain the formatted text, ready for printing. (*|DVI| +stands for ``*{DeVice Independent}''. A |DVI| file prepared on an IBM will +be identical to one prepared on an {\sl *{Archimedes\/}}, an {\sl +*{Amiga\/}}, an {\sl *{Atari}\/}, a {\sl *{Cray\/}} or a {\sl +*{Macintosh\/}}.) + + +\cl Print \MF\dvi\ref{This normally involves using a separate program. For +example, Personal \TeX\ Inc.\ produce a program called ``PTI\,HP'' which +prints on HP laser printers using an IBM compatible computer. |emTeX|, a +public domain version of \T\ for MSDOS computers comes with printer drivers +for most printers.} + +\bigbreak \clno=0 +\noindent\MF\tex\ need only have one \T\ command in it. That command is +|\bye|, which tells \T\ that you have finished; anything that is typed after +the |\bye| will simply be ignored. On the other hand, it could contain +hundreds of separate commands. An intermediate type of file is the one +called ``STORY.TEX'' which is set out in {\it Fig.~1\/} (and is taken from +Chapter~6\ref{Page \storypage.} of the \TB\tbi). This file was prepared by +Professor Knuth in such a way as to demonstrate a number of points--- + +\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt +\vbox{\kern3pt#1\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}} + +\newdimen\insertsize +\insertsize=\hsize +\advance\insertsize-12pt + +\setbox100=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize +\noindent\strut +\tenbase=11pt +\parskip=0pt + +\tenpoint + +\nrbeginlines + +**|STORY.TEX| +|% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.| +|\hrule| +|\vskip .75in| +|\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY}| +|\vskip 6pt| +|\centerline{\sl by A. U. Thor} | +|\vskip .5cm| +|Once upon a time, in a distant| +| galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,| +|there lived a computer| +|named R.~J. Drofnats.| +| | +|Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as| +|he preferred to be called---%| +|was happiest when he was at work| +|typesetting beautiful documents.| +|\vskip .75in| +|\hrule| +| | +|\bye| + + +\medskip +\nrendlines +\strut} + +\midinsert +\boxit{\boxit{\box100}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 1}} +\endinsert + +\twelvepoint + +\clno=0 +\cl A *{percentage sign} (\%) in \T\ is a comment character and so the +first line of the story will not be typeset by \T. A number of the +following lines start with a backslash---the second line, for example, is +*|\hrule|. A backslash introduces a \TeX\ command---in this case the +command draws a horizontal line across the page; the next command (*|\vskip +.75in|) tells \T\ to skip down the page by one inch. It should be noted +that {\it all\/} of \T's commands start with a backslash. + +\cl The command *|\centerline| (note the American spelling) centres the text +enclosed in squiggly brackets after it. (Many of \T's commands have +parameters enclosed in brackets like this). The next |\vskip| skips down the +page by six points\ref{There are 72.27 printers' points to an inch and so +this is slightly more than \frac1/{12}th inch.}, and the next line centres +the author's name in {\sl slanted\/} type, while the next after that skips +by half a \hbox{centimetre}. + +\cl The text which follows is decidedly odd\ref{The name of the computer +will be thought less odd by readers of the \TB\tbi.}, but it is intended to +show various things, such as the use of the tilde ($\tilde{\phantom{x}}$) +as a tie, or non-breakable space, between characters, the use of a number +of hyphens to produce a dash, various accents, the use of the percentage +sign to ensure that no spaces occur after the dash after ``called''\ref{In +\T\ a carriage return produces a space. The \% `comments-out' the space.}, +the fact that many spaces have the same effect as one, and the fact that +quotation marks are made up of two single left or right quotes. (Some IBM +machines do not have left single quotes. This difficulty can be got round by +typing *|\lq| instead; it is also possible to set up a shorter command to +produce double left quotes.) Since the percent sign is a comment character +it cannot be used directly for its normal purpose. In order to print a +percent sign you must type a backslash in front of it (|\%|)**{percent sign +(\%)}. Similarly, if you want to print \$, \&, \#, \* or \_, you must type +|\$|**|dollarsign|, |\&|**{ampersand}, |\#|**{hashsign, (real)}, +|\*|**{asterix}, or |\_|**{underline}. Printing the backslash character +itself (|\|)**{backslash}, or the *{squiggly brackets} |{| and |}| is +slightly tricky but can be done if essential. + + +When this file is \T ed, it will produce a *|DVI| file which, when printed, +will produce the result shown in {\it Fig.~2\/}. + +\setbox101=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize +\noindent\strut +\tenpoint% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986. +\hrule +\vskip .75in +\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY} +\vskip 6pt +\centerline{\sl by A. U. Thor} +\vskip .5cm +Once upon a time, in a distant + galaxy called \"O\"o\c c, +there lived a computer +named R.~J. Drofnats. + + +Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as +he preferred to be called---% +was happiest when he was at work +typesetting beautiful documents. +\vskip .75in +\hrule +\vskip4pt +} + +\midinsert +\boxit{\boxit{\box101}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 2}} +\endinsert + + +\twelvepoint +This text was printed in \T's *{default size}, that is to say, *{ten-point}, +and with narrow line spacing, \etc. The macro package \LT\ alters these +defaults, setting the standard point size to 12~point and the spacing +between lines to be 18~points. These can both be altered without difficulty. + +\smallbreak +\LT\ adds a number of commands to those normally available in \TeX. If, for +example, you commence the Story file with the line |\input lextex| , +substitute the line *|\opinion| for all the lines before the real text +begins and omit the final |\vskip .75in| and |\hrule| the result when the file +is \TeX ed will be something like {\it Fig.~3\/}. (Note +that \T\ is case sensitive: |\input| is not the same as |\INPUT|.) + +The line |\input lextex| cause \T\ to read in the file containing the \LT\ +macros. Since this is a large file it takes quite a long time. \T\ has the +facility to convert files such as \LT\ into a format which it can load at +high speed. Again the way in which it does this varies from version to +version. In general, however, the command will be something like |initex +&plain lextex \dump|. Look up |initex| and |format files| in the manual +which comes with your version of \T\ for more details. The result should be +that a new format file is created with the extension |.fmt|. Your manual +should say where this should be placed; if it doesn't, try looking for other +files with the same extension and move it to the directory in which they are +found. + +Having created a new format file \T\ can be run using the \LT\ macros by +typing |tex &lextex filename| (where `filename' is, of course, replaced with +the name of the file you wish to \T). (It is usual to create a batch file to +do this automatically.) It is then no longer necessary to add |\input +lextex| at the beginning of the file. + +\setbox102=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize +\noindent\strut +\tenpoint + +% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986. +%\hrule +%\vskip .5in +\twelvepoint % \twelvebase is the default size of 18pt +\hfuzz=1.5pt +\vsize=2.75in +\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt +\quoteparskip=1.5pt plus 1pt % The amount of \parskip in quotes +\parindent=20pt \quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt +% +%\opinion % Calling it here causes problems. Fudge it. +\centerline{\headerfont Opinion} +\nobreak\vskip10pt\noindent +Once upon a time, in a distant + galaxy called \"O\"o\c c, +there lived a computer +named R.~J. Drofnats. + + +Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as +he preferred to be called---% +was happiest when he was at work +typesetting beautiful documents. +\signed% Also necessary since no \bye +} + +\midinsert +\boxit{\boxit{\box102}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 3}} +\endinsert +\twelvepoint + + + +You are now ready to learn in somewhat greater detail about \LT. + +\vfil\supereject + +\hfuzz=2pt +\centerline{\headerfont \r}\par +\bigskip + +It is customary in connection with computer programs to number the +*{versions} which appear before the production version with numbers less +than 1.0 and those of the production versions with numbers over 1.0. (The +figure before the decimal point denotes a major release and that after it a +small modification.) Thus the version of \WP\ currently in use is 5.1. +These Notes and \r\ are both the \fmtversion\ versions\ref{Until recently +\LT\ was known as |RHfmt| and went through versions 0.001 to 0.911. The fact +that \LT\ has a number larger than 1 does not mean that it is perfect.} and +as a result suffer from many deficiencies---and this manual contains a +number of spelling and grammatical mistakes; it almost certainly describes +some of the macros incorrectly\ref{You got it free and so you cannot +complain \ca too\se loudly.}. \r\ itself has been in use for over two years +but has been altered and rewritten on a number of occasions. A large part of +it is pretty stable and relatively bug-free (in so far as it is possible for +any computer program to be bug-free) but other parts, and in particular +those that deal with pleadings are still far from perfect. These problems +will usually manifest themselves as poor spacing or bad layout. They should +not give rise to any insuperable difficulties. + +\medskip +The written work of members of the Bar falls into three classes. First there +is advisory work, whether or not in connection with litigation, then there is +the production of non-litigious documents, and finally there is the +production of pleadings of all types. \r\ has been designed to enable all of +this work to be produced using \TeX\ as simply as is possible. I will try +and explain the various commands under the same three headings, although it +is perfectly possible to use, for example, a macro intended for use in a +Statement of Claim in an Opinion\ref{Or Advice or other form of written +advisory work.} or a Draft. + +\vfil\break +{\sh ^{Written Advice.}} +\nobreak\smallskip\noindent +As was seen above, if you type *|\opinion| at the start of your file, an +Opinion will be produced. Similarly, typing *|\advice|, *|\note| or +|\jopinion| will put ``Advice'', ``Note'' or ``Joint Opinion'' at the top of +the page. The command |\opinion| is actually shorthand for +|\advising{Opinion}|. The command **|\advising||\advising{type of advice}| +tells \T\ that what follows is written advice and should be formatted +appropriately. + +It is very easy to set up other forms of header for written work. If +you use the style that requires the name or the case-name to be put at the top of +your written work then, for example, |\advice| could be redefined +as--- + + |\def\advice{\centerline{\bstitle}|\hfil\break + |\smallskip\advising{Advice}}|.\hfil\break + +(For |\bstitle| see\ \pageref{bstitle} below.) + +\TeX, being an American program, believes that the ``\pounds\/'' symbol is +unnecessary. Indeed, the font in which this is being typed does not contain +a pound sign (although it contains various other odd symbols such as ?` and +!` and possibly \AA\ and $\widehat \Psi$\ref{Mathematicians +are apparently delighted by being able to type such wondrous things as +$\Upsilon^{\Phi^{\varpi^\surd}}$ and $\sharp_{\forall_{\Phi_\triangle}}$, +especially in a footnote.}). \TeX\ being a typesetting, rather than a +wordprocessing, program, this does not cause significant difficulties since +it is possible to use the pound sign from other fonts. + +In order to print ``\pounds'' the user of \r\ should type *|\pounds|. It is +not essential to leave a gap between the ``s'' and the sum---\TeX\ will +remove it if you do leave one. + +\font\seventeenrm=cmr17 +\tolerance=1000 \r\ sets up fonts in families of a particular point size. +The default size---which I recommend should be used as the standard size---is +*{12-point}; my view is that tenpoint script is not reproduced very well by a +laser printer at *{300 dpi}. Other sizes are *{10-point}, and *{9-point}. +They can be brought into use by typing *|\twelvepoint|, *|\tenpoint|, and +*|\ninepoint|. The user \tenrm should not \ninerm find it necessary +\eightrm to \sevenrm select \sixrm the smaller \fiverm or larger \sixrm +sizes since \eightrm\TeX\ and \r\ together \ninerm automatically \tenrm +select \twelverm the appropriate size in most situations. However, it is +possible for the experienced user to select \seventeenrm any\ref{This is 17 +point.} \twelverm size if necessary. Any *{mathematics}, including simple +fractions such as $15\over543$ or \frac{32}/{67}, will, with a bit of luck, +be typed at the correct size. + +As is explained in the \TB, the command *|\rm| produces roman type, *|\it| +produces \ca italic\se type, *|\sl| produces \bo slanted\ok type and *|\bf| +produces {\bf bold} type in the current point size. \r\ adds a few more +types of font. The command *|\ul| {\ul underlines the following text} and +the command *|\xo| {\xo crosses it out}. There is also the command *|\xu| +for underlined and crossed-out text, *|\xxl| for doubly crossed-out text and +*|\uul| for doubly-underlined text. All these are intended for use with +amended pleadings but at the moment need to be used with some care. + +*{Footnotes} are used by typing either *|\footnote| or (preferably) *|\ref| +followed immediately by the footnote text in |{}| brackets---there must be +no gap between the command and the opening |{|. (Very occasionally the text +of a footnote may seem to disappear **{disappearing text} when the text is +printed. For example, if a footnote is used in the *|\ssd| macro---see +below---the text may disappear. The reason is too complicated too explain +here. The solution is to type *|\footnotemark| where the footnote number +should go and *|\footnotetext| immediately after e.g. the *|\ssd| macro.) + +Footnotes are normally numbered automatically. There are a number of +commands available for use in relation to footnotes---see {\sl The Joy of +\TeX\/}\ref{Published by Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}**{Joy of TeX, +the} by Michael {Spivak}**{Spivak, Michael}, pages 162--165, for details. +The command |\ref"*"{Like this}|, for example, uses an asterix as the +marker\ref"\*"{Like this.}, **{asterix as footnotemarker} and similarly +|\ref"\dag"{Or this}| and |\ref"\ddag"{And this.}| use a dagger\ref"\dag"{Or +this.} and a double-dagger\ref"\ddag"{Like this.} to be used as a +footnotemarker, and the command |\ref[45]{Like this.}| enables the number +used for a particular footnote to be specified\ref[45]{Like this.}. + +\tolerance=500 +*{Case-names} are printed in the normal style, that is to say, in italic +type. As an example, \ca Monnickendam \v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445, +67 Sol Jo 706}. \hfuzz=6pt This was typed---\par |\ca Monn|\-|ick|\-|endam +\v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445, 67 Sol Jo 706}|. + +The *|\ca| and *|\se| macros must surround the case name (and there must be a +space after the ``ca''); the *|\ref| macro prints the reference as a +footnote. In this case the ``v.'' was printed in roman type; if you prefer an +italic ``v'', whether with or without the fullstop\ref{The All England +Reports use an italic ``v'' without a fullstop.}, omit the backslash. +\hfuzz=2pt + +A similar pair of macros is *|\bo| and *|\ok|. These set the names of +books---such as \bo Bowen \on the Coal Act 1938\ok in {\sl slanted\/} type. +In this case *|\on| was used in order to produce the vertical ``on''. + +Two further macros are |\beginquote| **|\beginquote| and |\endquote|. +**|\endquote| These are, perhaps not surprisingly, intended for +*{quotations}. The former should be used after a blank line and will cause +the text which follows to be typed in tenpoint type. The first paragraph +will not normally be indented, but subsequent ones will--- + +\beginquote No quotation marks are used. If you want them, they must be +typed manually. At a later stage it may be possible to provide them +automatically but macros to do this are a bit tricky to write. + +\clindtrue +\clearclno +\cl It is possible to use the automatic clause numbering---see +\pageref{Clausenumbering} below---in quotations, and mathematical +expressions, such as $129 \over 7,934$, will be printed at a smaller size +than they would be printed in twelvepoint type. + +\endquote + +\noindent +In order to quote a numbered sub-clause, without the corresponding clause, it +is preferable to use the macro *|\beginsclquote| which alters the indentation +of the quotation--- + +\beginsclquote +\scl If |\beginquote| had been used, this sub-clause would have been inset too far. +There are also the macros *|\beginssclquote| and *|\beginsssclquote|. In each +case the macro which ends the quotation is the same, that is to say +*|\endquote|. +\endquote + +It sometimes happens that one wants to refer to something on a different +page, earlier or later, of an Opinion. \r\ provides a number of macros to +assist in this. At the point in the text which contains the matter to be +referenced insert |\xref{stuff}| **|xref| (where |stuff| is a word of your +own choosing). At the point in the text where you want to say ``see +Page\dots'' type ``|see \pageref{stuff}|''. **|\pageref| It will now be +necessary to run \TeX\ on the file twice; the first run will find the +cross-reference and the second will insert it into the text\ref{This is +similar to the \WP\ |generate| command. The reference to +\pageref{Clausenumbering} above was put into the text using this command.}. +As will be seen below\ref{\pageref{clauseref}.}, there is a corresponding +command |\clref{stuff}| **|\clref| which inserts a reference to the +appropriate clause or sub-clause, and various related commands. + +At the end of your Opinion type the command *|\bye|. This will automatically +produce the following--- + +\signed + +\vfilneg +\smallskip +It may be, of course, that you do not want Lincoln's Inn at the +bottom of your Opinion. If the command |\let\inn=\middletemple| +**|\middletemple| (or *|\grays| or *|\temple| or *|\innertemple|) appears +before *|\signed| the appropriate alteration will be made. These +alterations are usually made to the |RHlocal| file. + +It will be seen that the date has a comma in the middle of it. This +is the default. Again, it is possible to alter this by incorporating in the +file the command *|\nocommaindatetrue|. The date is inserted after the +signature automatically by the command *|\today| which can be used elsewhere +in your text to produce today's date. + + +\bigbreak \noindent The command *|\bye| will also produce a +backsheet**{Backsheets} for the Opinion. In order to be able to work, +however, it must know what to put on the backsheet. This information may +include the date, the title of the matter, the type of document---that is to +say, is it an Opinion, a Note or something else?---and the name and address +of the Solicitors. + +\TeX\ knows the date and has been told the nature of the document by the +command |\opinion|, but it must find the remainder of this information in the +file. The simplest case is that of an Opinion in a non-litigious matter +where the Opinion is the only document being produced. In those +circumstances the easiest method of providing \TeX\ with the information is +to incorporate at the start of the file (that is to say, before the +|\opinion| command) the following text--- + +\beginlines +|% backsheet info| +|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}| +|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}| +|\colsref{SUEGRA/99}| +\endlines + +The first of these commands, *|\bstitle|, \xref{bstitle} sets up the title +that will appear on the backsheet. This can, if required, be more than one +line long. \LT\ will try to find an appropriate place to break the text; it +can be told where to do so by the insertion of the command *|\break| at the +appropriate place. + +The command *|\solsref| is short for ``Solicitors' Reference'' and it means +the reference given \ca by\se the Solicitors. *|\colsref| is short for +``Counsel's Reference''. The default macros expect this reference to be in +the form used by the ``ACE'' Barristers' accounting system. + +*|\colsref| is a complicated macro and I have no intention +of explaining here how it works. Its main object is to search a separate file +called *|solicitors.tex|, which will probably be found in the directory called +|\TEX\INPUTS|, for the name and address of the Solicitors concerned. +Instructions for adding further names and addresses to this file will be found +at the start of it. + +This simple Opinion requires only one other command and that is *|\bye|. This +will tell \TeX\ that it is complete and can be fully processed. To summarise, +the file will take the form--- + +\beginlines + +|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}| +|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}| +|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} | +|\opinion| +|This is an Opinion.| +|\bye| + +\endlines + +In addition to printing the Opinion and its backsheet, \r\ will by default +also produce a fee chit giving details of the work done and so on for the use +of the Clerks. Some further information will be included on this if some or +all of the following additional lines are included at the start of the +file--- + +\beginlines + +|\timetaken{3} % hours | +|\casetype{breach of trust}| +|\value{50,000} % pounds| +|\difficulty{7} % out of 10| +|\proposedfee{vast} | +|\legalaidno{N/A}| +|\comments{slightly tricky}| + +\endlines + +It is often useful to be able to produce such a chit in relation to a +Conference, and particularly a telephone conference. \r\ provides the +commands *|\conference| and *|\telcon| for this purpose; enter the required +information (using the macros shown above) and then type one or other of +these commands followed by |\bye|. For example--- + +\beginlines +|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}| +|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}| +|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} | +|\timetaken{.5} % in hours| +|\casetype{breach of trust}| +|\value{50,000} % pounds| +|\difficulty{7} % out of 10| +|\proposedfee{?} | +|\legalaidno{}| +|\comments{slightly tricky}| +|\telcon| +|\bye| +\endlines + +Will produce something like the following--- + +\bigskip +\begingroup %preserve pagenumbering, etc + +%\vtop{ +\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH} +\solsref{XYZ/abc/42} +\colsref{SUEGRA/99} +\timetaken{.5} % in hours +\casetype{breach of trust} +\value{50,000} % pounds +\difficulty{7} % out of 10 +\proposedfee{vast} +\legalaidno{} +\comments{slightly tricky} +\telcon +\chit +%} +\endgroup + +\bigskip +There is a further command called *|\faxsheet|. +This does what might be expected of it. If it is the last command in the +files before |\bye| it will automatically count and print out the number of +pages being sent. The command |\attention{Mr Jones}| **|\attention| will +mark the Fax for the attention of that gentleman; |\comment{Here at last are +the documents I promised you.}| **|\comment| will put a (short) comment on +this cover page. + + +\vfil\eject +{\sh ^{Non-litigious Drafts and similar documents}} + +\nobreak\smallskip + +\noindent A draft document is usually formatted somewhat differently to a +piece of written advice. In order to tell \T\ that it is formatting a draft +the text of it should commence with |\draft{document type}| **|\draft| (the +document type being for example ``LEASE''). If you draft a lot of a leases +it would, of course, be possible to define *|\lease| to mean +|\draft{LEASE}|. + +Most drafts contain numbered clauses. The production of macros to number +clauses automatically is tricky since people tend to have different ideas as +to how documents should be numbered. \r\ has been written in such a way as +to permit the default numbering style, which is that now used in statutes +and other similar documents, to be altered as easily as is +possible.\xref{Clausenumbering} + +Clauses are produced by typing the command *|\cl| at the beginning of a line +followed by one or more spaces and then the text of the clause. The default +is for clauses to be numbered in Arabic numbers\ref{If you go above 999, it +may be necessary to make some alterations to the normal indentation of +clauses.}, the number being followed by a full stop--- \goodbreak + +\clearclno +\cl This is the first clause. There is also the command *|\ncl| which can be +used when clause numbering is not required **{un-numbered clauses}. This can +be useful when a subclause is followed by a proviso **{provisos} which forms +part of the main clause. + +Sub-clauses have the command *|\scl| either at the beginning of a line or +immediately after a *|\cl| possibly with one or more spaces between the two +commands. There must be a blank line between a clause and its sub-clause +unless they are intended to be on the same line. (It you do not leave the +blank line they {\bf will} be on the same line, whether you like it or not.) + +Subsequent sub-sub-etc-clauses take the form *|\sscl|, *|\ssscl| etc.---the +maximum being five `s's. In order to discourage the drafting style which +uses such numerous sub-clauses the default numbering is as follows--- + +\cl This is Clause 2 + +\scl This is sub-clause 1 + +\sscl This is sub-sub-clause 1 + +\ssscl This is sub-sub-sub-clause 1 + +\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 1. + +\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2. + +\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3. + +\ssssscl This is *{sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause} 1 + +\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2 + +\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3 + +\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 4. (Using more than four +sub-etc-clauses of this type is not recommended, since the spade is the last +character in this particular font!) + +\nssssscl \relax This is |\nssssscl| + +\nsssscl This is |\nsssscl| + +\nssscl This is |\nssscl| + +\nsscl This is |\nsscl| + +\nscl Now |\nscl| + +\ncl Finally |\ncl| + +If the |\sssscl| or |\ssssscl| form of numbering is unwelcome, type\break +*|\greekfalse| at the start of your document to turn off the *{Greek +numbering} and (or) *|\cardfalse| to turn off the *{playing cards}. (Boring +letters will be substituted.) + +\noindent|\cardfalse|\cardfalse + +\hfuzz=2.8pt +\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl +\par + +\noindent|\cardfalse|\par\noindent|\greekfalse|\greekfalse + +{\overfullrule=0pt% ! +\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl +\inform{ (don't worry about this...)} +\par} + +\noindent\cardtrue\greektrue + +\cl The clauses will have as a default hanging indentation. **{hanging +indentation in clauses} As a result, the second and subsequent lines of the +clause will be indented to the same extent as the first line and will line +up with the number of the next sub-clause--- + +\nobreak +\scl Like this. In order to turn off this default type *|\clindfalse|. (The +name is a sort of abbreviation for ``clause indentation false''.) + +\noindent|\clindfalse|\clindfalse + +\scl The effect will be that the second and subsequent lines will line up +with the number of the same clause (or sub-clause) in the more normal manner. +Hanging indentation is by default turned off in this way in Opinions. + +\smallskip + +In certain circumstances, for example, in Opinions, it may be necessary to +reset the Clause **{resetting clause numbers} numbering, or to start from +some number other than~1. The Clause number is held in a register called +*|\clno|, while the sub-clause numbers are held in registers which use the +names *|\sclno|, etc. Any such register can be reset at any time. To reset +the clausenumbering to zero (so that the next Clause is numbered~1) type +*|\clearclno|. If you are typing a rider **{riders} starting at, say, +Clause~12, set |\clno| to one less at the start (i.e., to 11) by typing +|\clno=11|. **|\clno| Similarly, subclauses and so on can be reset by typing +*|\clearsclno|, *|\clearssclno| and so on. + +Although the style of numbering set out above can be said to be standard, +there does not seem to be any standard form of `numbering' *{Recitals}. \r\ +by default uses capital letters for Recitals and small roman numbers for +sub-recitals. The command *|\rec| at the beginning of a line followed by one +or more spaces and then text prints recitals in the form--- + +\clindtrue +\rec This is a recital. The ``numbering'' and the indentation are +automatic. + +\srec This was produced by *|\srec|. + +In addition to |\cl| and |\ncl| (and |\scl|, |\nscl| and so on) there are two +other classes of clause-making macros. The first it *|\tcl|. This is used +with a parameter in squiggly brackets, for example |\tcl{NOTE:}|. In this +case the word ``NOTE:'' is put where the number would normally be, and the +remainder of the first line of the clause is adjusted accordingly. The other +is *|\xcl| which also takes a parameter, for example |\xcl{[1]}|. In fact +all the other clause-numbering macros use |\xcl| in order to work. + +A recent addition to \r\ is the facility to use what is generally called +``computer numbering''.**{computer numbering} If the command +*|\computernumbering| appears in your file |\cl|, |\scl|, \etc\ will produce +clauses numbered as follows--- + +{\computernumbering +\cl This is the first clause. + +\scl This is a subclause. + +\sscl This is boring. + +\ssscl The amount of indentation is set by a parameter called\break *|\cnindent|. +Here it is set at \the\cnindent.\par} + +\bigbreak + + +Cross-references in drafts often refer to a particular clause of sub-clause. +If the command |\xref{stuff}|**|\xref| appears in a draft and elsewhere +there appears, for example, ``|subject to +\clref{stuff}|''\xref{clauseref}there will be substituted +automatically\ref{After two runs through \TeX.} for the latter command a +reference to the appropriate clause or subclause; it is not necessary for +the draftsman to know whether the |\xref{}| command appears in a clause, a +sub-clause, a sub-sub-clause or whatever. If +|\def\clause{Paragraph}| appears at the top of the text then +the reference will be to a paragraph number. Similarly ``Sub-clause'' can be +redefined as ``sub-paragraph'' by |\def\subclause{sub-paragraph}| + +There are similar commands **|\noteref|**|\schedref|**|\appref| +|\noteref{stuff}|, |\schedref{stuff}| and |\appref{stuff}| or +cross-referencing footnotes, schedules and appendices. + +If at the beginning of a draft you type after a person's name ``{\tt of} +|\noaddr|'' **|\noaddr| an appropriate gap (based on an address in *{Railway +Cuttings, Cheam}) **{Hancock}will be left. (This does not yet always work, +although it is better than it was.) There are similar macros known as +*|\nodate| (which prints in effect ``\nodate''), *|\noyear| (which is similar +but leaves you to insert the year), *|\noday|, *|\nomonth| and *|\noname| +(which leave suitable blank spaces), and *|\nopounds| (which produces +``\nopounds''). + + +A normal hyphen in an upper-case name tends to look wrong as, for example, +in SIR HENRY WILLIAM-WORDSWORTH. The macro *|\uc-|**{upper-case hyphen} can +be used in these circumstances to raise the hyphen which gives a +better-looking result---SIR HENRY WILLIAM\uc-WORDSWORTH. (There is also the +macro *|\duc-| which provides a *{discretionary upper-case hyphen}, but this +is for the real \TeX perts only.) + +If at the end of a draft (but before the signature) you type +\hfil\break|\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}| **|\ssd| **{signed, sealed and +delivered} the effect will be--- \bigskip + +{\noindent\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}} + +\bigbreak +If you type |\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}| **|\ssc| the effect is like +this--- +\smallskip +{\noindent\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}} + +\bigskip +Similarly, |\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}| **|\ssw| will produce the +following--- + +{\parindent=0pt\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}} + +(There is also a general purpose macro, *|\ssgen| which can be used to insert +any text to the left of a big bracket. See also in the \TeX nical Manual +(when it is produced---it will set out all the macros used in \LT\ and +explain, or try to explain, how they work.) *|\rbracket| and *|\lbracket|.) + + +\bigskip Although it has not been usual in the past to set out the +testimonium in full, I have often noticed when drafts which I have settled +are returned to me how Solicitors have written it in in longhand before +giving the draft to their Secretary to type. Inserting it in full saves them +the trouble. If you do not approve of this practice you can use +*|\witnessetc| which will produce--- + +\smallskip {\parindent=0pt +\witnessetc\par +} +\par +\medskip +The macros *|\whereas| and *|\now| produce--- + +\whereas + +\noindent and + +\now + +\bigskip\bigbreak + +The macros *|\wwhereas| and *|\nnow| have odd names but can be used where +there is only one recital or clause; the former simply types ``WHEREAS'' and +the latter ``NOW THIS DEED WITNESSETH''. + +Other useful macros are *|\schedule|, *|\appendix| and *|\part| which can be +used to produce schedules and appendixes. It there is only one schedule it +will be called ``the Schedule''. If there are more than one they will be +numbered appropriately. If the command |\xref{stuff}| appears in a schedule, +a reference elsewhere in the document to |\schedref{stuff}| will refer to +the correct schedule (after two runs through \T). + +\centertext{It is sometimes quite effective to centre the text in a Schedule +(or elsewhere---as in this paragraph) over several lines. \r\ provides the +command {\tt\bslash centertext} for this purpose. Its usage is similar to +that of {\tt\bslash centerline} but it centres more than one line. It is +derived from a macro which can be found on page~317 (exercise 14.34) of the \TB.} + +The modern form of *{stamp duty certificate} can be produced by typing, for +example, |\sdcert{A}| **|\sdcert| which produces--- + +\sdcert{A} + +*|\dovcert| and *|\giftcert| provide the appropriate letters for use with +deeds of variation and gifts inter vivos. + + +It sometimes happens that a number of different versions of a draft or +Opinion are prepared. **|\version| Typing |\version{Version 1}| will print +{\fiverm Version 1} in miniscule type\ref{The size is 5-point.} at the bottom +of each page. An example can be seen at the bottom of the current page. + + +Another small control sequence which is useful in drafts is ``*|\,|''. This +adds a small bit of space and can be used to separate two names in a deed. +Another is *|\etc| which produces \etc\ \ **|\frac| |\frac 5/6| produces \frac +5/6. (To produce \frac {27}/{85} it is necessary to put the double figures +into squiggly brackets like this--- |\frac {27}/{85}|.) A `normal' fraction, +such as $27\over 85$ can only be typed using ``*{maths mode}''. The fraction +in the previous sentence was typed |$27\over 85$|. + +\bigskip +The command *|\bye| produces an appropriate backsheet for the deed. It also +types towards the bottom of the last page---\par +\def\csettled#1{% Fudge it. + \par\nobreak \vskip20pt + \hbox{\hskip\signindent\vtop{% + \advance\hsize by-\signindent + \parindent0pt \raggedright\tolerance=1000 + Settled, + \ignorespaces#1 \vskip20pt + \inn \hbox{\today}}} + \vskip20pt} + +\bigskip +\settled + +\nobreak +As in the case of *|\signed| it is possible to change `the Inn' to whichever +may be required. + +\bigbreak A backsheet for a draft will be produced automatically. Again it +will be necessary to supply \r\ with the appropriate information. However, +if the appropriate information has been supplied earlier in the file (for +example in an Opinion) it is not necessary to repeat it. The command +|\draft{LEASE}| will have given \r\ the document name to insert on the +backsheet. + +If an Opinion and a Draft are incorporated in the same file, it is often +useful to know where one ends and the next begins. While it is processing a +document \r\ will show a succession of triplets of numbers on the +screen.**{Page numbering} The first number is the page number of the current +document, the second is the *{overall page count}, and the third is the +number of the document being processed. This information will also be found +in the *|log| file produced by \TeX. + +It is sometimes useful to produce a *{Table of Contents} for a draft. If the +command *|\contents| appears at the beginning of the draft this will be done +automatically. It is, of course, necessary to provide the information which +is to be entered into the table. This is done by using the ``magic'' +*{circumflex} commands. If immediately after a *|\cl| command there appears +the command {\tt\hat\strut}|{Stuff}|, the Table of Contents will get an entry +such as--- + +\line{Clause 6. Stuff\dotfill 4} + +Similar results will be obtained if the command follows a *|\scl| or a +*|\sscl|. In this case ``stuff'' will appear in both the Table of Contents +and the text where it was found. If two circumflexes are used, **{circumflexes, +two} however, ``stuff'' becomes invisible in the text and only appears in the +Table of Contents. + +One final command is *|\engrossment|. This as the effect of removing the word +``draft'' from the backsheets and deleting the ``Settled'' at the end of the +draft. + +\vfil\eject +{\sh ^{Pleadings}} + +\nobreak\smallskip +\noindent +Here we come to what is perhaps the most complicated part of \r, and the part +containing most bugs. These notes for the time being will only skim +the surface and show how the macros are used; they will not attempt to +explain how they work---for that you must consult the \TeX nical manual +(when written). However, if you have got this far you may not need any +explanations and will be able to discover all the secrets by simply +reading \LT. + +The macros were originally written by me some time in 1989. A considerable +amount of work has since been done on them by Gilead Cooper, Robert Ham and +others and their efforts and suggestions have persuaded me to make a number +of further improvements. However, a large amount of work still remains to be +done. + +\medskip +I will start with High Court litigation. To take as an example a case +commenced in the Chancery Division. This will normally have a reference +consisting of three items, that is to say, the year, a letter and a number. +To show that the case is in the Chancery Division type the following +command--- + +|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|. + + +If the full reference is not known simply type *|\ch| or +|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}|}|. The commands for proceedings in the Queen's +Bench and Family Divisions are similar; the former is +|\qb{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}| **|\qb| and the latter +**|\family||\family{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|. Why in the latter case is +it not |\fam|? Simply because *|\fam| is already used by \TeX\ for something +else and the consequences of redefining it would be dire in the extreme. + +The name of a Plainiff is given by the following command--- + +|\plaintiff{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|. + +His address takes the form |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|. The names and +addresses of Defendants and Third Parties are given in a similar fashion +using |\defendant{name}| and |\of{address}|.**|\of| and +|\thirdparty{name}|**|\thirdparty| and |\of{address}|. (If the address of a +party is not given a blank space will be inserted in the document where +appropriate .) It is intended that inserting the address should be optional; +at present however this sometimes causes problems. + +If some parties have the same address, ie John Smith and Freda Smith both of +Springtime Villas, put |\and| after |\plaintiff{JOHN SMITH}| and +|\of{Springtime Villas}| after |\plaintiff{FREDA SMITH}|. (This is not very +robust at the moment.) + +If you want to refer to a party as being, for example, a firm, type, for +example,**|\firm| |\plaintiff{SUE GRABBIT \& RUNNE \firm}|. Other capacities +include *|\widow|, *|\minor| and *|\patient|. + + +The command **|\matter||\matter{123 New Square, Lincoln's Inn}| does what it +might be expected to do. There is also the command **|\estate||\estate{A.B. +deceased.}| Each will store the matter set out and in due course print it in +the correct place on the pleading and the backsheet (adding `And' where +appropriate). + +Having entered the names and addresses of the parties the next step is to +ask \r\ to produce the appropriate type of pleading. Once again the command +is vaguely logical, being |\pleading{type of pleading}|**|\pleading|. Thus +|\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| will produce a document containing the usual +heading including the names of the parties. The body of the claim will be +typed in using *|\cl| and *|\scl| for the clauses. It is possible to type +*|\claim| to produce ``AND the Plaintiff(s) claim(s)---'' automatically. To +reset the clause numbering at any time type *|\clearclno|. The command +|\bye| will in this case also add at the bottom of the text the usual +wording about the document being served. + +Pleadings are more complicated than written advice and drafts since \T\ +needs to know which party the draftsman is acting for. In the case of a +Statement of Claim this is obviously the Plaintiff but \T\ cannot be +expected to know this. The text should therefore contain the command +*|\clientpltrue|. As in the case of an *|\opinion|, however, there is a +shorthand command which will achieve this automatically. A Statement of Claim +(with the client set to the Plaintiff) will be produced by the command +|\soc|. If this command is preceded by the command +|\writissued{12/03/91}| **|\writissued| the date when the writ was issued +will be inserted at the appropriate place; otherwise the date will be left +blank. + + +The formal parts of a specially endorsed Writ are slightly different from +those of a Statement of Claim. In this case *|\writ| does the necessary +formatting and inserts the appropriate formal parts. Similarly *|\os| can be +used for an originating summons. (There are also built-in macros called +*|\defence|, *|\reply|, |\dacc|\ref{Defence and Counterclaim.}, +|\rdcc|\ref{Reply and Defence to Counterclaim.} which act as might be +expected. + +Pleadings have another difference from drafts and written advice and that is +that they are amended. The command *|\amended| when inserted before the +command |\pleading| (or |\soc| or |\defence| or whatever) makes the +necessary amendments to the formal parts. *|\reamended| and *|\rereamended| +can also be used. An amended Statement of claim can therefore take the form +|\amended\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| or |\amended\soc|. **|\pleading| + +The amendments to the text itself are complicated. James Behrens has +produced a useful note on the question of how to show amendments to +Pleadings using \WP\ without using coloured ink. In \LT\ I take a slightly +different approach in that I denote the first amendments by underlining +additions and crossing-out deletions. For the re-amendments I underline +twice and cross-out twice and for re-re-amendments underline thrice and +cross-out thrice. Any such monochrome scheme does look messy if there are many +amendments; it is best to delete and replace whole sentences rather than +individual words and letters. + +The method of producing the underlining and crossing out is to use the +commands *|\ul| and |\xo| \ca inside\se squiggly brackets (|{\ul like this}|. +The brackets limit the extent of the underlining or crossing-out. The +corresponding commands for double and triple underlining and crossing-out +are *|\uul|, *|\uuul|, *|\xxo| and *|\xxxo|. + +If new clauses are inserted into a Pleading either the original numbers have +to be altered or the new clauses have to be numbered in some distinctive +manner. \LT\ uses the latter method. The new clause should be preceded by +the command *|\acl| instead of |\cl|. (There are also the commands *|\ascl| +and *|\asscl| for sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses). + +\acl This is a clause starting with |\acl| + +Once again, in order to be able to process the text of a pleading \LT\ needs +a certain amount of additional information. It does not this time need to be +told the title of the matter since it can work that out for itself. It does, +however, need to know the *|\colsref| so that it can produce the backsheet +and add the Solicitors' name and address in the appropriate place at the end +of the pleading. (If your file contains a pleading followed by an Opinion it +is not necessary to tell \r\ the title for the backsheet of the Opinion +since it will use the same title as it uses on the pleading.) + + +An Originating Summons might, therefore, take the following form in your file--- +\beginlines +|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}| +|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} | +|\def\timespent{3} % in hours| +|\def\typeofcase{breach of trust}| +|\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds| +|\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10| +|\def\suggestedfee{?} | +|\def\legalaid{}| +|\def\remarks{slightly tricky}| +\smallskip +|\ch{1990 S 1234}| +\smallskip +|\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH}| +|\defendant{ALFRED JONES}| +|\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY}| +|\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH}| +|\matter{John Smith deceased}| +|\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925}| +\smallskip +|\os| +|\cl That it may be determined \dots| +|\cl Further of other relief| +\smallskip +|\bye| +\endlines + +The result of \TeX ing this file is shown on the next couple of pages. + +%NOTE: No it ain't; a slight problem arose with the new ve%rsion of \LT\ and +%so I have removed it for the time being. The file does not like being \T ed +%in the middle of another file for some reason + +\vfil \eject +\inform{Printing demonstration pages of Originating Summons} + +\partcount=\the\pageno % preserve page count, using "spare" count reg. + +\solsref{XYZ/abc/42} +\colsref{SUEGRA/99} +\def\timespent{3} % in hours +\def\typeofcase{breach of trust} +\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds +\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10 +\def\suggestedfee{?} +\def\legalaid{} +\def\remarks{slightly tricky} +\smallskip +\ch{1990 S 1234} + +\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH} +\defendant{ALFRED JONES} +\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY} +\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH} + +\matter{John Smith deceased} +\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925} +\smallskip +\os + +\pageno=\the\partcount % restore it + +\cl That it may be determined \dots +\cl Further of other relief +\smallskip +\bottomofpleading{\endostext} % Not normally necessary +\vfil +\settled % fudge since no \bye +\vfil\vfil\eject + + +An Originating Summons is often accompanied by an Affidavit. If both +documents appear in the same file, the affidavit being the second of them, +the number of commands that need to be typed is limited. The first is +|\deponent{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|.**|\deponent| This can optionally be +followed by |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|**|\of| and +|\occupation{Poet}|**|\occupation|. (If the deponent has a non-hyphenated +hyphenated name, that is to say a name where for example the person's +surname is actually two words, join the words together with an underline +character ($\_$), as in |\deponent{BRIAN HAMILTON_KELLY}|. This enables \LT\ +to extract the correct initials from the fullname. \LT\ is not psychic and +so if a person has a title or other formal names which should not be used as +initials (for example, George Seventeenth Duke of Borchester) it will be +necessary to tell \LT\ what his initials and initialised names are. The +commands to use are **|\shortname||\shortname{G. Borchester}| and +**|\initials||\initials{G.B.}|. + +\initials{A.B.C.} + +The next command is *|\affidavit| which will print all the formal parts +(including the endorsement at the top). The text of the affidavit should be +typed using *|\cl| in the usual way. The commands *|\exhibited| and +*|\bundled| will respectively produce `\exhibited\,' and `\bundled\,' (the +initials and number being produced automatically). + +In this case the command *|\bye| should add at the end of the document--- + +\noindent\sworn + + +If the Affidavit is the only pleading it is, of course, necessary to set out +the parties and so on in the file. In these circumstances \r\ will assume +that you are acting for the Defence and refer to your Solicitors as +Solicitors for the Defendants. To change this type *|\clientpltrue| at the +beginning. The affidavit will also by default be treated as being the first +sworn for the relevant party. To alter this to, for example, the second type +**|\affyno||\affyno{2}| at the start. If the deponent is the same it will probably +also be necessary to ensure that the exhibit numbers continue on where they +left off in the previous affidavit. To do this if, for example, the last +number was 10, type *|\exno=10| at the beginning of the new affidavit, but \ca +after\se the command *|\affidavit| (which resets the count to zero). + +Minutes of Order can be produced by the command *|\minutes|. This will set +out the formal parts of the Minutes. + +Pleadings for use in the County Court are produced in exactly the same way +as those for use in the High Court. The commands are very similar. If the +name of the Court and the case number are known the document should be +headed--- + +|\countycourt{BORCHESTER}|\hfil\break +|\case{1234}| + +If, however, either are unknown it is acceptable to simply type +|\countycourt| (or even |\case|) and \LT\ will supply defaults. + + + +\def\VT{{\tt\char'174}} +It is sometimes necessary to produce a table in either a pleading or other +document. \T\ has very sophisticated table producing commands bit they +cannot be described a user-friendly. \LT\ now incorporates\ref{At the moment +they are contained in a separate file, txsruled.tex. At a later date they +will be incorporated into \LT\ itself.} the ruled table macros written by +Eric Myers which normally form part of the \T sis macros (macros for +physicists). The full documentation can be obtained elsewhere (and fuller +documentation will appear in a subsequent edition of this manual). However, to +produce a simple ruled table type *|\ruledtable|. On successive lines put +the material that should appear in the lines of the table. Separate each +column with the vertical bar character (\VT). End each line \ca except the +last\se with |\cr| (which can roughly be translated as `carriage return'). +At the end of the table type |\endruledtable|. (This effectively replaces +the last |\cr|.) There are commands available for producing tables without +rules and for altering the thickness of the rules and so on. Here is an +example--- +\bigskip +{\obeylines +|\ruledtable| +|\bf Date Due| \VT|\bf Amount (\pounds)| \VT|\bf When Paid \cr| +01/02/89 \VT 34.56 \VT 09/12/90|\cr| +24/01/90 \VT 99.00 \VT Outstanding +|\endruledtable|\par} + +This produces--- + +\bigskip +\begingroup % Keep txsruled local. + +\ruledtable +\bf Date Due | \bf Amount (\pounds)| \bf When Paid \cr +01/02/89 | 34.56 | 09/12/90\cr +24/01/90 | 99.00 | Outstanding +\endruledtable + +\endgroup + +\medskip +It must, of course, be remembered that a large table may not fit on a page +in portrait mode. + +\bigskip + +There are many other commands in \r\ and these +Notes will be lengthened in due course. This particular version is being +written in rather a hurry and so is incomplete. In the meantime try the +Index (if it exists) and experiment with the commands that you find there. + +\bigbreak + +{\sh ^{Altering the defaults.}} +\nobreak\smallskip\noindent +There is one file that can be altered +with impunity---that is to say, that I have no objection to you altering +it. It is |RHlocal|. When you receive \r\ this is likely to +contain the following text--- + +\beginlines +|% RHlocal| +|% definitions of local matters| +|%| +|%| +|\counsel{John Smith}| +|%| +|\def\col{AB}| +|%| +|%\let\inn=\lincoln| +|%\let\inn=\grays| +|%\let\inn=\temple| +|%\let\inn=\middletemple| +|%\let\inn=innertemple| +|\def\ouraddress{%| +|7 New Square\cr| +|Lincoln's Inn\cr| +|London WC2A 3QS\cr| +|Telephone: 071 405 1266\cr| +|Fax: 071 405 0554\cr}| +\endlines + +You should insert your name between the |{}| after *|\counsel| in the form in +which you like it to appear on pleadings. You should also substitute your +initials for |AB| in |\def\col{AB}| in the form in which they are used in the +ACE accounts package and ``un-comment'' one Inn. You should also substitute +your address for mine (taking care to include the *|\cr|'s) in *|\ouraddress|. + +If you define your own macros either put them in a new file (called, for +example |newmacs.TEX|) which you put in either the |\TEX| or the +|\TEX\INPUTS|\ref{Depending on your version of \T.} directory and add the +command *|\input newmacs| at the beginning of your text file, or add them to +|RHlocal.TEX|; in the latter case you will have to create a new format file +by typing |INITEX &PLAIN RHFMT \dump|\ref{Note that {\tt\bslash dump} must be in +lower case. This is the command for the \pctex\ version of \T. The \bo emTeX\ok +version uses a different system; please see the instructions.}. + +\bigskip +{\bf Suggestions for improvements in this format file and these Notes will be +gratefully received---and probably rejected out of hand.} + +If you are reading the long version of this Manual, the next part of these +these Notes is a further document called ``\r\ \TeX nical Manual''. This +sets out the \r\ macros in full. I suggest, however, that only those who have +used \r\ for some time actually bother to look at it. However, it contains +details of {\it all\/} the macros that are to be found in \r, including a +large number which are not mentioned in this document or elsewhere---See also +the Index. You may also find it useful when developing your own macros, since +it may help you to avoid the many mistakes which I have made. It may also set +out the text of other macro files which I use. + +If, however, you are reading the short version of this Manual, the next part +will be the index which makes rather boring reading. + + +\bigskip\vfill\eject +% +% Read in the commented macro files +\iflongversion\input RHstuff\relax\fi + +\vfil\eject +% +\def\indexname{% +\vtop{% +\centerline{\bf Index} +\medskip +\rm This is a fairly rough index. It is produced automatically by the +|MANMAC| macros, and as a result there may be a number of duplicated page +references, and the page numbers are not necessarily in order. In later +editions I will perhaps try to rectify this, but at present I could only do +this by hand, and that would take too long. +\medskip% +For those who are interested, the index entries were produced by using a +slightly modified version of the codes shown in {\sl the \TeX book\/} at +pages 423--424\ref{This is to be found in RHindex.TeX.}, were sorted by a +comparatively simple program written in the ``C'' language, and were then +``massaged'' very gently using a text-editor. The \r\ macros then +formatted the result. +\medskip +Of course, if you are reading an early version of these Notes, the index will +not be sorted and so you should not have read the previous paragraph. Forget +that you did.}} + +% stop LeXTeX thinking that this is a pleading +\chitfalse +\let\backmatter\empty +\let\signoff\empty + +% Print the index +\printindex +\bye + |