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+% This is LTman, the preliminary version of the Manual for \LT\.
+\ifx\lextexisloaded\undefined\input lextex\relax\fi
+\newif\iflongversion
+%\input newmacs
+% At the moment it is *very* preliminary and pretty messy.
+% It is also long since it includes a lot of macros, including
+% indexing macros which would normally be \input separately.
+% It is possible to produce it in two versions,
+% ie, with and without the text of the LeXTeX macros.
+% The default is to omit them.
+%
+% If you wish to print the full version, change \longversionfalse
+% to \longversiontrue.
+% However DO NOT DO THIS at the moment since the text of the macros is
+% missing!!!!
+\longversionfalse
+%
+%
+% These are the indexing and index-formatting macros.
+% They are adapted messily from manmac and elsewhere.
+%
+\def\index{\indextrue \writeindex}
+\def\indexname{Index} % ditto
+\def\topofindex{\centerline{\titlefont\indexname}}
+\def\botofindex{\vfill\eject}
+\def\indexreadfile{\jobname.inx} % file that gets index info
+\def\indexwritefile{\jobname.inx} % file that takes it
+\def\writeindex{\inform{Opening index file: }
+ \openout\inx=\indexwritefile}
+\def\readindex{\input \indexreadfile}
+
+% Use second version for formatting unsorted index
+%\def\formatindex#1 !#2 #3.{% orig "#1 !#2" #3.
+\def\formatindex"#1 !#2" #3.{%
+ {\ifcase#2 #1\or\tt #1\or\tt\bslash#1\or\tt<#1>\fi\space#3.}}
+\def\printindex{% Print the index
+ \write\inx{} % ensure that the index file isn't empty
+ \immediate\closeout\inx % index information has been fully gathered
+ \inform{Index: }\relax
+\vtop{\topofindex}
+ \begindoublecolumns
+ \advance\baselineskip by0pt plus1pt minus0pt % add some give
+ \tenpoint
+ \parindent=0pt
+ \parskip=0pt plus.8pt minus0pt
+ \everypar{\hangafter1 \hangindent10pt\formatindex}
+ \raggedright
+ \tolerance=1000
+ \relax
+ \readindex\relax % read the index info
+ \enddoublecolumns
+ \botofindex }% print the index page(s), don't terminate
+%
+% Manmac macros which can be used to print index in 2 cols.
+%
+\newbox\partialpage
+\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup
+ \output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox255\bigskip}}%
+ \eject
+ \output={\doublecolumnout}%
+ \divide\hsize by2 \advance\hsize by-15pt % 15x2=inter col space
+ \multiply\vsize by2 \advance \vsize by1pt}%
+\def\enddoublecolumns{\output={\balancecolumns}\eject
+ \endgroup \pagegoal=\vsize}
+%
+\def\doublecolumnout{\splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth
+ \dimen0=\pageheight %8.5in
+ \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\partialpage
+ \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen0
+ \onepageout\pagesofar
+ \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty}
+\def\pagesofar{\unvbox\partialpage
+ \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}}
+\def\balancecolumns{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255} \dimen0=\ht0
+ \advance\dimen0 by\topskip \advance\dimen0 by-\baselineskip
+ \divide\dimen0 by2 \splittopskip=\topskip
+ {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0
+ \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen0
+ \ifdim\ht3>\dimen0 \global\advance\dimen0 by1pt \repeat}
+ \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox1}
+ \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox3}
+ \pagesofar}
+ %
+% Modify \onepageout
+\def\onepageout#1{\shipout\vbox{ % here we define one page of output
+ \offinterlineskip % butt the boxes together
+ \vbox to \pageheight{
+ #1 % now insert the main information
+ \ifvoid\footins\else % footnote info is present
+ \vskip\skip\footins \kern-3pt
+ \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt
+ \unvbox\footins\fi
+ \boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth
+ } % this completes the \vbox to \pageheight
+ \vbox{{\vskip10pt\hsize=\pagewidth \makefootline}}% This is added
+ }
+ \advancepageno}
+
+% index macros
+% adapted from manmac
+
+\chardef\*=`\* % \* produces an asterix in text mode
+\newif\ifsilent
+% The \null a couple of lines down prevents something odd happening
+\def\specialstar{\ifmmode\def\next{*}%
+ \else\null\let\next=\beginindexref\fi\next}
+\def\beginindexref{\futurelet\next\beginindexrefswitch}
+\def\beginindexrefswitch{\ifx\next\specialstar\let\next=\silentindexref
+ \else\silentfalse\let\next=\indexref\fi\next}
+\global\catcode`\*=\active \global\let*=\specialstar
+\def\silentindexref*{\silenttrue\indexref}
+%
+\chardef\bslash=`\\
+\def\indexref{\futurelet\next\indexrefswitch}
+\def\indexrefswitch{\begingroup
+ \ifx\next|\aftergroup\vindexref % case 1 or 2, |arg| or |\arg|
+ \else\ifx\next\<\aftergroup\angleindexref
+ % case 3, "\<arg>" means angle brackets. This may change.
+ \else\aftergroup\normalindexref \fi\fi\endgroup} % case 0, "{arg}"
+\def\vindexref|{\catcode`\\=\active \futurelet\next\vindexrefswitch}
+\def\vindexrefswitch#1|{\catcode`\\=0
+ \ifx\next\empty\def\indexreftype{2}%
+ \def\next{{\tt\bslash\text}}% type 2, |\arg|
+ \else\def\indexreftype{1}\def\next{{\tt\text}}\fi % type 1, |arg|
+ \edef\text{#1}\makeindexref}
+{\catcode`\|=0 \catcode`\\=\active |gdef\{}}
+\def\angleindexref\<#1>{\def\indexreftype{3}\def\text{#1}%
+ \def\next{\<\text>}\makeindexref}
+\def\normalindexref#1{\def\indexreftype{0}
+ \def\text{#1}\let\next=\text\makeindexref}
+\def\makeindexref{\ifhmode\unskip\fi
+ \xdef\writeit{\write\inx{"\text\space!\indexreftype"\space
+ \noexpand\number\pageno.\endgraf}}\writeit
+ \ifsilent\unskip\ignorespaces\else\next\unskip\aftergroup\ignorespaces\fi}
+%
+\newif\ifsortedindex
+\def\typeofindex{\ifsortedindex
+ \def\formatindex##1 !##2 ##3.{% orig "##1 !##2" ##3.
+ {\ifcase##2 ##1\or\tt ##1\or\tt\bslash##1\or\tt<##1>\fi\space##3.}}%
+ \def\indexreadfile{RHsind.tex}%
+\fi\index}
+%
+% If we are not using a sorted the index, comment out next line.
+%\sortedindextrue
+%
+% end of indexing macros
+
+\def\storypage{24} % listing of story.tex
+
+\def\AmSTeX{$\cal A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}\kern-.075em
+ S$-\TeX}
+\def\bull{\vrule height .9ex width .8ex depth -.1ex } % square bullet
+%
+% Set/adjust the defaults
+\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt
+\parindent 0pt
+\twelvebase=15pt
+\tenbase=11.5pt
+\ninebase=10pt
+\quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt
+\hsize=5.35truein
+\vsize=8.5truein
+\hoffset0.5truein
+\voffset.5truein
+\clubpenalty=2500
+\widowpenalty=7500
+\finalhyphendemerits=7500
+\displaywidowpenalty=50
+\brokenpenalty=2500
+\global\cnindent=45pt
+\global\clskip=\smallskipamount
+
+% Start in 12 pt
+\twelvepoint
+
+% Misc defs
+\def\sh{\noindent\titlefont} % Change this to give new page etc
+\def\tbi{**{TeX book, the}}
+\def\T{\TeX}
+\def\TB{{\sl \T book\/}}
+\def\WP{{\sl Word Perfect\/}}
+\def\pctex{{\tt PC\TeX}}
+\def\MF{{\tt MYFILE}}
+\def\tex{{\tt .TEX}}
+\def\dvi{{\tt .DVI}}
+\def\log{{\tt .LOG}}
+\def\TEX{{\tt TEX}}
+\def\ver#1{{\tt $\backslash$ #1}}
+\def\vn{0.96} % VERSION NUMBER
+\def\r{\LT}% Change of name
+\def\botofcontents{\vfill\eject} % this material will end it
+
+% Latex logo
+\def\sc{\scaps}
+\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em
+ T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
+
+\let\LT\LeXTeX
+
+% Start here
+\version{Version \fmtversion\ (draft 1)}
+%
+% Do not produce contents for the time being
+%\contents
+% Set title of contents page (for when used)
+\ctstitle{%
+ \centerline{\LeXTeX}
+ \medskip
+ \centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar}
+ \medskip
+ \centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh}
+ }
+%
+
+\def\xyz{\iflongversion Long \else Short \fi}
+\inform{}
+\inform{This is the \xyz Version of the LeXTeX Manual}
+\inform{}
+\typeofindex
+%
+% This is the start of the text
+%
+%
+\centerline{\headerfont \LeXTeX\ref{With apologies to the designer of the
+\LaTeX\ logo.}}
+
+\medskip
+\centerline{A version of \TeX\ adapted for use by members of the Bar}
+\medskip
+\centerline{\ca Preliminary Incomplete Draft\se Manual}
+\smallskip
+\centerline{\tenrm \copyright 1991 \rh}
+
+\bigskip
+
+{\sh ^{Introduction}}
+
+\smallskip
+
+
+\noindent\T\ is not a *{word-processor}; It is a *{text-formatter}. You
+cannot use it to prepare your text; for that purpose you must use a normal
+word-processor such as \WP\ or a text editor such as \ca Emacs\se. \T\ is
+also not a ``*{what you see is what you get}'' program. It is suggested in
+{\sl**{LaTeX}The \LaTeX\ Guide\/} \ref{Page 7. \bo The \LaTeX\ Guide\ok is
+published by Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-15790-X.} that a better expression
+for programs of that type is ``*{what you see is all you've got}''. All
+that \T\ does it to convert a text file into printed output, but it can be
+extremely successful at the job.
+
+The way that \T\ works is to respond to commands inserted in the text in a
+similar way to that in which a word processor responds to its commands .
+The difference is that \T\ commands are visible and have no effect
+whatsoever while the file is being prepared; the commands inserted in a
+word-processed file often take effect immediately so that, for example, text
+to be centered is shifted to approximately the centre of the screen. Another
+difference is that any \T\ command can be redefined at any time. To take an
+example, the command |\centerline{This text is centered}| will normally
+simply centre the words within the squiggly brackets. However it is
+extremely simple to redefine the command |\centerline| so that it right or
+left justifies the text, or prints it in italic type. In order to left
+justify it all that would be necessary would be to add at the start of the
+text file the command |\let\centerline=\leftline|. This would affect all
+subsequent |\centerline| commands.
+
+This ability to define and redefine commands, or macros, makes \T\ extremely
+powerful and flexible. One result is that it is possible to divorce the
+preparation of the text, for example the body of a Pleading, from the layout
+of the document; the draftsman can concentrate on the content rather than
+the form. To take an example, the command |\writ| is used when printing a
+Writ. The draftsman need not be concerned with whether the command simply
+types at the top of the page ``[Usual Formal Parts]'' or inserts the full
+formal text. Further, if the command |\os| is substituted for |\writ| the
+formal parts will automatically change; the draftsman need not be concerned
+with what they say. Similarly if after re-reading the Instructions it
+becomes apparent that they are given on behalf of the Defendant all that is
+necessary is to substitute |\defence| for |\writ| and the appropriate layout
+will be produced.
+
+One well-known collection of macros that almost completely achieves this
+separation is called \LaTeX\ after its author Leslie Lamport. It is,
+however, designed principally for use by academics and so although extremely
+good at producing papers for learned journals, is not so good at producing
+the somewhat odd documents sent out by members of the Bar.
+
+Another set of macros which has been produced by me (with the assistance of
+many other people) is called \LT. The sole object of this package of
+macros is to assist in the formatting of the type of work produced by
+members of the Bar. It cannot claim to be any where near as good at its job
+as \LaTeX\ is at its, and it will be modified in the future as its
+deficiencies become obvious, but it is already reasonably effective.
+
+There are versions of \T\ running on most modern computers from the \bo
+Atari\ok home computer to the \bo Cray\ok super computer. In my own Chambers
+\T\ has been installed on an \bo Acorn Archimedes\ok, a \bo Commodore
+Amiga\ok, an \bo Apple Macintosh\ok and about half a dozen different MSDOS
+clones. There are at least six different versions of \T\ available for MSDOS
+machines, the differences between them being mainly questions of speed and
+ease of use.
+
+Every version of \T\ will format a given input file in an identical manner.
+Although the source code for the program is in the public domain, its
+author, Professor Donald Knuth, retains the copyright and will not allow any
+program to be sold or given away under the name of \T\ unless it can be
+demonstrated that its output is identical to the output of all other
+versions. Any version of \T\ is, however, allowed to use different names for
+the places where it keeps files. For example one version may keep certain
+files in a directory called |texinputs| while another may use an entirely
+different name. It is not therefore possible in this manner to describe in
+detail how to run \T\ or \LT\ on any particular machine and for this you
+must refer to the instructions for your particular version of \T.
+
+
+\TeX\ does not show you on screen what your text will look like as you type
+it\ref{It is usually possible to look at the output produced by \TeX\ using
+a screen previewer.}. One reason for this is that it is almost impossible
+to show \T's output on screen. A normal computer screen has a resolution of
+a few hundred dots in each direction. \T\ on the other hand uses scaled
+points for its calculations, and one hundred scaled points is roughly the
+wavelength of visible light; there are approximately 4,736,287 scaled
+points to the inch, and a normal line of type is about 5.35 inches
+long\ref{This is a slightly specious argument. The present generation of
+laser printers print 300 dots to the inch and so would print no more than
+1,605 dots on an average line.}. However, the main reason is that \TeX\ does
+not decide where to break a paragraph into lines until it has read the
+entire paragraph. The addition of one word to the end of a paragraph can
+alter the place where every line in that paragraph is broken.
+
+
+\bigbreak
+
+{\sh ^{Running \T.}}
+
+\nobreak\smallskip
+
+\noindent It is beyond the scope of this manual to explain the workings of
+\T\ in detail. It is almost essential for a user of \T\ or any macro package
+based on \T\ to acquire the main textbook on the subject, the \TB\ by
+Professor Knuth\ref{Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-13447-0. The quotations from
+this book used in this manual are printed with the permission of the
+publishers.}. A shorter guide is \bo a Gentle Guide to \T\ok, by Michael
+Droob. This can be downloaded in textual form from various electronic
+bulletin boards such as |Legal Teleforum| or |CIX| or from the mailserver
+|texserver@tex.ac.uk| or can be purchased in printed form from \bo
+UK\T\ok\ref{Details from Malcolm Clark, IRS, Polytechnic of Central London,
+115 New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8JS, e-mail: malcolmc@mole.pcl.ac.uk},
+the United Kingdom branch of the \bo \T\ Users Group\ok which has its
+headquarters in America.
+
+
+Running \T\ involves the following steps---
+
+\cl Prepare a file, using a word-processor such as \WP**{Word Perfect}\ or a
+text editor such as \bo Emacs\ok.
+
+
+\cl Save that file in *{ASCII}\ref{Text produced by \WP\ must be saved in
+*|DOS TEXT| format.} using the *{file extension} \tex. For the purposes of
+these Notes I will assume that the file itself is called ``\MF''\ref{Those
+familiar with computer manuals will know that stupid names of this type are
+always chosen for examples.}**|MYFILE|. The document should therefore be
+saved in the current directory as \MF\tex.
+
+
+\cl Apply \T\ to the file by typing \TEX\ \MF. Note that it is not
+necessary to type the file extension (although no harm will come from doing
+so). \T\ will produce two additional files, \MF\dvi\ and \MF\log. The
+latter contains error messages while the former, if your file contained no
+major errors, will contain the formatted text, ready for printing. (*|DVI|
+stands for ``*{DeVice Independent}''. A |DVI| file prepared on an IBM will
+be identical to one prepared on an {\sl *{Archimedes\/}}, an {\sl
+*{Amiga\/}}, an {\sl *{Atari}\/}, a {\sl *{Cray\/}} or a {\sl
+*{Macintosh\/}}.)
+
+
+\cl Print \MF\dvi\ref{This normally involves using a separate program. For
+example, Personal \TeX\ Inc.\ produce a program called ``PTI\,HP'' which
+prints on HP laser printers using an IBM compatible computer. |emTeX|, a
+public domain version of \T\ for MSDOS computers comes with printer drivers
+for most printers.}
+
+\bigbreak \clno=0
+\noindent\MF\tex\ need only have one \T\ command in it. That command is
+|\bye|, which tells \T\ that you have finished; anything that is typed after
+the |\bye| will simply be ignored. On the other hand, it could contain
+hundreds of separate commands. An intermediate type of file is the one
+called ``STORY.TEX'' which is set out in {\it Fig.~1\/} (and is taken from
+Chapter~6\ref{Page \storypage.} of the \TB\tbi). This file was prepared by
+Professor Knuth in such a way as to demonstrate a number of points---
+
+\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt
+\vbox{\kern3pt#1\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}}
+
+\newdimen\insertsize
+\insertsize=\hsize
+\advance\insertsize-12pt
+
+\setbox100=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
+\noindent\strut
+\tenbase=11pt
+\parskip=0pt
+
+\tenpoint
+
+\nrbeginlines
+
+**|STORY.TEX|
+|% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.|
+|\hrule|
+|\vskip .75in|
+|\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY}|
+|\vskip 6pt|
+|\centerline{\sl by A. U. Thor} |
+|\vskip .5cm|
+|Once upon a time, in a distant|
+| galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,|
+|there lived a computer|
+|named R.~J. Drofnats.|
+| |
+|Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as|
+|he preferred to be called---%|
+|was happiest when he was at work|
+|typesetting beautiful documents.|
+|\vskip .75in|
+|\hrule|
+| |
+|\bye|
+
+
+\medskip
+\nrendlines
+\strut}
+
+\midinsert
+\boxit{\boxit{\box100}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 1}}
+\endinsert
+
+\twelvepoint
+
+\clno=0
+\cl A *{percentage sign} (\%) in \T\ is a comment character and so the
+first line of the story will not be typeset by \T. A number of the
+following lines start with a backslash---the second line, for example, is
+*|\hrule|. A backslash introduces a \TeX\ command---in this case the
+command draws a horizontal line across the page; the next command (*|\vskip
+.75in|) tells \T\ to skip down the page by one inch. It should be noted
+that {\it all\/} of \T's commands start with a backslash.
+
+\cl The command *|\centerline| (note the American spelling) centres the text
+enclosed in squiggly brackets after it. (Many of \T's commands have
+parameters enclosed in brackets like this). The next |\vskip| skips down the
+page by six points\ref{There are 72.27 printers' points to an inch and so
+this is slightly more than \frac1/{12}th inch.}, and the next line centres
+the author's name in {\sl slanted\/} type, while the next after that skips
+by half a \hbox{centimetre}.
+
+\cl The text which follows is decidedly odd\ref{The name of the computer
+will be thought less odd by readers of the \TB\tbi.}, but it is intended to
+show various things, such as the use of the tilde ($\tilde{\phantom{x}}$)
+as a tie, or non-breakable space, between characters, the use of a number
+of hyphens to produce a dash, various accents, the use of the percentage
+sign to ensure that no spaces occur after the dash after ``called''\ref{In
+\T\ a carriage return produces a space. The \% `comments-out' the space.},
+the fact that many spaces have the same effect as one, and the fact that
+quotation marks are made up of two single left or right quotes. (Some IBM
+machines do not have left single quotes. This difficulty can be got round by
+typing *|\lq| instead; it is also possible to set up a shorter command to
+produce double left quotes.) Since the percent sign is a comment character
+it cannot be used directly for its normal purpose. In order to print a
+percent sign you must type a backslash in front of it (|\%|)**{percent sign
+(\%)}. Similarly, if you want to print \$, \&, \#, \* or \_, you must type
+|\$|**|dollarsign|, |\&|**{ampersand}, |\#|**{hashsign, (real)},
+|\*|**{asterix}, or |\_|**{underline}. Printing the backslash character
+itself (|\|)**{backslash}, or the *{squiggly brackets} |{| and |}| is
+slightly tricky but can be done if essential.
+
+
+When this file is \T ed, it will produce a *|DVI| file which, when printed,
+will produce the result shown in {\it Fig.~2\/}.
+
+\setbox101=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
+\noindent\strut
+\tenpoint% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.
+\hrule
+\vskip .75in
+\centerline{\bf A SHORT STORY}
+\vskip 6pt
+\centerline{\sl by A. U. Thor}
+\vskip .5cm
+Once upon a time, in a distant
+ galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,
+there lived a computer
+named R.~J. Drofnats.
+
+
+Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as
+he preferred to be called---%
+was happiest when he was at work
+typesetting beautiful documents.
+\vskip .75in
+\hrule
+\vskip4pt
+}
+
+\midinsert
+\boxit{\boxit{\box101}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 2}}
+\endinsert
+
+
+\twelvepoint
+This text was printed in \T's *{default size}, that is to say, *{ten-point},
+and with narrow line spacing, \etc. The macro package \LT\ alters these
+defaults, setting the standard point size to 12~point and the spacing
+between lines to be 18~points. These can both be altered without difficulty.
+
+\smallbreak
+\LT\ adds a number of commands to those normally available in \TeX. If, for
+example, you commence the Story file with the line |\input lextex| ,
+substitute the line *|\opinion| for all the lines before the real text
+begins and omit the final |\vskip .75in| and |\hrule| the result when the file
+is \TeX ed will be something like {\it Fig.~3\/}. (Note
+that \T\ is case sensitive: |\input| is not the same as |\INPUT|.)
+
+The line |\input lextex| cause \T\ to read in the file containing the \LT\
+macros. Since this is a large file it takes quite a long time. \T\ has the
+facility to convert files such as \LT\ into a format which it can load at
+high speed. Again the way in which it does this varies from version to
+version. In general, however, the command will be something like |initex
+&plain lextex \dump|. Look up |initex| and |format files| in the manual
+which comes with your version of \T\ for more details. The result should be
+that a new format file is created with the extension |.fmt|. Your manual
+should say where this should be placed; if it doesn't, try looking for other
+files with the same extension and move it to the directory in which they are
+found.
+
+Having created a new format file \T\ can be run using the \LT\ macros by
+typing |tex &lextex filename| (where `filename' is, of course, replaced with
+the name of the file you wish to \T). (It is usual to create a batch file to
+do this automatically.) It is then no longer necessary to add |\input
+lextex| at the beginning of the file.
+
+\setbox102=\vbox{\hsize=\insertsize
+\noindent\strut
+\tenpoint
+
+% This is STORY.TEX in text format, as of Mar 31, 1986.
+%\hrule
+%\vskip .5in
+\twelvepoint % \twelvebase is the default size of 18pt
+\hfuzz=1.5pt
+\vsize=2.75in
+\parskip=3pt plus .75pt minus .75pt
+\quoteparskip=1.5pt plus 1pt % The amount of \parskip in quotes
+\parindent=20pt \quoteindent=40pt \quoteparindent=20pt
+%
+%\opinion % Calling it here causes problems. Fudge it.
+\centerline{\headerfont Opinion}
+\nobreak\vskip10pt\noindent
+Once upon a time, in a distant
+ galaxy called \"O\"o\c c,
+there lived a computer
+named R.~J. Drofnats.
+
+
+Mr.~Drofnats---or ``R. J.,'' as
+he preferred to be called---%
+was happiest when he was at work
+typesetting beautiful documents.
+\signed% Also necessary since no \bye
+}
+
+\midinsert
+\boxit{\boxit{\box102}\advance\hsize by-6pt\centerline{\strut\tenit Fig.\ 3}}
+\endinsert
+\twelvepoint
+
+
+
+You are now ready to learn in somewhat greater detail about \LT.
+
+\vfil\supereject
+
+\hfuzz=2pt
+\centerline{\headerfont \r}\par
+\bigskip
+
+It is customary in connection with computer programs to number the
+*{versions} which appear before the production version with numbers less
+than 1.0 and those of the production versions with numbers over 1.0. (The
+figure before the decimal point denotes a major release and that after it a
+small modification.) Thus the version of \WP\ currently in use is 5.1.
+These Notes and \r\ are both the \fmtversion\ versions\ref{Until recently
+\LT\ was known as |RHfmt| and went through versions 0.001 to 0.911. The fact
+that \LT\ has a number larger than 1 does not mean that it is perfect.} and
+as a result suffer from many deficiencies---and this manual contains a
+number of spelling and grammatical mistakes; it almost certainly describes
+some of the macros incorrectly\ref{You got it free and so you cannot
+complain \ca too\se loudly.}. \r\ itself has been in use for over two years
+but has been altered and rewritten on a number of occasions. A large part of
+it is pretty stable and relatively bug-free (in so far as it is possible for
+any computer program to be bug-free) but other parts, and in particular
+those that deal with pleadings are still far from perfect. These problems
+will usually manifest themselves as poor spacing or bad layout. They should
+not give rise to any insuperable difficulties.
+
+\medskip
+The written work of members of the Bar falls into three classes. First there
+is advisory work, whether or not in connection with litigation, then there is
+the production of non-litigious documents, and finally there is the
+production of pleadings of all types. \r\ has been designed to enable all of
+this work to be produced using \TeX\ as simply as is possible. I will try
+and explain the various commands under the same three headings, although it
+is perfectly possible to use, for example, a macro intended for use in a
+Statement of Claim in an Opinion\ref{Or Advice or other form of written
+advisory work.} or a Draft.
+
+\vfil\break
+{\sh ^{Written Advice.}}
+\nobreak\smallskip\noindent
+As was seen above, if you type *|\opinion| at the start of your file, an
+Opinion will be produced. Similarly, typing *|\advice|, *|\note| or
+|\jopinion| will put ``Advice'', ``Note'' or ``Joint Opinion'' at the top of
+the page. The command |\opinion| is actually shorthand for
+|\advising{Opinion}|. The command **|\advising||\advising{type of advice}|
+tells \T\ that what follows is written advice and should be formatted
+appropriately.
+
+It is very easy to set up other forms of header for written work. If
+you use the style that requires the name or the case-name to be put at the top of
+your written work then, for example, |\advice| could be redefined
+as---
+
+ |\def\advice{\centerline{\bstitle}|\hfil\break
+ |\smallskip\advising{Advice}}|.\hfil\break
+
+(For |\bstitle| see\ \pageref{bstitle} below.)
+
+\TeX, being an American program, believes that the ``\pounds\/'' symbol is
+unnecessary. Indeed, the font in which this is being typed does not contain
+a pound sign (although it contains various other odd symbols such as ?` and
+!` and possibly \AA\ and $\widehat \Psi$\ref{Mathematicians
+are apparently delighted by being able to type such wondrous things as
+$\Upsilon^{\Phi^{\varpi^\surd}}$ and $\sharp_{\forall_{\Phi_\triangle}}$,
+especially in a footnote.}). \TeX\ being a typesetting, rather than a
+wordprocessing, program, this does not cause significant difficulties since
+it is possible to use the pound sign from other fonts.
+
+In order to print ``\pounds'' the user of \r\ should type *|\pounds|. It is
+not essential to leave a gap between the ``s'' and the sum---\TeX\ will
+remove it if you do leave one.
+
+\font\seventeenrm=cmr17
+\tolerance=1000 \r\ sets up fonts in families of a particular point size.
+The default size---which I recommend should be used as the standard size---is
+*{12-point}; my view is that tenpoint script is not reproduced very well by a
+laser printer at *{300 dpi}. Other sizes are *{10-point}, and *{9-point}.
+They can be brought into use by typing *|\twelvepoint|, *|\tenpoint|, and
+*|\ninepoint|. The user \tenrm should not \ninerm find it necessary
+\eightrm to \sevenrm select \sixrm the smaller \fiverm or larger \sixrm
+sizes since \eightrm\TeX\ and \r\ together \ninerm automatically \tenrm
+select \twelverm the appropriate size in most situations. However, it is
+possible for the experienced user to select \seventeenrm any\ref{This is 17
+point.} \twelverm size if necessary. Any *{mathematics}, including simple
+fractions such as $15\over543$ or \frac{32}/{67}, will, with a bit of luck,
+be typed at the correct size.
+
+As is explained in the \TB, the command *|\rm| produces roman type, *|\it|
+produces \ca italic\se type, *|\sl| produces \bo slanted\ok type and *|\bf|
+produces {\bf bold} type in the current point size. \r\ adds a few more
+types of font. The command *|\ul| {\ul underlines the following text} and
+the command *|\xo| {\xo crosses it out}. There is also the command *|\xu|
+for underlined and crossed-out text, *|\xxl| for doubly crossed-out text and
+*|\uul| for doubly-underlined text. All these are intended for use with
+amended pleadings but at the moment need to be used with some care.
+
+*{Footnotes} are used by typing either *|\footnote| or (preferably) *|\ref|
+followed immediately by the footnote text in |{}| brackets---there must be
+no gap between the command and the opening |{|. (Very occasionally the text
+of a footnote may seem to disappear **{disappearing text} when the text is
+printed. For example, if a footnote is used in the *|\ssd| macro---see
+below---the text may disappear. The reason is too complicated too explain
+here. The solution is to type *|\footnotemark| where the footnote number
+should go and *|\footnotetext| immediately after e.g. the *|\ssd| macro.)
+
+Footnotes are normally numbered automatically. There are a number of
+commands available for use in relation to footnotes---see {\sl The Joy of
+\TeX\/}\ref{Published by Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-8218-2999-8.}**{Joy of TeX,
+the} by Michael {Spivak}**{Spivak, Michael}, pages 162--165, for details.
+The command |\ref"*"{Like this}|, for example, uses an asterix as the
+marker\ref"\*"{Like this.}, **{asterix as footnotemarker} and similarly
+|\ref"\dag"{Or this}| and |\ref"\ddag"{And this.}| use a dagger\ref"\dag"{Or
+this.} and a double-dagger\ref"\ddag"{Like this.} to be used as a
+footnotemarker, and the command |\ref[45]{Like this.}| enables the number
+used for a particular footnote to be specified\ref[45]{Like this.}.
+
+\tolerance=500
+*{Case-names} are printed in the normal style, that is to say, in italic
+type. As an example, \ca Monnickendam \v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445,
+67 Sol Jo 706}. \hfuzz=6pt This was typed---\par |\ca Monn|\-|ick|\-|endam
+\v. Leanse\se\ref{(1923) 39 TLR 445, 67 Sol Jo 706}|.
+
+The *|\ca| and *|\se| macros must surround the case name (and there must be a
+space after the ``ca''); the *|\ref| macro prints the reference as a
+footnote. In this case the ``v.'' was printed in roman type; if you prefer an
+italic ``v'', whether with or without the fullstop\ref{The All England
+Reports use an italic ``v'' without a fullstop.}, omit the backslash.
+\hfuzz=2pt
+
+A similar pair of macros is *|\bo| and *|\ok|. These set the names of
+books---such as \bo Bowen \on the Coal Act 1938\ok in {\sl slanted\/} type.
+In this case *|\on| was used in order to produce the vertical ``on''.
+
+Two further macros are |\beginquote| **|\beginquote| and |\endquote|.
+**|\endquote| These are, perhaps not surprisingly, intended for
+*{quotations}. The former should be used after a blank line and will cause
+the text which follows to be typed in tenpoint type. The first paragraph
+will not normally be indented, but subsequent ones will---
+
+\beginquote No quotation marks are used. If you want them, they must be
+typed manually. At a later stage it may be possible to provide them
+automatically but macros to do this are a bit tricky to write.
+
+\clindtrue
+\clearclno
+\cl It is possible to use the automatic clause numbering---see
+\pageref{Clausenumbering} below---in quotations, and mathematical
+expressions, such as $129 \over 7,934$, will be printed at a smaller size
+than they would be printed in twelvepoint type.
+
+\endquote
+
+\noindent
+In order to quote a numbered sub-clause, without the corresponding clause, it
+is preferable to use the macro *|\beginsclquote| which alters the indentation
+of the quotation---
+
+\beginsclquote
+\scl If |\beginquote| had been used, this sub-clause would have been inset too far.
+There are also the macros *|\beginssclquote| and *|\beginsssclquote|. In each
+case the macro which ends the quotation is the same, that is to say
+*|\endquote|.
+\endquote
+
+It sometimes happens that one wants to refer to something on a different
+page, earlier or later, of an Opinion. \r\ provides a number of macros to
+assist in this. At the point in the text which contains the matter to be
+referenced insert |\xref{stuff}| **|xref| (where |stuff| is a word of your
+own choosing). At the point in the text where you want to say ``see
+Page\dots'' type ``|see \pageref{stuff}|''. **|\pageref| It will now be
+necessary to run \TeX\ on the file twice; the first run will find the
+cross-reference and the second will insert it into the text\ref{This is
+similar to the \WP\ |generate| command. The reference to
+\pageref{Clausenumbering} above was put into the text using this command.}.
+As will be seen below\ref{\pageref{clauseref}.}, there is a corresponding
+command |\clref{stuff}| **|\clref| which inserts a reference to the
+appropriate clause or sub-clause, and various related commands.
+
+At the end of your Opinion type the command *|\bye|. This will automatically
+produce the following---
+
+\signed
+
+\vfilneg
+\smallskip
+It may be, of course, that you do not want Lincoln's Inn at the
+bottom of your Opinion. If the command |\let\inn=\middletemple|
+**|\middletemple| (or *|\grays| or *|\temple| or *|\innertemple|) appears
+before *|\signed| the appropriate alteration will be made. These
+alterations are usually made to the |RHlocal| file.
+
+It will be seen that the date has a comma in the middle of it. This
+is the default. Again, it is possible to alter this by incorporating in the
+file the command *|\nocommaindatetrue|. The date is inserted after the
+signature automatically by the command *|\today| which can be used elsewhere
+in your text to produce today's date.
+
+
+\bigbreak \noindent The command *|\bye| will also produce a
+backsheet**{Backsheets} for the Opinion. In order to be able to work,
+however, it must know what to put on the backsheet. This information may
+include the date, the title of the matter, the type of document---that is to
+say, is it an Opinion, a Note or something else?---and the name and address
+of the Solicitors.
+
+\TeX\ knows the date and has been told the nature of the document by the
+command |\opinion|, but it must find the remainder of this information in the
+file. The simplest case is that of an Opinion in a non-litigious matter
+where the Opinion is the only document being produced. In those
+circumstances the easiest method of providing \TeX\ with the information is
+to incorporate at the start of the file (that is to say, before the
+|\opinion| command) the following text---
+
+\beginlines
+|% backsheet info|
+|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
+|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
+|\colsref{SUEGRA/99}|
+\endlines
+
+The first of these commands, *|\bstitle|, \xref{bstitle} sets up the title
+that will appear on the backsheet. This can, if required, be more than one
+line long. \LT\ will try to find an appropriate place to break the text; it
+can be told where to do so by the insertion of the command *|\break| at the
+appropriate place.
+
+The command *|\solsref| is short for ``Solicitors' Reference'' and it means
+the reference given \ca by\se the Solicitors. *|\colsref| is short for
+``Counsel's Reference''. The default macros expect this reference to be in
+the form used by the ``ACE'' Barristers' accounting system.
+
+*|\colsref| is a complicated macro and I have no intention
+of explaining here how it works. Its main object is to search a separate file
+called *|solicitors.tex|, which will probably be found in the directory called
+|\TEX\INPUTS|, for the name and address of the Solicitors concerned.
+Instructions for adding further names and addresses to this file will be found
+at the start of it.
+
+This simple Opinion requires only one other command and that is *|\bye|. This
+will tell \TeX\ that it is complete and can be fully processed. To summarise,
+the file will take the form---
+
+\beginlines
+
+|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
+|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
+|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
+|\opinion|
+|This is an Opinion.|
+|\bye|
+
+\endlines
+
+In addition to printing the Opinion and its backsheet, \r\ will by default
+also produce a fee chit giving details of the work done and so on for the use
+of the Clerks. Some further information will be included on this if some or
+all of the following additional lines are included at the start of the
+file---
+
+\beginlines
+
+|\timetaken{3} % hours |
+|\casetype{breach of trust}|
+|\value{50,000} % pounds|
+|\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
+|\proposedfee{vast} |
+|\legalaidno{N/A}|
+|\comments{slightly tricky}|
+
+\endlines
+
+It is often useful to be able to produce such a chit in relation to a
+Conference, and particularly a telephone conference. \r\ provides the
+commands *|\conference| and *|\telcon| for this purpose; enter the required
+information (using the macros shown above) and then type one or other of
+these commands followed by |\bye|. For example---
+
+\beginlines
+|\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}|
+|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
+|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
+|\timetaken{.5} % in hours|
+|\casetype{breach of trust}|
+|\value{50,000} % pounds|
+|\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
+|\proposedfee{?} |
+|\legalaidno{}|
+|\comments{slightly tricky}|
+|\telcon|
+|\bye|
+\endlines
+
+Will produce something like the following---
+
+\bigskip
+\begingroup %preserve pagenumbering, etc
+
+%\vtop{
+\bstitle{RE: JOHN SMITH}
+\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}
+\colsref{SUEGRA/99}
+\timetaken{.5} % in hours
+\casetype{breach of trust}
+\value{50,000} % pounds
+\difficulty{7} % out of 10
+\proposedfee{vast}
+\legalaidno{}
+\comments{slightly tricky}
+\telcon
+\chit
+%}
+\endgroup
+
+\bigskip
+There is a further command called *|\faxsheet|.
+This does what might be expected of it. If it is the last command in the
+files before |\bye| it will automatically count and print out the number of
+pages being sent. The command |\attention{Mr Jones}| **|\attention| will
+mark the Fax for the attention of that gentleman; |\comment{Here at last are
+the documents I promised you.}| **|\comment| will put a (short) comment on
+this cover page.
+
+
+\vfil\eject
+{\sh ^{Non-litigious Drafts and similar documents}}
+
+\nobreak\smallskip
+
+\noindent A draft document is usually formatted somewhat differently to a
+piece of written advice. In order to tell \T\ that it is formatting a draft
+the text of it should commence with |\draft{document type}| **|\draft| (the
+document type being for example ``LEASE''). If you draft a lot of a leases
+it would, of course, be possible to define *|\lease| to mean
+|\draft{LEASE}|.
+
+Most drafts contain numbered clauses. The production of macros to number
+clauses automatically is tricky since people tend to have different ideas as
+to how documents should be numbered. \r\ has been written in such a way as
+to permit the default numbering style, which is that now used in statutes
+and other similar documents, to be altered as easily as is
+possible.\xref{Clausenumbering}
+
+Clauses are produced by typing the command *|\cl| at the beginning of a line
+followed by one or more spaces and then the text of the clause. The default
+is for clauses to be numbered in Arabic numbers\ref{If you go above 999, it
+may be necessary to make some alterations to the normal indentation of
+clauses.}, the number being followed by a full stop--- \goodbreak
+
+\clearclno
+\cl This is the first clause. There is also the command *|\ncl| which can be
+used when clause numbering is not required **{un-numbered clauses}. This can
+be useful when a subclause is followed by a proviso **{provisos} which forms
+part of the main clause.
+
+Sub-clauses have the command *|\scl| either at the beginning of a line or
+immediately after a *|\cl| possibly with one or more spaces between the two
+commands. There must be a blank line between a clause and its sub-clause
+unless they are intended to be on the same line. (It you do not leave the
+blank line they {\bf will} be on the same line, whether you like it or not.)
+
+Subsequent sub-sub-etc-clauses take the form *|\sscl|, *|\ssscl| etc.---the
+maximum being five `s's. In order to discourage the drafting style which
+uses such numerous sub-clauses the default numbering is as follows---
+
+\cl This is Clause 2
+
+\scl This is sub-clause 1
+
+\sscl This is sub-sub-clause 1
+
+\ssscl This is sub-sub-sub-clause 1
+
+\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 1.
+
+\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2.
+
+\sssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3.
+
+\ssssscl This is *{sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause} 1
+
+\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 2
+
+\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 3
+
+\ssssscl This is sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-clause 4. (Using more than four
+sub-etc-clauses of this type is not recommended, since the spade is the last
+character in this particular font!)
+
+\nssssscl \relax This is |\nssssscl|
+
+\nsssscl This is |\nsssscl|
+
+\nssscl This is |\nssscl|
+
+\nsscl This is |\nsscl|
+
+\nscl Now |\nscl|
+
+\ncl Finally |\ncl|
+
+If the |\sssscl| or |\ssssscl| form of numbering is unwelcome, type\break
+*|\greekfalse| at the start of your document to turn off the *{Greek
+numbering} and (or) *|\cardfalse| to turn off the *{playing cards}. (Boring
+letters will be substituted.)
+
+\noindent|\cardfalse|\cardfalse
+
+\hfuzz=2.8pt
+\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl
+\par
+
+\noindent|\cardfalse|\par\noindent|\greekfalse|\greekfalse
+
+{\overfullrule=0pt% !
+\cl\scl\sscl\ssscl\sssscl\ssssscl
+\inform{ (don't worry about this...)}
+\par}
+
+\noindent\cardtrue\greektrue
+
+\cl The clauses will have as a default hanging indentation. **{hanging
+indentation in clauses} As a result, the second and subsequent lines of the
+clause will be indented to the same extent as the first line and will line
+up with the number of the next sub-clause---
+
+\nobreak
+\scl Like this. In order to turn off this default type *|\clindfalse|. (The
+name is a sort of abbreviation for ``clause indentation false''.)
+
+\noindent|\clindfalse|\clindfalse
+
+\scl The effect will be that the second and subsequent lines will line up
+with the number of the same clause (or sub-clause) in the more normal manner.
+Hanging indentation is by default turned off in this way in Opinions.
+
+\smallskip
+
+In certain circumstances, for example, in Opinions, it may be necessary to
+reset the Clause **{resetting clause numbers} numbering, or to start from
+some number other than~1. The Clause number is held in a register called
+*|\clno|, while the sub-clause numbers are held in registers which use the
+names *|\sclno|, etc. Any such register can be reset at any time. To reset
+the clausenumbering to zero (so that the next Clause is numbered~1) type
+*|\clearclno|. If you are typing a rider **{riders} starting at, say,
+Clause~12, set |\clno| to one less at the start (i.e., to 11) by typing
+|\clno=11|. **|\clno| Similarly, subclauses and so on can be reset by typing
+*|\clearsclno|, *|\clearssclno| and so on.
+
+Although the style of numbering set out above can be said to be standard,
+there does not seem to be any standard form of `numbering' *{Recitals}. \r\
+by default uses capital letters for Recitals and small roman numbers for
+sub-recitals. The command *|\rec| at the beginning of a line followed by one
+or more spaces and then text prints recitals in the form---
+
+\clindtrue
+\rec This is a recital. The ``numbering'' and the indentation are
+automatic.
+
+\srec This was produced by *|\srec|.
+
+In addition to |\cl| and |\ncl| (and |\scl|, |\nscl| and so on) there are two
+other classes of clause-making macros. The first it *|\tcl|. This is used
+with a parameter in squiggly brackets, for example |\tcl{NOTE:}|. In this
+case the word ``NOTE:'' is put where the number would normally be, and the
+remainder of the first line of the clause is adjusted accordingly. The other
+is *|\xcl| which also takes a parameter, for example |\xcl{[1]}|. In fact
+all the other clause-numbering macros use |\xcl| in order to work.
+
+A recent addition to \r\ is the facility to use what is generally called
+``computer numbering''.**{computer numbering} If the command
+*|\computernumbering| appears in your file |\cl|, |\scl|, \etc\ will produce
+clauses numbered as follows---
+
+{\computernumbering
+\cl This is the first clause.
+
+\scl This is a subclause.
+
+\sscl This is boring.
+
+\ssscl The amount of indentation is set by a parameter called\break *|\cnindent|.
+Here it is set at \the\cnindent.\par}
+
+\bigbreak
+
+
+Cross-references in drafts often refer to a particular clause of sub-clause.
+If the command |\xref{stuff}|**|\xref| appears in a draft and elsewhere
+there appears, for example, ``|subject to
+\clref{stuff}|''\xref{clauseref}there will be substituted
+automatically\ref{After two runs through \TeX.} for the latter command a
+reference to the appropriate clause or subclause; it is not necessary for
+the draftsman to know whether the |\xref{}| command appears in a clause, a
+sub-clause, a sub-sub-clause or whatever. If
+|\def\clause{Paragraph}| appears at the top of the text then
+the reference will be to a paragraph number. Similarly ``Sub-clause'' can be
+redefined as ``sub-paragraph'' by |\def\subclause{sub-paragraph}|
+
+There are similar commands **|\noteref|**|\schedref|**|\appref|
+|\noteref{stuff}|, |\schedref{stuff}| and |\appref{stuff}| or
+cross-referencing footnotes, schedules and appendices.
+
+If at the beginning of a draft you type after a person's name ``{\tt of}
+|\noaddr|'' **|\noaddr| an appropriate gap (based on an address in *{Railway
+Cuttings, Cheam}) **{Hancock}will be left. (This does not yet always work,
+although it is better than it was.) There are similar macros known as
+*|\nodate| (which prints in effect ``\nodate''), *|\noyear| (which is similar
+but leaves you to insert the year), *|\noday|, *|\nomonth| and *|\noname|
+(which leave suitable blank spaces), and *|\nopounds| (which produces
+``\nopounds'').
+
+
+A normal hyphen in an upper-case name tends to look wrong as, for example,
+in SIR HENRY WILLIAM-WORDSWORTH. The macro *|\uc-|**{upper-case hyphen} can
+be used in these circumstances to raise the hyphen which gives a
+better-looking result---SIR HENRY WILLIAM\uc-WORDSWORTH. (There is also the
+macro *|\duc-| which provides a *{discretionary upper-case hyphen}, but this
+is for the real \TeX perts only.)
+
+If at the end of a draft (but before the signature) you type
+\hfil\break|\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}| **|\ssd| **{signed, sealed and
+delivered} the effect will be--- \bigskip
+
+{\noindent\ssd{the said JOHN SMITH}}
+
+\bigbreak
+If you type |\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}| **|\ssc| the effect is like
+this---
+\smallskip
+{\noindent\ssc{SEVNEW LIMITED}}
+
+\bigskip
+Similarly, |\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}| **|\ssw| will produce the
+following---
+
+{\parindent=0pt\ssw{the said JOE BLOGS}}
+
+(There is also a general purpose macro, *|\ssgen| which can be used to insert
+any text to the left of a big bracket. See also in the \TeX nical Manual
+(when it is produced---it will set out all the macros used in \LT\ and
+explain, or try to explain, how they work.) *|\rbracket| and *|\lbracket|.)
+
+
+\bigskip Although it has not been usual in the past to set out the
+testimonium in full, I have often noticed when drafts which I have settled
+are returned to me how Solicitors have written it in in longhand before
+giving the draft to their Secretary to type. Inserting it in full saves them
+the trouble. If you do not approve of this practice you can use
+*|\witnessetc| which will produce---
+
+\smallskip {\parindent=0pt
+\witnessetc\par
+}
+\par
+\medskip
+The macros *|\whereas| and *|\now| produce---
+
+\whereas
+
+\noindent and
+
+\now
+
+\bigskip\bigbreak
+
+The macros *|\wwhereas| and *|\nnow| have odd names but can be used where
+there is only one recital or clause; the former simply types ``WHEREAS'' and
+the latter ``NOW THIS DEED WITNESSETH''.
+
+Other useful macros are *|\schedule|, *|\appendix| and *|\part| which can be
+used to produce schedules and appendixes. It there is only one schedule it
+will be called ``the Schedule''. If there are more than one they will be
+numbered appropriately. If the command |\xref{stuff}| appears in a schedule,
+a reference elsewhere in the document to |\schedref{stuff}| will refer to
+the correct schedule (after two runs through \T).
+
+\centertext{It is sometimes quite effective to centre the text in a Schedule
+(or elsewhere---as in this paragraph) over several lines. \r\ provides the
+command {\tt\bslash centertext} for this purpose. Its usage is similar to
+that of {\tt\bslash centerline} but it centres more than one line. It is
+derived from a macro which can be found on page~317 (exercise 14.34) of the \TB.}
+
+The modern form of *{stamp duty certificate} can be produced by typing, for
+example, |\sdcert{A}| **|\sdcert| which produces---
+
+\sdcert{A}
+
+*|\dovcert| and *|\giftcert| provide the appropriate letters for use with
+deeds of variation and gifts inter vivos.
+
+
+It sometimes happens that a number of different versions of a draft or
+Opinion are prepared. **|\version| Typing |\version{Version 1}| will print
+{\fiverm Version 1} in miniscule type\ref{The size is 5-point.} at the bottom
+of each page. An example can be seen at the bottom of the current page.
+
+
+Another small control sequence which is useful in drafts is ``*|\,|''. This
+adds a small bit of space and can be used to separate two names in a deed.
+Another is *|\etc| which produces \etc\ \ **|\frac| |\frac 5/6| produces \frac
+5/6. (To produce \frac {27}/{85} it is necessary to put the double figures
+into squiggly brackets like this--- |\frac {27}/{85}|.) A `normal' fraction,
+such as $27\over 85$ can only be typed using ``*{maths mode}''. The fraction
+in the previous sentence was typed |$27\over 85$|.
+
+\bigskip
+The command *|\bye| produces an appropriate backsheet for the deed. It also
+types towards the bottom of the last page---\par
+\def\csettled#1{% Fudge it.
+ \par\nobreak \vskip20pt
+ \hbox{\hskip\signindent\vtop{%
+ \advance\hsize by-\signindent
+ \parindent0pt \raggedright\tolerance=1000
+ Settled,
+ \ignorespaces#1 \vskip20pt
+ \inn \hbox{\today}}}
+ \vskip20pt}
+
+\bigskip
+\settled
+
+\nobreak
+As in the case of *|\signed| it is possible to change `the Inn' to whichever
+may be required.
+
+\bigbreak A backsheet for a draft will be produced automatically. Again it
+will be necessary to supply \r\ with the appropriate information. However,
+if the appropriate information has been supplied earlier in the file (for
+example in an Opinion) it is not necessary to repeat it. The command
+|\draft{LEASE}| will have given \r\ the document name to insert on the
+backsheet.
+
+If an Opinion and a Draft are incorporated in the same file, it is often
+useful to know where one ends and the next begins. While it is processing a
+document \r\ will show a succession of triplets of numbers on the
+screen.**{Page numbering} The first number is the page number of the current
+document, the second is the *{overall page count}, and the third is the
+number of the document being processed. This information will also be found
+in the *|log| file produced by \TeX.
+
+It is sometimes useful to produce a *{Table of Contents} for a draft. If the
+command *|\contents| appears at the beginning of the draft this will be done
+automatically. It is, of course, necessary to provide the information which
+is to be entered into the table. This is done by using the ``magic''
+*{circumflex} commands. If immediately after a *|\cl| command there appears
+the command {\tt\hat\strut}|{Stuff}|, the Table of Contents will get an entry
+such as---
+
+\line{Clause 6. Stuff\dotfill 4}
+
+Similar results will be obtained if the command follows a *|\scl| or a
+*|\sscl|. In this case ``stuff'' will appear in both the Table of Contents
+and the text where it was found. If two circumflexes are used, **{circumflexes,
+two} however, ``stuff'' becomes invisible in the text and only appears in the
+Table of Contents.
+
+One final command is *|\engrossment|. This as the effect of removing the word
+``draft'' from the backsheets and deleting the ``Settled'' at the end of the
+draft.
+
+\vfil\eject
+{\sh ^{Pleadings}}
+
+\nobreak\smallskip
+\noindent
+Here we come to what is perhaps the most complicated part of \r, and the part
+containing most bugs. These notes for the time being will only skim
+the surface and show how the macros are used; they will not attempt to
+explain how they work---for that you must consult the \TeX nical manual
+(when written). However, if you have got this far you may not need any
+explanations and will be able to discover all the secrets by simply
+reading \LT.
+
+The macros were originally written by me some time in 1989. A considerable
+amount of work has since been done on them by Gilead Cooper, Robert Ham and
+others and their efforts and suggestions have persuaded me to make a number
+of further improvements. However, a large amount of work still remains to be
+done.
+
+\medskip
+I will start with High Court litigation. To take as an example a case
+commenced in the Chancery Division. This will normally have a reference
+consisting of three items, that is to say, the year, a letter and a number.
+To show that the case is in the Chancery Division type the following
+command---
+
+|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|.
+
+
+If the full reference is not known simply type *|\ch| or
+|\ch{|{\tt\number\year}|}|. The commands for proceedings in the Queen's
+Bench and Family Divisions are similar; the former is
+|\qb{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}| **|\qb| and the latter
+**|\family||\family{|{\tt\number\year}| X 1234}|. Why in the latter case is
+it not |\fam|? Simply because *|\fam| is already used by \TeX\ for something
+else and the consequences of redefining it would be dire in the extreme.
+
+The name of a Plainiff is given by the following command---
+
+|\plaintiff{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|.
+
+His address takes the form |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|. The names and
+addresses of Defendants and Third Parties are given in a similar fashion
+using |\defendant{name}| and |\of{address}|.**|\of| and
+|\thirdparty{name}|**|\thirdparty| and |\of{address}|. (If the address of a
+party is not given a blank space will be inserted in the document where
+appropriate .) It is intended that inserting the address should be optional;
+at present however this sometimes causes problems.
+
+If some parties have the same address, ie John Smith and Freda Smith both of
+Springtime Villas, put |\and| after |\plaintiff{JOHN SMITH}| and
+|\of{Springtime Villas}| after |\plaintiff{FREDA SMITH}|. (This is not very
+robust at the moment.)
+
+If you want to refer to a party as being, for example, a firm, type, for
+example,**|\firm| |\plaintiff{SUE GRABBIT \& RUNNE \firm}|. Other capacities
+include *|\widow|, *|\minor| and *|\patient|.
+
+
+The command **|\matter||\matter{123 New Square, Lincoln's Inn}| does what it
+might be expected to do. There is also the command **|\estate||\estate{A.B.
+deceased.}| Each will store the matter set out and in due course print it in
+the correct place on the pleading and the backsheet (adding `And' where
+appropriate).
+
+Having entered the names and addresses of the parties the next step is to
+ask \r\ to produce the appropriate type of pleading. Once again the command
+is vaguely logical, being |\pleading{type of pleading}|**|\pleading|. Thus
+|\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| will produce a document containing the usual
+heading including the names of the parties. The body of the claim will be
+typed in using *|\cl| and *|\scl| for the clauses. It is possible to type
+*|\claim| to produce ``AND the Plaintiff(s) claim(s)---'' automatically. To
+reset the clause numbering at any time type *|\clearclno|. The command
+|\bye| will in this case also add at the bottom of the text the usual
+wording about the document being served.
+
+Pleadings are more complicated than written advice and drafts since \T\
+needs to know which party the draftsman is acting for. In the case of a
+Statement of Claim this is obviously the Plaintiff but \T\ cannot be
+expected to know this. The text should therefore contain the command
+*|\clientpltrue|. As in the case of an *|\opinion|, however, there is a
+shorthand command which will achieve this automatically. A Statement of Claim
+(with the client set to the Plaintiff) will be produced by the command
+|\soc|. If this command is preceded by the command
+|\writissued{12/03/91}| **|\writissued| the date when the writ was issued
+will be inserted at the appropriate place; otherwise the date will be left
+blank.
+
+
+The formal parts of a specially endorsed Writ are slightly different from
+those of a Statement of Claim. In this case *|\writ| does the necessary
+formatting and inserts the appropriate formal parts. Similarly *|\os| can be
+used for an originating summons. (There are also built-in macros called
+*|\defence|, *|\reply|, |\dacc|\ref{Defence and Counterclaim.},
+|\rdcc|\ref{Reply and Defence to Counterclaim.} which act as might be
+expected.
+
+Pleadings have another difference from drafts and written advice and that is
+that they are amended. The command *|\amended| when inserted before the
+command |\pleading| (or |\soc| or |\defence| or whatever) makes the
+necessary amendments to the formal parts. *|\reamended| and *|\rereamended|
+can also be used. An amended Statement of claim can therefore take the form
+|\amended\pleading{STATEMENT OF CLAIM}| or |\amended\soc|. **|\pleading|
+
+The amendments to the text itself are complicated. James Behrens has
+produced a useful note on the question of how to show amendments to
+Pleadings using \WP\ without using coloured ink. In \LT\ I take a slightly
+different approach in that I denote the first amendments by underlining
+additions and crossing-out deletions. For the re-amendments I underline
+twice and cross-out twice and for re-re-amendments underline thrice and
+cross-out thrice. Any such monochrome scheme does look messy if there are many
+amendments; it is best to delete and replace whole sentences rather than
+individual words and letters.
+
+The method of producing the underlining and crossing out is to use the
+commands *|\ul| and |\xo| \ca inside\se squiggly brackets (|{\ul like this}|.
+The brackets limit the extent of the underlining or crossing-out. The
+corresponding commands for double and triple underlining and crossing-out
+are *|\uul|, *|\uuul|, *|\xxo| and *|\xxxo|.
+
+If new clauses are inserted into a Pleading either the original numbers have
+to be altered or the new clauses have to be numbered in some distinctive
+manner. \LT\ uses the latter method. The new clause should be preceded by
+the command *|\acl| instead of |\cl|. (There are also the commands *|\ascl|
+and *|\asscl| for sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses).
+
+\acl This is a clause starting with |\acl|
+
+Once again, in order to be able to process the text of a pleading \LT\ needs
+a certain amount of additional information. It does not this time need to be
+told the title of the matter since it can work that out for itself. It does,
+however, need to know the *|\colsref| so that it can produce the backsheet
+and add the Solicitors' name and address in the appropriate place at the end
+of the pleading. (If your file contains a pleading followed by an Opinion it
+is not necessary to tell \r\ the title for the backsheet of the Opinion
+since it will use the same title as it uses on the pleading.)
+
+
+An Originating Summons might, therefore, take the following form in your file---
+\beginlines
+|\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}|
+|\colsref{SUEGRA/99} |
+|\def\timespent{3} % in hours|
+|\def\typeofcase{breach of trust}|
+|\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds|
+|\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10|
+|\def\suggestedfee{?} |
+|\def\legalaid{}|
+|\def\remarks{slightly tricky}|
+\smallskip
+|\ch{1990 S 1234}|
+\smallskip
+|\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH}|
+|\defendant{ALFRED JONES}|
+|\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY}|
+|\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH}|
+|\matter{John Smith deceased}|
+|\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925}|
+\smallskip
+|\os|
+|\cl That it may be determined \dots|
+|\cl Further of other relief|
+\smallskip
+|\bye|
+\endlines
+
+The result of \TeX ing this file is shown on the next couple of pages.
+
+%NOTE: No it ain't; a slight problem arose with the new ve%rsion of \LT\ and
+%so I have removed it for the time being. The file does not like being \T ed
+%in the middle of another file for some reason
+
+\vfil \eject
+\inform{Printing demonstration pages of Originating Summons}
+
+\partcount=\the\pageno % preserve page count, using "spare" count reg.
+
+\solsref{XYZ/abc/42}
+\colsref{SUEGRA/99}
+\def\timespent{3} % in hours
+\def\typeofcase{breach of trust}
+\def\amountatstake{50,000} % pounds
+\def\difficulty{7} % out of 10
+\def\suggestedfee{?}
+\def\legalaid{}
+\def\remarks{slightly tricky}
+\smallskip
+\ch{1990 S 1234}
+
+\plaintiff{ALGERNON SMITH}
+\defendant{ALFRED JONES}
+\defendant{ETHELRED UNREADY}
+\plaintiff{EGBERT SMITH}
+
+\matter{John Smith deceased}
+\matter{the Law of Property Act 1925}
+\smallskip
+\os
+
+\pageno=\the\partcount % restore it
+
+\cl That it may be determined \dots
+\cl Further of other relief
+\smallskip
+\bottomofpleading{\endostext} % Not normally necessary
+\vfil
+\settled % fudge since no \bye
+\vfil\vfil\eject
+
+
+An Originating Summons is often accompanied by an Affidavit. If both
+documents appear in the same file, the affidavit being the second of them,
+the number of commands that need to be typed is limited. The first is
+|\deponent{WILLIAM WORDSWORTH}|.**|\deponent| This can optionally be
+followed by |\of{Lakeside Villa, Putney}|**|\of| and
+|\occupation{Poet}|**|\occupation|. (If the deponent has a non-hyphenated
+hyphenated name, that is to say a name where for example the person's
+surname is actually two words, join the words together with an underline
+character ($\_$), as in |\deponent{BRIAN HAMILTON_KELLY}|. This enables \LT\
+to extract the correct initials from the fullname. \LT\ is not psychic and
+so if a person has a title or other formal names which should not be used as
+initials (for example, George Seventeenth Duke of Borchester) it will be
+necessary to tell \LT\ what his initials and initialised names are. The
+commands to use are **|\shortname||\shortname{G. Borchester}| and
+**|\initials||\initials{G.B.}|.
+
+\initials{A.B.C.}
+
+The next command is *|\affidavit| which will print all the formal parts
+(including the endorsement at the top). The text of the affidavit should be
+typed using *|\cl| in the usual way. The commands *|\exhibited| and
+*|\bundled| will respectively produce `\exhibited\,' and `\bundled\,' (the
+initials and number being produced automatically).
+
+In this case the command *|\bye| should add at the end of the document---
+
+\noindent\sworn
+
+
+If the Affidavit is the only pleading it is, of course, necessary to set out
+the parties and so on in the file. In these circumstances \r\ will assume
+that you are acting for the Defence and refer to your Solicitors as
+Solicitors for the Defendants. To change this type *|\clientpltrue| at the
+beginning. The affidavit will also by default be treated as being the first
+sworn for the relevant party. To alter this to, for example, the second type
+**|\affyno||\affyno{2}| at the start. If the deponent is the same it will probably
+also be necessary to ensure that the exhibit numbers continue on where they
+left off in the previous affidavit. To do this if, for example, the last
+number was 10, type *|\exno=10| at the beginning of the new affidavit, but \ca
+after\se the command *|\affidavit| (which resets the count to zero).
+
+Minutes of Order can be produced by the command *|\minutes|. This will set
+out the formal parts of the Minutes.
+
+Pleadings for use in the County Court are produced in exactly the same way
+as those for use in the High Court. The commands are very similar. If the
+name of the Court and the case number are known the document should be
+headed---
+
+|\countycourt{BORCHESTER}|\hfil\break
+|\case{1234}|
+
+If, however, either are unknown it is acceptable to simply type
+|\countycourt| (or even |\case|) and \LT\ will supply defaults.
+
+
+
+\def\VT{{\tt\char'174}}
+It is sometimes necessary to produce a table in either a pleading or other
+document. \T\ has very sophisticated table producing commands bit they
+cannot be described a user-friendly. \LT\ now incorporates\ref{At the moment
+they are contained in a separate file, txsruled.tex. At a later date they
+will be incorporated into \LT\ itself.} the ruled table macros written by
+Eric Myers which normally form part of the \T sis macros (macros for
+physicists). The full documentation can be obtained elsewhere (and fuller
+documentation will appear in a subsequent edition of this manual). However, to
+produce a simple ruled table type *|\ruledtable|. On successive lines put
+the material that should appear in the lines of the table. Separate each
+column with the vertical bar character (\VT). End each line \ca except the
+last\se with |\cr| (which can roughly be translated as `carriage return').
+At the end of the table type |\endruledtable|. (This effectively replaces
+the last |\cr|.) There are commands available for producing tables without
+rules and for altering the thickness of the rules and so on. Here is an
+example---
+\bigskip
+{\obeylines
+|\ruledtable|
+|\bf Date Due| \VT|\bf Amount (\pounds)| \VT|\bf When Paid \cr|
+01/02/89 \VT 34.56 \VT 09/12/90|\cr|
+24/01/90 \VT 99.00 \VT Outstanding
+|\endruledtable|\par}
+
+This produces---
+
+\bigskip
+\begingroup % Keep txsruled local.
+
+\ruledtable
+\bf Date Due | \bf Amount (\pounds)| \bf When Paid \cr
+01/02/89 | 34.56 | 09/12/90\cr
+24/01/90 | 99.00 | Outstanding
+\endruledtable
+
+\endgroup
+
+\medskip
+It must, of course, be remembered that a large table may not fit on a page
+in portrait mode.
+
+\bigskip
+
+There are many other commands in \r\ and these
+Notes will be lengthened in due course. This particular version is being
+written in rather a hurry and so is incomplete. In the meantime try the
+Index (if it exists) and experiment with the commands that you find there.
+
+\bigbreak
+
+{\sh ^{Altering the defaults.}}
+\nobreak\smallskip\noindent
+There is one file that can be altered
+with impunity---that is to say, that I have no objection to you altering
+it. It is |RHlocal|. When you receive \r\ this is likely to
+contain the following text---
+
+\beginlines
+|% RHlocal|
+|% definitions of local matters|
+|%|
+|%|
+|\counsel{John Smith}|
+|%|
+|\def\col{AB}|
+|%|
+|%\let\inn=\lincoln|
+|%\let\inn=\grays|
+|%\let\inn=\temple|
+|%\let\inn=\middletemple|
+|%\let\inn=innertemple|
+|\def\ouraddress{%|
+|7 New Square\cr|
+|Lincoln's Inn\cr|
+|London WC2A 3QS\cr|
+|Telephone: 071 405 1266\cr|
+|Fax: 071 405 0554\cr}|
+\endlines
+
+You should insert your name between the |{}| after *|\counsel| in the form in
+which you like it to appear on pleadings. You should also substitute your
+initials for |AB| in |\def\col{AB}| in the form in which they are used in the
+ACE accounts package and ``un-comment'' one Inn. You should also substitute
+your address for mine (taking care to include the *|\cr|'s) in *|\ouraddress|.
+
+If you define your own macros either put them in a new file (called, for
+example |newmacs.TEX|) which you put in either the |\TEX| or the
+|\TEX\INPUTS|\ref{Depending on your version of \T.} directory and add the
+command *|\input newmacs| at the beginning of your text file, or add them to
+|RHlocal.TEX|; in the latter case you will have to create a new format file
+by typing |INITEX &PLAIN RHFMT \dump|\ref{Note that {\tt\bslash dump} must be in
+lower case. This is the command for the \pctex\ version of \T. The \bo emTeX\ok
+version uses a different system; please see the instructions.}.
+
+\bigskip
+{\bf Suggestions for improvements in this format file and these Notes will be
+gratefully received---and probably rejected out of hand.}
+
+If you are reading the long version of this Manual, the next part of these
+these Notes is a further document called ``\r\ \TeX nical Manual''. This
+sets out the \r\ macros in full. I suggest, however, that only those who have
+used \r\ for some time actually bother to look at it. However, it contains
+details of {\it all\/} the macros that are to be found in \r, including a
+large number which are not mentioned in this document or elsewhere---See also
+the Index. You may also find it useful when developing your own macros, since
+it may help you to avoid the many mistakes which I have made. It may also set
+out the text of other macro files which I use.
+
+If, however, you are reading the short version of this Manual, the next part
+will be the index which makes rather boring reading.
+
+
+\bigskip\vfill\eject
+%
+% Read in the commented macro files
+\iflongversion\input RHstuff\relax\fi
+
+\vfil\eject
+%
+\def\indexname{%
+\vtop{%
+\centerline{\bf Index}
+\medskip
+\rm This is a fairly rough index. It is produced automatically by the
+|MANMAC| macros, and as a result there may be a number of duplicated page
+references, and the page numbers are not necessarily in order. In later
+editions I will perhaps try to rectify this, but at present I could only do
+this by hand, and that would take too long.
+\medskip%
+For those who are interested, the index entries were produced by using a
+slightly modified version of the codes shown in {\sl the \TeX book\/} at
+pages 423--424\ref{This is to be found in RHindex.TeX.}, were sorted by a
+comparatively simple program written in the ``C'' language, and were then
+``massaged'' very gently using a text-editor. The \r\ macros then
+formatted the result.
+\medskip
+Of course, if you are reading an early version of these Notes, the index will
+not be sorted and so you should not have read the previous paragraph. Forget
+that you did.}}
+
+% stop LeXTeX thinking that this is a pleading
+\chitfalse
+\let\backmatter\empty
+\let\signoff\empty
+
+% Print the index
+\printindex
+\bye
+