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+<meta name="dcterms.rights" content="© 1997 Apostolos Syropoulos, Claudio Beccari, Johannes Brahms, © 2013 Günter Milde" />
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+<body>
+<div class="document" id="babel-greek">
+<h1 class="title">babel-greek</h1>
+<p class="subtitle" id="babel-support-for-the-greek-language-and-script">Babel support for the Greek language and script</p>
+<dl class="docinfo simple">
+<dt class="copyright">Copyright</dt>
+<dd class="copyright">© 1997 Apostolos Syropoulos, Claudio Beccari, Johannes Brahms,
+© 2013 Günter Milde</dd>
+<dt class="licence">Licence</dt>
+<dd class="licence"><p>This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
+conditions of the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt">LaTeX Project Public License</a>, either
+version 1.3 of this license or any later version.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="abstract topic">
+<p class="topic-title first">Abstract</p>
+<p>Babel-greek is a contributed package providing support for the
+Greek language and script via the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a> system.</p>
+<p>The file <span class="docutils literal">greek.ldf</span> provides options for the monotonic
+(single-diacritic), polytonic (multiple-diacritic) and ancient
+orthography of the Greek language.</p>
+<p>Since 2013-07-19, babel-greek supports also Unicode-aware TeX
+engines (XeTeX/LuaTeX).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="news">
+<h1>News</h1>
+<table class="borderless">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 6%" />
+<col style="width: 16%" />
+<col style="width: 78%" />
+</colgroup>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><p>1.4</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-05-17</p></td>
+<td><p>New maintainer.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>The encoding definition file <span class="docutils literal">lgrenc.def</span> moved to the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a> package.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.5</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-06-21</p></td>
+<td><p>bugfixes and cleanup,</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>LICR macros in string definitions,</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>LGR font encoding not used with XeTeX/LuaTeX,</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>input “xgreek-fixes.def” from <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/polyglossia">polyglossia</a> with Xe/LuaTeX.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.5a</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-07-02</p></td>
+<td><p>Fix LaTeX bugs babel/3707, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4303">babel/4303</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4305">babel/4305</a></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.6</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-07-19</p></td>
+<td><p>Experimental support for XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.7</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-09-09</p></td>
+<td><p>CB-Fonts font definition files moved to CB-Fonts package.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Do not auto-load euenc.def with XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.7a</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-09-13</p></td>
+<td><p>Fix bug <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4360">babel/4360</a>: spurious <span class="docutils literal">\fi</span>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.7b</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-10-01</p></td>
+<td><p>bugfix: correct upcasing of babel strings with Xe/LuaTeX.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.8</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-12-02</p></td>
+<td><p>Rename <span class="docutils literal">greek.dtx</span> to <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">babel-greek</span></span> so that <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/texdoc">texdoc</a>
+shows the right documentation.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Compatibility with Xe/LuaTeX in Unicode and 8-bit mode.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.8a</p></td>
+<td><p>2013-12-03</p></td>
+<td><p>Set <span class="docutils literal">\encodingdefault</span> in <span class="docutils literal">\greekscript</span> to fix
+Greek in footnotes etc. with document language Greek.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9</p></td>
+<td><p>2014-07-20</p></td>
+<td><p>Added attribute for ancient Greek, load correct hyphenation
+patterns: Patch by Claudio Beccari. Bugfix for Makeuppercase</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9a</p></td>
+<td><p>2014-09-12</p></td>
+<td><p>Remove duplicate code, documentation review.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9b</p></td>
+<td><p>2014-09-18</p></td>
+<td><p>Remove spurious whitespace from “extrasgreek” definition.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Use named macros instead of non-standard short macros
+for psili and dasia in the string definitions.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9c</p></td>
+<td><p>2014-10-21</p></td>
+<td><p>Fix dummy hyphenation language names (patch Ulrike Fischer).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9d</p></td>
+<td><p>2015-09-04</p></td>
+<td><p>Remove <cite>grsymb</cite> (macros for Greek symbols).
+This package is outdated and obsoleted by <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>
+(reported by Claudio Beccari).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><!-- -->
+</td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Unicode uc/lc corrections now in greek-fontenc
+(polyglossia’s <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xgreek-fixes.def</span></span> has bugs).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9e</p></td>
+<td><p>2015-11-27</p></td>
+<td><p>Fix bug in lccode-setting loop (patch by Enrico Gregorio).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9f</p></td>
+<td><p>2016-02-04</p></td>
+<td><p>Support for standard Unicode text font encoding “TU”
+(new in fontspec v2.5a).</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9g</p></td>
+<td><p>2016-09-07</p></td>
+<td><p>Babel 3.9i deprecated <span class="docutils literal">\textlatin</span>
+and fixed <span class="docutils literal">\latinencoding</span>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>1.9.h</p></td>
+<td><p>2019-07-11</p></td>
+<td><p>Move breathing composite commands to <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">textalpha</a>.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="files">
+<h1>Files</h1>
+<dl class="simple">
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.ins">babel-greek.ins</a>; <a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.pdf">babel-greek.pdf</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Source of the language definition file <span class="docutils literal">greek.ldf</span> for use with <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="athnum.dtx">athnum.dtx</a>; <a class="reference external" href="athnum.pdf">athnum.pdf</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Athenian Numerals.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="grmath.dtx">grmath.dtx</a>; <a class="reference external" href="grmath.pdf">grmath.pdf</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Greek log-like Operators.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="test-greek.pdf">test-greek.pdf</a>; <a class="reference external" href="test-greek.tex">test-greek.tex</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Tests and Examples for 8-bit TeX.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="test-unicode-greek.pdf">test-unicode-greek.pdf</a>; <a class="reference external" href="test-unicode-greek.tex">test-unicode-greek.tex</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Tests and Examples for XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="test-unicode-lgr.pdf">test-unicode-lgr.pdf</a>; <a class="reference external" href="test-unicode-lgr.tex">test-unicode-lgr.tex</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Tests and Examples for XeTeX/LuaTeX with LGR 8-bit fonts.</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><a class="reference external" href="usage.pdf">usage.pdf</a>; <a class="reference external" href="usage.tex">usage.tex</a></dt>
+<dd><p>Description of the <a class="reference internal" href="#lgr-latin-transliteration">LGR Latin transliteration</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="requirements">
+<h1>Requirements</h1>
+<p>The “babel-greek” package requires the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel">babel</a> base package and font
+definition files from the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a> package. The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-inputenc">greek-inputenc</a>
+package is recommended when using 8-bit TeX engines.</p>
+<p>Typesetting Greek texts requires <a class="reference internal" href="#greek-text-fonts">Greek text fonts</a>.</p>
+<p>Plain TeX is currently not supported. Patches are welcome.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="installation">
+<h1>Installation</h1>
+<p>If possible, get this package from your distribution using its installation
+manager.</p>
+<p>Otherwise, make sure LaTeX can find the required files:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Download and unpack <cite>babel-greek.zip</cite>.</p></li>
+<li><p>Run <span class="docutils literal">tex</span> or <span class="docutils literal">latex</span> on the batch file <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">babel-greek.ins</span></span>.</p>
+<p>This will generate the files <span class="docutils literal">greek.ldf</span>, <span class="docutils literal">athnum.sty</span>, and
+<span class="docutils literal">grmath.sty</span> in the current directory.<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a></p>
+</li>
+<li><p>Move all files ending in <span class="docutils literal">.ldf</span> or <span class="docutils literal">.sty</span> into a directory searched by
+TeX.</p></li>
+<li><p>To produce the documentation, run the file <span class="docutils literal">usage.tex</span> and all files
+ending in <span class="docutils literal">.dtx</span> through LaTeX.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<dl class="footnote superscript">
+<dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="superscript"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>If these files already exist somewhere in the TeX-path, you will be
+warned that they might be overwritten. You can ignore this
+warning and answer <cite>y</cite> unless the <em>current directory</em> contains versions
+of these files you want to keep.</p>
+<p>This is done by <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/docstrip">docstrip</a>. Try <span class="docutils literal">texdoc docstrip</span> for details.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="usage">
+<h1>Usage</h1>
+<p>Use the “greek” document option or pass the “greek” option to babel:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[greek]{babel}</pre>
+<p>For polytonic Greek, set the language attribute “polutoniko”:</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[greek]{babel}
+\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}</pre>
+<p>or</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage[greek.polutoniko,english]{babel}</pre>
+<p>Similarly, the attribute “ancient” selects the ancient Greek language
+variant.</p>
+<p>For details see <a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.pdf">babel-greek.pdf</a> and the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel">babel</a> documentation.</p>
+<p>With XeTeX/LuaTeX, load <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">fontspec</a> before <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel">babel</a>, so that babel-greek can
+set up the Unicode font encoding for use with Greek, e.g.</p>
+<pre class="literal-block">\usepackage{fontspec}
+\setmainfont{Linux Libertine O}
+\setsansfont{Linux Biolinum O}
+\usepackage[greek,english]{babel}</pre>
+<p>Note, that the default font used with XeTeX/LuaTeX (Latin Modern) misses most
+Greek letters. Warnings about missing charcters are only written to the log
+file, not the console output!</p>
+<p>Input of Greek characters is possible as literal characters (with the
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-inputenc">greek-inputenc</a> package or with XeTeX or LuaTeX) or the <a class="reference internal" href="#lgr-latin-transliteration">LGR Latin
+transliteration</a>. See <a class="reference external" href="usage.pdf">usage.pdf</a> and the example files provided with
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="greek-text-fonts">
+<h1>Greek text fonts</h1>
+<p>A list of Greek text fonts for use with LaTeX is available at the CTAN
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/topic/font-greek">http://www.ctan.org/topic/font-greek</a></p>
+<p>With the XeTeX or LuaTeX engines, the user should ensure that the chosen
+font contains the required glyphs (the default Latin Modern fonts miss
+them). Examples for suitable fonts are the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cm-unicode">CM-unicode</a> or the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/libertine">Linux
+Libertine</a> OpenType fonts as well as any system-wide installed OTF fonts
+that support Greek (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="http://dejavu-fonts.org">Deja Vu</a>).</p>
+<p>The LGR <a class="reference external" href="http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/doc/encguide.pdf">font encoding</a> is the de-facto standard for typesetting Greek with
+8-bit LaTeX. Fonts in this encoding include the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete">CB fonts</a> (matching CM),
+<a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/grtimes">grtimes</a> (Greek Times), <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/kerkis">Kerkis</a> (matching URW Bookman), and the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/gfs">GFS font
+collection</a>. Setup of these fonts as Greek variant to matching Latin fonts
+is facilitated by the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/substitutefont">substitutefont</a> package.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="lgr-latin-transliteration">
+<h1>LGR Latin Transliteration</h1>
+<p>The LGR font encoding allows input of Greek characters via an ASCII
+transliteration. This enables simple input with a Latin keyboard. Characters
+with diacritics may be selected with accent macros (cf. <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>) or
+via the ligature definitions in the font (see <a class="reference external" href="usage.pdf">usage.pdf</a>).</p>
+<p>The following ASCII characters are converted to Greek symbols:</p>
+<table>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+<col style="width: 4%" />
+</colgroup>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><p>A</p></td>
+<td><p>B</p></td>
+<td><p>G</p></td>
+<td><p>D</p></td>
+<td><p>E</p></td>
+<td><p>Z</p></td>
+<td><p>H</p></td>
+<td><p>J</p></td>
+<td><p>I</p></td>
+<td><p>K</p></td>
+<td><p>L</p></td>
+<td><p>M</p></td>
+<td><p>N</p></td>
+<td><p>X</p></td>
+<td><p>O</p></td>
+<td><p>P</p></td>
+<td><p>R</p></td>
+<td><p>S</p></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>T</p></td>
+<td><p>U</p></td>
+<td><p>F</p></td>
+<td><p>Q</p></td>
+<td><p>Y</p></td>
+<td><p>W</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>Α</p></td>
+<td><p>Β</p></td>
+<td><p>Γ</p></td>
+<td><p>Δ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ε</p></td>
+<td><p>Ζ</p></td>
+<td><p>Η</p></td>
+<td><p>Θ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ι</p></td>
+<td><p>Κ</p></td>
+<td><p>Λ</p></td>
+<td><p>Μ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ν</p></td>
+<td><p>Ξ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ο</p></td>
+<td><p>Π</p></td>
+<td><p>Ρ</p></td>
+<td><p>Σ</p></td>
+<td></td>
+<td><p>Τ</p></td>
+<td><p>Υ</p></td>
+<td><p>Φ</p></td>
+<td><p>Χ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ψ</p></td>
+<td><p>Ω</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>a</p></td>
+<td><p>b</p></td>
+<td><p>g</p></td>
+<td><p>d</p></td>
+<td><p>e</p></td>
+<td><p>z</p></td>
+<td><p>h</p></td>
+<td><p>j</p></td>
+<td><p>i</p></td>
+<td><p>k</p></td>
+<td><p>l</p></td>
+<td><p>m</p></td>
+<td><p>n</p></td>
+<td><p>x</p></td>
+<td><p>o</p></td>
+<td><p>p</p></td>
+<td><p>r</p></td>
+<td><p>s</p></td>
+<td><p>c</p></td>
+<td><p>t</p></td>
+<td><p>u</p></td>
+<td><p>f</p></td>
+<td><p>q</p></td>
+<td><p>y</p></td>
+<td><p>w</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>α</p></td>
+<td><p>β</p></td>
+<td><p>γ</p></td>
+<td><p>δ</p></td>
+<td><p>ε</p></td>
+<td><p>ζ</p></td>
+<td><p>η</p></td>
+<td><p>θ</p></td>
+<td><p>ι</p></td>
+<td><p>κ</p></td>
+<td><p>λ</p></td>
+<td><p>μ</p></td>
+<td><p>ν</p></td>
+<td><p>ξ</p></td>
+<td><p>ο</p></td>
+<td><p>π</p></td>
+<td><p>ρ</p></td>
+<td><p>σ</p></td>
+<td><p>ς</p></td>
+<td><p>τ</p></td>
+<td><p>υ</p></td>
+<td><p>φ</p></td>
+<td><p>χ</p></td>
+<td><p>ψ</p></td>
+<td><p>ω</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>Accent symbols and punctuation:</p>
+<table>
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 29%" />
+<col style="width: 9%" />
+<col style="width: 3%" />
+<col style="width: 38%" />
+<col style="width: 14%" />
+<col style="width: 7%" />
+</colgroup>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><p>tonos</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">'</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ά</p></td>
+<td><p>semicolon</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">;</span></p></td>
+<td><p>·</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>varia</p></td>
+<td><p>`</p></td>
+<td><p>ὰ</p></td>
+<td><p>question mark</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">?</span></p></td>
+<td><p>;</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>perispomeni</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">~</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ᾶ</p></td>
+<td><p>left apostrophe</p></td>
+<td><p>` `</p></td>
+<td><p>‘</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>dasia</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">&lt;</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ἁ</p></td>
+<td><p>right apostrophe</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">''</span></p></td>
+<td><p>’</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>psili</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">&gt;</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ἀ</p></td>
+<td><p>left quotation mark</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">((</span></p></td>
+<td><p>«</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>ypogegrammeni</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">|</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ᾳ</p></td>
+<td><p>right quotation mark</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">))</span></p></td>
+<td><p>»</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><p>dialytika</p></td>
+<td><p><span class="docutils literal">&quot;</span></p></td>
+<td><p>ϊ</p></td>
+<td><p>zero width non-joiner</p></td>
+<td><p>v</p></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<p>A major drawback of the LGR transliteration is that you cannot access Latin
+letters and some symbols if LGR is the active font encoding (e.g. in
+documents or parts of documents given the <cite>Babel</cite> language <span class="docutils literal">greek</span>). This
+means that for every Latin-written word or acronym an explicit
+language-switch is required. This problem can only be solved via a
+font-encoding comprising both Latin and Greek like the hypothetical T7 or
+Unicode (with XeTeX or LuaTeX).</p>
+<!-- References
+- - - - - - - - - - -->
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>