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+% This file is part of TeX by Topic
+% Copyright 2007 Victor
+% see file TeXbyTopic.tex for copying conditions
+
+This chapter gives the list of all primitives of
+\TeX. After each control sequence
+the grammatical category of the command or parameter
+is given, plus a short description. For some commands
+the syntax of their use is given.
+
+For parameters the class to which they belong is given.
+Commands that have no grammatical category
+in \TeXbook\ are denoted either
+`\gr{expandable command}' or
+`\gr{primitive command}' in this list.
+
+Grammatical terms such as \gr{equals} and \gr{optional space}
+are explained in Chapter~\ref{gramm}.
+
+\begin{glossinventory}
+
+\item []\par
+
+\item [\cs{-}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Discretionary hyphen; this is
+ equivalent to \cs{discretionary}""\verb|{-}{}{}|.
+ Can be used to indicate hyphenatable points in a word.
+
+\item [\cs{char32}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Control space.
+ Insert the same amount of space as a space token would
+ \alt
+ if \cs{spacefactor}${}=1000$.
+
+\item [\cs{char47}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Italic correction: insert a kern specified by the
+ preceding character.
+ Each character has an italic correction, possibly zero,
+ specified in the \n{tfm} file.
+ For slanted fonts this compensates for overhang.
+
+\item [\cs{above\gr{dimen}}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Fraction with specified bar width.
+
+\item [\cs{abovedisplayshortskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue above a display if the line preceding the display was short.
+
+\item [\cs{abovedisplayskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue above a display.
+
+\item [\cs{abovewithdelims\gr{delim$_1$}\gr{delim$_2$}\gr{dimen}}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Generalized fraction with delimiters.
+
+\item [\cs{accent\gr{8-bit number}\gr{optional assignments}\gr{character}}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Command to place accents on characters.\alt
+
+\item [\cs{adjdemerits}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for adjacent not visually compatible lines.
+ Default~\n{10$\,$000} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{advance\gr{numeric variable}\gr{optional \n{by}}\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{arithmetic assignment}
+ Arithmetic command to increase or decrease a
+ \gr{numeric variable}, that is,
+ \alt
+ a \gr{count variable}, \gr{dimen variable}, \gr{glue variable},
+ or \gr{muglue variable}.
+
+\item [\cs{afterassignment\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Save the next token for execution after the next assignment.
+ Only one token can be saved this way.
+
+\item [\cs{aftergroup\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Save the next token for insertion after the current group.
+ Several tokens can be saved this way.
+
+\item [\cs{atop\gr{dimen}}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Place objects over one another.
+
+\item [\cs{atopwithdelims\gr{delim$_1$}\gr{delim$_2$}}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Place objects over one another with delimiters.
+
+\item [\cs{badness}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Badness of the most recently constructed box.
+
+\item [\cs{baselineskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ The `ideal' baseline distance between neighbouring
+ boxes on a vertical list; \n{12pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{batchmode}]
+ \gr{interaction mode assignment}
+ \TeX\ patches errors itself
+ \alt
+ and performs an emergency stop on serious errors
+ such as missing input files,
+ but no terminal output is generated.
+
+\item [\cs{begingroup}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Open a group that must be closed with \verb-\endgroup-.
+
+\item [\cs{belowdisplayshortskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue below a display if the line preceding the display was short.
+
+\item [\cs{belowdisplayskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue below a display.
+
+\item [\cs{binoppenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for breaking after a binary operator not enclosed in
+ a subformula.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{700}.
+
+\item [\cs{botmark}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ The last mark on the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{box\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{box}
+ Use a box register, emptying it.
+
+\item [\cs{boxmaxdepth}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Maximum allowed depth of boxes.
+ Default~\cs{maxdimen} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{brokenpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Additional penalty for breaking a page after a hyphenated line.
+ Default~\n{100} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{catcode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Access category codes.
+
+\item [\cs{char\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{character}
+ Explicit denotation of a character to be typeset.
+
+\item [\cs{chardef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~character code.
+
+\item [\cs{cleaders}]
+ \gr{leaders}
+ As \verb=\leaders=, but with box leaders
+ any excess space is split into equal glue items
+ \alt
+ before and after the leaders.
+
+\item [\cs{closein\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Close an input stream.
+
+\item [\cs{closeout\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Close an output stream.
+
+\item [\cs{clubpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Additional penalty for breaking a page after the first line of a paragraph.
+ Default~\n{150} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{copy\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{box}
+ Use a box register and retain the contents.
+
+\item [\cs{count\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{register prefix}.
+ Access count registers.
+
+\item [\cs{countdef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}; the control sequence
+ itself is a~\gr{registerdef}.
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~\cs{count} register.
+
+\item [\cs{cr}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Terminate an alignment line.
+
+\item [\cs{crcr}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Terminate an alignment line if it has
+ not already been terminated by~\cs{cr}.
+
+\item [\cs{csname}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Start forming the name of a control sequence.
+ Has to be balanced with \cs{endcsname}.
+
+\item [\cs{day}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The day of the current job.
+
+\item [\cs{deadcycles}]
+ \gr{special integer}
+ Counter that keeps track of how many times
+ the output routine has been called without a \cs{shipout}
+ taking place.
+ If this number reaches \cs{maxdeadcycles} \TeX\
+ gives an error message. Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{25}.
+
+\item [\cs{def}]
+ \gr{def} Start a macro definition.
+
+\item [\cs{defaulthyphenchar}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Value of \cs{hyphenchar} when a font is loaded.
+ Default value in plain \TeX\ is~\verb>`\->.
+
+\item [\cs{defaultskewchar}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Value of \cs{skewchar} when a font is loaded.
+ Default value in plain \TeX\ is~\n{-1}.
+
+\item [\cs{delcode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Access the
+ code specifying how a character should be used as delimiter
+ after \cs{left} or \cs{right}.
+
+\item [\cs{delimiter\gr{27-bit number}}]
+ \gr{math character}
+ Explicit denotation of a delimiter.
+
+\item [\cs{delimiterfactor}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ 1000 times the part of a delimited formula that should be
+ covered by a delimiter.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{901}.
+
+\item [\cs{delimitershortfall}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Size of the part of a delimited formula that is allowed
+ to go uncovered by a delimiter.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{5pt}.
+
+\item [\cs{dimen\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{register prefix}.
+ Access dimen registers.
+
+\item [\cs{dimendef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}; the control sequence
+ itself is a~\gr{registerdef}.
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~\cs{dimen} register.
+
+\item [\cs{discretionary\SerifFont\italic\lb pre-break\rb\lb post-break\rb\lb no-break\rb{}}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Specify the way a character sequence is split up at a line break.
+
+\item [\cs{displayindent}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Distance by which the box, in which the display
+ is centred, is indented owing to hanging indentation.
+ This value is set automatically for each display.
+
+\item [\cs{displaylimits}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Restore default placement for limits.
+
+\item [\cs{displaystyle}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Select the display style of math typesetting.
+
+\item [\cs{displaywidowpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Additional penalty for breaking a page before the last line
+ above a display formula.
+ Default~\n{50} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{displaywidth}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Width of the box in which the display is centred.
+ This value is set automatically for each display.
+
+\item [\cs{divide\gr{numeric variable}\gr{optional \n{by}}\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{arithmetic assignment}
+ Arithmetic command to divide a \gr{numeric variable}
+ (see \cs{advance}).
+
+\item [\cs{doublehyphendemerits}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for consecutive lines ending with a hyphen.
+ Default~\n{10$\,$000} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{dp\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{box dimension}.
+ Depth of the box in a box register.
+
+\item [\cs{dump}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Dump a format file; possible only in \IniTeX,
+ not allowed inside a group.
+
+
+\item [\cs{edef}]
+ \gr{def}
+ Start a macro definition;
+ the replacement text is expanded at definition time.
+
+\item [\cs{else}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Select
+ \gr{false text} of a conditional
+ or default case of \cs{ifcase}.
+
+\item [\cs{emergencystretch}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Assumed extra stretchability in lines of a paragraph
+ in third pass of the line-breaking algorithm.
+
+\item [\cs{end}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ End this run.
+
+\item [\cs{endcsname}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Delimit the name of a control sequence that was begun
+ with \cs{csname}.
+
+\item [\cs{endgroup}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ End a group that was opened with \verb-\begingroup-.
+
+\item [\cs{endinput}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Terminate inputting the current file after the current line.
+
+\item [\cs{endlinechar}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The character code of the end-of-line character
+ appended to input lines.
+ \IniTeX\ default:~\n{13}.
+
+\item [\cs{eqno\gr{math mode material}\n{\char36\char36}}]
+ \gr{eqno}
+ Place a right equation number in a display formula.
+
+\item [\cs{errhelp}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Tokens that will be displayed if the user
+ asks for help after an \cs{err\-message}.
+
+\item [\cs{errmessage\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Report an error and give the user opportunity to act.
+
+\item [\cs{errorcontextlines}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Number of additional context lines shown in error messages.
+
+\item [\cs{errorstopmode}]
+ \gr{interaction mode assignment}
+ Ask for user input on the occurrence of an error.
+
+\item [\cs{escapechar}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Number of the character that is used
+ when control sequences are being converted
+ into character tokens.
+ \IniTeX\ default:~\n{92}.
+
+\item [\cs{everycr}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted after every \cs{cr} or non-redundant \cs{crcr}.
+
+\item [\cs{everydisplay}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted at the start of a display.
+
+\item [\cs{everyhbox}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted at the start of a horizontal box.
+
+\item [\cs{everyjob}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted at the start of each job.
+
+\item [\cs{everymath}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted at the start of non-display math.
+
+\item [\cs{everypar}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted in front of paragraph text.
+
+\item [\cs{everyvbox}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list inserted at the start of a vertical box.
+
+\item [\cs{exhyphenpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for breaking a horizontal line at a discretionary
+ in the special case where the prebreak text is empty.
+ Default~\n{50} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{expandafter}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Take the next two tokens and place the
+ expansion of the second after the first.
+
+\item [\cs{fam}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The number of the current font family.
+
+\item [\cs{fi}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Closing delimiter for all conditionals.
+
+\item [\cs{finalhyphendemerits}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty added when the penultimate line of a
+ paragraph ends with a hyphen.
+ Plain \TeX\ default~\n{5000}.
+
+\item [\cs{firstmark}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ The first mark on the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{floatingpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty amount added to \cs{insertpenalties}
+ \alt
+ when an insertion is split.
+
+\item [\cs{font\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{file name}\gr{at clause}}]
+ \gr{simple assignment}
+ Associate a control sequence with a \n{tfm} file.
+ When used on its own, this control sequence is a \gr{font},
+ denoting the current font.
+
+\item [\cs{fontdimen\gr{number}\gr{font}}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}
+ Access various parameters of fonts.
+
+\item [\cs{fontname\gr{font}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ The external name of a font.
+
+\item [\cs{futurelet\gr{control sequence}\gr{token$_1$}\gr{token$_2$}}]
+ \gr{let assignment}
+ Assign the meaning of \gr{token$_2$} to the
+ \gr{control sequence}.
+
+\item [\cs{gdef}]
+ \gr{def}
+ Synonym for \verb-\global\def-.
+
+\item [\cs{global}]
+ \gr{prefix}
+ Make the next definition, arithmetic statement,
+ or assignment global.
+
+\item [\cs{globaldefs}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Override \cs{global} specifications: a positive value of this
+ parameter makes all assignments global, a negative value
+ makes them local.
+
+\item [\cs{halign\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{alignment material}\rb{}}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Horizontal alignment.
+ Display alignment:
+ \begin{disp}\n{\$\$}\cs{halign}\gr{box specification}\lb\n{...}\rb
+ \gr{optional assignments}\n{\$\$}\end{disp}
+
+\item [\cs{hangafter}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If positive, this denotes the number of lines
+ before indenting starts;
+ if negative, its absolute value is the number
+ of indented lines starting with the first line of the paragraph.
+ The default value of~1 is restored after every paragraph.
+
+\item [\cs{hangindent}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ If positive, this indicates indentation from the left margin;
+ if negative, this is the negative of the indentation
+ from the right margin.
+ The default value of~\n{0pt} is restored after every paragraph.
+
+\item [\cs{hbadness}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Threshold below which \TeX\ does not report an underfull
+ or overfull horizontal box.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{1000}.
+
+\item [\cs{hbox\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{horizontal material}\rb}]
+ \gr{box}
+ Construct a horizontal box.
+
+\item [\cs{hfil}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Horizontal skip equivalent to \verb-\hskip 0cm plus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{hfill}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Horizontal skip equivalent to \verb-\hskip 0cm plus 1fill-.
+
+\item [\cs{hfilneg}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Horizontal skip equivalent to \verb-\hskip 0cm minus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{hfuzz}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Excess size that \TeX\ tolerates before it considers
+ a horizontal box overfull.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{0.1pt}.
+
+\item [\cs{hoffset}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Distance by which the page is shifted to the right
+ of the reference point which is at one inch from
+ the left margin.
+
+\item [\cs{holdinginserts}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ (only \TeX3)
+ If this is positive, insertions are not placed in their boxes
+ when the \cs{output} tokens are inserted.
+
+\item [\cs{hrule}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Rule that spreads in horizontal direction.
+
+\item [\cs{hsize}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Line width used for text typesetting inside a vertical box.
+
+\item [\cs{hskip\gr{glue}}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Insert in horizontal mode a glue item.
+
+\item [\cs{hss}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Horizontal skip equivalent to \verb-\hskip 0cm plus 1fil minus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{ht\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{box dimension}.
+ Height of the box in a box register.
+
+\item [\cs{hyphenation\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{hyphenation assignment}
+ Define hyphenation exceptions for the current value of \cs{language}.
+
+\item [\cs{hyphenchar\gr{font}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ Number of the character behind which a
+ \verb-\discretionary{}{}{}- is inserted.
+
+\item [\cs{hyphenpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty associated with break at a discretionary in the general case.
+ Default~\n{50} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{if\gr{token$_1$}\gr{token$_2$}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test equality of character codes.
+
+\item [\cs{ifcase\gr{number}\gr{case$_0$}\cs{or}\n{...}\cs{or}\gr{case$_n$}\cs{else}\gr{other cases}\cs{fi}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Enumerated case statement.
+
+\item [\cs{ifcat\gr{token$_1$}\gr{token$_2$}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether two characters have the same category code.
+
+\item [\cs{ifdim\gr{dimen$_1$}\gr{relation}\gr{dimen$_2$}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Compare two dimensions.
+
+\item [\cs{ifeof\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether a file has been fully read, or does not exist.
+
+\item [\cs{iffalse}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ This test is always false.
+
+\item [\cs{ifhbox\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether a box register contains a horizontal box.
+
+\item [\cs{ifhmode}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether the current mode is (possibly restricted) horizontal mode.
+
+\item [\cs{ifinner}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether the current mode is an internal mode.
+
+\item [\cs{ifmmode}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether the current mode is (possibly display) math mode.
+
+\item [\cs{ifnum\gr{number$_1$}\gr{relation}\gr{number$_2$}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test relations between numbers.
+
+\item [\cs{ifodd\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether a number is odd.
+
+\item [\cs{iftrue}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ This test is always true.
+
+\item [\cs{ifvbox\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether a box register contains a vertical box.
+
+\item [\cs{ifvmode}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether the current mode is (possibly internal) vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{ifvoid\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test whether a box register is empty.
+
+\item [\cs{ifx\gr{token$_1$}\gr{token$_2$}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Test equality of macro expansion, or equality of character code and
+ category code.
+
+\item [\cs{ignorespaces}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Expands following tokens until something other
+ than a~\gr{space token} is found.
+
+\item [\cs{immediate}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Prefix to have output operations executed right away.
+
+\item [\cs{indent}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Switch to horizontal mode and insert box with width \cs{parindent}.
+ This command is automatically inserted before a
+ \gr{horizontal
+ command} in vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{input\gr{file name}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Read a specified file as \TeX\ input.
+
+\item [\cs{inputlineno}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Number of the current input line.
+
+\item [\cs{insert\gr{8-bit number}\lb\gr{vertical mode material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Start an insertion item.
+
+\item [\cs{insertpenalties}]
+ \gr{special integer}
+ Total of penalties for split insertions.
+ Inside the output routine the number of held-over insertions.
+
+\item [\cs{interlinepenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for breaking a page between lines of a paragraph.
+ Default~\n{0} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{jobname}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Name of the main \TeX\ file being processed.
+
+\item [\cs{kern\gr{dimen}}]
+ \gr{kern}
+ Add a kern item of the specified
+ \gr{dimen} to the list;
+ this can be used both in horizontal and vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{language}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Choose a set of hyphenation patterns and exceptions.
+
+\item [\cs{lastbox}]
+ \gr{box}
+ Register containing the last element added to the current list,
+ if this was a box.
+
+\item [\cs{lastkern}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}
+ If the last item on the list was a kern, the size of this.
+
+\item [\cs{lastpenalty}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ If the last item on the list was a penalty, the value of this.
+
+\item [\cs{lastskip}]
+ \gr{internal glue} or \gr{internal muglue}.
+ If the last item on the list was a skip, the size of this.
+
+\item [\cs{lccode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Access the
+ character code that is the lowercase variant of a given code.
+
+\item [\cs{leaders\gr{box or rule}\gr{vertical/horizontal/mathematical skip}}]
+ \gr{leaders}
+ Fill a specified amount of space with a rule or copies of box.
+
+\item [\cs{left}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Use the following character as an open delimiter.
+
+\item [\cs{lefthyphenmin}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Minimum number of characters before a hyphenation.
+
+\item [\cs{leftskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue that is placed to the left of all lines.
+
+\item [\cs{leqno\gr{math mode material}\n{\char36\char36}}]
+ \gr{eqno}
+ Place a left equation number in a display formula.
+
+\item [\cs{let\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{let assignment}
+ Define a control sequence to a token, assign its meaning
+ if the token is a command or macro.
+
+\item [\cs{limits}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Place limits over and under a large operator.
+ This is the default position in display style.
+
+\item [\cs{linepenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty value associated with each line break.
+ Default~\n{10} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{lineskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue added if distance between bottom and top of neighbouring boxes
+ is less than \cs{lineskiplimit}.
+ Default~\n{1pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{lineskiplimit}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Distance to be maintained between the bottom and top of
+ neighbouring boxes on a vertical list.
+ Default~\n{0pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{long}]
+ \gr{prefix}
+ Indicate that the arguments of the macro to be defined
+ are allowed to contain \cs{par} tokens.
+
+\item [\cs{looseness}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Number of lines by which this paragraph has to be made longer
+ (or, if negative, shorter) than it would be ideally.
+
+\item [\cs{lower\gr{dimen}\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Adjust vertical positioning of a box in horizontal mode.
+
+\item [\cs{lowercase\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Convert the argument to its lowercase form.
+
+\item [\cs{mag}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ 1000 times the magnification of the document.
+ Default \n{1000} in \IniTeX.
+
+\item [\cs{mark\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Specify a mark text.
+
+\item [\cs{mathaccent\gr{15-bit number}\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Place an accent in math mode.
+
+\item [\cs{mathbin\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as a binary operation.
+
+\item [\cs{mathchar\gr{15-bit number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Explicit denotation of a mathematical character.
+
+\item [\cs{mathchardef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{15-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~math character code.
+
+\item [\cs{mathchoice\lb\SerifFont {\it D\/\rb\lb T\/\rb\lb S\/\rb\lb SS\/}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Give four variants of a formula for the four styles
+ of math typesetting.
+
+\item [\cs{mathclose\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as a closing symbol.
+
+\item [\cs{mathcode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Code of a character determining its treatment in math mode.
+
+\item [\cs{mathinner\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as an inner formula.
+
+\item [\cs{mathop\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as a large operator.
+
+\item [\cs{mathopen\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as an opening symbol.
+
+\item [\cs{mathord\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as an ordinary object.
+
+\item [\cs{mathpunct\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function
+ as a punctuation symbol.
+
+\item [\cs{mathrel\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Let the following \gr{math field} function as a relation.
+
+\item [\cs{mathsurround}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Kern amount placed before and after in-line formulas.
+
+\item [\cs{maxdeadcycles}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The maximum number of times that the output routine is allowed to
+ be called without a \cs{shipout} occurring.
+ \IniTeX\ default:~\n{25}.
+
+\item [\cs{maxdepth}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Maximum depth of the page box.
+ Default~\n{4pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{meaning}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Give the meaning of a control sequence as a string of characters.
+
+\item [\cs{medmuskip}]
+ \gr{muglue parameter}
+ Medium amount of mu glue.
+ Default value in plain \TeX: \n{4mu plus 2mu minus 4mu}
+
+\item [\cs{message\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Write a message to the terminal.
+
+\item [\cs{mkern}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Insert a kern measured in mu units.
+
+\item [\cs{month}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The month of the current job.
+
+\item [\cs{moveleft\gr{dimen}\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Adjust horizontal positioning of a box in vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{moveright\gr{dimen}\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Adjust horizontal positioning of a box in vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{mskip}]
+ \gr{mathematical skip}
+ Insert glue measured in mu units.
+
+\item [\cs{multiply\gr{numeric variable}\gr{optional \n{by}}\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{arithmetic assignment}
+ Arithmetic command to multiply a
+ \gr{numeric variable} (see \cs{advance}).
+
+\item [\cs{muskip\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal muglue}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{register prefix}.
+ Access skips measured in mu units.
+
+\item [\cs{muskipdef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}; the control sequence
+ itself is a~\gr{registerdef}.
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~\cs{muskip} register.
+
+\item [\cs{newlinechar}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Number of the character that triggers a new line in
+ \cs{write} statements.
+ Plain \TeX\ default~$-1$.
+
+\item [\cs{noalign\gr{filler}\lb\gr{vertical (horizontal) mode material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Specify vertical (horizontal)
+ material to be placed in between rows (columns) of
+ an \cs{halign} (\cs{valign}).
+
+\item [\cs{noboundary}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Omit implicit boundary character.
+
+\item [\cs{noexpand\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Do not expand the next token.
+
+\item [\cs{noindent}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Switch to horizontal mode with an empty horizontal list.
+
+\item [\cs{nolimits}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Place limits of a large operator as subscript and
+ superscript expressions.
+ This is the default position in text style.
+
+\item [\cs{nonscript}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Cancel the next glue item if it occurs in
+ scriptstyle or scriptscriptstyle.
+
+\item [\cs{nonstopmode}]
+ \gr{interaction mode assignment}
+ \TeX\ fixes errors as best it can,
+ and performs an emergency stop
+ when user interaction is needed.
+
+\item [\cs{nulldelimiterspace}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Width taken for empty delimiters.
+ Default~\n{1.2pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{nullfont}]
+ \gr{fontdef token}
+ Name of an empty font that \TeX\ uses in emergencies.
+
+\item [\cs{number\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Convert a
+ \gr{number} to decimal representation.
+
+\item [\cs{omit}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Omit the template for one alignment entry.
+
+\item [\cs{openin\gr{4-bit number}\gr{equals}\gr{filename}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Open a stream for input.
+
+\item [\cs{openout\gr{4-bit number}\gr{equals}\gr{filename}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Open a stream for output.
+
+\item [\cs{or}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Separator for entries of an \cs{ifcase}.
+
+\item [\cs{outer}]
+ \gr{prefix}
+ Indicate that the macro being defined
+ should occur on the outer level only.
+
+\item [\cs{output}]
+ \gr{token parameter}
+ Token list with instructions for shipping out pages.
+
+\item [\cs{outputpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Value of the penalty at the current page break,
+ or $10\,000$ if the break was not at a penalty.
+
+\item [\cs{over}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Fraction.
+
+\item [\cs{overfullrule}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Width of the rule that is printed to indicate
+ overfull horizontal boxes.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{5pt}.
+
+\item [\cs{overline\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Overline the following \gr{math field}.
+
+\item [\cs{overwithdelims\gr{delim$_1$}\gr{delim$_2$}}]
+ \gr{generalized fraction command}
+ Fraction with delimiters.
+
+\item [\cs{pagedepth}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Depth of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagefilllstretch}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated third-order stretch of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagefillstretch}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated second-order stretch of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagefilstretch}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated first-order stretch of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagegoal}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Goal height of the page box. This starts at \cs{vsize},
+ and is diminished by heights of insertion items.
+
+\item [\cs{pageshrink}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated shrink of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagestretch}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated zeroth-order stretch of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{pagetotal}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Accumulated natural height of the current page.
+
+\item [\cs{par}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Close off a paragraph and go into vertical mode.
+
+\item [\cs{parfillskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue that is placed between the last
+ element of the paragraph and the line end.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{0pt plus 1fil}.
+
+\item [\cs{parindent}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Size of the indentation box added in front of a paragraph.
+
+\item [\cs{parshape}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ Command for general paragraph shapes:
+ \begin{disp}\cs{parshape}\gr{equals}$n$ $i_1$ $\ell_1$ $\ldots$
+ $i_n$ $\ell_n$\end{disp}
+ specifies a~number
+ of lines~$n$, and $n$~pairs of an indentation and
+ line length.
+
+\item [\cs{parskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Amount of glue added to vertical list when a paragraph starts;
+ default value \verb.0pt plus 1pt. in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{patterns\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{hyphenation assignment}
+ Define a list of hyphenation patterns for the current
+ value of \cs{language}; allowed only in \IniTeX.
+
+\item [\cs{pausing}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Specify that \TeX\ should pause after each line that is
+ read from a file.
+
+\item [\cs{penalty}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Specify desirability of not breaking at this point.
+
+\item [\cs{postdisplaypenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty placed in the vertical list below a display.
+
+\item [\cs{predisplaypenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty placed in the vertical list above a display.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{10$\,$000}.
+
+\item [\cs{predisplaysize}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Effective width of the line preceding the display.
+
+\item [\cs{pretolerance}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Tolerance value for a paragraph that uses no hyphenation.
+ Default~\n{100} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{prevdepth}]
+ \gr{special dimen}
+ Depth of the last box added to a vertical list as it is
+ perceived by \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{prevgraf}]
+ \gr{special integer}
+ The number of lines in the paragraph last
+ added to the vertical list.
+
+\item [\cs{radical\gr{24-bit number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Command for setting things such as root signs.
+
+\item [\cs{raise\gr{dimen}\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Adjust vertical positioning of a box in horizontal mode.
+
+\item [\cs{read\gr{number}\n{to}\gr{control sequence}}]
+ \gr{simple assignment}
+ Read a line from a stream into a control sequence.
+
+\item [\cs{relax}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Do nothing.
+
+\item [\cs{relpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Penalty for breaking after a binary relation, not enclosed
+ in a subformula.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{500}.
+
+\item [\cs{right}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Use the following character as a closing delimiter.
+
+\item [\cs{righthyphenmin}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Minimum number of characters after a hyphenation.
+
+\item [\cs{rightskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Glue that is placed to the right of all lines.
+
+\item [\cs{romannumeral\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Convert a positive
+ \gr{number} to lowercase roman representation.
+
+\item [\cs{scriptfont\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{family member}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{font range}.
+ Access the scriptfont of a family.
+
+\item [\cs{scriptscriptfont\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{family member}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{font range}.
+ Access the scriptscriptfont of a family.
+
+\item [\cs{scriptscriptstyle}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Select the scriptscript style of math typesetting.
+
+\item [\cs{scriptspace}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Extra space after subscripts and superscripts.
+ Default~\n{.5pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{scriptstyle}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Select the script style of math typesetting.
+
+\item [\cs{scrollmode}]
+ \gr{interaction mode assignment}
+ \TeX\ patches errors itself, but will ask the user for missing files.
+
+\item [\cs{setbox\gr{8-bit number}\gr{equals}\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{simple assignment}
+ Assign a box to a box register.
+
+\item [\cs{setlanguage\gr{number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ (\TeX3 only)
+ Insert a whatsit resetting the current language
+ to the \gr{number} specified.
+
+\item [\cs{sfcode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Access the value of the \cs{spacefactor}
+ associated with a character.
+
+\item [\cs{shipout\gr{box}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Ship a box to the \n{dvi} file.
+
+\item [\cs{show\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Display the meaning of a token on the screen.
+
+\item [\cs{showbox\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Write the contents of a box to the log file.
+
+\item [\cs{showboxbreadth}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Number of successive elements that are shown when
+ \verb-\tracingoutput- is positive, each time a level is visited.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{5}.
+
+\item [\cs{showboxdepth}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The number of levels that are shown when
+ \verb-\tracingoutput- is positive.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{3}.
+
+\item [\cs{showlists}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Write to the log file the contents of the partial lists
+ currently built in all modes.
+
+\item [\cs{showthe\gr{internal quantity}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Display on the terminal the result
+ of prefixing a token with \cs{the}.
+
+\item [\cs{skewchar\gr{font}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}
+ Font position of an after-placed accent.
+
+\item [\cs{skip\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal glue}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{register prefix}.
+ Access skip registers
+
+\item [\cs{skipdef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}; the control sequence
+ itself is a~\gr{registerdef}.
+ Define a control sequence to be a synonym for
+ a~\cs{skip} register.
+
+\item [\cs{spacefactor}]
+ \gr{special integer}
+ 1000 times the ratio by which the stretch component of the
+ interword glue should be multiplied.
+
+\item [\cs{spaceskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Interword glue if non-zero.
+
+\item [\cs{span}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Join two adjacent alignment entries, or (in preamble)
+ expand the next token.
+
+\item [\cs{special\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Write a token list to the \n{dvi} file.
+
+\item [\cs{splitbotmark}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ The last mark on a split-off page.
+
+\item [\cs{splitfirstmark}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ The first mark on a split-off page.
+
+\item [\cs{splitmaxdepth}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Maximum depth of a box split off by a \cs{vsplit} operation.
+ Default~\n{4pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{splittopskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Minimum distance between the top of what remains after a
+ \cs{vsplit} operation, and the first item in that box.
+ Default~\n{10pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{string\gr{token}}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ Convert a token to a string of one or more characters.
+
+\item [\cs{tabskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Amount of glue in between columns (rows) of an \cs{halign}
+ \alt
+ (\cs{valign}).
+
+\item [\cs{textfont\gr{4-bit number}}]
+ \gr{family member}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{font range}.
+ Access the textfont of a family.
+
+\item [\cs{textstyle}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Select the text style of math typesetting.
+
+\item [\cs{the\gr{internal quantity}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Expand the value of various quantities in \TeX\ into a string
+ of (character) tokens.
+
+\item [\cs{thickmuskip}]
+ \gr{muglue parameter}
+ Large amount of mu glue.
+ Default value in plain \TeX: \n{5mu plus 5mu}.
+
+\item [\cs{thinmuskip}]
+ \gr{muglue parameter}
+ Small amount of mu glue.
+ Default value in plain \TeX: \n{3mu}.
+
+\item [\cs{time}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Number of minutes after midnight that the current job started.
+
+\item [\cs{toks\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{register prefix}
+ Access a token list register.
+
+\item [\cs{toksdef\gr{control sequence}\gr{equals}\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{shorthand definition}; the control sequence
+ itself is a~\gr{registerdef}.
+ Assign a control sequence to
+ a~\cs{toks} register.
+
+\item [\cs{tolerance}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Tolerance value for lines in a paragraph that does use hyphenation.
+ Default~\n{200} in plain \TeX, \n{10$\,$000} in \IniTeX.
+
+\item [\cs{topmark}]
+ \gr{expandable command}
+ The last mark of the previous page.
+
+\item [\cs{topskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Minimum distance between the top of the page box
+ and the baseline of the first box on the page.
+ Default~\n{10pt} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingcommands}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ When this is~1, \TeX\ displays primitive commands executed;
+ when this is 2~or more the outcome of conditionals is also recorded.
+
+\item [\cs{tracinglostchars}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ gives
+ diagnostic messages whenever a character is accessed that
+ is not present in a font. Plain \TeX\ default:~1.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingmacros}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this is~1, the log file shows expansion of macros
+ that are performed and the actual values of the arguments;
+ if this is 2~or more
+ \gr{token parameter}s such as
+ \cs{output} and \cs{everypar} are also traced.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingonline}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ will write trace
+ information also to the terminal.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingoutput}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, the log file shows a dump of boxes
+ that are shipped to the \n{dvi} file.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingpages}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ generates
+ a trace of the page-breaking algorithm.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingparagraphs}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ generates
+ a trace of the line-breaking algorithm.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingrestores}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ will report
+ all values that are restored when a group level ends.
+
+\item [\cs{tracingstats}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ If this parameter is positive, \TeX\ reports at the
+ end of the job the usage of various internal arrays.
+
+\item [\cs{uccode\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal integer}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{codename}.
+ Access
+ the character code that is the uppercase variant of a given code.
+
+\item [\cs{uchyph}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Positive if hyphenating words starting with a capital
+ letter is allowed.
+ Plain \TeX\ default~1.
+
+\item [\cs{underline\gr{math field}}]
+ \gr{math atom}
+ Underline the following \gr{math field}.
+
+\item [\cs{unhbox\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ \alt
+ Unpack a box register containing a horizontal box,
+ appending the contents to the list, and emptying the register.
+
+\item [\cs{unhcopy\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ \alt
+ The same as \cs{unhbox}, but do not empty the register.
+
+\item [\cs{unkern}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Remove the last item of the list if this was a kern.
+
+\item [\cs{unpenalty}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Remove the last item of the list if this was a penalty.
+
+\item [\cs{unskip}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Remove the last item of the list if this was a skip.
+
+\item [\cs{unvbox\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ \alt
+ Unpack a box register containing a vertical box,
+ appending the contents to the list, and emptying the register.
+
+\item [\cs{unvcopy\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ \alt
+ The same as \cs{unvbox}, but do not empty the register.
+
+\item [\cs{uppercase\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Convert the argument to its uppercase form.
+
+\item [\cs{vadjust\gr{filler}\lb\gr{vertical mode material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Specify in horizontal mode material for the enclosing vertical list.
+
+\item [\cs{valign\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{alignment material}\rb}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Vertical alignment.
+
+\item [\cs{vbadness}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Threshold below which overfull and underfull vertical boxes
+ are not shown.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{1000}.
+
+\item [\cs{vbox\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{vertical material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Construct a vertical box with reference point on the last item.
+
+\item [\cs{vcenter\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{vertical material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Construct a vertical box vertically centred on the math axis.
+
+\item [\cs{vfil}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Vertical skip equivalent to \verb-\vskip 0cm plus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{vfill}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Vertical skip equivalent to \verb-\vskip 0cm plus 1fill-.
+
+\item [\cs{vfilneg}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Vertical skip equivalent to \verb-\vskip 0cm minus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{vfuzz}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Excess size that \TeX\ tolerates before it considers
+ a vertical box overfull.
+ Plain \TeX\ default:~\n{0.1pt}.
+
+\item [\cs{voffset}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Distance by which the page is shifted down from the reference point,
+ which is one inch from the top of the page.
+
+\item [\cs{vrule}]
+ \gr{horizontal command}
+ Rule that spreads in vertical direction.
+
+\item [\cs{vsize}]
+ \gr{dimen parameter}
+ Height of the page box.
+
+\item [\cs{vskip\gr{glue}}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Insert in vertical mode a glue item.
+
+\item [\cs{vsplit\gr{8-bit number}\n{to}\gr{dimen}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Split off the top part of a vertical box.
+
+\item [\cs{vss}]
+ \gr{vertical command}
+ Vertical skip equivalent to \verb-\vskip 0cm plus 1fil minus 1fil-.
+
+\item [\cs{vtop\gr{box specification}\lb\gr{vertical material}\rb}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Construct a vertical box with reference point on the first item.
+
+\item [\cs{wd\gr{8-bit number}}]
+ \gr{internal dimen}; the control sequence itself
+ is a~\gr{box dimension}.
+ Width of the box in a box register.
+
+\item [\cs{widowpenalty}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ Additional penalty for breaking a page before
+ the last line of a paragraph.
+ Default~\n{150} in plain \TeX.
+
+\item [\cs{write\gr{number}\gr{general text}}]
+ \gr{primitive command}
+ Generate a whatsit item containing
+ a~token list to be written to the terminal or to a file.
+
+\item [\cs{xdef}]
+ \gr{def}
+ Synonym for \verb-\global\edef-.
+
+\item [\cs{xleaders}]
+ \gr{leaders}
+ As \cs{leaders}, but with box leaders any excess space is
+ spread equally between the boxes.
+
+\item [\cs{xspaceskip}]
+ \gr{glue parameter}
+ Interword glue if non-zero and \cs{spacefactor}${}\geq2000$.
+
+\item [\cs{year}]
+ \gr{integer parameter}
+ The year of the current job.
+\end{glossinventory}