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+ 6-Jan-87 14:26:26-PST,19188;000000000000
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+To: TeXhax@score.stanford.edu, unix-tex@ward.cs.washington.edu
+Subject: TeX V troff
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+Date: Tue, 06 Jan 87 21:36:56 GMT
+Message-Id: <3417.536967416@psg.npl.co.uk>
+From: John Pavel <mcvax!nplpsg!jrp@seismo.CSS.GOV>
+
+
+Here is a slightly more readable version of the paper that I sent out at
+the end of last year.
+
+It was processed with the dvidoc program available from ken@rochester.arpa.
+
+
+John Pavel
+----snip--------snip--------snip--------snip--------snip--------snip----
+
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+ Document Preparation:
+
+ Some Notes on TeX and troff
+
+
+ John Pavel
+ National Physical Laboratory
+ Division of Information Technology and Computing
+ Protocol Standards Group
+
+ 1.15 dated 86/12/23 at 11:38:13
+
+
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+ Abstract
+
+ This document gives a short comparison of
+various features of the text formatters troff
+and TeX.
+ Any opinions expressed here are the personal
+opinions of the author.
+ The document is, at present incomplete. The
+main features lacking are
+1. A good bibliography;
+
+2. A list of sources;
+
+3. Some conclusions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+1The Formatters 2
+ 1.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 2
+ 1.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 2
+
+2Cost 3
+ 2.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 3
+ 2.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 3
+3Markup Codes 3
+ 3.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 3
+ 3.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 4
+ 3.3Macro Packages ::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 4
+
+4Driving Output Devices 6
+ 4.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 6
+ 4.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 7
+
+5User Interface 8
+ 5.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 8
+ 5.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 8
+6Fonts 8
+ 6.1Restrictions ::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 9
+
+7Typesetting Mathematics 9
+ 7.1troff and eqn :::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 9
+ 7.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 9
+8Tables, Lines and Boxes 9
+ 8.1troff and tbl :::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 9
+ 8.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: : 9
+
+9Graphics 10
+ 9.1troff ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :10
+ 9.2TeX :: ::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :10
+
+1Documentation 11
+1Other Utilities 11
+ 11.Slide Preparation ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :11
+ 11.Program Grinding : ::::: :::::: ::::: ::::: :11
+ 11.Bibliographic Citation : :::::: ::::: ::::: :12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1 The Formatters
+
+The two computerised text formatting systems
+considered in this note are TeX and troff .
+
+
+1.1 troff
+
+troff was developed by Ossanna and is available
+only on Unix1 systems (which runs on almost
+all machines known to man. ). It is probably
+less sophisticated than TeX, but has very
+nice preprocessors for tables, mathematics and
+figures.
+
+
+1.2 TeX
+TeX was developed at Stanford by Donald Knuth.
+It runs on almost all machines known to
+man, including the VAX2 (under both ULTRIX3
+
+(4.2bsd) and VMS4), Sun, IBM PC5, the big
+IBM VMCMS7 machines, and the Macintosh8 . It
+can produce exquisite results, particularly for
+mathematics. It is especially skillful at
+line-, paragraph-, and page-break selection.
+ There is a TeX Users Group with over 1000
+members. It publishes a semi-annual journal
+----------------------
+ 1Unix is a trademark of AT&T Bell
+Laboratories.
+ 2VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment
+Corporation.
+ 3ULTRIX is a trademark of Digital Equipment
+Corporation.
+ 4VMS is a trademark of Digital Equipment
+Corporation.
+ 5IBM PC is a trademark of International
+B6VMniss aactrademarkncoofoInternational Business
+Machines, Incorporated.
+ 7CMS is a trademark of International Business
+Machines, Incorporated.
+ 8Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Computer,
+Incorporated.
+
+
+ 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+2 Cost
+
+2.1 troff
+
+troff comes as part of any Unix system. A
+more recent version called ditroff is available
+part of a package of tools called the
+Documentor's Work Bench (DWB) at an extra cost
+of about $3,000.
+
+
+2.2 TeX
+
+The Unix version of TeX is available for the
+cost of a magnetic tape.
+
+
+3 Markup Codes
+
+Both TeX and troff operate on formatting
+commands embedded in the source text. This
+makes it easy to
+
+ ?transfer documents using electronic mail;
+ ?use the full power of the available text
+ manipulation tools for transforming the
+ input.
+
+
+3.1 troff
+
+The majority of troff markup codes consist
+mainly of two-letter dot-prefixed commands
+starting at the beginning of a line. For
+example,
+
+This text appears on one page.
+.bp
+Starts a new page.
+.sp 3i
+leaves a three inch gap.
+
+Blank lines can be used to break paragraphs and
+ indented ones force indentation.
+
+
+ 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3.2 TeX
+
+The majority of TeX markup codes are backslash-
+prefixed words. Braces, or brackets enclose
+arguments and contexts. For example,
+
+Text entry is free format.
+
+However, a blank line starts off a new paragraph,
+which, in the default mode, produces no ex-
+tra vertical
+spacing, but a some extra indentation, just like in a
+proper book.
+
+{\em The text in these braces will be empha-
+sised.} While
+this following text will not.
+
+\centerline{The text in this argument will be centered}
+ When formatted, this produces
+
+ Text entry is free format.
+ However, a blank line starts off a new
+ paragraph, which, in the default mode,
+ produces no extra vertical spacing, but
+ a some extra indentation, just like in a
+ proper book.
+ The text in these braces will be
+ emphasised. While this following text
+ will not.
+ The text in this argument will be centered
+
+
+3.3 Macro Packages
+Both TeX and troff operate on very low-level
+commands. A number of macro packages exist for
+both systems to allow the user to express his
+formatting requirements at a "higher" level.
+In general, a macro cannot be distinguished
+from a more primitive command.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3.3.1 troff
+
+-ms: This basic package is almost universally
+available with troff , which makes it attractive
+when portability of marked texts is important.
+It is very simple to use. Although it is
+fairly restricted in scope, it suffices for the
+majority of papers and memos.
+
+-me: This package comes only with the bsd
+
+systems. It is also fairly simple (probably
+about the complexity of Pages). It is cleaner
+than the -ms macros in the sense that if you do
+have a slightly unusual requirement and need to
+descend into troff you are much less likely to
+upset the -me.
+
+-mm: This relatively recent package comes only
+with System V Unix systems and is, in some
+sense, the future standard one to be used with
+troff. It is much more extensive than the -ms
+macros and allows easier "tuning" of document
+appearance.
+
+
+3.3.2 TeX
+LaTeX: This is an excellent general-purpose
+macro, suitable for articles, reports, letters,
+books, etc. LaTeX is straightforward to
+use, although it can be frustrating if you
+want to drop into "manual override". A
+document can then be formatted according to a
+specified "style" without altering the source
+text. A number of basic styles, as well as
+styles for some well-known computing journals
+such as CACM, are available. LaTeX has good
+support for indexing and cross-referencing. It
+is rapidly becoming the standard TeX macro
+package.
+
+
+AMS-TeX : This is similar to LaTeX, but biased
+more towards mathematicians (AMS stands for the
+
+
+ 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+American Mathematical Society).
+
+
+texinfo: This is a public-domain macro package
+for producing program documentation. It is
+a lot less powerful than any of the packages
+previously mentioned but, as well as the
+possibility of typeset output, tree-structured
+documentation packages may be produced.
+
+
+4 Driving Output Devices
+
+In both cases, the user types in a marked
+up document, processes it using TeX or troff,
+producing an output file which can be used
+to drive a huge variety of output devices,
+including the Sun screen.
+
+
+4.1 troff
+troff has a sister program called nroff which
+accepts exactly the same input as troff but is
+designed to drive fixed-width character devices
+such as daisy-wheel printers. Configuring
+a new type of printer is straightforwardly
+achieved by completing a table.
+ troff drivers are available also available
+from the suppliers of the major laser printer
+suppliers. For example,
+
+ ?Imagen (8/300, 12/300),
+
+ ?Apple (LaserWriter and LaserWriter Plus),
+
+ ?HP (Laserjet and LaserJet Plus),
+ ?QMS (800 or 1200 Lasergrafix printers),
+
+ ?Xerox laser printers.
+ Configuring troff itself for a new typesetter
+is a significantly more difficult task.
+Drivers are known to exist for the
+
+ ?Mergenthaler Linotron 202,
+
+
+ 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ?Wang CAT,
+
+ ?Autologic APS-5,
+ and the
+
+ ?Monotype Lasercomp
+typesetters.
+ ditroff output may be previewed on a
+Tektronix 4014 terminal.
+
+
+4.2 TeX
+
+Configuring TeX for a new device is also a
+fairly involved task. However, many more such
+drivers exist than for troff. For example,
+
+ ?Epson, IBM, Toshiba, Okidata dot matrix
+ printers,
+ ?IBM PC with
+
+ -- Hercules Graphics Card,
+ -- IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter,
+
+ -- Tecmar Graphics Master Card,
+ ?AT&T 6300 PC (no card required),
+
+ ?Olivetti M24 PC (no card required),
+
+ ?vt100s terminals,
+ ?the laser printers mentioned above and the
+ Data Products LNZ-2660,
+
+ ?Linotype L100 and L300 phototypesetters.
+
+ It is known that John Wiley & Sons,
+Addison-Wesley and Springer-Verlag will accept
+and assist in the publication of books and
+articles typeset using TeX.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5 User Interface
+
+5.1 troff
+
+troff is completely non-interactive. A small
+number of error messages can arise, but
+most errors are discovered by looking at the
+formatted output, usually by running through
+nroff to the VDU screen. This turns out to be
+less of a problem in practise than it might at
+first sound.
+
+
+5.2 TeX
+
+TeX complains and stops upon finding a syntax
+error in the input, allowing the user to take
+take simple remedial action (e.g., by inserting
+the correct spelling of a command, or by asking
+TeX to ignore a number of subsequent tokens).
+
+
+6 Fonts
+
+The available fonts depend on the output
+device. A number of devices use the
+public domain Computer Modern fonts designed by
+Donald Knuth with METAFONT. This font family
+comprises some 75 different fonts in the common
+sizes in the range 5 to 72 points. TeX
+can magnify these to provide an even greater
+variety. Many, many mathematical symbols,
+accent marks and other symbols are available.
+Cyrilic and OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
+fonts are also available for TeX.
+ In the unlikely event of being unable find
+a suitable special character, the expert may
+resort to METAFONT. There are also various
+public domain pixel-based character generators.
+These facilities are probably most likely to be
+required only for logo design, however.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6.1 Restrictions
+
+Older versions of troff allow no more than four
+different styles of font per document (e.g.,
+roman, bold, italic and special). There are no
+such restrictions in TeX or ditroff.
+
+
+7 Typesetting Mathematics
+
+
+7.1 troff and eqn
+troff has a preprocessor called eqn which al-
+lows the "pronounceable" entry of mathematical
+equations. It was designed to be easy to
+use for typist and casual users, assuming
+that they have an elementary comprehension of
+mathematics. It produces reasonable results.
+
+
+7.2 TeX
+
+TeX has a built-in mathematics mode. It is
+slightly more cryptic than eqn. For users
+setting a lot of mathematics, requiring perfect
+results, there is only TeX.
+
+
+8 Tables, Lines and Boxes
+
+8.1 troff and tbl
+
+troff has a preprocessor called tbl which
+permits very easy composition of tables. It
+can even be used for the production of simple
+line diagrams. This is one of troff 's
+strongest features.
+
+
+8.2 TeX
+TeX has built-in alignment facilities. These
+are very powerful, but much more frightening
+and verbose than tbl. However, LaTeX provides
+
+
+
+ 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+table drawing facilities which are almost as
+good as tbl. All manner of lines and boxes are
+also possible.
+
+
+9 Graphics
+
+Neither troff nor TeX were designed for the
+production of sophisticated artwork and this is
+certainly an area of weakness.
+
+
+9.1 troff
+
+The Documentor's Workbench has several ditroff
+preprocessors:
+
+pic: which allow easy descriptive of line
+ figures comprised of lines, arrows, circles
+ and ellipses.
+ideal: is similar to pic, but uses simultaneous
+ equations and co-ordinates to determine the
+ positions of points. ideal can also specify
+ dashed circles and shaded regions.
+
+grap: is a preprocessor for pic for designed for
+ producing graphs. It is highly spoken of.
+
+
+9.2 TeX
+
+LaTeX has an picture sketching facility with
+similar capabilities to pic. However, it is
+much harder to use, since the user has to
+perform more of his own calculations. It
+should eventually be possible to incorporate
+pictures from the Macintosh into TeX output.
+ TeX packages for typsetting representa-
+tions of organic molecules and other semi-
+sophisticated graphics also exist.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+10 Documentation
+
+Both troff and TeX are extensively documented.
+A wider choice of textbook is available for
+troff, since it is much older.
+
+
+11 Other Utilities
+
+
+11.1 Slide Preparation
+
+11.1.1 troff
+troff has no special facilities for producing
+slides. However, it is possible to use a
+normal macro package and large point sizes with
+reasonable success.
+ ditroff comes with a set of macros (-mv) for
+simple viewgraph and slide production.
+
+
+11.1.2 TeX
+
+SliTeX/ is a variant of the LaTeX macro
+package designed for slide production. It is
+particularly good for managing the production
+of large collections of slides and of
+multi-layer slides (overlays).
+
+11.2 Program Grinding
+
+tgrind is a useful little utility which,
+given a few facts about the punctuation of a
+programming language, will "grind" out a TeX
+source file which can be turned into a nicely
+formatted listing. A ground listing of a
+Pascal program is shown in Figure 1.
+ A similar facility for use with troff called
+vgrind also exists, but appears to function
+only on Berkeley Unix driving a Versatec
+printer.
+
+
+
+
+
+ 11
+
+
+
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+program hello(output);
+
+ procedure welcome;
+ begin
+ writeln("Hello World.")
+ end;
+
+begin
+ f This is a little demonstration program in Pascal. g
+ 10
+ welcome
+end.
+
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+
+11.3 Bibliographic Citation
+
+It is convenient to be able to keep
+databases of literature references and have
+bibliographies generated automatically from
+citations inserted into the source texts.
+
+
+11.3.1 troff
+The troff preprocessor for fleshing out
+citations from a set of keywords embedded in
+the source text is called refer. lookbib and
+addbib allow examination and extension of refer
+bibliographic databases.
+
+
+11.3.2 TeX
+
+BibTeX is the LaTeX equivalent of refer.
+It requires precise citations which makes
+it slightly less convenient for normal use
+than refer. However, BibTeX is programmable
+and can be used to format the references
+into any conceivable style. A number of
+different bibliographic styles are available,
+particularly for the more prestigious computing
+journals.
+
+
+ 12
+
+
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+
+
+ A facility called Tib to use refer-formatted
+bibliographic databases with TeX also exists.
+
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+ 13
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+-------