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+\documentstyle[12pt,multicol]{article}
+
+\addtolength{\textwidth}{.5cm}
+
+\def\diatop[#1|#2]{{\setbox1=\hbox{{#1{}}}\setbox2=\hbox{{#2{}}}%
+ \dimen0=\ifdim\wd1>\wd2\wd1\else\wd2\fi%
+ \dimen1=\ht2\advance\dimen1by-1ex%
+ \setbox1=\hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#1\hss}%
+ \rlap{\raise1\dimen1\box1}%
+ \hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#2\hss}}}%
+%e.g. of use: \diatop[\'|{\=o}] gives u macron acute
+
+\title{Standardization of Sanskrit for Electronic Data Transfer
+and Screen Representation}
+
+\author{Dominik Wujastyk}
+
+\date{9 September 1990}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\section*{Text Encoding Guidelines}
+During the 8th World Sanskrit Conference, Vienna 1990, a panel
+was held to discuss the standardization of Sanskrit for
+electronic data transfer. Participants were encouraged to
+acquire and study the {\em ACH-ACL-ALLC Guidelines for the
+Encoding and Interchange of Machine-readable Texts}, edited by
+Lou BURNARD and C.~M.~SPERBERG-MCQUEEN (Chicago and Oxford,
+1990). These {\em Guidelines\/} are available free of charge in
+Europe from L.~Burnard, Oxford University Computing Service, 13
+Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6NN, England, or in the USA from C. M.
+Sperberg-McQueen, Computer Center (MIC 135), University of
+Illinois at Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680, USA.
+
+\section*{7-bit coding for file transfer}
+Professor H. Falk presented a program called {\tt CONVERT} that
+conveniently converts any coding scheme used in a data file to
+any other coding scheme. This program was generously made
+available at no cost, together with Turbo Pascal source code.
+Prof.\ Falk also presented a very useful 7-bit, multi-byte
+``mediation code'' which will be of general use for file
+exchange.
+
+\section*{8-bit character set for text display}
+Finally, although the above two provisions cover all essential
+needs, the panel still felt that a standard assignment of graphic
+codes for the display of Sanskrit transliteration would be
+helpful. An ad hoc committee of interested parties was formed,
+and two 8-bit `code pages'' were designed. One, {\em Classical
+Sanskrit\/} (CS), for standard use and another, {\em Classical
+Sanskrit Extended\/} (CSX), which included the former, but also
+provided for Vedic, MIA, Tamil and some special usages. These
+code pages take as their point of departure IBM's code page 437,
+the default set of character codes built into the IBM PC and
+clones. The characters listed below are replacements for the
+characters in code page 437 which have the same numerical code.
+E.g., character number 224 in code page 437 is a Greek letter alpha
+($\alpha$); CS redefines it to be a with a macron (\=a). All
+codes not specified below are assumed to be as code page 437.
+E.g., character number 130 is e acute (\'e).
+
+The codes assigned were as follow:
+\begin{multicols}{2}[\subsection*{Classical Sanskrit (CS)}]
+\begin{small}
+\begin{tabbing}
+000 \= x underdot macron acute \= (normally German eszett, xx) \kill
+166 \> l tilde \> \~ l \\
+167 \> m overdot \> \.m \\
+224 \> a macron \> \a=a \\
+225 \> not used (normally German {\em eszett}, \ss) \\
+226 \> A macron \> \a=A \\
+227 \> i macron \> \a=\i \\
+228 \> I macron \> \a=I \\
+229 \> u macron \> \a=u \\
+230 \> U macron \> \a=U \\
+231 \> r underdot \> \d r \\
+232 \> R underdot \> \d R \\
+233 \> r underdot macron\> \diatop[\a=|\d r]\\
+234 \> R underdot macron\> \diatop[\a=|\d R]\\
+235 \> l underdot \> \d l \\
+236 \> L underdot \> \d L \\
+237 \> l underdot macron\> \diatop[\a=|\d l]\\
+238 \> L underdot macron\> \diatop[\a=|\d L]\\
+239 \> n overdot \> \.n \\
+240 \> N overdot \> \.N \\
+241 \> t underdot \> \d t \\
+242 \> T underdot \> \d T \\
+243 \> d underdot \> \d d \\
+244 \> D underdot \> \d D \\
+245 \> n underdot \> \d n \\
+246 \> N underdot \> \d N \\
+247 \> s acute \> \a's \\
+248 \> S acute \> \a'S \\
+249 \> s underdot \> \d s \\
+250 \> S underdot \> \d S \\
+251 \> not used (normally the root sign $\surd$) \\
+252 \> m underdot \> \d m \\
+253 \> M underdot \> \d M \\
+254 \> h underdot \> \d h \\
+255 \> H underdot \> \d H \\
+\end{tabbing}
+\end{small}
+\end{multicols}
+\newpage
+
+\begin{multicols}{2}[\subsection*{Classical Sanskrit Extended (CSX) additions}
+The following definitions are added to the above Classical
+Sanskrit character set.]
+\begin{small}
+\begin{tabbing}
+000 \= x underdot macron acute \= (normally German eszett, xx) \kill
+159 \> r underbar \> \b r \\
+168 \> a macron breve \> \diatop[\u|\a=a]\\
+169 \> i macron breve \> \diatop[\u|\a=\i]\\
+170 \> u macron breve \> \diatop[\u|\a=u]\\
+173 \> n underbar \> \b n \\
+181 \> a macron acute \> \diatop[\a'|\a=a]\\
+182 \> a macron grave \> \diatop[\a`|\a=a] \\
+183 \> i macron acute \> \diatop[\a'|\a=\i] \\
+184 \> i macron grave \> \diatop[\a`|\a=\i] \\
+189 \> u macron acute \> \diatop[\a'|\a=u] \\
+190 \> u macron grave \> \diatop[\a`|\a=u] \\
+198 \> r underdot acute\> \diatop[\a'|\d r] \\
+199 \> r underdot grave\> \diatop[\a`|\d r] \\
+207 \> r underdot macron acute\>
+ \raisebox{.25ex}{\rlap{\a'{ }}}\diatop[\a=|\d r] \\
+208 \> a tilde \> \~ a \\
+209 \> i tilde \> \~ \i \\
+210 \> u tilde \> \~ u \\
+211 \> e tilde \> \~ e \\
+212 \> o tilde \> \~ o \\
+213 \> e breve \> \u e \\
+214 \> o breve \> \u o \\
+215 \> l underbar \> \b l \\
+\end{tabbing}
+\end{small}
+\end{multicols}
+\bigskip
+These codes were chosen to have minimal impact on the standard
+IBM PC extended ASCII character set, but they are intended for
+general use in displaying Indological texts on any machine with
+an 8-bit (or greater) character set.
+
+Dr. D. Wujastyk will be making available small programs that load
+the above character sets into the EGA or VGA display adaptors,
+for IBM PC users.
+
+The above character codings have been approved by R. E. Emmerick,
+H. Falk, R. Lariviere, G. J. Meulenbeld, H. Nakatani, M.
+Tokunaga, D.~Wujastyk, P. Schreiner and M. Yano.
+
+These character codings are primarily intended for use in
+situations when the screen display of these characters is
+requried, such as in word processing. They may, of course, be
+used for data transfer, where, however, a 7-bit code (perhaps with
+multi-byte character codes) is still preferable. One such 7-bit
+scheme is provided hy H. Falk (see 2. above).
+
+\newpage
+
+These character codings are currently open for discussion and
+comments may be directed to Dr. D. Wujastyk at
+
+Wellcome Institute,
+
+183 Euston Road,
+
+London NW1 2BN, England,\\
+or by email at
+
+Bitnet/Earn: {\tt dow@harvunxw} or
+
+Janet: {\tt D.Wujastyk@uk.ac.ucl}.
+
+
+After a suitable lapse of time, the character sets will be sent
+to ECMA and ISO for registration. They will also be sent to the
+Text Encoding Initiative for registration, probably with H.
+Falk's 7-bit coding scheme.
+
+Such registration in no way enforces these schemes; it merely
+makes them available centrally for reference. Other schemes may
+also be registered in the future.
+
+\end{document}
+