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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
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+% example.tex
+% An example input file demonstrating the sw option of the SVJour
+% document class for the journal: Shock Waves
+% (c) Springer-Verlag HD
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+%
+\documentclass[sw,bibself]{svjour}
+\usepackage{graphics}
+
+\newcommand{\fakefignlabel}[2]{\refstepcounter{figure}\label{#2}%
+\addtocounter{figure}{-1}\def\thefigure{#1}}
+
+\journalname{Shock Waves}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Evolution of a laser-generated shock wave in iron\\
+and its interaction with martensitic transformation\\
+and twinning}
+\titlerunning{Evolution of a laser-generated shock wave in iron}
+
+\author{I.V. Erofeev\inst{1} \and V.V. Silberschmidt\inst{2} \and
+A.A. Kalin\inst{1} \and V.A. Moiseev\inst1 \and I.V. Solomatin\inst3}
+
+\mail{V.V. Silberschmidt}
+
+\institute{Moscow Institute for Physical Engineering,
+31 Kashirskoe Av., 115409 Moscow, Russia\and
+Lehrstuhl A f\"ur Mechanik, TU M\"unchen, Boltzmannstr. 15,
+D-85746 Garching b. M\"unchen, Germany\and
+Mining Institute, Ural Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
+78A Karl Marx Street, 614007 Perm, Russia}
+
+\date{Received 9 August 1994 / Accepted 30 June 1997}
+
+
+\abstract{
+Effects of shock waves
+(generated by a nanosecond laser pulse in plates of
+Armco-iron) on structural changes are analysed. Localisation of processes of
+martensitic transformation and twinning -- for various values of
+laser pulse duration -- is studied both experimentally and numerically.
+A proposed model accounts for interaction of shock wave propagation and
+structure changes. Realisation of martensitic transformation and
+twin formation influences wave front modification. A stress amplitude
+decrease with increasing distance from a microcrater determines,
+together
+with the pulse duration, a character of spatial localisation of
+structural changes. Numerical results are compared with experimental data
+and serve as a basis for additional interpretation of phenomena.
+\keywords{Nanosecond laser pulse,
+Martensitic transformation, Twinning, Localisation}}
+
+\maketitle
+
+
+\section{Introduction}
+Generation of a shock wave (SW) with an amplitude of 50--200 GPa in
+metals
+by a nanosecond laser pulse is accompanied by a series of phenomena:
+plasma generation, plastic deformation, phase transitions, spall damage,
+etc. (\cite[1991]{ref1}). Characteristic
+features of an initiation
+and evolution of these processes are determined by parameters of
+external action and material properties. Despite the differences,
+all these phenomena also have some common features:
+\begin{itemize}
+
+\item
+significant level of energy and force threshold values and
+their dependence on pulse duration;
+
+\item
+marked instability;
+
+\item
+spatial non-uniformity and localisation in mesoscopic volumes
+(\cite{ref13}).
+\end{itemize}
+
+\noindent
+These similarities allow to examine these divers processes in terms
+of a general approach.
+Investigations of threshold phenomena under the SW generation
+in metals were carried out for various types of the concentrated
+energy flux (CEF): high-energy ion beams (\cite{ref17,ref18});
+relativistic electrons; super-high-speed loading (\cite{ref14,ref16})
+and laser radiation (\cite{ref15,ref5}; \cite[1984a,\,b]{ref8},
+\cite{ref4,ref7,ref6,ref12,ref11}).
+
+A parameter $Q = q/E$
+($q$ - intensity of CEF, $E$ - Young modulus of
+target material) was proposed by Averin et al. (1990; 1991)
+as a characteristic of the CEF -- metal interaction.
+Another important parameter is a pulse duration $t_{i}$,
+which sufficiently influences generation,
+development, and localisation of threshold phenomena
+for a level of $Q$ = $10^{5} - 10^{6}$ m/s
+(this level corresponds to experimental conditions under study).
+
+
+
+\section{Model}
+Propagation of a shock wave generated by a nanosecond laser pulse in
+Armco-iron is accompanied by martensitic transformation (MT) and twinning.
+These processes are the main deformation mechanisms because the plastic
+relaxation time (and the characteristic time of thermoconductivity) is
+sufficiently large compared to the pulse duration.
+An adequate account of these deformation processes presupposes
+an introduction of additional internal variables for characterisation
+of structural changes. Evidently, such variables must be of the same tensor
+order as traditional deformation parameters.
+
+A deformation response to martensitic transformation is linked with
+the reconstruction of the crystalline lattice. A symmetric second-order
+tensor $m_{ik}$ (\cite[1990]{ref21}; \cite{ref23,ref3})
+can be introduced as a microscopic parameter.
+A respective macroscopic parameter $s_{ik} = \big< m_{ik}\big>$
+is an independent thermodynamic variable
+and is obtained by the averaging of $m_{ik}$ over all possible states
+in a representative unit cell.
+In contrast to martensitic transformation, twinning is a shear process
+and thus the traceless second-order tensor $g_{kl}$
+(\cite{ref20}) is introduced as a microscopic
+parameter. A macroscopic parameter $d_{kl}$
+which describes the deformation reaction of a medium to twinning can be
+obtained by means of averaging $g_{kl}$.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\fakefignlabel{1a,b}{fig1}
+\centering\leavevmode\includegraphics{sw059f1.ps}
+\caption{Dependence of free energy on parameter of
+martensitic transformation: ${\bf a}$ before and after transformation
+(curves 1 and 2, respectively) and parameter of
+twinning; ${\bf b}$ for various levels of stress}
+\end{figure}
+
+An analysis of the system's thermodynamic potential is a prerequisite
+for the elaboration of macroscopic constitutive equations. Statistical
+thermodynamics was used for the study of characteristic features of the
+free energy change under martensitic transformation (\cite[1990]{ref21};
+\cite{ref23} and twinning (\cite{ref20}). A dependence of the free
+energy on macroscopic parameters, characterising the extent of
+martensitic transformation and of twinning are shown in
+Fig.\,\ref{fig1}. A number, position, and depth of energy minima
+corresponding to stable states of the system are determined by levels of
+temperature and acting force.
+
+Macroscopic equations describing the interaction of\break
+plastic deformation and
+structural changes can be obtained in terms of the thermodynamics of
+irreversible processes. A dissipative function has the following form:
+%
+\begin{equation}
+TP_{s} = \sigma_{ik} e_{ik}^{\mathrm{p}}
+- {{\partial F} \over {\partial s_{ik}}}
+{{\partial s_{ik}} \over {\partial t}}
+- {{\partial F} \over {\partial d_{ik}}}
+{{\partial d_{ik}} \over {\partial t}} \ge 0,
+\label{eq:1}
+\end{equation}
+%
+where $T$ is the temperature; $P_{s}$ is an entropy production,
+which is positive for
+irreversible processes and equal to zero for stable states according to
+the second law of thermodynamics; $\sigma_{ik}$
+is a macroscopic stress tensor;
+$e_{ik}^{\mathrm{p}} = e_{ik} - e_{ik}^{\mathrm{e}}$
+is an irreversible part of a strain rate tensor (indices e and p are
+used for elastic and plastic parts, respectively);
+$F$ is the free energy,
+${ {\partial F} \over {\partial s_{ik} } },
+{ {\partial F} \over {\partial d_{ik} } },$
+are thermodynamic forces, acting on the system, when the values of
+respective parameters differ from equilibrium values.
+Macroscopic constitutive equations can be derived from the dissipative
+function in approximations of local equilibrium and direct proportionality
+of the thermodynamic forces and fluxes:
+\begin{eqnarray}
+\sigma_{ik}&=&L_{iklm}^{11} e_{lm}^{\mathrm{p}}
+- L_{iklm}^{12} \dot{s}_{lm}
+- L_{iklm}^{13} \dot{d}_{lm} ,\nonumber\\
+%
+{ {\partial F} \over {\partial s_{ik} } }&=&
+L_{iklm}^{21} e_{lm}^{\mathrm{p}}
+- L_{iklm}^{22} \dot{s}_{lm}
+- L_{iklm}^{23} \dot{d}_{lm} ,\nonumber\\
+%
+{ {\partial F} \over {\partial d_{ik} } }&=&
+L_{iklm}^{31} e_{lm}^{\mathrm{p}}
+- L_{iklm}^{32} \dot{s}_{lm}
+- L_{iklm}^{33} \dot{d}_{lm} ,
+\label{eq:2}
+\end{eqnarray}
+%
+where $L_{iklm}^{rq}$ are kinetic coefficients, the
+matrix of which (in respect to $r$ and $q$)
+is symmetric and positively determined due to the Onsager reciprocal
+relations. The dot over parameters means time differentiating.
+
+
+The system of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:2}) contains a relaxation equation for
+stresses
+and two kinetic equations for parameters of martensitic transformation and
+twinning. Thus, the changes in the stress state and spatio-temporal
+evolution of structural changes can be studied for arbitrary loading
+conditions in terms of boundary value problems. The analysis of metal
+behaviour under quasi-static loading has shown
+(\cite[1990]{ref21}; \cite{ref20,ref23}) that the system (\ref{eq:2})
+describes the main properties of structural transformations:
+deformation hysteresis of MT and its shift along the temperature axis under
+the load change, polar character of twinning realisation, etc.
+
+Considering an additive character of contributions\break from
+transformations, the full free energy of the system can be written as
+%
+\begin{equation}
+F = F_{0} + F_{1} + F_{2},
+\end{equation}
+%
+where $F_{0}$ is a part of the free energy that does not depend on the
+structural variables and, thus, it does not influence the form of the state
+laws in (\ref{eq:1}); $F_{1}$ and $F_{2}$ are free energy parts
+correlated, respectively, to martensitic transformation and twinning.
+
+A dependence of the free energy on the structural parameters, obtained in
+statistical thermodynamics analysis shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig1}, can be
+approximated
+by polynomials of respective parameters. For the uniaxial case studied
+in this paper, these approximations can be written in the following form:
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{rl}
+F_{1}={}&\displaystyle \frac{A_{1}}{2} s^{2}
++ \frac{B_{1}}{3} s^{3}
++ \frac{C_{1}}{4} s^{4}\\[2mm]
+&- \Big (D_{1} \sigma - M \big (T - T_{p} \big) \Big) s,
+\end{array}
+\end{equation}
+\begin{equation}
+F_{2} = {{A_{2}} \over 2} d^{2} + {{B_{2}} \over 3} d^{3}
++ {{C_{2}} \over 4} d^{4} - D_{2} \sigma d,
+\end{equation}
+where $A_{i}, B_{i}, C_{i}, D_{i}, M > 0$,
+$(i = 1,2)$ are material parameters, which are functions of
+temperature and mechanical structural parameters in a common case;
+$T_{p}$ is the transformation temperature.
+
+\section{Experimental study and formulation\\%ill\break
+of the problem}
+Characteristic features of threshold phenomena localisation,
+as was shown by \cite{ref2}, are mostly distinct for a pulse
+duration less than 30 ns. The mono-pulse laser action can be considered
+as a surface one and the radiation--material interaction is then
+accounted
+for by a simulation of the pressure change on the frontal surface of
+the target (\cite{ref6}).
+
+\begin{figure}
+\fakefignlabel{2a--c}{fig2}
+\centering\leavevmode\includegraphics{sw059f2.ps}
+\caption{Evolution of shock wave profile:
+${\bf a}$, kinetics of martensitic transformation;
+${\bf b}$ and of twinning; and ${\bf c}$.
+Pulse duration 23 ns; time: 1, 20 ns, 2, 40 ns, 3, 60 ns}
+\end{figure}
+
+Respective experimental methods are described in detail by
+\cite{ref2}, Merzhievskii and Titov
+(1987), and Burdonskii et al. (1984).
+Two lasers were used for shock wave generation in metals.
+Their characteristics are: pulse energy $E_{i}$ up
+to 60 J and up to 100 J with a pulse duration $t_{i}$
+of 23 ns and 3 ns, respectively.
+The pulses had a triangular form with a uniform energy distribution over
+a focus point. These experiments were carried out in a vacuum camera
+at a
+residual pressure of 1 Pa. The specimens were radiated under an angle
+$\alpha = 30^{\circ}$ between a laser pulse direction
+and a perpendicular to the target surface
+in order to exclude a re-refraction from the target upon the optical
+system.
+
+High pressure, a short pulse duration, and a small square of a loaded
+region complicate a direct measurement of the shock wave amplitude in
+the studied case. Thus, an experimental data treatment is used together
+with the numerical modelling (\cite{ref12,ref8}) for the pressure
+estimation in SW. The pulse amplitude, $P_{m}$, can be approximated by
+the following relation:
+\begin{equation}
+P_{m} = kq^{n},
+\label{eq:6}
+\end{equation}
+where $n = 0.4$--0.8, and $k$ is an empirical coefficient.
+The values of parameters $n$ and $k$
+depend upon the radiation intensity.
+In the case under study the intensity equals
+2 $\times$ 10$^{12}$ W/cm$^{2}$ for a pulse duration
+of 23 ns and 5 $\times$ 10$^{12}$ W/cm$^{2}$ for 3 ns.
+The data from Eliezer et al. (1990), with
+$k = 1.3 \times 10^{-5}$, $n = 0.4$,
+suit such intensity values best.
+Then calculations based on (\ref{eq:6}) give $P_{m}$ = 80 GPa for 23 ns
+and $P_{m}$ = 160 GPa
+for 3 ns.
+
+Plates of Armco-iron of width $l = 500$~$\mu$m
+were used in the described experiments.
+The specimens were obtained by means of powder metallurgy
+with subsequent annealing at $T = 900 ^{\circ}$C
+and air-cooling.
+The final size of grains in plates was approximately $100~\mu$m.
+After radiation, the specimens were separated along the direction of
+the shock wave propagation and a metallographic analysis was
+carried out.
+Structural changes were also studied using microhardness tests at different
+points of target section.
+
+For numerical simulations of threshold phenomena in shock waves
+generated by the laser pulse radiation of the Armco-iron plate the
+system (\ref{eq:2}) was used together with the pulse conservation law.
+With the plate width being sufficiently less than the two other
+dimensions, a uniaxial analysis (along the width of the plate) can be
+utilised for the investigation of characteristic features of the
+shock-wave evolution and the kinetics of structural changes. A
+dimensionless form of these equations is
+\[
+{ {\partial v^{*}} \over {\partial t^{*}} } = {1 \over {\rho}}
+{ {\partial \sigma^{*}} \over {\partial \xi} },\]
+\[
+{ {\partial \sigma^{*}} \over {\partial t}^{*} } =
+\kappa { {\partial v ^{*}} \over {\partial \xi} } -
+{1 \over {\tau}} {\sigma}^{*} -
+{\gamma_{1}} { {\partial s} \over {\partial t}^{*} } -
+{\gamma _{2}} { {\partial d} \over {\partial t}^{*} },\]
+\[
+{ {\partial s} \over {\partial t}^{*} } =
+- {1 \over {\tau}_{s}} { {\partial F _{1}} \over {\partial s}
+},\]
+\begin{equation}
+{ {\partial d} \over {\partial t}^{*} } =
+- {1 \over {\tau}_{d}} { {\partial F _{2}} \over {\partial d} },
+\end{equation}
+
+\noindent
+where $v^{*} = {{t_{1}} \over l} v_{z}$;
+$t^{*} = {t \over t_{i}}$;
+$\sigma^{*} = {{\sigma_{zz}} \over G}$;
+$G = {E \over {2(1+{\mu})}}$;
+${\xi} = {z \over l}$;
+${\kappa} = { {2} \over {3(2-m)}}$;
+$m = { {3K} \over {3K+2G}}$;
+$K = {E \over {1-2{\mu}}}$;
+${\tau}_{s} = {{L^{22}} \over {t_{i}}}$;
+${\tau}_{d} = {{L^{33}} \over {t_{i}}}$;
+
+\noindent
+${\gamma}_{1} = {{L^{13} L^{22} G} \over
+{L^{11} L^{22} L^{33} - L^{22} {(L^{13})^{2}} - L^{33} {(L^{12})^{2}}}}$;
+
+\noindent
+${\gamma}_{2} = {{L^{12} L^{33} G} \over
+{L^{11} L^{22} L^{33} - L^{22} {(L^{13})^{2}} - L^{33} {(L^{12})^{2}} }}$.
+
+\noindent
+Here $v_{z}$ is a rate vector component; ${\rho}$ is the material
+density;
+$z, {\xi}$ are normal and dimensionless co-ordinates;
+${\tau}$ is the Maxwell relaxation time; $E$, Young's modulus;
+${\mu}$, Poisson coefficient; $L^{ij}$ ( $i,j$ = 1,2,3)
+are scalar parameters -- the first terms of expansion of kinetic
+coefficients $L_{klmn}^{ij}$
+with respect to structural parameters (\cite{ref3}).
+Considering the independence of MT and twinning processes
+and accounting for the difference in characteristic times of relaxation
+and structural transformation, one can assume $L^{ij}$
+$(i >1, i {\not=} j) {\rightarrow} 0$.
+
+Then, the boundary conditions are:
+\[
+{\upsilon}^{*} (1, t) = 0,
+\]
+\begin{equation}
+{\sigma}^* = \left\{\begin{array}{l}
+2 \tilde {\sigma}_{\mathrm{a}}t^{*},\\[2pt]
+2 \tilde {\sigma}_{\mathrm{a}}^{*}{(1-t^{*})},\\[2pt]
+0
+\end{array}\right.\qquad
+\begin{array}{rcl}
+t^{*}&\leq&1/2,\\[2pt]
+1/2&<&t^{*} \leq 1,\\[2pt]
+t^{*}&>&1,
+\end{array}
+\label{eq:8}
+\end{equation}
+%
+where $\tilde\sigma_{\mathrm{a}}$ is the dimensionless pulse
+amplitude. Initial conditions have the following form:
+\begin{equation}
+s({\xi},0) = 1, \upsilon({\xi},0) = \sigma^{*}({\xi},0) = d({\xi},0) = 0.
+\label{eq:9}
+\end{equation}
+
+Boundary conditions (\ref{eq:8}) correspond to the case of the triangle
+stress
+pulse action on the frontal target surface and the wave reflection
+from the free (rear) surface. The conditions in (\ref{eq:9}) characterise
+a material's initial state, the martensite phase with the absence of
+twins. The numerical simulation was carried out for the interval of
+a pulse duration from 3--30 ns and $\sigma_{\mathrm{a}}$ = 80 and
+160 GPa.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering\leavevmode\includegraphics{sw059f3.ps}
+\caption{Evolution of pulse amplitude (pulse duration:
+1, 3 ns, 2, 23 ns)}\label{fig3}
+\end{figure}
+
+\section{Discussion}
+Numerical analysis allows us to analyse the peculiarities of the
+shock wave
+propagation and the change of its configuration. The interaction of
+processes of structural changes and wave propagation results
+in the specificity of the threshold phenomena localisation for
+a given interval of pulse duration and values of SW amplitude.
+
+The calculated SW configuration and structural transformation kinetics
+are shown in Fig.\,\ref{fig2} for $t_{i}$ = 23 ns.
+Exceeding the critical stress
+threshold results in the initiation of
+the $\alpha \rightarrow \varepsilon$ transformation.
+It causes the step formation on the loading front. Such two-wave configuration
+is characteristic for I-type phase transitions. The reverse
+$\varepsilon \rightarrow \alpha$ transformation
+in the unloading begins under the lower stress level because of
+the hysteresis in martensitic transformation. Thus, the shorter step
+is being formed on the rear front of the shock wave (Fig.\,\ref{fig2}).
+The SW propagation is accompanied by a sharp decrease in its amplitude
+(Fig.\,\ref{fig3} presents corresponding results of numerical
+simulation)
+and an increase in the distance between the loading and unloading fronts
+because of the relaxation. These two processes determine specific features
+of the initiation of structural transformations and their localisation.
+The shock wave propagation is accompanied by the shift of the zone of
+the reversible MT (Fig.\,\ref{fig2}b). The width of this zone grows with
+the increase in the distance from the microcrater in connection with
+the change of the SW configuration. Results of numerical simulation
+correlate to experimental data obtained by the microhardness measurements
+in different points of the specimen. A decrease in the wave amplitude to
+a stress value less than the critical one results in the formation of a
+localised finite zone of reversible
+$\alpha \leftrightarrow \varepsilon$
+transformation. A sharp drop in the shock wave
+amplitude in the case of the 3-ns pulse makes the initiation of the
+$\alpha \rightarrow \varepsilon$
+transformation impossible and is the reason for the absence of the MT
+zone in the specimens loaded with such a short pulse.
+
+A twin formation process is characterised by the sufficiently lower level
+of threshold stress. Thus, it occurs in all intervals of pulse duration
+and the localisation zone of twinning is wider, compared with
+MT (Fig.\,\ref{fig2}c). An insufficient decrease in the twinning
+parameter with
+the wave propagation is due to the so-called elastic twinning --
+a partial reversibility of the twinning process. The width of the zone
+with twins is determined at the moment when the decreasing wave
+amplitude becomes less than the critical stress necessary for twin formation.
+The observed absence of twins near the bottom of the microcrater
+for the case $t_{i}$ = 3 ns is linked with the small width of the SW
+at the initial stage of its propagation and, consequently,
+with an insufficiet action time of the stress,
+which is higher than the critical one, in this region. The
+irreversibility
+of the twinning allows the direct measurement of the twin length.
+A comparison between the twin-length change, obtained from experimental
+observations, and the calculated value of $t_{\mathrm{t}}$, the total
+time,
+when the wave amplitude in the given point is larger than the critical
+twinning stress, is given in Fig.\,\ref{fig4}. The similarity of the two
+curves
+proves
+a direct effect of the action time of overcritical load on twinning.
+
+\begin{figure}
+\centering\leavevmode\includegraphics{sw059f4.ps}
+\caption{Effective time of twinning $t_{\mathrm{t}}$ (1) and twin length (2)}
+\label{fig4}
+\end{figure}
+
+Thus, the proposed model allows the evolution of the shock wave
+(generated by the nanosecond laser pulse) and its interaction with
+structural transformations (MT and twinning) to be analysed.
+The initiation of the structural changes is caused by the overcoming of
+the threshold stress value in the loading front, and their localisation
+is linked with a rapid decay of the wave amplitude during its propagation.
+The structural transformations, in turn, change the shock wave
+configuration and result in the division of the loading and
+unloading fronts into sections, the height of the dividing point being
+correlated to the critical values of stress.
+
+\begin{acknowledgement}
+Two of the authors (VVS and IVS) gratefully
+acknowledge Prof. O.B. Naimark, Dr. V.V. Belyaev and L.V.Filimonova
+for fruitful discussions.
+\end{acknowledgement}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{88.}
+\bibitem[Averin et al. 1990]{ref1}
+Averin VI, Gromov VI, Erofeev MV, Kalin AA, Kuznetsov MS, Moiseev VA,
+Ostafitchuk VP, Pitchurin EP (1990) Threshold Phenomena and Modification
+of Structure of Al Under Laser Impulse Action.
+Moscow Institute for Physical Engineering, Moscow (in Russian)
+\bibitem[Averin et al. (1991)]{ref2}
+Averin VI, Gromov VI, Erofeev MV, Kalin AA, Kuznetsov MS, Moiseev VA,
+Ostafitchuk VP, Pitchurin EP (1991) Threshold phenomena and modification
+of metal structure and properties under the action of nanosecond
+laser pulses. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R.,
+55:1409--1413
+\bibitem[Belyaev et al. 1989]{ref3}
+Belyaev VV, Silberschmidt VV, Naimark OB, Filimonova LV (1989)
+Kinetics of polymorphic transformations in metals under high pressure.
+In: Detonation Proc 9th All -- Union Symposium on Combustion and Explosion,
+Tchernogolovka, pp 66--69, 153--154 (in Russian)
+\bibitem[Burdonskii et al. 1984]{ref4}
+Burdonskii IN, Gromov BI, Erofeev MV, Zhuhukalo EV, Kalin AA,
+Nikolaevskii VG (1984) Spallation of austenite steel under loading
+by single laser pulses. Soviet Tech Phys Lett 10:121--126
+\bibitem[Clauer et al. 1981]{ref5}
+Clauer AX, Holbrook JH, Fairand BP (1981) Effects of laser induced
+shock waves on metals. In: Meyers MA, Murr LE (eds) Shock Waves and
+High-Strain-Rate Phenomena in Metals, Plenum Press, pp 675--702
+\bibitem[Cottet and Boustie 1989]{ref6}
+Cottet F, Boustie M (1989) Spallation studies in aluminium targets
+using shock waves induced by laser irradiation at various pulse durations.
+J Appl Phys 66:4067--4073
+\bibitem[Cottet et al. 1988]{ref7}
+Cottet F, Marty L, Hallouin M, Romain JP, Virmon J et al. (1988)
+Two-dimensional study of shock breakout at the rear face of laser-irradiated
+metallic targets. J Appl Phys 64: 4474--4477
+\bibitem[Cottet and Romain 1982]{ref8}
+Cottet F, Romain JP (1982) Formation and decay of laser-generated
+shock waves. Phys Rev A 25:576--579
+\newpage
+\bibitem[Cottet and Romain, 1984a]{ref9}
+Cottet F, Romain JP (1984a) Measurement of laser shock pressure and
+estimate of energy lost at 1.05$\,\mu$m wavelength. J Appl Phys
+55:4125--4127
+\bibitem[Cottet and Romain, 1984b]{ref10}
+Cottet F, Romain JP (1984b) Ultrahigh-pressure laser-driven shock-wave
+experiments at 0.26$\,\mu$m wavelength. Phys Rev Lett 52:1884--1886
+\bibitem[Eliezer et al. 1990]{ref11}
+Eliezer S, Gilath I, Bar-Noy T (1990) Laser-induced spall in metals
+Experiments and simulation. J Appl Phys 67:715--724
+\bibitem[Gromov et al. 1990]{ref12}
+Gromov BI, Erofeev MV, Kalin AA, Moiseev VA (1990) Evolution of nanosecond
+shock waves and the pulse transition time in Armco-iron.
+Soviet Tech Phys Lett 16:391--396
+\bibitem[Koneva and Kozlov 1991]{ref13}
+Koneva NA, Kozlov EV (1990) Physical nature of stages in plastic
+deformation. Soviet Phys J 33:165--173
+\bibitem[Merzhievskii and Titov 1987]{ref14}
+Merzhievskii LA, Titov VM (1987) High-velocity impact. Fizika Goreniia
+i Vzryva 23:92--106
+\bibitem[Meyers et al. 1980]{ref15}
+Meyers MA, Kestenbach H-J, Soares CAO (1980) The effects of temperature
+and pulse duration on the shock-loading response of nickel.
+Mater Sci Engng 45:143--154
+\bibitem[Naimark and Belyaev 1989]{ref16}
+Naimark OB, Belyaev VV (1989) A study of the effect of microcracks on
+fracture kinetics and shock wave structure in metals.
+Probl Prochn 7:26--32 (in Russian)
+\bibitem[Pogrebnjak et al. 1989]{ref17}
+Pogrebnjak AD, Remnev GE, Kurakin IB, Ligachev AE (1989) Structural,
+physical and chemical changes induced in metals and alloys exposed
+to high power ion beams. Nucl Instr \& Meth Phys Res B 36:286--305
+\bibitem[Povalyaev et al. 1990]{ref18}
+Povalyaev AN, Nazarov YK, Pogrebnyak (1991) Phase transitions
+in metals exposed to high power ion beams (HPB). In: Karpuzov DS,
+Katardjiev IV, Todorov SS (eds) Ion Implantation and Ion beam Equipment,
+World Scientific pp 418--424
+\bibitem{ref19}
+Romain JP, Hallodin M, Gerland M, Cottet F, Marty L (1988)
+$\alpha \to \varepsilon$ phase transition in iron induced by laser
+generated shock waves.
+In: Schmidt SC, Holmes NC (eds) Shock Waves in Condensed Matter 1987,
+Elsevier Science Publishers BV pp 787--790
+\bibitem[Silberschmidt 1992]{ref20}
+Silberschmidt VV (1992) On statistical thermodynamics of deformation
+twinning. Cont Mech Thermodyn 4:269--277
+\bibitem[Silberschmidt et al. 1989]{ref21}
+Silberschmidt VV, Naimark OB, Filimonova LV (1989) Thermodynamics and
+Structure Modelling of Martensitic Transformations, Sverdlovsk (in Russian)
+\bibitem[Silberschmidt et al. 1990]{ref22}
+Silberschmidt VV, Naimark OB, Filimonova LV (1990) Statistical
+thermodynamics and constitutive equations of metals under martensitic
+transformations. Phys Met Metallogr 69:32--38
+\bibitem[Silberschmidt and Tanaka 1993]{ref23}
+Silberschmidt VV, Tanaka K (1993) Statistical thermodynamics and
+constitutive equations of martensitic transformations.
+Memoirs of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, 7:95--114
+\end{thebibliography}
+\end{document}
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/read.me b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/read.me
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d4a4b5a4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/read.me
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+% read.me
+% LaTeX class for Shock Waves
+% read-me file
+% (c) Springer-Verlag HD
+%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+%
+
+This directory contains the LaTeX2e support for Shock Waves
+
+For a quick entry to the Shock Waves-formatting and if you are
+already familiar with the SVJour class you need only the three files:
+svjour.cls, svsw.clo, and template.tex.
+
+The following files are part of the macro package
+
+ read.me This file
+ svjour.cls The document class file for Springer journals
+ usrguide.* User's Guide (dvi, pdf, ps [to be found in psoutput.zip])
+ svsw.clo The class option file for Shock Waves
+ swguide.* User's Guide (tex, dvi, ps [to be found in psoutput.zip])
+ template.tex A fill-in-form for a standard article with usage comments
+ psoutput.zip PS files of the above mentioned DVIs,
+ compressed due to their size. The file example.ps
+ contains a ready to print version that can be produced
+ at the publisher only, when page numbers are fixed
+
+ subdirectory: example (contains all data of a sample article)
+
+ example.* Example of an article (tex, dvi, ps [in psoutput.zip])
+ figures.zip PS files needed by the sample file
+
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svjour.cls b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svjour.cls
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79d1402952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svjour.cls
@@ -0,0 +1,1236 @@
+% SVJour DOCUMENT CLASS -- version 1.8 for LaTeX2e
+%
+% LaTeX document class for Springer journals
+%
+%%
+%%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+\ProvidesClass{svjour}[1999/09/14
+^^JLaTeX document class for Springer journals - version 1.8]
+\newcommand\@ptsize{}
+\newif\if@restonecol
+\newif\if@titlepage
+\@titlepagefalse
+\DeclareOption{a4paper}
+ {\setlength\paperheight {297mm}%
+ \setlength\paperwidth {210mm}}
+\DeclareOption{10pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{0}}
+\DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue \@mparswitchtrue}
+\DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
+\DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
+\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\@twocolumntrue}
+\DeclareOption{fleqn}{\input{fleqn.clo}\AtEndOfClass{\mathindent\z@}}
+\let\if@mathematic\iftrue
+\let\if@numbook\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{numbook}{\let\if@envcntsect\iftrue
+ \AtEndOfPackage{%
+ \renewcommand\thefigure{\thesection.\@arabic\c@figure}%
+ \renewcommand\thetable{\thesection.\@arabic\c@table}%
+ \renewcommand\theequation{\thesection.\@arabic\c@equation}%
+ \@addtoreset{figure}{section}%
+ \@addtoreset{table}{section}%
+ \@addtoreset{equation}{section}%
+ }%
+}
+\DeclareOption{openbib}{%
+ \AtEndOfPackage{%
+ \renewcommand\@openbib@code{%
+ \advance\leftmargin\bibindent
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \listparindent \itemindent
+ \parsep \z@
+ }%
+ \renewcommand\newblock{\par}}%
+}
+%
+\let\if@runhead\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{runningheads}{\let\if@runhead\iftrue}
+\let\if@smartrunh\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{smartrunhead}{\let\if@smartrunh\iftrue}
+\DeclareOption{nosmartrunhead}{\let\if@smartrunh\iffalse}
+\let\if@envcntreset\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{envcountreset}{\let\if@envcntreset\iftrue}
+\let\if@envcntsame\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{envcountsame}{\let\if@envcntsame\iftrue}
+\let\if@envcntsect\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{envcountsect}{\let\if@envcntsect\iftrue}
+\let\if@referee\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{referee}{\let\if@referee\iftrue}
+\def\makereferee{\def\baselinestretch{2}}
+\let\if@instindent\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{instindent}{\let\if@instindent\iftrue}
+\let\if@smartand\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{smartand}{\let\if@smartand\iftrue}
+\let\if@spthms\iftrue
+\DeclareOption{nospthms}{\let\if@spthms\iffalse}
+\let\switch@texts\relax
+\DeclareOption{deutsch}{\def\switch@texts{\ds@deutsch}}
+\DeclareOption{francais}{\def\switch@texts{\ds@francais}}
+%
+\let\journalopt\@empty
+\DeclareOption*{\InputIfFileExists{sv\CurrentOption.clo}{%
+\let\journalopt\CurrentOption}{%
+\ClassWarning{Springer-SVJour}{Specified option or subpackage
+"\CurrentOption" not found -}\OptionNotUsed}}
+\ExecuteOptions{a4paper,twoside,10pt,instindent}
+\ProcessOptions
+\ifx\journalopt\@empty
+\ClassError{Springer-SVJour}{No valid journal specified in option list}{}
+\expandafter\stop
+\fi
+%
+\if@smartrunh\AtEndDocument{\islastpageeven\getlastpagenumber}\fi
+%
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Gamma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"00}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Delta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"01}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Theta}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"02}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Lambda}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"03}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Xi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"04}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Pi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"05}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Sigma}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"06}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Upsilon}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"07}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Phi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"08}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Psi}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"09}
+\DeclareMathSymbol{\Omega}{\mathalpha}{letters}{"0A}
+%
+\setlength\parindent{15\p@}
+\setlength\smallskipamount{3\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
+\setlength\medskipamount{6\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\bigskipamount{12\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\headheight{12\p@}
+\setlength\headsep {16.74dd}
+\setlength\topskip {10\p@}
+\setlength\footskip{30\p@}
+\setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip}
+%
+\@settopoint\textwidth
+\setlength\marginparsep {10\p@}
+\setlength\marginparpush{5\p@}
+\setlength\topmargin{-10pt}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \setlength\oddsidemargin {-30\p@}
+ \setlength\evensidemargin{-30\p@}
+\else
+ \setlength\oddsidemargin {\z@}
+ \setlength\evensidemargin{\z@}
+\fi
+\setlength\marginparwidth {48\p@}
+\setlength\footnotesep{8\p@}
+\setlength{\skip\footins}{9\p@ \@plus 4\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\floatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\textfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\intextsep {20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\dblfloatsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{20\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\@fptop{0\p@}
+\setlength\@fpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@}
+\setlength\@dblfpsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil}
+\setlength\partopsep{2\p@ \@plus 1\p@ \@minus 1\p@}
+\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parsep \z@
+ \topsep 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+ \itemsep\parsep}
+\let\@listI\@listi
+\@listi
+\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep \z@
+ \parsep \topsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiii
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep
+ \topsep \z@
+ \parsep \topsep
+ \itemsep \parsep}
+\def\@listiv {\leftmargin\leftmarginiv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginiv
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+\def\@listv {\leftmargin\leftmarginv
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginv
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+\def\@listvi {\leftmargin\leftmarginvi
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginvi
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep}
+%
+\setlength\lineskip{1\p@}
+\setlength\normallineskip{1\p@}
+\renewcommand\baselinestretch{}
+\setlength\parskip{0\p@ \@plus \p@}
+\@lowpenalty 51
+\@medpenalty 151
+\@highpenalty 301
+\setcounter{topnumber}{4}
+\renewcommand\topfraction{.9}
+\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2}
+\renewcommand\bottomfraction{.7}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{6}
+\renewcommand\textfraction{.1}
+\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.85}
+\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{3}
+\renewcommand\dbltopfraction{.85}
+\renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.85}
+\def\ps@headings{%
+ \let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
+ \def\@evenhead{\small\rlap{\thepage}\hfil\leftmark\unskip}%
+ \def\@oddhead{\small\rightmark\hfil\llap{\thepage}}%
+ \let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
+ \let\sectionmark\@gobble
+ \let\subsectionmark\@gobble
+ }
+% make indentations changeable
+\def\setitemindent#1{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}%
+ \leftmargini\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargini\labelsep
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth by -\labelsep
+ \parsep=\parskip
+ \topsep=\medskipamount
+ \itemsep=\parskip \advance\itemsep by -\parsep}}
+\def\setitemitemindent#1{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}%
+ \leftmarginii\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmarginii\labelsep
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth by -\labelsep
+ \parsep=\parskip
+ \topsep=\z@
+ \itemsep=\parskip \advance\itemsep by -\parsep}}
+% labels of description
+\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep #1\hfil}
+% adjusted environment "description"
+% if an optional parameter (at the first two levels of lists)
+% is present, its width is considered to be the widest mark
+% throughout the current list.
+\def\description{\@ifnextchar[{\@describe}{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@
+ \itemindent-\leftmargin \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}}
+\let\enddescription\endlist
+%
+\def\describelabel#1{#1\hfil}
+\def\@describe[#1]{\relax\ifnum\@listdepth=0
+\setitemindent{#1}\else\ifnum\@listdepth=1
+\setitemitemindent{#1}\fi\fi
+\list{--}{\let\makelabel\describelabel}}
+%
+\newdimen\logodepth
+\logodepth=2.2cm
+\newdimen\headerboxheight
+\headerboxheight=180pt % 18 10.5dd-lines - 2\baselineskip
+\newdimen\betweenumberspace % dimension for space between
+\betweenumberspace=3.33pt % number and text of titles.
+\newdimen\aftertext % dimension for space after
+\aftertext=5pt % text of title.
+\newdimen\headlineindent % dimension for space between
+\headlineindent=1.166cm % number and text of headings.
+\def\andname{and}
+\if@mathematic
+ \def\runinend{\enspace}
+ \def\floatcounterend{\enspace}
+ \def\sectcounterend{}
+\else
+ \def\runinend{.}
+ \def\floatcounterend{.\ }
+ \def\sectcounterend{.}
+\fi
+\def\keywordname{{\bfseries Key words\runinend}}
+\def\lastandname{, and}
+\def\mailname{{\itshape Correspondence to\/}:}
+\def\email#1{{e-mail: \tt#1}}
+\def\keywords#1{\par\addvspace\baselineskip\noindent\keywordname\enspace
+\ignorespaces#1}
+%
+\newcounter{inst}
+\newcounter{auth}
+\def\authdepth{2}
+\newdimen\instindent
+\newbox\authrun
+\newtoks\authorrunning
+\newbox\titrun
+\newtoks\titlerunning
+\def\authorfont{\bfseries}
+
+\def\combirunning#1{\gdef\@combi{#1}}
+\def\@combi{}
+\newbox\combirun
+%
+\def\ps@last{\def\@evenhead{\small\rlap{\thepage}\hfil
+\lastevenhead}}
+\newcounter{lastpage}
+\def\islastpageeven{\@ifundefined{lastpagenumber}
+{\setcounter{lastpage}{0}}{\setcounter{lastpage}{\lastpagenumber}}
+\ifnum\value{lastpage}>0
+ \ifodd\value{lastpage}%
+ \else
+ \if@smartrunh
+ \thispagestyle{last}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi}
+\def\getlastpagenumber{\clearpage
+\addtocounter{page}{-1}%
+ \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\gdef\string\lastpagenumber{\thepage}}%
+ \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\newlabel{LastPage}{{}{\thepage}}}%
+ \addtocounter{page}{1}}
+
+\def\journalname#1{\gdef\@journalname{#1}}
+
+\def\dedication#1{\gdef\@dedic{#1}}
+\def\@dedic{}
+
+\let\@date\undefined
+
+\def\institute#1{\gdef\@institute{#1}}
+
+\def\institutename{\par
+ \begingroup
+ \parindent=0pt
+ \parskip=0pt
+ \setcounter{inst}{1}%
+ \def\and{\par\stepcounter{inst}%
+ \if@instindent\hangindent\instindent\fi
+ \noindent
+ \hbox to\instindent{\hss\smash{$^{\theinst}$}\enspace}\ignorespaces}%
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\def\thanks##1{}\@institute}
+ \ifnum\value{inst}>9\relax\setbox0=\hbox{$^{88}$\enspace}%
+ \else\setbox0=\hbox{$^{8}$\enspace}\fi
+ \instindent=\wd0\relax
+ \ifnum\value{inst}=1\relax
+ \else
+ \setcounter{inst}{1}%
+ \if@instindent\hangindent\instindent\fi
+ \noindent
+ \hbox to\instindent{\hss\smash{$^{\theinst}$}\enspace}\ignorespaces
+ \fi
+ \small
+ \ignorespaces
+ \@institute\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+\def\offprints#1{\begingroup
+\def\protect{\noexpand\protect\noexpand}\xdef\@thanks{\@thanks
+\protect\footnotetext[0]{\unskip\hskip-15pt{\itshape Send offprint requests
+to\/}: \ignorespaces#1}}\endgroup\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\mail#1{\gdef\@mail{#1}}
+\def\@mail{}
+
+\def\@thanks{}
+
+\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ifcase#1\or\star\or{\star\star}\or{\star\star\star}%
+ \or \dagger\or \ddagger\or
+ \mathchar "278\or \mathchar "27B\or \|\or **\or \dagger\dagger
+ \or \ddagger\ddagger \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax}
+
+\def\inst#1{\unskip$^{#1}$}
+\def\fnmsep{\unskip$^,$}
+
+\def\subtitle#1{\gdef\@subtitle{#1}}
+\def\@subtitle{}
+
+\def\headnote#1{\gdef\@headnote{#1}}
+\def\@headnote{}
+
+\def\ch@ckobl#1#2{\@ifundefined{@#1}
+ {\typeout{SVJour warning: Missing
+\expandafter\string\csname#1\endcsname}%
+ \csname #1\endcsname{#2}}
+ {}}
+%
+\def\ProcessRunnHead{%
+ \def\\{\unskip\ \ignorespaces}\def\inst##1{\unskip{}}%
+ \def\thanks##1{\unskip{}}\def\fnmsep{\unskip}%
+ \instindent=\textwidth
+ \advance\instindent by-\headlineindent
+ \if!\the\titlerunning!\else
+ \edef\@title{\the\titlerunning}%
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily\unboldmath\ignorespaces\@title
+ \unskip}%
+ \ifdim\wd\titrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{^^JSVJour Warning: Title too long for running head.}%
+ \typeout{Please supply a shorter form with \string\titlerunning
+ \space prior to \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily
+ Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@title{\copy\titrun}%
+%
+ \if!\the\authorrunning!
+ \else
+ \setcounter{auth}{1}%
+ \edef\@author{\the\authorrunning}%
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\value{auth}>\authdepth
+ \def\stripauthor##1\and##2\endauthor{%
+ \protected@xdef\@author{##1\unskip\unskip\if!##2!\else\ et al.\fi}}%
+ \expandafter\stripauthor\@author\and\endauthor
+ \else
+ \gdef\and{\unskip, \ignorespaces}%
+ {\def\and{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\and}%
+ \protected@xdef\@author{\@author}}
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily\unboldmath\ignorespaces
+ \@author\unskip}%
+ \ifdim\wd\authrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{^^JSVJour Warning: Author name(s) too long for running head.
+ ^^JPlease supply a shorter form with \string\authorrunning
+ \space prior to \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily Please give a shorter version
+ with: {\tt\string\authorrunning\space and
+ \string\titlerunning\space prior to \string\maketitle}}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@author{\copy\authrun}%
+ \markboth{\@author}{\@title}%
+}
+%
+\def\maketitle{\par
+\ch@ckobl{journalname}{Noname}
+\ch@ckobl{date}{The date of receipt and acceptance will be inserted by
+the editor}
+\ch@ckobl{title}{A title should be given}
+\ch@ckobl{author}{Name(s) and initial(s) of author(s) should be given}
+\ch@ckobl{institute}{Address(es) of author(s) should be given}
+\begingroup
+%
+ \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}%
+ \def\@makefnmark{$^{\@thefnmark}$}%
+%
+ \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{inst}=2\relax
+ \unskip{} \andname\
+ \else
+ \unskip, \andname\
+ \fi}%
+ \def\and{\stepcounter{auth}\relax
+ \if@smartand
+ \ifnum\value{auth}=\value{inst}%
+ \lastand
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi}%
+ \ifnum \col@number=\@ne
+ \@maketitle
+ \else
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
+ \fi
+ \thispagestyle{empty}
+ \global\@topnum\z@
+ \@thanks
+ \if!\@mail!\else
+ \footnotetext[0]{\kern-\bibindent\mailname\
+ \ignorespaces\@mail}%
+ \fi
+%
+ \if@runhead
+ \ProcessRunnHead
+ \if@smartrunh
+ \instindent=\textwidth
+ \advance\instindent by-\headlineindent
+ \if!\@combi!%
+ \global\setbox\combirun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily\unboldmath\ignorespaces
+ \@author\unskip: \@title\unskip}%
+ \def\@tempa{Automatically generated running head}%
+ \else
+ \global\setbox\combirun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily\unboldmath\ignorespaces
+ \@combi\unskip}%
+ \def\@tempa{With \string\combirunning\space supplied running head}%
+ \fi
+ \ifdim\wd\combirun>\instindent
+ \typeout{^^JSVJour Warning: \@tempa}%
+ \typeout{for a possible last even numbered page is too long.}%
+ \typeout{Please supply a shorter form with \string\combirunning
+ \space prior to \string\maketitle.}%
+ \global\setbox\combirun=\hbox{\small\rmfamily
+ Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length --
+ supply \ttfamily\char92combirunning}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\lastevenhead{\copy\combirun}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+%
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}
+ \global\let\thanks\relax
+ \global\let\maketitle\relax
+ \global\let\@maketitle\relax
+ \global\let\@thanks\@empty
+ \global\let\@author\@empty
+ \global\let\@date\@empty
+ \global\let\@title\@empty
+ \global\let\@subtitle\@empty
+ \global\let\title\relax
+ \global\let\author\relax
+ \global\let\date\relax
+ \global\let\and\relax}
+
+\def\makeheadbox{{%
+\hbox to0pt{\vbox{\baselineskip=10dd\hrule\hbox
+to\hsize{\vrule\kern3pt\vbox{\kern3pt
+\hbox{\bfseries\@journalname\ manuscript No.}
+\hbox{(will be inserted by the editor)}
+\kern3pt}\hfil\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}%
+\hss}}}
+
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+ \normalfont
+ \vbox to0pt{\vskip-40pt
+ \nointerlineskip
+ \makeheadbox\vss}\nointerlineskip
+ \setbox\authrun=\vbox\bgroup
+ {\Large \bfseries\boldmath
+ \hrule\@height\logodepth\@width\z@
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 4cm
+ \if!\@headnote!\else
+ \noindent
+ {\normalfont\em\ignorespaces\@headnote\par}\vskip 3.5mm
+ \fi
+ \noindent\ignorespaces
+ \@title \par}\vskip 11.24pt\relax
+ \if!\@subtitle!\else
+ {\large\bfseries\boldmath
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 3cm
+ \noindent\ignorespaces\@subtitle \par}\vskip 11.24pt
+ \fi
+ \normalfont\authorfont
+ \lineskip .5em
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\setcounter{auth}{1}\def\and{\stepcounter{auth} }%
+ \hfuzz=2\textwidth\def\thanks##1{}\@author}%
+ \value{inst}=\value{auth}%
+ \setcounter{auth}{1}%
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 2cm
+ \noindent\ignorespaces\@author\vskip7.23pt
+ \rightskip=0pt\relax
+ \normalfont\small\rmfamily
+ \institutename
+ \vskip 12.85pt \noindent\@date
+ \if!\@dedic!\else
+ \par
+ \small\itshape
+ \addvspace\baselineskip
+ \noindent\@dedic
+ \fi
+ \egroup % end of header box
+ \@tempdima=\headerboxheight
+ \advance\@tempdima by-\ht\authrun
+ \ifdim\@tempdima>0pt
+ \vrule width0pt height\@tempdima
+ \fi
+ \unvbox\authrun
+ \global\@minipagetrue
+ \global\everypar{\global\@minipagefalse\global\everypar{}}
+ \vskip22.47pt
+}
+%
+\if@mathematic
+ \def\vec#1{\ensuremath{\mathchoice
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\mathbf{#1}$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\mathbf{#1}$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\mathbf{#1}$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\mathbf{#1}$}}}}
+\else
+ \def\vec#1{\ensuremath{\mathchoice
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle#1$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle#1$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle#1$}}
+ {\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle#1$}}}}
+\fi
+%
+\def\tens#1{\ensuremath{\mathsf{#1}}}
+%
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\newcounter {section}
+\newcounter {subsection}[section]
+\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
+\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
+\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
+\renewcommand\thesection {\@arabic\c@section}
+\renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\@arabic\c@subsection}
+\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\@arabic\c@subsubsection}
+\renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\@arabic\c@paragraph}
+\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\@arabic\c@subparagraph}
+%
+\def\@hangfrom#1{\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#1}%
+ \hangindent \z@\noindent\box\@tempboxa}
+
+\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname\sectcounterend
+\hskip\betweenumberspace}
+
+\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
+ \let\@svsec\@empty
+ \else
+ \refstepcounter{#1}%
+ \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}%
+ \fi
+ \@tempskipa #5\relax
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
+ \begingroup
+ #6{%
+ \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}%
+ \raggedright
+ \hyphenpenalty \@M%
+ \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}%
+ \endgroup
+ \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname\sectcounterend}%
+ \fi
+ #7}%
+ \else
+ \def\@svsechd{%
+ #6{\hskip #3\relax
+ \@svsec #8\hskip\aftertext}%
+ \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
+ \fi
+ #7}}%
+ \fi
+ \@xsect{#5}}
+
+%
+% measures and setting of sections
+%
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{10.5dd plus 4pt
+ minus4pt}{\normalsize\bfseries\boldmath}}
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{10.5dd plus 4pt
+ minus4pt}{\normalsize\itshape}}
+\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
+ {-13dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{-5.5pt}{\normalsize\itshape}}
+\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
+ {-13pt plus-4pt minus-4pt}{-5.5pt}{\normalsize\itshape}}
+
+\setlength\leftmargini {\parindent}
+\leftmargin \leftmargini
+\setlength\leftmarginii {\parindent}
+\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.87em}
+\setlength\leftmarginiv {1.7em}
+\setlength\leftmarginv {.5em}
+\setlength\leftmarginvi {.5em}
+\setlength \labelsep {.5em}
+\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini}
+\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep}
+\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
+\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty
+\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty
+\renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi}
+\renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii}
+\renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii}
+\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv}
+\newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi.}
+\newcommand\labelenumii{(\theenumii)}
+\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.}
+\newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.}
+\renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi}
+\renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
+\renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
+\newcommand\labelitemi{\normalfont\bfseries --}
+\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries --}
+\newcommand\labelitemiii{$\m@th\bullet$}
+\newcommand\labelitemiv{$\m@th\cdot$}
+
+\if@spthms
+% definition of the "\spnewtheorem" command.
+%
+% Usage:
+%
+% \spnewtheorem{env_nam}{caption}[within]{cap_font}{body_font}
+% or \spnewtheorem{env_nam}[numbered_like]{caption}{cap_font}{body_font}
+% or \spnewtheorem*{env_nam}{caption}{cap_font}{body_font}
+%
+% New is "cap_font" and "body_font". It stands for
+% fontdefinition of the caption and the text itself.
+%
+% "\spnewtheorem*" gives a theorem without number.
+%
+% A defined spnewthoerem environment is used as described
+% by Lamport.
+%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\def\@thmcountersep{}
+\def\@thmcounterend{}
+\newdimen\spthmsep \spthmsep=3pt
+
+\def\spnewtheorem{\@ifstar{\@sthm}{\@Sthm}}
+
+% definition of \spnewtheorem with number
+
+\def\@spnthm#1#2{%
+ \@ifnextchar[{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}}{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}}}
+\def\@Sthm#1{\@ifnextchar[{\@spothm{#1}}{\@spnthm{#1}}}
+
+\def\@spxnthm#1#2[#3]#4#5{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}\@addtoreset{#1}{#3}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\expandafter\noexpand
+ \csname the#3\endcsname \noexpand\@thmcountersep \@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@spynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#1}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@spothm#1[#2]#3#4#5{%
+ \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@latexerr{No theorem environment `#2' defined}\@eha}%
+ {\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\global\@namedef{the#1}{\@nameuse{the#2}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#3}%
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@spthm{#2}{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#4}{#5}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}}
+
+\def\@spthm#1#2#3#4{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+\labelsep=\spthmsep\refstepcounter{#1}%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@spythm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}{\@spxthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
+
+\def\@spxthm#1#2#3#4{\@spbegintheorem{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}{#3}{#4}%
+ \ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@spythm#1#2#3#4[#5]{\@spopargbegintheorem{#2}{\csname
+ the#1\endcsname}{#5}{#3}{#4}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@spbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1\ #2\@thmcounterend}]#4}
+
+\def\@spopargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4#5{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#4#1\ #2}]{#4(#3)\@thmcounterend\ }#5}
+
+% definition of \spnewtheorem* without number
+
+\def\@sthm#1#2{\@Ynthm{#1}{#2}}
+
+\def\@Ynthm#1#2#3#4{\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\global\@namedef{#1}{\@Thm{\csname #1name\endcsname}{#3}{#4}}%
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname #1name\endcsname{#2}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+\def\@Thm#1#2#3{\topsep 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+\@ifnextchar[{\@Ythm{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@Xthm{#1}{#2}{#3}}}
+
+\def\@Xthm#1#2#3{\@Begintheorem{#1}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@Ythm#1#2#3[#4]{\@Opargbegintheorem{#1}
+ {#4}{#2}{#3}\ignorespaces}
+
+\def\@Begintheorem#1#2#3{#3\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#2#1\@thmcounterend}]}
+
+\def\@Opargbegintheorem#1#2#3#4{#4\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{#3#1}]{#3(#2)\@thmcounterend\ }}
+
+\if@envcntsect
+ \def\@thmcountersep{.}
+ \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\else
+ \spnewtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+ \if@envcntreset
+ \@addtoreset{theorem}{section}
+ \else
+ \@addtoreset{theorem}{chapter}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+%definition of divers theorem environments
+\spnewtheorem*{claim}{Claim}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spnewtheorem*{proof}{Proof}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\if@envcntsame % alle Umgebungen wie Theorem.
+ \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spothm{#1}[theorem]{#2}{#3}{#4}}
+\else % alle Umgebungen mit eigenem Zaehler
+ \if@envcntsect % mit section numeriert
+ \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spxnthm{#1}{#2}[section]{#3}{#4}}
+ \else % nicht mit section numeriert
+ \if@envcntreset
+ \def\spn@wtheorem#1#2#3#4{\@spynthm{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}
+ \@addtoreset{#1}{section}}
+ \else
+ \let\spn@wtheorem=\@spynthm
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi
+\spn@wtheorem{case}{Case}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn@wtheorem{definition}{Definition}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn@wtheorem{example}{Example}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{exercise}{Exercise}{\bfseries}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn@wtheorem{note}{Note}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{problem}{Problem}{\bfseries}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{property}{Property}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}{\bfseries}{\itshape}
+\spn@wtheorem{question}{Question}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{solution}{Solution}{\bfseries}{\rmfamily}
+\spn@wtheorem{remark}{Remark}{\itshape}{\rmfamily}
+%
+\newenvironment{theopargself}
+ {\def\@spopargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4##5{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##4##1\ ##2}]{##4##3\@thmcounterend\ }##5}
+ \def\@Opargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4{##4\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##3##1}]{##3##2\@thmcounterend\ }}}{}
+\newenvironment{theopargself*}
+ {\def\@spopargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4##5{\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##4##1\ ##2}]{\hspace*{-\labelsep}##4##3\@thmcounterend}##5}
+ \def\@Opargbegintheorem##1##2##3##4{##4\trivlist
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{##3##1}]{\hspace*{-\labelsep}##3##2\@thmcounterend}}}{}
+\fi
+
+\def\@takefromreset#1#2{%
+ \def\@tempa{#1}%
+ \let\@tempd\@elt
+ \def\@elt##1{%
+ \def\@tempb{##1}%
+ \ifx\@tempa\@tempb\else
+ \@addtoreset{##1}{#2}%
+ \fi}%
+ \expandafter\expandafter\let\expandafter\@tempc\csname cl@#2\endcsname
+ \expandafter\def\csname cl@#2\endcsname{}%
+ \@tempc
+ \let\@elt\@tempd}
+
+\def\squareforqed{\hbox{\rlap{$\sqcap$}$\sqcup$}}
+\def\qed{\ifmmode\else\unskip\quad\fi\squareforqed}
+\def\smartqed{\def\qed{\ifmmode\squareforqed\else{\unskip\nobreak\hfil
+\penalty50\hskip1em\null\nobreak\hfil\squareforqed
+\parfillskip=0pt\finalhyphendemerits=0\endgraf}\fi}}
+
+% Define `abstract' environment
+\def\abstract{\topsep=0pt\partopsep=0pt\parsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt\relax
+\trivlist\item[\hskip\labelsep
+{\bfseries\abstractname}]\if!\abstractname!\hskip-\labelsep\fi}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \def\endabstract{\endtrivlist\addvspace{5mm}\strich}
+ \def\strich{\hrule\vskip3ptplus12pt\null}
+\else
+ \def\endabstract{\endtrivlist\addvspace{3mm}}
+\fi
+%
+\newenvironment{verse}
+ {\let\\\@centercr
+ \list{}{\itemsep \z@
+ \itemindent -1.5em%
+ \listparindent\itemindent
+ \rightmargin \leftmargin
+ \advance\leftmargin 1.5em}%
+ \item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+\newenvironment{quotation}
+ {\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em%
+ \itemindent \listparindent
+ \rightmargin \leftmargin
+ \parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}%
+ \item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+\newenvironment{quote}
+ {\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}%
+ \item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+\newcommand\appendix{\par
+ \setcounter{section}{0}%
+ \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
+ \renewcommand\thesection{\@Alph\c@section}}
+\setlength\arraycolsep{1.5\p@}
+\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@}
+\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@}
+\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@}
+\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep}
+\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
+\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@}
+\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@}
+\renewcommand\theequation{\@arabic\c@equation}
+\newcounter{figure}
+\renewcommand\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
+\def\fps@figure{tbp}
+\def\ftype@figure{1}
+\def\ext@figure{lof}
+\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
+\newenvironment{figure}
+ {\@float{figure}}
+ {\end@float}
+\newenvironment{figure*}
+ {\@dblfloat{figure}}
+ {\end@dblfloat}
+\newcounter{table}
+\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table}
+\def\fps@table{tbp}
+\def\ftype@table{2}
+\def\ext@table{lot}
+\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
+\newenvironment{table}
+ {\@float{table}}
+ {\end@float}
+\newenvironment{table*}
+ {\@dblfloat{table}}
+ {\end@dblfloat}
+
+\def \@floatboxreset {%
+ \reset@font
+ \small
+ \@setnobreak
+ \@setminipage
+}
+
+\newlength\abovecaptionskip
+\newlength\belowcaptionskip
+\setlength\abovecaptionskip{10\p@}
+\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0\p@}
+\newcommand\leftlegendglue{}
+
+\def\fig@type{figure}
+
+\newdimen\figcapgap\figcapgap=3pt
+\newdimen\tabcapgap\tabcapgap=5.5pt
+
+\@ifundefined{floatlegendstyle}{\def\floatlegendstyle{\bfseries}}{}
+
+\long\def\@caption#1[#2]#3{\par\addcontentsline{\csname
+ ext@#1\endcsname}{#1}{\protect\numberline{\csname
+ the#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #2}}\begingroup
+ \@parboxrestore
+ \@makecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+\def\capstrut{\vrule\@width\z@\@height\topskip}
+
+\@ifundefined{captionstyle}{\def\captionstyle{\normalfont\small}}{}
+
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+ \captionstyle
+ \ifx\@captype\fig@type
+ \vskip\figcapgap
+ \fi
+ \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\floatlegendstyle #1\floatcounterend}%
+ \capstrut #2}%
+ \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize
+ {\floatlegendstyle #1\floatcounterend}\capstrut #2\par
+ \else
+ \hbox to\hsize{\leftlegendglue\unhbox\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+ \fi
+ \ifx\@captype\fig@type\else
+ \vskip\tabcapgap
+ \fi}
+
+\newdimen\figgap\figgap=1cc
+\long\def\@makesidecaption#1#2{%
+ \parbox[b]{\@tempdima}{\captionstyle{\floatlegendstyle
+ #1\floatcounterend}#2}}
+\def\sidecaption#1\caption{%
+\setbox\@tempboxa=\hbox{#1\unskip}%
+\if@twocolumn
+ \ifdim\hsize<\textwidth\else
+ \ifdim\wd\@tempboxa<\columnwidth
+ \typeout{Double column float fits into single column -
+ ^^Jyou'd better switch the environment. }%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi
+\@tempdima=\hsize
+\advance\@tempdima by-\figgap
+\advance\@tempdima by-\wd\@tempboxa
+\ifdim\@tempdima<3cm
+ \typeout{\string\sidecaption: No sufficient room for the legend;
+ using normal \string\caption. }%
+ \unhbox\@tempboxa
+ \let\@capcommand=\@caption
+\else
+ \let\@capcommand=\@sidecaption
+ \leavevmode
+ \unhbox\@tempboxa
+ \hfill
+\fi
+\refstepcounter\@captype
+\@dblarg{\@capcommand\@captype}}
+
+\long\def\@sidecaption#1[#2]#3{\addcontentsline{\csname
+ ext@#1\endcsname}{#1}{\protect\numberline{\csname
+ the#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #2}}\begingroup
+ \@parboxrestore
+ \@makesidecaption{\csname fnum@#1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces #3}\par
+ \endgroup}
+
+% Define `acknowledgement' environment
+\def\acknowledgement{\par\addvspace{17pt}\small\rmfamily
+\trivlist\if!\ackname!\item[]\else
+\item[\hskip\labelsep
+{\it\ackname}]\fi}
+\def\endacknowledgement{\endtrivlist\addvspace{6pt}}
+% Define `noteadd' environment
+\def\noteadd{\par\addvspace{17pt}\small\rmfamily
+\trivlist\item[\hskip\labelsep
+{\itshape\noteaddname}]}
+\def\endnoteadd{\endtrivlist\addvspace{6pt}}
+
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
+\newcommand\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
+\newcommand\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
+\newcommand\@dotsep{4.5}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}
+\newcommand\tableofcontents{%
+ \section*{\contentsname}%
+ \@starttoc{toc}%
+ \addtocontents{toc}{\begingroup\protect\small}%
+ \AtEndDocument{\addtocontents{toc}{\endgroup}}%
+ }
+\newcommand*\l@part[2]{%
+ \ifnum \c@tocdepth >-2\relax
+ \addpenalty\@secpenalty
+ \addvspace{2.25em \@plus\p@}%
+ \begingroup
+ \setlength\@tempdima{3em}%
+ \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth
+ \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth
+ {\leavevmode
+ \large \bfseries #1\hfil \hb@xt@\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par
+ \nobreak
+ \if@compatibility
+ \global\@nobreaktrue
+ \everypar{\global\@nobreakfalse\everypar{}}%
+ \fi
+ \endgroup
+ \fi}
+\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{0pt}{1.5em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
+\newcommand*\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
+\newcommand\listoffigures{%
+ \section*{\listfigurename
+ \@mkboth{\listfigurename}%
+ {\listfigurename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lof}%
+ }
+\newcommand*\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\newcommand\listoftables{%
+ \section*{\listtablename
+ \@mkboth{\listtablename}{\listtablename}}%
+ \@starttoc{lot}%
+ }
+\let\l@table\l@figure
+\newdimen\bibindent
+\setlength\bibindent{\parindent}
+\def\@biblabel#1{#1.}
+\def\@lbibitem[#1]#2{\item[{[#1]}\hfill]\if@filesw
+ {\let\protect\noexpand
+ \immediate
+ \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{#2}{#1}}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
+ {\section*{\refname
+ \@mkboth{\refname}{\refname}}\small
+ \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
+ \leftmargin\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
+ \@openbib@code
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p@enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
+ \sfcode`\.\@m}
+ {\def\@noitemerr
+ {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
+ \endlist}
+%
+\newcount\@tempcntc
+\def\@citex[#1]#2{\if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{#2}}\fi
+ \@tempcnta\z@\@tempcntb\m@ne\def\@citea{}\@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do
+ {\@ifundefined
+ {b@\@citeb}{\@citeo\@tempcntb\m@ne\@citea\def\@citea{,}{\bfseries
+ ?}\@warning
+ {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}%
+ {\setbox\z@\hbox{\global\@tempcntc0\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname\relax}%
+ \ifnum\@tempcntc=\z@ \@citeo\@tempcntb\m@ne
+ \@citea\def\@citea{,\hskip0.1em\ignorespaces}\hbox{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}%
+ \else
+ \advance\@tempcntb\@ne
+ \ifnum\@tempcntb=\@tempcntc
+ \else\advance\@tempcntb\m@ne\@citeo
+ \@tempcnta\@tempcntc\@tempcntb\@tempcntc\fi\fi}}\@citeo}{#1}}
+\def\@citeo{\ifnum\@tempcnta>\@tempcntb\else
+ \@citea\def\@citea{,\hskip0.1em\ignorespaces}%
+ \ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb\the\@tempcnta\else
+ {\advance\@tempcnta\@ne\ifnum\@tempcnta=\@tempcntb \else \def\@citea{--}\fi
+ \advance\@tempcnta\m@ne\the\@tempcnta\@citea\the\@tempcntb}\fi\fi}
+%
+\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
+\let\@openbib@code\@empty
+\newenvironment{theindex}
+ {\if@twocolumn
+ \@restonecolfalse
+ \else
+ \@restonecoltrue
+ \fi
+ \columnseprule \z@
+ \columnsep 35\p@
+ \twocolumn[\section*{\indexname}]%
+ \@mkboth{\indexname}{\indexname}%
+ \thispagestyle{plain}\parindent\z@
+ \parskip\z@ \@plus .3\p@\relax
+ \let\item\@idxitem}
+ {\if@restonecol\onecolumn\else\clearpage\fi}
+\newcommand\@idxitem{\par\hangindent 40\p@}
+\newcommand\subitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{20\p@}}
+\newcommand\subsubitem{\@idxitem \hspace*{30\p@}}
+\newcommand\indexspace{\par \vskip 10\p@ \@plus5\p@ \@minus3\p@\relax}
+\renewcommand\footnoterule{%
+ \kern-3\p@
+ \hrule\@width.4\columnwidth
+ \kern2.6\p@}
+\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{%
+ \noindent
+ \hb@xt@\bibindent{\hss\@makefnmark\enspace}#1}
+%
+\newcommand\contentsname{Contents}
+\newcommand\listfigurename{List of Figures}
+\newcommand\listtablename{List of Tables}
+\newcommand\refname{References}
+\newcommand\indexname{Index}
+\newcommand\figurename{Fig.}
+\newcommand\tablename{Table}
+\newcommand\partname{Part}
+\newcommand\appendixname{Appendix}
+\newcommand\abstractname{Abstract\runinend}
+\newcommand\ackname{Acknowledgements\runinend}
+\newcommand\noteaddname{Note added in proof}
+% French section
+\def\ds@francais{%
+ \typeout{On parle francais.}%
+ \def\abstractname{R\'esum\'e\runinend}%
+ \def\ackname{Remerciements\runinend}%
+ \def\andname{et}%
+ \def\lastandname{ et}%
+ \def\appendixname{Appendice}
+ \def\chaptername{Chapitre}%
+ \def\claimname{Pr\'etention}%
+ \def\conjecturename{Hypoth\`ese}%
+ \def\contentsname{Table des mati\`eres}%
+ \def\corollaryname{Corollaire}%
+ \def\definitionname{D\'efinition}%
+ \def\examplename{Exemple}%
+ \def\exercisename{Exercice}%
+ \def\figurename{Fig.}%
+ \def\keywordname{{\bfseries Mots-cl\'e\runinend}}
+ \def\indexname{Index}
+ \def\lemmaname{Lemme}%
+ \def\contriblistname{Liste des contributeurs}
+ \def\listfigurename{Liste des figures}%
+ \def\listtablename{Liste des tables}%
+ \def\mailname{{\itshape Correspondence to\/}:}
+ \def\noteaddname{Note ajout\'ee \`a l'\'epreuve}%
+ \def\notename{Remarque}%
+ \def\partname{Partie}%
+ \def\problemname{Probl\`eme}%
+ \def\proofname{\'Epreuve}%
+ \def\propertyname{Caract\'eristique}%
+%\def\propositionname{Proposition}%
+ \def\questionname{Question}%
+%\def\refname{References}%
+ \def\remarkname{Remarque}%
+ \def\seename{voyez}
+ \def\solutionname{Solution}%
+%\def\subclassname{{\it Subject Classifications\/}:}
+ \def\tablename{Tableau}%
+ \def\theoremname{Th\'eor\`eme}%
+}
+%
+% German section
+\def\ds@deutsch{\typeout{Man spricht deutsch.}%
+ \def\abstractname{Zusammenfassung\runinend}%
+ \def\ackname{Danksagung\runinend}%
+ \def\andname{und}%
+ \def\lastandname{ und}%
+ \def\appendixname{Anhang}%
+ \def\chaptername{Kapitel}%
+ \def\claimname{Behauptung}%
+ \def\conjecturename{Hypothese}%
+ \def\contentsname{Inhaltsverzeichnis}%
+ \def\corollaryname{Korollar}%
+%\def\definitionname{Definition}%
+ \def\examplename{Beispiel}%
+ \def\exercisename{\"Ubung}%
+ \def\figurename{Abb.}%
+ \def\keywordname{{\bfseries Schl\"usselw\"orter\runinend}}
+ \def\indexname{Index}
+%\def\lemmaname{Lemma}%
+ \def\contriblistname{Mitarbeiter}
+ \def\listfigurename{Abbildungsverzeichnis}%
+ \def\listtablename{Tabellenverzeichnis}%
+ \def\mailname{{\itshape Correspondence to\/}:}
+ \def\noteaddname{Nachtrag}%
+ \def\notename{Anmerkung}%
+ \def\partname{Teil}%
+%\def\problemname{Problem}%
+ \def\proofname{Beweis}%
+ \def\propertyname{Eigenschaft}%
+%\def\propositionname{Proposition}%
+ \def\questionname{Frage}%
+ \def\refname{Literatur}%
+ \def\remarkname{Anmerkung}%
+ \def\seename{siehe}
+ \def\solutionname{L\"osung}%
+%\def\subclassname{{\it Subject Classifications\/}:}
+ \def\tablename{Tabelle}%
+%\def\theoremname{Theorem}%
+}
+\AtBeginDocument{\switch@texts}
+\newcommand\today{}
+\edef\today{\ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+\setlength\columnsep{1.5cc}
+\setlength\columnseprule{0\p@}
+%
+\frenchspacing
+\clubpenalty=10000
+\widowpenalty=10000
+\def\thisbottomragged{\def\@textbottom{\vskip\z@ plus.0001fil
+\global\let\@textbottom\relax}}
+\pagestyle{headings}
+\pagenumbering{arabic}
+\if@twocolumn
+ \twocolumn
+\fi
+\if@referee
+ \makereferee
+\fi
+\flushbottom
+\endinput
+%%
+%% End of file `svjour.cls'.
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svsw.clo b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svsw.clo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..250b863f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/svsw.clo
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+% SVJour DOCUMENT CLASS OPTION SW -- Shockwaves
+%
+% This is an enhancement for the
+% LaTeX document class for Springer journals (two column version)
+%
+%%
+%%
+%% \CharacterTable
+%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
+%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
+%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
+%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
+%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
+%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
+%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
+%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
+%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
+%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
+%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
+%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
+%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
+%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
+\ProvidesFile{svsw.clo}
+ [1998/05/18 v1.1
+ style option for Shockwaves]
+\typeout{SVJour Class option: svsw.clo for Shockwaves}
+\DeclareOption{leqno}{\input{leqno.clo}}
+\let\if@bibself\iffalse
+\DeclareOption{bibself}{\let\if@bibself\iftrue}
+\DeclareOption{oribibl}{\let\oribibl=Y}
+\ExecuteOptions{final,twocolumn,10pt}
+\newif\if@normhead \@normheadtrue
+\def\hugehead{\@normheadfalse
+\let\ProcessRunnHead=\relax
+\onecolumn
+\let\thanks=\footnote
+\long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent\bibindent
+ \columnwidth\textwidth
+ \advance\columnwidth -\columnsep
+ \divide\columnwidth\tw@
+ \hsize\columnwidth
+ \linewidth\columnwidth
+ \noindent\hbox to\parindent{\hss\@makefnmark\enspace}##1}%
+}
+\let\if@mathematic\iffalse
+% No size changing allowed, hence a copy of size10.clo is included
+\renewcommand\normalsize{%
+ \@setfontsize\normalsize\@xpt{10.5dd}%
+ \abovedisplayskip 10\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus5\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus3\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus3\p@
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+ \let\@listi\@listI}
+\normalsize
+\newcommand\small{%
+ \@setfontsize\small\@ixpt{10dd}%
+ \abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ \@plus3\p@ \@minus4\p@
+ \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@
+ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parsep 0\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus\p@
+ \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@
+ \itemsep0\p@}%
+ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
+}
+\let\footnotesize\small
+\newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt\@viiipt}
+\newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt\@vipt}
+\newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{13dd}}
+\newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{15dd}}
+\newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{17dd}}
+\newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25}}
+\newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30}}
+%
+\setlength{\textwidth}{180mm}
+\setlength{\textheight}{56pc}
+%
+\def\sw@maketitle{\par
+\ch@ckobl{journalname}{Noname}
+\ch@ckobl{date}{the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted
+later}
+\ch@ckobl{title}{A title should be given}
+\ch@ckobl{author}{Name(s) and initial(s) of author(s) should be given}
+\ch@ckobl{institute}{Address(es) of author(s) should be given}
+\ch@ckobl{abstract}{Abstract is missing.}
+\begingroup
+%
+ \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}%
+ \def\@makefnmark{$^{\@thefnmark}$}%
+ \def\switch@fnmark{\def\thefootnote{\mathrm{\alph{footnote}}}}
+%
+ \def\lastand{\ifnum\value{inst}=2\relax
+ \unskip{} \andname\
+ \else
+ \unskip, \andname\
+ \fi}%
+ \def\and{\stepcounter{auth}\relax
+ \if@smartand
+ \ifnum\value{auth}=\value{inst}%
+ \lastand
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \unskip,
+ \fi}%
+ \thispagestyle{empty}
+ \ifnum \col@number=\@ne
+ \@maketitle
+ \else
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle]%
+ \fi
+ \global\@topnum\z@
+ \if@normhead
+ \@thanks
+ \else
+ \twocolumn[\vspace{\@tempdima}]
+ \addtocounter{page}{-1}
+ \if!\the\authorrunning!
+ \authorrunning{ }%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \if!\@mail!\else
+ \footnotetext[0]{\kern-\bibindent\mailname\
+ \ignorespaces\@mail}%
+ \fi
+%
+ \if@runhead
+ \ProcessRunnHead
+ \fi
+%
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}
+ \global\let\thanks\relax
+ \global\let\maketitle\relax
+ \global\let\@maketitle\relax
+ \global\let\@thanks\@empty
+ \global\let\@author\@empty
+ \global\let\@date\@empty
+ \global\let\@title\@empty
+ \global\let\@subtitle\@empty
+ \global\let\title\relax
+ \global\let\author\relax
+ \global\let\date\relax
+ \global\let\and\relax}
+%
+\def\sw@@maketitle{\newpage
+ \normalfont
+ \vbox to0pt{\vskip-40pt
+ \nointerlineskip
+ \makeheadbox\vss}\nointerlineskip
+ \if@normhead
+ \setbox\authrun=\vbox\bgroup
+ \fi
+ {\LARGE \sffamily\bfseries
+ \hrule\@height\logodepth\@width\z@
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 4cm
+ \if!\@headnote!\else
+ \noindent
+ {\LARGE\normalfont\itshape\ignorespaces\@headnote\par}\vskip 3.5mm
+ \fi
+ \noindent\ignorespaces
+ \@title \par}\vskip 11.24pt\relax
+ \authorfont
+ \if!\@subtitle!\else
+ {\large\sffamily\bfseries
+ \pretolerance=10000
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 3cm
+ \noindent\ignorespaces\@subtitle \par}\vskip 11.24pt
+ \fi
+ \lineskip .5em
+ \switch@fnmark
+ \def\@makefnmark{$^{\mathrm\@thefnmark}$}%
+ \protected@xdef\@thanks{\@thanks\protect\switch@fnmark}%
+ \setbox0=\vbox{\setcounter{auth}{1}\def\and{\stepcounter{auth} }%
+ \hfuzz=2\textwidth\def\thanks##1{}\@author}%
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}%
+ \value{inst}=\value{auth}%
+ \setcounter{auth}{1}%
+ \rightskip=0pt plus 2cm
+ \noindent\ignorespaces\@author\vskip7.23pt
+ \rightskip=0pt\relax
+ \small\rm
+ \institutename
+ \vskip 12.85pt
+ \leftskip=1.5cm\rightskip=\leftskip
+ \noindent\@date
+ \if!\@dedic!\else
+ \par
+ \normalsize\it
+ \addvspace\baselineskip
+ \noindent\@dedic
+ \fi
+ \vskip 12.85pt
+ {\topsep=0pt\partopsep=0pt\parsep=0pt\itemsep=0pt\relax
+ \def\pacsstart##1##2{##1\hskip5pt plus2ptminus2pt##2}%
+ \def\and##1##2{\unskip\ -- ##1\hskip5pt plus2ptminus2pt##2}%
+ \trivlist\item[\hskip\labelsep
+ {\sffamily\bfseries\abstractname}]%
+ \leftskip=1.5cm\rightskip=\leftskip
+ \@abstract
+ \endtrivlist}%
+ \if@normhead
+ \egroup % end of header box
+ \@tempdima=\headerboxheight
+ \advance\@tempdima by-\ht\authrun
+ \ifdim\@tempdima>0pt
+ \vrule width0pt height\@tempdima
+ \fi
+ \unvbox\authrun
+ \global\@minipagetrue
+ \global\everypar{\global\@minipagefalse\global\everypar{}}
+ \else
+ \typeout{\the\c@auth\space author names and}
+ \typeout{\the\c@inst\space institutes processed}
+ \global\@tempdima=\pagetotal
+ \global\advance\@tempdima by22.47pt
+ \fi
+ \vskip22.47pt
+}
+%
+\def\swabstract#1{\gdef\@abstract{#1}}
+%
+\def\swrunnhead{%
+ \def\\{\unskip\ \ignorespaces}\def\inst##1{\unskip{}}%
+ \def\thanks##1{\unskip{}}\def\fnmsep{\unskip}%
+ \instindent=\textwidth
+ \advance\instindent by-\headlineindent
+ \if!\the\titlerunning!\else
+ \edef\@title{\the\titlerunning}%
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm\ignorespaces\@title}%
+ \ifdim\wd\titrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{^^JSVJour Warning: Title too long for running head.}%
+ \typeout{Please supply a shorter form with \string\titlerunning
+ \space prior to \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\titrun=\hbox{\small\rm
+ Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@title{\copy\titrun}%
+%
+ \if!\the\authorrunning!
+ \else
+ \setcounter{auth}{1}%
+ \edef\@author{\the\authorrunning}%
+ \fi
+ \ifnum\value{auth}>2
+ \def\stripauthor##1\and##2\endauthor{%
+ \protected@xdef\@author{##1\unskip\unskip\if!##2!\else\ et al.\fi}}%
+ \expandafter\stripauthor\@author\and\endauthor
+ \else
+ \gdef\and{\unskip, \ignorespaces}%
+ {\def\and{\noexpand\protect\noexpand\and}%
+ \protected@xdef\@author{\@author}}
+ \fi
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\ignorespaces
+ \@author\unskip: \unhbox\titrun}%
+ \ifdim\wd\authrun>\instindent
+ \typeout{^^JSVJour Warning: The running head built automatically from
+ \string\author\space and \string\title
+ ^^Jexceeds the pagewidth, please supply a shorter form
+ ^^Jwith \string\authorrunning\space and
+ \string\titlerunning\space prior to \string\maketitle}%
+ \global\setbox\authrun=\hbox{\small\rm Please give a shorter version
+ with: {\tt\string\authorrunning\space and
+ \string\titlerunning\space prior to \string\maketitle}}%
+ \fi
+ \xdef\@author{\copy\authrun}%
+ \markboth{\@author}{\@author}%
+}
+%
+\def\changebibcite{%
+\ifx\oribibl\undefined
+\def\@biblabel##1{}
+%
+\def\@lbibitem[##1]##2{\item[]\if@filesw
+ {\let\protect\noexpand
+ \immediate
+ \write\@auxout{\string\bibcite{##2}{##1}}}\fi\ignorespaces}
+%
+\renewenvironment{thebibliography}[1]
+ {\section*{\refname
+ \@mkboth{\refname}{\refname}}\small
+ \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{##1}}%
+ \leftmargin\bibindent
+ \itemindent -\bibindent
+ \@openbib@code
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p@enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
+ \sfcode`\.\@m}
+ {\def\@noitemerr
+ {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}%
+ \endlist}
+\fi}
+%
+% a change to the citation mechanism that supresses the brackets
+% around the \cited material iff the option [bibself] is given
+\def\change@cite{\if@bibself
+\def\@citex[##1]##2{%
+ \let\@citea\@empty
+ \@cite{\@for\@citeb:=##2\do
+ {\@citea\def\@citea{;\penalty\z@\ }%
+ \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
+ \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi
+ \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}{\mbox{\reset@font\bfseries ?}%
+ \G@refundefinedtrue
+ \@latex@warning
+ {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}%
+ {\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}}}{##1}}
+\def\@cite##1##2{{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi}}\fi}
+%
+\AtEndOfClass{\def\ackname{Acknowledgement\runinend}%
+\def\keywordname{{\sffamily\bfseries Key words:}}%
+\let\if@runhead\iftrue
+\let\if@smartand\iftrue
+\let\@maketitle=\sw@@maketitle
+\let\maketitle=\sw@maketitle
+\let\ProcessRunnHead=\swrunnhead
+\let\abstract=\swabstract
+\setlength\floatsep {10\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\setlength\textfloatsep{12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 4\p@}
+\setlength\intextsep {12\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@}
+\def\@evenhead{\small\rlap{\thepage}\hfil\leftmark\hfil}%
+\def\@oddhead{\small\hfil\rightmark\hfil\llap{\thepage}}%
+\def\sectcounterend{}
+\setlength\columnsep{4mm}
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{10.5dd plus 4pt
+ minus4pt}{\large\sffamily\bfseries}}
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{10.5dd plus 4pt
+ minus4pt}{\normalsize\sffamily\bfseries}}
+\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{10.5dd plus 4pt
+ minus4pt}{\normalsize\sffamily}}
+\def\paragraph{\@startsection{subsubsection}{4}{\z@}%
+ {-21dd plus-4pt minus-4pt}{-1pt}{\normalsize\sffamily\bfseries}}
+\def\authorfont{\rmfamily}
+\def\leftlegendglue{\hfil}
+\def\vec#1{\ensuremath{\mathbf{#1}}}
+\journalname{ShockWaves}
+\changebibcite
+\change@cite
+}
+%%
+%% End of copy of file `svsw.clo'.
+\endinput
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.dvi b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.dvi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0850bd74b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.dvi
Binary files differ
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.tex b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ecf56b7540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/swguide.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01]
+
+\documentclass[draft]{ltxguide}[1995/11/28]
+%\usepackage{draftcopy}
+
+\makeatletter
+\def\setitemindent#1{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}%
+ \leftmargini\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargini\labelsep
+ \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth by -\labelsep}}
+\def\setitemitemindent#1{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}%
+ \leftmarginii\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmarginii\labelsep
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii
+ \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth by -\labelsep
+ \parsep=\parskip
+ \topsep=\z@
+ \itemsep=\parskip \advance\itemsep by -\parsep}}
+%
+% adjusted environment "description"
+% if an optional parameter (at the first two levels of lists)
+% is present, its width is considered to be the widest mark
+% throughout the current list.
+\def\description{\@ifnextchar[{\@describe}{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@
+ \itemindent-\leftmargin \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}}
+%
+\def\describelabel#1{#1\hfil}
+\def\@describe[#1]{\relax\ifnum\@listdepth=0
+\setitemindent{#1}\else\ifnum\@listdepth=1
+\setitemitemindent{#1}\fi\fi
+\list{--}{\let\makelabel\describelabel}}
+\DeleteShortVerb{\|}
+\renewenvironment{decl}[1][]%
+ {\par\small\addvspace{2.3ex}%
+ \vskip -\parskip
+ \ifx\relax#1\relax
+ \def\@decl@date{}%
+ \else
+ \def\@decl@date{\NEWfeature{#1}}%
+ \fi
+ \noindent\hspace{-\leftmargini}%
+ \begin{tabular}{|l|}\hline\ignorespaces}%
+ {\\\hline\end{tabular}\nobreak\@decl@date\par\nobreak
+ \vspace{2.3ex plus 1ex}\vskip -\parskip}
+\MakeShortVerb{\|}
+%
+\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini
+ \parskip 0\p@ \@plus 1\p@
+ \parsep 0\p@ \@plus\p@
+ \topsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@
+ \itemsep0\p@\relax}
+\@listI
+\setlength{\parskip}{\medskipamount}
+\makeatother
+\newcommand{\SJour}{\textsc{SVJour}}
+
+\title{The \SJour\ document class users guide\\supplement for\\
+\textit{ShockWaves}}
+
+\author{\copyright~1998, Springer Verlag Heidelberg\\
+ All rights reserved.}
+
+\date{18 May 1998}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:intro}
+This document describes the \textit{sw} option for the
+\SJour\ \LaTeXe\ document class. For details on
+manuscript handling and the review process we refer to the
+\emph{Instructions for authors} in the printed journal. For style
+matters please consult previous issues of the journal.
+
+\section{Initializing the class}
+\label{sec:opt}
+
+As explained in the main \emph{Users guide} you can
+begin a document for \emph{Shock Waves} by including
+\begin{verbatim}
+ \documentclass[sw]{svjour}
+\end{verbatim}
+as the first line in your text. All other options are also described in
+the main \emph{User guide}.
+
+\section{Changes to the \SJour\ class standard}
+
+As the abstract of your article is to appear in the header section,
+it must be coded before the \verb|\maketitle| command. Do not use the
+\verb|\begin{abstract}| \dots \verb|\end{abstract}| environment of
+standard \LaTeX. Instead proceed as you do for the other
+front matter declarations:
+\begin{decl}
+|\abstract| \arg{Text of your abstract}
+\end{decl}
+The standard key words are also part of the frontmatter please code
+them at the end but still inside the \verb|\abstract{...}| area.
+
+\section{Changed bibliographic environment}
+The mechanism of explicit labels in \verb|\bibitem| commands has been
+changed to reflect those labels only when the actual bibliographic
+source is \verb|\cite|d in the text. In the reference list they are
+simply suppressed. If you do not use the optional parameter of the
+\verb|\bibitem| commands the behaviour is as normal: the items are
+numbered consecutively for their citation in the text -- the reference
+list itself has no numbers.
+
+This change can be canceled by using the option \verb|oribibl| --
+particular useful when you are using \textsc{Bib}\TeX\ that relies on an
+unchanged bibliographic/citation apparatus.
+
+There is the additional option \verb|bibself| that supresses the
+bracing of \verb|\cite| commands in the text altogether. With it you can
+let \LaTeX\ incorporate the content of a \verb|\bibitem|s label
+smoothly into the flow of your text (see the example file for
+demonstration).
+
+Again we strongly suggest to use the \verb|\bibitem - \cite| as well as
+the \verb|\label -| \verb|\ref| mechanism of \LaTeX\ for your cross
+references throughout your document.
+\end{document}
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/template.tex b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/template.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51754c55e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/springer/svjour/sw/template.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% file template.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+% This is a template file for Shock Waves
+%
+% Copy it to a new file with a new name and use it as the basis
+% for your article
+%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Springer-Verlag %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+\begin{filecontents}{leer.eps}
+%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0
+%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:51:17 1992
+%%DocumentFonts: (atend)
+%%Pages: 0 1
+%%BoundingBox: 72 31 601 342
+%%EndComments
+
+gsave
+72 31 moveto
+72 342 lineto
+601 342 lineto
+601 31 lineto
+72 31 lineto
+showpage
+grestore
+%%Trailer
+%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica
+\end{filecontents}
+%
+\documentclass[sw,referee]{svjour}
+% Remove option referee for final version
+%
+% Remove any % below to load the required packages
+%\usepackage{latexsym}
+\usepackage{graphics}
+% etc
+%
+\begin{document}
+%
+\title{Insert your title here}
+\subtitle{Do you have a subtitle?\\ If so, write it here}
+\author{First author\inst{1} \and Second author\inst{2}% etc
+% \thanks is optional - remove next line if not needed
+\thanks{\emph{Present address:} Insert the address here if needed}%
+} % Do not remove
+%
+\offprints{} % Insert a name or remove this line
+%
+\institute{Insert the first address here \and the second here}
+%
+\date{Received: date / Revised version: date}
+% The correct dates will be entered by Springer
+%
+\abstract{
+Insert your abstract here.
+%
+\keywords{Finite elements, Detonation, Safety}} %end of abstract
+%
+\maketitle
+%
+\section{Introduction}
+\label{intro}
+Your text comes here. Separate text sections with
+\section{Section title}
+\label{sec:1}
+and \cite{RefJ}
+\subsection{Subsection title}
+\label{sec:2}
+as required. Don't forget to give each section
+and subsection a unique label (see Sect.~\ref{sec:1}).
+%
+% For one-column wide figures use
+\begin{figure}
+% Use the relevant command for your figure-insertion program
+% to insert the figure file.
+% For example, with the option graphics use
+\resizebox{0.75\textwidth}{!}{%
+ \includegraphics{leer.eps}
+}
+% If not, use
+%\vspace{5cm} % Give the correct figure height in cm
+\caption{Please write your figure caption here}
+\label{fig:1} % Give a unique label
+\end{figure}
+%
+% For two-column wide figures use
+\begin{figure*}
+% Use the relevant command for your figure-insertion program
+% to insert the figure file. See example above.
+% If not, use
+\vspace*{5cm} % Give the correct figure height in cm
+\caption{Please write your figure caption here}
+\label{fig:2} % Give a unique label
+\end{figure*}
+%
+% For tables use
+\begin{table}
+\caption{Please write your table caption here}
+\label{tab:1} % Give a unique label
+% For LaTeX tables use
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
+first & second & third \\
+\noalign{\smallskip}\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
+number & number & number \\
+number & number & number \\
+\noalign{\smallskip}\hline
+\end{tabular}
+% Or use
+\vspace*{5cm} % with the correct table height
+\end{table}
+%
+% BibTeX users please use
+% \bibliographystyle{}
+% \bibliography{}
+%
+% Non-BibTeX users please use
+\begin{thebibliography}{}
+%
+% and use \bibitem to create references.
+%
+\bibitem{RefJ}
+% Format for Journal Reference
+Author, Journal \textbf{Volume}, (year) page numbers.
+% Format for books
+\bibitem{RefB}
+Author, \textit{Book title} (Publisher, place year) page numbers
+% etc
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+
+\end{document}
+
+% end of file template.tex
+
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