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author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
commit | e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch) | |
tree | 60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /macros/latex/contrib/covington/covington.tex |
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diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/covington/covington.tex b/macros/latex/contrib/covington/covington.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..21eefc3562 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros/latex/contrib/covington/covington.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1268 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% File covington.tex +%% +%% Documentation of covington +%% +%% This file is part of the covington LaTeX package +%% +%% Original author: +%% ================ +%% Michael A. Covington +%% Artificial Intelligence Programs +%% The University of Georgia +%% Athens, Georgia 30602-7415 USA +%% mcovingt@aisun1.ai.uga.edu +%% +%% Current maintainer: +%% =================== +%% Juergen Spitzmueller <juergen@spitzmueller.org> +%% +%% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the +%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +%% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +%% The latest version of this license is in +%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +%% version 2003/12/01 or later. +%% +%% This work has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained". +%% +%% The Current Maintainer of this work is Juergen Spitzmueller. +%% +%% Code repository and issue tracker: https://github.com/jspitz/covington +%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\documentclass[english]{article} + +\usepackage{metre} +\usepackage[libertine]{newtxmath} +\usepackage[osf]{libertine} +\usepackage[scaled=0.75]{beramono} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc} + +\usepackage{covington} + +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage[bookmarks=true, + bookmarksnumbered=false, + bookmarksopen=false, + breaklinks=false, + pdfborder={0 0 0}, + backref=false, + colorlinks=false +]{hyperref} +\hypersetup{% + pdftitle={The covington manual}, + pdfauthor={Jürgen Spitzmüller}, + pdfkeywords={latex,linguistics} +} + +\usepackage{microtype} + +% Tweak the TOC (make it more compact) +\usepackage{tocloft} +\setlength{\cftbeforesecskip}{0pt} +\renewcommand{\cfttoctitlefont}{\normalsize\bfseries} +\renewcommand{\cftsecfont}{\footnotesize} +\renewcommand{\cftsecpagefont}{\footnotesize} +\renewcommand{\cftsubsecfont}{\footnotesize} +\renewcommand{\cftsubsecpagefont}{\footnotesize} + +\usepackage{babel} + +\usepackage{listings} +\lstset{language={[LaTeX]TeX}, + basicstyle={\small\ttfamily}, + frame=single} + +% markup +\newcommand*\jmacro[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jenv[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jcsmacro[1]{\jmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} +\newcommand*\joption[1]{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jfmacro[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfenv[1]{\texttt{#1}} +\newcommand*\jfcsmacro[1]{\jfmacro{\textbackslash{#1}}} +\newcommand*\jparam[1]{\angus #1\angud} + +% Strings +\newcommand*{\cvt}{\textsf{covington}} +\newcommand*{\Cvt}{\textsf{Covington}} + +% +% Titling +% +\def\pversion{Version 2.3} +\def\pdate{June 21, 2019} + +\title{\textbf{The \cvt\ Package\\Macros for Linguistics}} +\author{Michael A. Covington \and J\"urgen Spitzm\"uller\thanks{Current maintainer. + Please report issues via \protect\url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}}} + +\date{\pversion, \pdate} + +\begin{document} + +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +\noindent This package, initially a collection of Michael A. Covington's private macros, provides +numerous minor \LaTeX\ enhancements for linguistics, including multiple diacritics on the +same letter, interlinear glosses (word-by-word translations), Discourse Representation Structures, +example numbering, and semantic markup. +\end{abstract} + +\tableofcontents + +\clearpage + +\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} + +This is the documentation for \MakeLowercase{\pversion} +of \cvt\ (\pdate), which is a \LaTeX\ package providing macros +for typing some special notations common in linguistics.% +\footnote{The package has a long history. It started off as a collection of private macros back in the +\LaTeX\ 2.09 days and was initially released as \texttt{covingtn.sty} (following the old 8.3 \textsc{fat} +file name limit). In em\TeX\ under \textsc{ms-dos}, the file was distributed as \texttt{covingto.sty}. +Eventually, it has been renamed to \cvt\ and adapted to \LaTeXe.} + +To use \cvt\ with \LaTeXe, load the package as usual by adding the command +\lstinline"\usepackage{covington}" to your document preamble. +The package has the following options: +\begin{description} + \item{\joption{force}:} Force the redefinition of environments that have already been + defined by other packages or the class. + + This applies to the \jenv{example}, \jenv{examples}, \jenv{subexamples} and \jenv{exercise} environments, + which are by default not touched if they are already defined before \cvt\ is loaded. + See sec.~\ref{sec:ex}, \ref{sec:exs}, \ref{sec:subexs} and \ref{sec:exercises} for details. + + \item{\joption{keeplayout}:} Do not tweak the layout. + + \Cvt\ sets \jfcsmacro{raggedbottom} and redefines the value of the \jfcsmacro{textfloatsep} length. + This just follows the preferences of the original package author and is not necessary + for the package's functionality. Yet for backwards compatibility reasons, we cannot change this. + Thus, we provide the option described here to opt out this presetting. + +\item{\joption{noglossbreaks}:} If this option is set, \cvt\ will try hard to prevent page breaks within glosses. + + If this option is not set, page breaks can occur between interlinearized text and free translation of a gloss, as + well as between gloss preamble and interlinearized text, which is usually not what you will want. + Nonetheless the option is not set by default. This is for backwards compatibility reasons (in order to not change + page breaking of existing documents). Note that page breaks might still occur in some cases even if the option is set. + In order to prevent them definitely, you can put the gloss in a parbox or minipage. + +\item{\joption{owncounter}:} Use an own counter for numbered examples. + + By default, \cvt\ uses \LaTeX's equation counter for example numbering, so that if you use equations and numbered examples + in the same paper, you get a single continuous series of numbers. While some people (including the original author of this package) + consider this a feature, others might prefer to number equations and linguistic examples separately. If you count to the latter sort, + use this option. +\end{description} +% +Please note the following package-related caveats: +\begin{itemize} + \item If you are using \cvt\ and the \textsf{uga} (University of Georgia thesis style) package together, you should load \textsf{uga} before \cvt. + \item If you are using \cvt\ with \textsf{beamer-article}, you should load \textsf{beamer-article} before \cvt. + \item If you are using \cvt\ with the \textsf{drs} package, you should load \textsf{drs} before \cvt. See sec.~\ref{sec:drs}. +\end{itemize} +% +In what follows we presume that you know how to use \LaTeX\ and have +access to \LaTeX\ manuals. + +\section{Stacked diacritics}\label{sec:accents} + +\LaTeX\ provides a generous range of diacritics that can be placed on or below any +letter, such as: +\begin{flushleft} +\`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} +\end{flushleft} +which are typed, respectively, as: +\begin{lstlisting} +\`{x} \'{x} \^{x} \"{x} \~{x} \={x} \H{x} \t{xx} \c{x} \d{x} \b{x} +\end{lstlisting} +Out of the box, however, \LaTeX\ doesn't give you a convenient way to put \emph{two} +diacritical marks on the same letter. To fill this gap, \cvt\ provides +the following macros: +\begin{flushleft} + \jcsmacro{twodias\{<upper diac.>\}\{<lower diac.>\}\{<char>\}}\\to combine any two diacritics, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twodias}].\twodias{\~}{\=}{a}. = \twodias{\~}{\=}{a}\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} +\end{flushleft} +The first of these is the general case\footnote{% + Alternatively, there's also the old syntax \jcsmacro{twoacc[<upper diac.>|<char with lower diacr.>],} + e.\,g. \jfcsmacro{twoacc[\textbackslash\textasciitilde|\textbackslash=\{a\}]} to the same effect, which is however discouraged + due to its rather odd form.} and the latter three are special +cases that are often used in Greek transcription. Now you can type +\emph{Koin\acm{e}} with both accents in place. + +The vertical distance between the two diacritics can be adjusted via the macro \jcsmacro{SetDiaOffset\{<length>\}} +which lets you increase or decrease the vertical space that is currently in effect. +If you'd use \verb"\SetDiaOffset{-0.25ex}", the above examples would come out as + +\SetDiaOffset{-.25ex} +\begin{flushleft} + \jcsmacro{twodias\{<upper diac.>\}\{<lower diac.>\}\{<char>\}}\\to combine any two diacritics, e.\,g., + \lstinline[moretexcs={twodias}].\twodias{\~}{\=}{a}. = \twodias{\~}{\=}{a}\\[6pt] + \jcsmacro{acm\{\ldots\}} \quad for acute over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={acm}].\acm{a}. = \acm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{grm\{\ldots\}} \quad for grave over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={grm}].\grm{a}. = \grm{a}\\ + \jcsmacro{cim\{\ldots\}} \quad for circumflex over macron, e.\,g., \lstinline[moretexcs={cim}].\cim{a}. = \cim{a} +\end{flushleft} +with a slightly better matching distance for the font used here. + +Note that not all accent macros work in the \jfenv{tabbing} environment. +Use the \jfenv{Tabbing} package or refer to \cite{pakin} for alternative solutions. + + +\section{Numbered examples} + +Linguistic papers often include numbered examples. With \cvt, generating those is straightforward. +In this section, we describe how you can typeset a self-stepping example number (see section~\ref{sec:exno}), +a single numbered example (sec.~\ref{sec:ex}), a consecutive range of numbered examples (sec.~\ref{sec:exs}), +and alpha-numerically labeled sub-examples (sec.~\ref{sec:subexs}). +All numbered examples can be referred to in the text via \jfcsmacro{label} and \jfcsmacro{ref} as usual +(see sec.~\ref{sec:ref} for details). + +\subsection{Example numbers}\label{sec:exno} + +The macro \jcsmacro{exampleno} generates a new example number, stepped by 1. It can be +used anywhere you want the number to appear. For example, to display a +sentence with a number at the extreme right, do this: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={exampleno}] +\begin{flushleft} +This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +Here's what you get: +\begin{flushleft} +This is a sentence. \hfill (\exampleno) +\end{flushleft} +If you want to output the (current) number without stepping it, the starred form \jcsmacro{exampleno*} will do that. + +Normally, however, you do not need to manually place \jcsmacro{exampleno} yourselves, +as in the example above. For the common case where example numbers in parentheses are +placed left to the example, \cvt\ provides more convenient solutions. These are described in turn. + + +\subsection[The \texttt{example} environment]{The \jenv{example} environment}\label{sec:ex} + +The \jenv{example} environment (alias \jenv{covexample}) displays a single example +with a generated example number to the left of it. +If you type +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{example} +This is a sentence. +\end{example} +\end{lstlisting} +or +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexample} +This is a sentence. +\end{covexample} +\end{lstlisting} +you get: +\begin{example} +This is a sentence.\label{expl} +\end{example} +The example can be of any length; it can consist of many lines (separated by \verb"\\"), or even whole paragraphs. + +If you need more space between the example number and the text, you can increase it by means of +the length \jcsmacro{examplenumbersep} (which is preset to \texttt{0pt}). Doing \lstinline|\setlength\examplenumbersep{1em}|, +for instance, will increase the space by 1\,em (negative values will decrease the space accordingly). + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \cvt\ checks if there is already an \jenv{example} environment defined +(e.\,g., by the class). If so, \cvt\ does not +define its own one. However, there is always the alias environment \jenv{covexample} which can be used in order to +produce \texttt{covington's} example. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \cvt\ will override +existing \jenv{example} environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{example} is already defined +(this is the case, for instance, if you use \cvt\ with the \texttt{beamer} class). + +One way to number sub-examples is to use \jfenv{itemize} or \jfenv{enumerate} +within an example, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{example} +\begin{itemize} +\item[(a)] This is the first sentence. +\item[(b)] This is the second sentence. +\end{itemize} +\end{example} +\end{lstlisting} +This prints as: +\begin{example} +\begin{itemize} +\item[(a)] This is the first sentence. +\item[(b)] This is the second sentence. +\end{itemize} +\end{example} +However, the \jenv{subexamples} environment, described in sec.~\ref{sec:subexs}, is usually more +convenient for this task. + +\subsection[The \texttt{examples} environment]{The \jenv{examples} environment}\label{sec:exs} + +To display a series of examples together, each with its own example +number, use \jenv{examples} (or \jenv{covexamples}) instead of \jenv{example} or \jenv{covexample}. The only +difference is that there can be more than one example, and each of them +has to be introduced by \jfcsmacro{item}, like this: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{examples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{examples} +\end{lstlisting} +or, respectively: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covexamples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{covexamples} +\end{lstlisting} +This prints as: +\begin{examples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{examples} +As for \jenv{example}, \cvt\ checks if there is already an \jenv{examples} environment defined, +and if this is the case, \cvt\ does not define its own one. The alias environment \jenv{covexamples} +is always available as a fallback. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \cvt\ will override +existing \jenv{examples} environments. The package will issue a warning if \jenv{examples} is already defined +(this is the case, for instance, if you use \cvt\ with the \texttt{beamer} class), telling you +how it has dealt with the situation. + + +\subsection[The \texttt{subexamples} environment]{The \jenv{subexamples} environment}\label{sec:subexs} + +Sometimes a set of (paradigmatic) sub-examples gets only one main example number with alphabetic sub-numbering, +as in \pxref{sbex}. To achieve this most conveniently, \cvt\ provides the \jenv{subexamples} (or \jenv{covsubexamples}) +environment. The difference to \jenv{examples}\slash \jenv{covexamples} is the numbering: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{subexamples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{subexamples} +\end{lstlisting} +or, respectively: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covsubexamples} +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{covsubexamples} +\end{lstlisting} +prints as: +\begin{subexamples} + \item This is the first sentence.\label{sbex} + \item This is the second sentence. +\end{subexamples} +% +Again, \cvt\ checks if there is already an \jenv{subexamples} environment defined, +and if this is the case, \cvt\ does not define its own one. The alias environment \jenv{covsubexamples} +is always available as a fallback. If you use the package option \joption{force}, \cvt\ will override +existing \jenv{subexamples} environments. The package will issue a warning if \jenv{subexamples} is already defined. + +\medskip +\noindent The \jenv{subexamples} environment provides the following option: +\begin{description} + \item[\joption{preamble=\{\jparam{arbitrary text}\}}] Arbitrary text that is inserted in the first line + (after the main number and before the first sub-example, which then follows in a new line). + This might be useful, for instance, to give context information, to specify the language or the source + in case of cited sub-examples. You can globally set the markup of this preamble text (see sec.~\ref{sec:custno}). +\end{description} +% +For instance, +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{subexamples}[preamble={Here are two sentences}] +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{subexamples} +\end{lstlisting} +or, respectively: +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{covsubexamples}[preamble={Here are two sentences}] +\item This is the first sentence. +\item This is the second sentence. +\end{covsubexamples} +\end{lstlisting} +prints as: +\begin{subexamples}[preamble={Here are two sentences}] + \item This is the first sentence. + \item This is the second sentence. +\end{subexamples} +% +The distance between example number and subnumber (letter) can be changed via the length \jcsmacro{examplenumbersep} +(which is preset to \texttt{0pt}). The distance between example subnumber and text can be changed via the length +\jcsmacro{subexamplenumbersep} (preset to \texttt{0pt} as well). In both cases, a positive value will increase, a negative +value will decrease the respective distance. +Doing +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={setlength,examplenumbersep,subexamplenumbersep}] +\setlength{\examplenumbersep}{-0.5em} +\setlength{\subexamplenumbersep}{0.5em} +\end{lstlisting} +for instance, will come out like this: + +\bgroup +\setlength{\examplenumbersep}{-0.5em} +\setlength{\subexamplenumbersep}{0.5em} + +\begin{subexamples} + \item This is the first sentence. + \item This is the second sentence. +\end{subexamples} +\egroup + + +\subsection{Customizing number display and example markup}\label{sec:custno} + +You can change the display of the example number by redefining (via \jfcsmacro{renewcommand*}) the macro +\jcsmacro{covexnumber}, which has the following default definition: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={covexnumber}] +\newcommand*\covexnumber[1]{(#1)} +\end{lstlisting} +% +with the variable \texttt{\#1} representing the number. + +In the same vein, you can customize the display of the subexample letter by redefining +the macro \jcsmacro{covsubexnumber}, which has the following default definition: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={covsubexnumber}] +\newcommand*\covsubexnumber[1]{(#1)} +\end{lstlisting} +% +To remove the parentheses from the subexample letter, for instance, to this: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={covsubexnumber}] +\renewcommand*\covsubexnumber[1]{#1} +\end{lstlisting} +% +\noindent You can also customize the markup of the example sentences by redefining the macro +\jcsmacro{covexamplefs} (which is empty by default). To have all example sentences italicized, for instance, do: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={covexamplefs}] +\renewcommand*{\covexamplefs}{\itshape} +\end{lstlisting} +% +Note that this does, deliberately, not include the numbers, since those are controlled by another font setting macro, +\jcsmacro{covexamplenofs}, which defaults to \jfcsmacro{normalfont}. Of course you are free to redefine this as well, +if you wish do to so. + +Finally, you can customize the markup of the sub-example preamble text by redefining the macro +\jcsmacro{subexpreamblefs}, which also defaults to \jfcsmacro{normalfont}. To have it italicized, analogously do: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={\subexpreamblefs}] +\renewcommand*{\subexpreamblefs}{\itshape} +\end{lstlisting} + + +\subsection{Referring to examples}\label{sec:ref} + +References to examples and sub-examples can be made the usual way via the \jcsmacro{ref} command +(which refers to a \jcsmacro{label} that is placed in the respective example paragraph). +The references do not have parentheses by default, i.\,e., a reference to the example +in section~\ref{sec:ex} would be printed as \ref{expl}, a reference to the sub-example +in section~\ref{sec:subexs} as \ref{sbex}. +For convenience, though, \cvt\ provides a command \jcsmacro{pxref} that also prints the parentheses, +as in \pxref{expl} and \pxref{sbex}. It is defined as follows and can be redefined if needed: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={providecommand,pxref}] +\providecommand*\pxref[1]{(\ref{#1})} +\end{lstlisting} + + +\section{Glossing sentences word-by-word}\label{sec:gloss} + +To gloss a sentence is to annotate it word-by-word. Most commonly, a +sentence in a foreign language is followed by a word-for-word +translation (with the words lined up vertically) and then a smooth +translation (not lined up), like this: +\digloss{Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld} + {This is a Dutch example} + {This is an example in Dutch.} +\Cvt\ provides different ways to typeset such glosses. The most convenient +way is via gloss macros (see sec.~\ref{sec:gmacros}), an alternative (and the +traditional) way is via a set of commands (see sec.~\ref{sec:glosscmds}). +Both are described in turn. + +\subsection{Gloss macros}\label{sec:gmacros} + +\Cvt\ provides two gloss macros: +\begin{itemize} + \item \jcsmacro{digloss[\jparam{options}]\{\jparam{gloss line 1}\}\{\jparam{gloss line 2}\}\{\jparam{free translation}\}}\\ + typesets two-line glosses with a translation line (the macro name + puns on Greek \lexp{diglossía}, lit. \lmean{two tongues}, \lmean{bilingualism}) + \item \jcsmacro{trigloss[\jparam{options}]\{\jparam{gloss l.\,1}\}\{\jparam{gloss l.\,2}\}\{\jparam{gloss l.\,3}\}\{\jparam{free tr.}\}}\\ + typesets three-line\footnote{The additional line can be useful for instance + to gloss cited forms, morphology, or an additional translation. + See sec.~\ref{sec:glossex} for examples.} + glosses with a translation line (cf. Greek \lexp{triglossía}, + lit. \lmean{three tongues}, \lmean{trilingualism}) +\end{itemize} +% +The example given above would thus be typed as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss}] +\digloss{Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld} + {This is a Dutch example} + {This is an example in Dutch.} +\end{lstlisting} +% +Note that: +\begin{itemize} + \item The \jparam{free translation} argument can be left empty. In this case, no translation line is added + (and no extra space taken). + \item The macros automatically markup the lines. By default, the first gloss + line is in italics, subsequent lines are set upright, and the free translation in single + quotation marks (using the language-sensitive \textsf{csquotes} \cite{csquotes} macros if + this package is loaded). This can be customized, though, via the macro options or globally + (for the latter, see sec.~\ref{sec:glossfc}). + \item By default, page breaks might occur within glosses. In order to prevent it, the option + \joption{noglossbreaks} (see sec.~\ref{sec:intro}) will help in many cases. + If it doesn't, you can wrap the whole gloss into a minipage or parbox. + \item The words do not have to be typed lining up; \TeX\ counts and aligns them. + \item On the other hand, multiple blanks are ignored, so you can, but do not need to, + use the space key to line up the words to your liking in the \TeX\ file. + The example above could thus also have been input like this, with no change to the output: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss}] +\digloss{Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld} + {This is a Dutch example} + {This is an example in Dutch.} +\end{lstlisting} + \item If the words in the two languages do not correspond one-to-one, you can use curly brackets + to group words and a pair of empty curly brackets to mark null forms. + For example, to print + \digloss{Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands} + {This is a {little example} in {} Dutch} + {This is a little example in Dutch.} + you would type: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss}] +\digloss{Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands} + {This is a {little example} in {} Dutch} + {This is a little example in Dutch.} +\end{lstlisting} +\end{itemize} + +\medskip +\noindent The following \joption{\jparam{options}} (key-value pairs) are provided for the two gloss macro:% +\footnote{Please consult sec.~\ref{sec:glossex} below for examples that showcase these options.} + +\begin{description} + \item[\joption{ex=\jparam{true|false}}] Default: \emph{false}. Wraps the gloss in an example environment + (i.\,e., it is numberered). + \item[\joption{tlr=\jparam{true|false}}] Default: \emph{false}. If set to true, the translation line (content + of the \jparam{free translation} argument) is set right to the gloss lines, rather than into a new line below. + Since the gloss itself is set in a box, this means the \jparam{free translation} will appear lined up with the + first line of the gloss. This can be useful when no translation, but an aligned number or something similar, + is to be inserted right to the gloss (please refer to sec.~\ref{sec:glossex} for an example). + \item[\joption{fsi=\{\jparam{font settings}\}}] Adjusts the font settings of the first gloss line. + Valid values are \LaTeX\ font switches such as \jfcsmacro{itshape}, \jfcsmacro{bfseries} etc. + \item[\joption{fsii=\{\jparam{font settings}\}}] Adjusts the font settings of the second gloss line. + Valid values are \LaTeX\ font switches such as \jfcsmacro{itshape}, \jfcsmacro{bfseries} etc. + \item[\joption{fsiii=\{\jparam{font settings}\}}] Adjusts the font settings of the third gloss line. + Valid values are \LaTeX\ font switches such as \jfcsmacro{itshape}, \jfcsmacro{bfseries} etc. + \item[\joption{preamble=\{\jparam{arbitrary text}\}}] Arbitrary text that is inserted on an own line + before the interlinearized gloss. This might be useful, for instance, to give context information, + to specify the language or the source in case of cited glosses. + + The advantages over just adding a line manually above the gloss are that you can globally set the + markup (see sec.~\ref{sec:glossfc}), and that such lines are kept on the same page than the gloss + with the option \joption{noglossbreaks} (at least as long as preamble does not exceed one line). + Furthermore, this option is the only way to add such text when the \joption{ex} option is used. +\end{description} +% +If given as optional arguments to a \jcsmacro{digloss} or \jcsmacro{trigloss} macro, the options will only apply to +this very gloss. If you want to make a permanent change, you can use the macro +\begin{itemize} + \item \jcsmacro{setglossoptions\{\jparam{options}\}} +\end{itemize} +and pass either of the above options to it. This will apply to all subsequent glosses (until further global +change and unless the setting is altered locally via macro option). + +\subsection{Glossing with low-level commands}\label{sec:glosscmds} + +The gloss macros described above build on low-level commands\footnote{The commands are adapted +with permission from \texttt{gloss.tex}, by Marcel R. van der Goot.} which can also +be used directly (this was actually the only way up to \cvt\ 2.0 which introduced the macros). +Low-level commands can be useful if you want to do fancy things in a gloss. +Note, though, that using them also has limitations: +Some commands cannot be used inside macros (such as footnotes), and the markup is not done automatically +in all cases (as documented in what follows); furthermore, you cannot make use of the options the macros have. +Thus, we strongly suggest to use the macros, +unless you have very good reasons not to do that. + +The following is a complete list of all low-level glossing commands: +\begin{description}\setlength\itemsep{0pt} + \item[\jcsmacro{gll}] introduces two lines of words vertically aligned, and + activates an environment very similar to \jfenv{flushleft}. + The two lines are separated by a normal line break (carriage return). + This is possible since the command makes the line-ending character active. + As a consequence, however, this command does not work inside macros + (such as \jfcsmacro{footnote}). + \item[\jcsmacro{glll}] is like \jcsmacro{gll} except that it introduces + \emph{three} lines of lined-up words. + \item[\jcsmacro{xgll}] is similar to \jcsmacro{gll} except that it does not make + the line ending active. It thus works inside macros such as footnotes but + requires explicit gloss line termination via \jcsmacro{xgle}. + \item[\jcsmacro{xglll}] is similar to \jcsmacro{glll} except that it does not make + the line ending active. It thus works inside macros such as footnotes but + requires explicit gloss line termination via \jcsmacro{xgle}. + \item[\jcsmacro{xgle}] is a gloss line ending marker to be used with \jcsmacro{xgll} + and \jcsmacro{xglll}. + \item[\jcsmacro{glt}] ends the set of lined-up lines and introduces a line + (or more) of translation. Note that this command does not markup the translation + line (no automatic enquoting). Also, it outputs an empty line if no text follows. + \item[\jcsmacro{gln}] is like \jcsmacro{glt} but does not start a new line + (useful when no translation follows but you want to put a number on the + right). + \item[\jcsmacro{glot\{\jparam{free translation}\}}] is an alternative to \jcsmacro{glt} + and a smarter way to insert a translation line. Other than \jcsmacro{glt}, it marks up + (by default: enquotes) the translation line. Also, it does not add an empty line if the + translation is empty. This command has been introduced in \cvt\ 2.0. + \item[\jcsmacro{glosspreamble\{\jparam{arbitrary text}\}}] lets you enter text that is printed immediately + before the interlinearized gloss (on a line of its own). This might be useful, for instance, + to give context information, to specify the language or the source in case of cited glosses. + The advantages over just adding a line manually above the gloss are that you can globally set the markup + (see sec.~\ref{sec:glossfc}) and that such lines are kept on the same page than the gloss with the option + \joption{noglossbreaks}. Note, however, that page breaks might occur if this text spans multiple lines. + In this case, you can wrap the whole gloss into a minipage. + This command has been introduced in \cvt\ 2.1. + \item[\jcsmacro{glend}] ends the special \jfenv{flushleft}-like environment. +\end{description} +% +Using the low-level commands, the examples given in the previous section would be +coded as follows: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] +\gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld. + This is a Dutch example. +\glt `This is an example in Dutch.' +\glend +\end{lstlisting} +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glt,glend}] +\gll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands + This is a {little example} in {} Dutch +\glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' +\glend +\end{lstlisting} +% +Observe that you need to markup (i.\,e., enquote) the translation line yourself if you use \jcsmacro{glt}. +This is not so if you use \jcsmacro{glot}: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={gll,glot,glend}] +\gll Dit is een Nederlands voorbeeld + This is a Dutch example +\glot{This is an example in Dutch.} +\glend +\end{lstlisting} +% +The advantage of \jcsmacro{glot} is that you can easily customize the translation markup globally. +Also, \jcsmacro{glot} uses the language-sensitive \textsf{csquotes} \cite{csquotes} macros if +this package is loaded (see sec.~\ref{sec:glossfc}). + +Since \jcsmacro{gll} and \jcsmacro{glll} locally activate the end of line in glosses in order to +identify the different lines of the gloss (via category code change), they do not work inside macros +(e.\,g., if the gloss is in a footnote). To work around this, special versions of the \jcsmacro{gll} +and \jcsmacro{glll} commands are provided that do without the character activation: \jcsmacro{xgll} +and \jcsmacro{xglll}, respectively. +These can also be used in macro arguments; however, the end of each gloss line needs to be explicitly +specified by the \jcsmacro{xgle} command in this case. +If you want to put the above gloss in a footnote, thus, you would type: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={xgll,xgle,glt,glend}] +\xgll Dit is een voorbeeldje in het Nederlands.\xgle + This is a {little example} in {} Dutch.\xgle +\glt `This is a little example in Dutch.' +\glend +\end{lstlisting} +% +Note, again, that the macros described in sec.~\ref{sec:gmacros} do not have this problem. + +To sum up: With low-level commands, every glossed sentence begins with either \jcsmacro{gll}, +\jcsmacro{xgll}, \jcsmacro{glll} or \jcsmacro{xglll}, then contains either \jcsmacro{glt} or +\jcsmacro{gln}, and ends with \jcsmacro{glend}. +Layout is critical in the part preceding \jcsmacro{glt} or \jcsmacro{gln}, and fairly free afterward. + + +\subsection{Customization}\label{sec:glossfc} + +The font settings of each gloss line can be customized globally by way of +the global options macro \jcsmacro{setglossoptions} and the \joption{fsi}, +\joption{fsii} or \joption{fsiii} key, respectively (see sec.~\ref{sec:gmacros}). +Alternatively, you can also redefine these macros: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={glosslineone,glosslinetwo,glosslinethree}] +\newcommand*\glosslineone{\normalfont\itshape}% font settings 1st gloss line +\newcommand*\glosslinetwo{\normalfont\upshape}% font settings 2nd gloss line +\newcommand*\glosslinethree{\normalfont\upshape}% font settings 3rd gloss line +\end{lstlisting} +% +The markup of the translation line (if the \jcsmacro{digloss} or \jcsmacro{trigloss} +macro or the \jcsmacro{glot} low-level command is used) can be customized by redefining +the following macro. +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={glosslinetrans,covenquote}] +\newcommand*\glosslinetrans[1]{\covenquote{#1}} +\end{lstlisting} +Note that for \jcsmacro{covenquote}, as used in the default definition, \cvt\ checks at +document begin whether the \textsf{csquotes} \cite{csquotes} package is loaded. If so, +it uses its language-sensitive \jcsmacro{enquote*} macro for enquoting the translation. +If not, a fallback quotation (using English single quotation marks) is used. The usage of +\textsf{csquotes} is highly recommended! + +The markup of the preamble line (which is not marked up at all by default) can be customized +by redefining the macro: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={glosslinetrans,covenquote}] +\newcommand*\glosslinepreamble[1]{#1} +\end{lstlisting} + + +\subsection{Examples}\label{sec:glossex} + +This section gives some further examples. First, a sentence with three lines aligned, +instead of just two: +\trigloss[fsii={\normalfont\scshape}] + {Hoc est aliud exemplum} + {n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom} + {This is another example} + {This is another example.} +In order to produce this, we use the \jcsmacro{trigloss} macro for a three-line gloss +and pass the \joption{fsii} option with the respective font switches in order to +get small capitals in the second line: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={trigloss}] +\trigloss[fsii={\normalfont\scshape}] + {Hoc est aliud exemplum} + {n.sg.nom 3sg n.sg.nom n.sg.nom} + {This is another example} + {This is another example.} +\end{lstlisting} +% +Next, an example with a gloss but no translation, with an example number +at the right: +\digloss[tlr]{Hoc habet numerum} + {This has number} + {\hfill (\exampleno)} +% +That one was typed using the option \joption{tlr}: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss,exampleno}] +\digloss[tlr]{Hoc habet numerum} + {This has number} + {\hfill (\exampleno)} +\end{lstlisting} +% +Third, we'll put a glossed sentence inside the \texttt{example} +environment, which is a very common way of using it: +\digloss[ex]{Hoc habet numerum praepositum} + {This has number preposed} + {This one has a number in front of it.} +This last example was, of course, typed as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss}] +\digloss[ex]{Hoc habet numerum praepositum} + {This has number preposed} + {This one has a number in front of it.} +\end{lstlisting} +although you could also construct it manually as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss}] +\begin{example} +\digloss{Hoc habet numerum praepositum} + {This has number preposed} + {This one has a number in front of it.} +\end{example} +\end{lstlisting} +% +And finally, an example that uses the \emph{Leipzig glossing rules} (\cite{leipzig}, +cited example: p.~2) and also exemplifies the use of \joption{preamble}: +\digloss[ex, preamble={Lezgian (Haspelmath 1993:207)}] + {Gila abur-u-n ferma hami¨alu\v{g} gü\v{g}üna amuq'-da-\v{c}.} + {now they-\textsc{obl-gen} farm forever behind stay-\textsc{fut-neg}} + {Now their farm will not stay behind forever.} +This has been input as follows: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={digloss},basicstyle={\footnotesize\ttfamily}] +\digloss[ex,preamble={Lezgian (Haspelmath 1993:207)}] + {Gila abur-u-n ferma hami¨alu\v{g} gü\v{g}üna amuq'-da-\v{c}.} + {now they-\textsc{obl-gen} farm forever behind stay-\textsc{fut-neg}} + {Now their farm will not stay behind forever.} +\end{lstlisting} +% +Of course, you would use \jfcsmacro{cite} in a real document for the citation. +Also, if you adhere to the \emph{Leipzig glossing rules}, you might want to check out the \textsf{leipzig} +\LaTeX\ package \cite{leipzig-ltx} that facilitates the use of the gloss abbreviations that have +been entered and marked-up manually here. + + +\section{Phrase structure rules} + +To print phrase structure rules such as \psr{S}{NP~VP} you can use \texttt{covington's} macro +\jcsmacro{psr\{\jparam{constituent}\}\{\jparam{sub-constituents}\}} (for the given example, +\lstinline[moretexcs={psr}]"\psr{S}{NP~VP}"). + +\section{Feature structures} + +To print a feature structure such as +\begin{flushleft} +\fs{case:nom \\ person:P} +\end{flushleft} +you can type: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={fs}] +\fs{case:nom \\ person:P} +\end{lstlisting} + +The feature structure can appear anywhere -- in continuous text, in a +displayed environment such as \jfenv{flushleft}, or inside a +phrase-structure rule, or even inside another feature structure. + +To put a category label at the top of the feature structure, like this, +\begin{flushleft} +\lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} +\end{flushleft} +here's what you type: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs}] +\lfs{N}{case:nom \\ person:P} +\end{lstlisting} +And here is an example of a \textsc{ps}-rule made of labeled feature structures: +\begin{flushleft} +\psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} + {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} + \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } +\end{flushleft} +which was obviously coded as: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={lfs,psr}] +\psr{\lfs{S}{tense:T}} + {\lfs{NP}{case:nom \\ number:N} + \lfs{VP}{tense:T \\ number:N} } +\end{lstlisting} + + +\section{Discourse Representation Structures}\label{sec:drs} + +Several macros in \cvt\ facilitate display of \emph{Discourse Representation Structures} +(\textsc{drs}es) in the box notation introduced by Hans Kamp \cite{kamp}. +The simplest one is \jcsmacro{drs}, which takes two arguments: +a list of discourse variables joined by \verb"~", and a list of \textsc{drs} +conditions separated by \verb"\\". Nesting is permitted. + +Note that the \jcsmacro{drs} macro itself does not give you a displayed environment; you +must use \jfenv{flushleft} or the like to display the \textsc{drs}. + +\medskip +\noindent Here are some examples: + +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + { + donkey(X)\\ + green(X) + } +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +% +prints as: +\begin{flushleft} +\drs{X} + { + donkey(X)\\ + green(X) + } +\end{flushleft} + +\medskip + +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + { + named(X,`Pedro')\\ + \drs{Y} + { + donkey(Y)\\ + owns(X,Y) + } + ~~{\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~} + {feeds(X,Y)} + } +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +% +comes out as: +\begin{flushleft} + \drs{X} + { + named(X,`Pedro')\\ + \drs{Y} + { + donkey(Y)\\ + owns(X,Y) + } + ~~{\large $\Rightarrow$}~ + \drs{~} + {feeds(X,Y)} + } +\end{flushleft} +% +Note that the alignment of the input is fairly free, so you can also write the +two arguments of \jcsmacro{drs} in one line, like: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={drs}] +\drs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{lstlisting} + +\medskip +\noindent To display a sentence above the \textsc{drs}, use \jcsmacro{sdrs}, which has one +extra argument for this purpose, as in: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sdrs}] +\begin{flushleft} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.} + {X} + {donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{flushleft} +\end{lstlisting} +which prints as: +% +\begin{flushleft} + \sdrs{A donkey is green.}{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{flushleft} +% +Some \textsc{drs} connectives are also provided (normally for forming +\textsc{drs}es that are to be nested within other \textsc{drs}es). +The macro \jcsmacro{negdrs} forms a \textsc{drs} preceded by a negation symbol, so +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={negdrs}] +\negdrs{X} + { + donkey(X)\\ + green(X) + } +\end{lstlisting} +% +comes out as +% +\begin{flushleft} +\negdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\green(X)} +\end{flushleft} +Finally, \jcsmacro{ifdrs} forms a pair of \textsc{drs}es joined by a big arrow, +like this: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={ifdrs}] +\ifdrs{X} + { + donkey(X)\\ + hungry(X) + } + {~} + {feeds(Pedro,X)} +\end{lstlisting} +\begin{flushleft} +\ifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} + {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} +\end{flushleft} +If you have an ``if''-structure appearing among ordinary predicates +inside a \textsc{drs}, you may prefer to use \jcsmacro{alifdrs}, which is just like +\jcsmacro{ifdrs} but shifted slightly to the left for better alignment: +\begin{flushleft} +\alifdrs{X}{donkey(X)\\hungry(X)} + {~}{feeds(Pedro,X)} +\end{flushleft} + +\medskip +\noindent Note that for more extended \textsc{drs} representations, dedicated packages are meanwhile available, +most notably the \textsf{drs} \cite{drs} and the \textsf{sdrt} \cite{sdrt} package. +Both packages actually draw on \cvt, add some additional features and, in some cases, tweak the layout to +(what strikes those package authors) the better. If the rather basic \textsc{drs} macros provided by \cvt\ +do not suit you, please check if one of those packages does. + +Note, though, that while \textsf{sdrt} introduces new (capitalized) macro naming which lets the package peacefully +coexist with \cvt, \textsf{drs} simply re-uses \cvt's macro names, which makes the two packages incompatible. +In order to fix this, \cvt\ checks whether the \textsc{drs} macros are already defined when it is loaded; if so, it does not define its own ones. +So if you want to use the \textsc{drs} macros of the \textsf{drs} package together with \cvt's non-\textsc{drs} features, you can do so, +provided that \textsf{drs} is loaded \emph{before} \cvt. In that case, \cvt's own \textsc{drs} macros are disabled. + +\section{Exercises}\label{sec:exercises} + +The \jenv{exercise} environment (alias \jenv{covexercise}) generates an exercise numbered according +to chapter, section, and subsection (suitable for use in a large book; +in this example, the subsection number is going to come out as 0). Here is an example: +\begin{exercise}[Project] +Prove that the above assertion is true. +\end{exercise} +This was coded as +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{exercise}[Project] +Prove that the above assertion is true. +\end{exercise} +\end{lstlisting} +The argument (\verb"[Project]" in the example) is optional. + +Note that, as of version 1.1, \cvt\ checks if there is already an \jenv{exercise} environment +defined (e.\,g., by the class). If so, \cvt\ does not define its own one. However, there is always +the alias environment \jenv{covexercise} which can be used in order to produce \texttt{covington's} exercise. +If you use the package option \joption{force}, \cvt\ will override existing \jenv{exercise} +environments. In any case, the package will issue a warning if \jenv{exercise} is already defined. + +\section{Reference Lists}\label{sec:reflists} + +To type a simple \textsc{lsa}-style hanging-indented reference list, you can use the \jenv{reflist} +environment. (\emph{Note:} \jenv{reflist} is not integrated with Bib\TeX\ in any way.% +\footnote{For Bib\TeX, there are several options: the \textsc{lsa} style, as used in the journal \emph{Language}, +can be obtained by means of the style files \texttt{lsalike.bst} +(\url{http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/ftp/pub/speech/jurafsky/lsalike.bst}) or \texttt{language.bst} +(\url{http://ron.artstein.org/resources/language.bst}); the latter uses \texttt{natbib}. +The so-called \emph{Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics}, as proposed by the \textsc{cel}x\textsc{j} +(\emph{Committee of Editors of Linguistics Journals}), which slightly differs from the \textsc{lsa} style, +is followed by the style file \texttt{unified.bst} (available at \url{http://celxj.org/downloads/unified.bst}). +A \texttt{biblatex} style file for the unified style is available at +\url{https://github.com/semprag/biblatex-sp-unified} or on \textsc{ctan} as part of the \textsf{univie-ling} bundle.}) For example, +\begin{lstlisting} +\begin{reflist} +Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. +Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, +Massachusetts: MIT Press. + +Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, +Massachusetts: MIT Press. + +Covington, Michael. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. +\end{reflist} +\end{lstlisting} +prints as: +\begin{reflist} +Barton, G. Edward; Berwick, Robert C.; and Ristad, Eric Sven. 1987. +Computational complexity and natural language. Cambridge, +Massachusetts: MIT Press. + +Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, +Massachusetts: MIT Press. + +Covington, Michael A. 1993. Natural language processing for Prolog +programmers. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. +\end{reflist} +By default, the references have a hanging indentation of 3\,em. This can +be globally changed by altering the length \jcsmacro{reflistindent}. +Doing \lstinline|\setlength\reflistindent{1.5em}|, for instance, +will shorten the indentation by half. Likewise, the length \jcsmacro{reflistitemsep} +(6\,pt by default) and \jcsmacro{reflistparsep} (ca. 4\,pt by default) can be adjusted +to alter the vertical separation (\jfcsmacro{itemsep} and \jfcsmacro{parsep}, for that +matter) of reference entries. + +Notice that within the reference list, ``French spacing'' is in effect +--- that is, spaces after periods are no wider than normal spaces. Thus +you do not have to do anything special to avoid excessive space after +people's initials. + + +\section{Semantic markup}\label{sec:markup} + +The macro \jcsmacro{sentence} displays an italicized sentence (it is a +combination of \jfenv{flushleft} and \jfmacro{itshape}). If you type +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sentence}] +\sentence{This is a sentence.} +\end{lstlisting} +you get: +\sentence{This is a sentence.} +% +The font shape can be modified by redefining the following macro: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={sentencefs}] +\newcommand*\sentencefs{\itshape} +\end{lstlisting} +% +The following macros provide further markup options common in linguistics: + +\begin{itemize} + \item \lstinline[moretexcs={lexp}]|\lexp{word}| is used to mark word forms + (italic by default, as in \lexp{word}) + \item \lstinline[moretexcs={lcon}]|\lcon{concept}| is used to mark concepts + (small caps by default, as in \lcon{concept}) + \item \lstinline[moretexcs={lmean}]|\lmean{meaning}| is used to mark meaning + (single quotes by default, as in \lmean{meaning}) +\end{itemize} +% +Note that for \jcsmacro{lmean}, \cvt\ checks at document begin whether the \textsf{csquotes} +\cite{csquotes} package is loaded. If so, it uses its language-sensitive \jcsmacro{enquote*} +macro for quoting. If not, a fallback quotation (using English single quotation marks) is used. +The usage of \textsf{csquotes} is highly recommended! + +Here are the definitions of the macros. They can be redefined via \jcsmacro{renewcommand}: +\begin{lstlisting}[moretexcs={providecommand,lexp,lcon,lmean,covenquote}] +\providecommand*\lexp[1]{\textit{#1}} +\providecommand*\lcon[1]{\textsc{#1}} +\providecommand*\lmean[1]{\covenquote{#1}} +\end{lstlisting} +% + +\section{Big curly brackets (disjunctions)} + +Last of all, the two-argument macro \jcsmacro{either} expresses alternatives +within a sentence or \textsc{ps}-rule: +\begin{flushleft} +\lstinline[moretexcs={either}]"the \either{big}{large} dog" $=$ the \either{big}{large} dog \\ +\end{flushleft} +\begin{flushleft} +\lstinline[moretexcs={either,psr}]"\psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} " $=$ \psr{A}{B~\either{C}{D}~E} +\end{flushleft} +% +That's all there is for now. +Suggestions for improving \cvt\ are welcome, and bug +reports are actively solicited (via \url{https://github.com/jspitz/covington}). Please note, however, that this is free +software, and the authors make no commitment to do any further work on +it. + +\section{Release history} + +\subsection*{2.3 (2019 June 21)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Add preamble option to subexamples environment. See sec.~\ref{sec:subexs}. + \item Allow to use \cvt\ together with the \textsf{drs} package. + \item Documentation fixes and restructuring. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2.2 (2019 June 4)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Add new option \joption{owncounter} that makes \cvt\ use an own counter for examples (rather than the equation counter). + \item Add starred \jcsmacro{exampleno*} command that outputs the current example number value without stepping it. + See sec.~\ref{sec:exno}. + \item Add macros \jcsmacro{covexamplefs} and \jcsmacro{covexamplenofs} for global setting of example text markup. + See sec.~\ref{sec:custno}. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2.1 (2019 May 12)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Add new option \joption{noglossbreaks} that tries to prevent page breaks within glosses. + \item Add \jcsmacro{glosspreamble} command and \joption{preamble} gloss macro option for arbitrary text preceding glosses. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2.0 (2018 December 10)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Add new gloss macros (\jcsmacro{digloss} and \jcsmacro{trigloss}) + for a more convenient, flexible and robust gloss insertion. See sec.~\ref{sec:gmacros}. + \item Add \jcsmacro{glot} command for customizable gloss translation line, together with customization possibilities. + See sec.~\ref{sec:glosscmds}. + \item Add possibility to customize \jcsmacro{sentence} font setting. See sec.~\ref{sec:markup}. + \item Add \jcsmacro{lexp}, \jcsmacro{lcon} and \jcsmacro{lmean} markup macros. See sec.~\ref{sec:markup}. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.8 (2018 December 7)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Fix font markup of second gloss line (do not force rm). + \item Add possibility to customize gloss line font setting. See sec.~\ref{sec:custno}. + \item Add possibility to customize example number display. See sec.~\ref{sec:custno}. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.7 (2018 September 8)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Fix alignment in \jenv{subexamples}. + \item Improve manual. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.6 (2018 September 7)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Introduce new environment \jenv{subexamples} (see sec.~\ref{sec:subexs}). + \item Introduce new command \jcsmacro{pxref} (see sec.~\ref{sec:ref}). +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.5 (2018 August 24)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Introduce new option \joption{keeplayout} which allows to opt-out the + layout presettings \cvt\ does (\jfcsmacro{raggedbottom}, \jfcsmacro{textfloatsep}). +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.4 (2017 May 23)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Introduce a new macro \jcsmacro{twodias} that supersedes the rather odd \jcsmacro{twoacc} + (which is kept for backwards compatibility). See sec.~\ref{sec:accents} for details. + \item Introduce macro \jcsmacro{SetDiaOffset} for more convenient setting of vertical distance + in stacked diacritics. See sec.~\ref{sec:accents} for details. + \item \LaTeX\ 2.09 is no longer officially supported (it might continue to work, but is not + tested). +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.3 (2017 April 5)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Gloss variants \jcsmacro{xgll} and \jcsmacro{xglll} that work + inside macros (such as footnotes) but require explicit gloss + line end markers (\jcsmacro{xgle}). See sec.~\ref{sec:gloss} for details. + \item New lengths \jcsmacro{reflistindent}, \jcsmacro{reflistparsep} and + \jcsmacro{reflistitemsep} to globally adjust the indentation or vertical + space, respectively, of reflist items. + See sec.~\ref{sec:reflists} for details. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.2 (2016 August 26)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item New length \jcsmacro{examplenumbersep} to adjust (increase) the horizontal space + between example number and example text. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex} for details. + \item Add some more info about bibliography generation. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.1a (2016 July 7)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Fix encoding problem in documentation and some typos. No change in functionality. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{1.1 (2016 July 6)} + +\begin{itemize} + \item The package now uses \textsc{nfss} font commands if available (fallback for \LaTeX\ 2.09 is still provided). + \item Work around clash with classes\slash packages that define their own \jenv{example} and + \jenv{examples} environments (most notably the \texttt{beamer} class) as well as \jenv{execise} environments. + The \cvt\ package no longer blindly attempts to define these environments. By default, it does not + define them if they are already defined (\texttt{covington's} own environments, however, are still available via aliases). + By means of a new package option, a redefinition can also be forced. See sec.~\ref{sec:ex} and \ref{sec:exs} for details. + \item New length \jcsmacro{twoaccsep} allows for the adjustment of the distance between stacked accents (see sec.~\ref{sec:accents}). + \item Update manual. + \item New maintainer: J. Spitzm\"uller. + \item License has been changed to \textsc{lppl} (in agreement with M. Covington) + \item Introduce version numbers. Arbitrarily, we start with 1.1. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2014 May 16} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Patches by Robin Fairbairns: + \begin{itemize} + \item Setting of \jfcsmacro{textfloatsep} uses \jfcsmacro{setlength} rather than \jfcsmacro{renewcommand} + \item Style file converted to un*x line endings + \end{itemize} +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{2001 March 27} + +\begin{itemize} + \item It is no longer necessary to type \jfcsmacro{it} to get proper italic type in feature structures. + \item Instructions have been rewritten with \LaTeXe\ users in mind. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection*{Older versions} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Multiple accents on a single letter (e.\,g., \emph{\acm{a}}) are supported. + \item This package is now called \cvt\ (with the o) + and is compatible with \LaTeXe\ and \textsc{nfss} as well as \LaTeX\ 2.09. + \item The vertical placement of labeled feature structures has + been changed + so that the category labels line up regardless of the size of + the structures. +\end{itemize} + +\begin{thebibliography}{99} + \bibitem{leipzig} Bickel, Balthasar, Bernard Comrie, and Martin Haspelmath: + \emph{The Leipzig glossing rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme + by morpheme glosses}. Revised version of February 2008. Department + of Linguistics, Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. + \url{http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php}. + \bibitem{drs} Dimitradis, Alexis: \emph{drs -- Typeset Discourse Representation Structures (DRS)}. + June 10, 2010. \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/drs}. + \bibitem{sdrt} Isambert, Paul: \emph{sdrt -- Macros for Segmented Discourse Representation Theory}. + May 13, 2007. \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/sdrt}. + \bibitem{kamp} Kamp, Hans: A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation. + In Jeroen A.\,G. Groenendijk, Theo M.\,V. Janssen, and Martin J.\,B. Stokhof (eds.): + Formal Methods in the Study of Language. Amsterdam: Mathematics Center, 1981, 277--322. + \bibitem{csquotes} Lehman, Philipp and Joseph Wright: + \emph{csquotes: Context sensitive quotation facilities}. April 4, 2018. + \url{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/csquotes}. + \bibitem{pakin} Pakin, Scott: The Comprehensive \LaTeX\ Symbol List. + November 30, 2015. \url{https://www.ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive}. + \bibitem{leipzig-ltx} Weber, Nathalie: \emph{leipzig: Typeset and index linguistic + gloss abbreviations}. June 16, 2017. \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/leipzig}. +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document} + |