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+From rick@cs.arizona.edu Wed Aug 14 02:55:35 1991
+From: rick@cs.arizona.edu (Rick Schlichting)
+Newsgroups: comp.research.japan,soc.culture.china
+Subject: Kahaner Report: Computing and related S&T activities in China (PRC)
+Date: 12 Aug 91 17:29:26 GMT
+Followup-To: comp.research.japan
+
+
+ [Dr. David Kahaner is a numerical analyst visiting Japan for two-years
+ under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research-Asia (ONR/Asia).
+ The following is the professional opinion of David Kahaner and in no
+ way has the blessing of the US Government or any agency of it. All
+ information is dated and of limited life time. This disclaimer should
+ be noted on ANY attribution.]
+
+ [Copies of previous reports written by Kahaner can be obtained from
+ host cs.arizona.edu using anonymous FTP.]
+
+To: Distribution
+From: David K. Kahaner, ONR Asia [kahaner@xroads.cc.u-tokyo.ac.jp]
+Re: Computing and related S&T activities in China (PRC)
+12 August 1991
+This file is named "computing.ch"
+
+
+ABSTRACT. An overview of computing and related activities in China (PRC).
+
+
+INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.
+This report is a complement to earlier reports on Chinese computing,
+(xian.rpt, 14 Aug 1991; tiawan, 17 Jan 1991; hongkong.91, 11 July 1991).
+It is based on one visit to PRC during June 1991 and reading of some
+English literature and English translations.
+
+In many ways mainland China (People's Republic of China-- PRC) is a
+modern industrial nation, and in others a poor third world country.
+High tech industries in China are struggling because of the usual
+problems associated with partially developed countries. There are
+additional problems related to restrictions on trade from the US and EC
+because of political differences. Lack of good communication facilities
+such as computer networks and fax machines means that information flow
+is erratic; several of the scientists we spoke to were unaware of
+activities in neighboring Chinese institutions, while others appeared to
+be exceptionally well connected. Electronic mail is just beginning to
+appear. Access to computers is generally erratic. There is a heavy
+emphasis on simulation and theory when experimentation might be better.
+Basic theoretical research (pencil and paper) is excellent, especially
+in applied mathematical analysis. We saw no parallel computing activity
+although reading available reference materials indicates that some work
+is in progress. We were not able to assess research in computer
+science either, except it was clear that computer engineering is very
+active. Fuzzy logic, for example, has a tremendous following, and there
+are a great many applications being developed for industrial processes,
+perhaps more than in the US. (See the anecdotal list of applications
+given below, as well as papers on the topic listed in the forthcoming
+report (xian.rpt, 14 Aug 1991).
+
+Access to Western research information also appears spotty. Some
+lectures at a conference we attended in Xi'an suggested a very out of
+date view of Western literature. On the other hand senior scientists
+travel to and study in the West and read and write English fairly well.
+But many Chinese scientists have not travelled outside of their country,
+and have not had much opportunity to use spoken English. There also
+appears to be substantial library facilities at least at some
+institutions. Communicating in English seems to be more of a problem
+than in Japan, but this is also very variable.
+
+There is no doubt that China is trying very hard to push science and
+technology as a means to move itself forward. Numerous studies have
+emphasized that the country that invented paper, movable type, gunpowder,
+and the compass has had no similar scientific achievements in recent
+times. Four volumes of "S&T white papers" have been published since 1986
+describing the Chinese government's significant policy and strategy
+decisions, related materials, and regulations for scientists and others.
+It is hoped, for example, that by the year 2000 high-tech industries
+will become pillars of China's national economy, traditional industries
+will improve their productivity, the internal consumer market will fuel
+other improvements, and even military research institutes will shift
+strategically toward civilian products, as is now occurring in the Soviet
+Union.
+
+Thus there is plenty of interest, ample reports, and relatively large
+quantities of money to be spent on R&D, although it must be spread over
+a huge infrastructure. For example, the State Science and Technology
+Commission will funnel over $2B US into high-tech development during the
+'90s. For better or worse, China has over 7500 scientific research
+organizations at the county level or above, a high-tech work force of
+more than 3 million including about 400,000 scientific research
+personnel, almost as many as in the US or Japan, and more than in
+England. Many of the policies for promoting S&T are common to other
+industrializing countries and will not be detailed here. A typical
+quote, "we should strengthen reverse engineering and digest, absorb,
+improve, and develop imported technology, take advantage of our vast
+population and raise design starting points. An example is importing and
+digesting French engine technologies as a basis for reverse design and
+absorbing new engine technologies from foreign countries for development
+and innovation to design and develop our own new type of engine.."
+
+At the same time that the Chinese government is trying to open itself to
+the international scientific community there is also a substantial
+amount of of old-line inertia and flowery governmental prose in
+published documents. This is compounded by official concerns about
+giving away secrets to foreign intelligence agents. However, all the
+experiences during our recent visit suggest that individual Chinese
+scientists are just as eager as those anywhere to engage in cooperation
+and free scientific information exchange. Let us do everything possible
+to encourage and support this attitude.
+
+
+CHINESE KEY NATIONAL LABORATORIES.
+A plan to build national key labs in universities and research
+institutes began in 1984. The focus has been on building and operating
+open labs, setting up a new research system, promoting collaboration and
+cooperation, personnel buildup, establishing a good academic atmosphere,
+and managing the labs. More than 60 national labs were built since 1984.
+In addition, the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) also has invested in
+setting up a similar number of academic labs and institutes which are
+university-like (including some students) but in a different
+organizational chain. Further, more labs have been proposed, so that
+there could be on the order of 150 by 1995.
+
+The Chinese government is now focusing on the fact that building a high
+class laboratory involves not only a large one-time construction cost,
+but a high on-going operational cost. There is now a trend to
+consolidate some labs to make their operations more cost effective, make
+research funds less diffuse and make sure that research directions are
+not divided too finely. There are still many problems related to "turf",
+and cooperation as well as communication between labs needs improving.
+There are also a number of issues related to personnel, such as getting
+lab leaders of international stature (the target here is the Cavendish
+Laboratory with Maxwell and Rayleigh as early directors), getting (and
+keeping) enough young researchers and support technicians who will make
+most of the actual breakthroughs. Of course the perennial problem of
+logistic support occurs too. To operate the labs it is recommended that
+"operation is more important than construction", "academic atmosphere is
+more important that current academic standard", and "management is more
+important than current experimental condition".
+
+863 PROGRAM.
+This is the major plan for S&T development, proposed in March 1986. It is
+centered around five areas, with its main focus to catch up with advanced
+technology. Five areas are of special interest.
+ * Biotechnology
+ * Information technology (see below)
+ * Automation technology (especially a demo production line at Qinghua
+ Univ, comprehensive automated manufacturing systems, high
+ performance sensor technology, multiphase system control technology,
+ and robots for precision work, work beyond 300 meters depth, and
+ work in difficult environments)
+ * New materials (especially for high temperature and shock resistance,
+ high malleability, for power equipment, aerospace materials,
+ micromaterials, thermoplastic resins, ceramic-base, semiconductor
+ photoelectric, optical memory, artificial crystals, membrane
+ materials, non-crystalline, superconducting materials, etc., to the
+ late 1980's levels.)
+ * Energy resource technology The Chinese government has also initiated a
+ "Torch Program" to ensure that any advances of 386 will be put into
+ commercial/industrial use.
+
+
+INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT).
+A large number of articles in the Chinese official, popular, and
+technical literature have emphasized the importance of IT as part of
+China's High Technology Development Plan, also called 863 Plan, see
+above. In some articles IT is described as the most important of all the
+386 projects. The IT aspects are divided into three general areas.
+ * Information acquisition
+ The plan is to develop a broad variety of information acquisition
+ and processing technologies for industrial and agricultural needs
+ especially in the areas of infrared detection, adaptive optical
+ telescopes, imaging radar technology (including satellite-carried
+ synthetic aperture radar and infrared focal plane technology), high
+ speed real-time signal processing and graphics.
+ * Optoelectronics
+ The plan is to develop all kinds of novel optoelectronic devices
+ and associated system integration technology for sensing, computing
+ and communications, and study new ways to fabricate VLSI in order
+ to lay the technical and material groundwork for new information
+ acquisition systems, computers, and communication equipment. It is
+ generally accepted in China that if the 20th century is the era of
+ electronic information, then the 21st will be the era of
+ optoelectronic information.
+ * Intelligent computing
+ The plan is to put the best people and resources in advanced
+ computer technology and AI together to track the latest
+ developments in the world, investigate the theoretical basis and
+ key technology of intelligent computers, and promote the widespread
+ use of AI to push for an intelligent computer industry in China.
+ Processing Chinese characters is an important part of many
+ projects associated with intelligent computing.
+
+
+All together there are about 300 projects, 2,500 scientists and
+technicians, and about 80 organizations. The Chinese are definitely
+attempting to pool resources into national research centers. For
+example, the intelligent computing work has been centered in the CAS
+Institute of Computing Technology. About one third of the projects have
+been completed, and the Chinese estimate that about one quarter of these
+are competitive with international scientific standards.
+
+The Chinese have stated that "we should encourage international joint R&D
+activities and strengthen cooperation among open laboratories, research
+centers, research institutes and higher-learning institutions in China. A
+unified, orderly, competitive and mutually complementary network of
+cooperation should be established." There is also great interest in
+having visiting researchers as well as sending Chinese students to other
+countries. For this, as well as other international activities, however,
+some non technical issues are also relevant. For example, "we must
+intensify their ideological and political education to firm up their
+patriotism, national pride and confidence, and faith in socialism," etc.
+
+As of 9/90 the Chinese government has broken out its information
+technology project accomplishments as follows.
+
+Topic World Domestic | Intermed Design Disseminate Total
+ Level Leader | Results Final Applications
+-----
+
+Intelligent
+ Computing 12 35 | 21 21 5 47
+Optoelectronics 7 31 | 33 3 2 38
+Information
+ Acquisition
+ & Processing 3 10 | 8 0 5 13
+ -- -- -- -- -- --
+Total 22 76 | 62 24 12 98
+
+The descriptions below attempt to give a very brief picture of some of
+these projects. The remarks are fragmented and have all been gathered
+from available documentation. I have not had personal contact with these
+projects, so the descriptions may not be accurate. I should note that the
+Chinese scientists I spoke with were frank and realistic about the status
+of their work. But in print, projects are often described in
+exceptionally positive terms. This is especially true for summary
+reports. If readers are interested I will attempt to obtain further
+information about selected projects.
+
+
+COMPUTING, GENERAL.
+It is estimated that there are about half million PC type computers in
+China, with about two-thirds of Chinese manufacture, compared to about
+25% in 1981. In 1985 about $1.2B US was spent on computer imports; in
+1989 this had been reduced to $389M US. It is now hoped that Chinese
+systems can be exported, perhaps up to $1B US by 1995. Production
+includes complete systems, peripherals, monitors, printers, magnetic
+recording equipment, as well as system and application software. A major
+thrust of work has been input of Chinese characters. Computers
+manufactured in China are marketed under the names of Great Wall, Taiji,
+Zijin, and Legend. For example, Legend (Beijing Legend Computer Group,
+part of the Chinese Academy of Science CAS) markets 286, 386, 386SX, and
+486 systems. A 386 system (33Mhz) has also been developed by CAS, with
+66Mbit/sec transfer rate between memory and cpu, and a RISC based
+floating point unit. This system can be purchased with an independently
+designed 1280x1024 color card. In 1990 about 100K 286 mother boards were
+shipped to the US and Europe. China's first electron tube calculators
+were also made at the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) in 1958--a copy of
+a Soviet model; current production uses LSI technology. Changzou
+Electronic Computer Plant also markets a laptop based on a 4.77MHz 80C88
+and supports both Chinese and standard Ascii characters. Another model
+uses memory card technology based on an independently designed and
+developed card.
+
+To the best of my knowledge China currently has no Western
+supercomputers. However, I was told last fall by representatives of
+Convex Computer that there were several sales close to finalization, and
+in March 1991 it was announced that 4 C120 Convex minisupers were
+approved for sale to arrive in late spring. Applications for these
+computers are seismological, petroleum prospecting, simulation of oil
+reserves, and weather. I do not know exactly where these systems are
+going.
+
+NEURAL NETS/EXPERT SYSTEMS.
+China's first neural net conference was held Dec 1990 in Beijing with
+representation from 100 Chinese institutions resulting in over 350
+technical papers in the proceedings.
+
+Chinese Academy of Science (Institute of Automation) reports that they
+have applied a neural net model to diagnosing reactor faults, and have
+actually used this in practice.
+
+Naval Academy of Engineering professors have been promoting the use of
+neural nets for inference engines, claiming that they can be more
+flexible, fault-tolerant, and are more natural for learning. They have
+also published very basic theoretical results on new learning algorithms
+for multilayered nets which can find global minimums. Other work has
+shown by simulation (on digitized data of the silhouette of a US Naval
+and a Soviet Naval ship) that a simple neural net can be used for ship
+silhouette recognition independent of translation, scale, rotation, or
+aspect changes.
+
+CAS scientists have developed a Chinese speech recognition system using
+artificial neural net concepts, and including a voice operated text input
+system capable of recognizing over 20K dictionary entries. It is claimed
+that tone-recognition is over 99% and word-recognition is over 90% even
+with compound words.
+
+CAS researchers have developed a general purpose expert-system language,
+TUILI which can be referenced from either C or Prolog, and is claimed to
+be superior to Prolog.
+
+Qinghua Univ has Chinese character recognition system (THOCR-90) that can
+handle various fonts, alphabets, numbers, and other symbols, and employs
+neural-net techniques for pattern matching. Recognition speed is about 30
+chars/sec on a 386/33. Another (somewhat faster) system has been
+developed at Nankai Univ.
+
+FUZZY.
+Work in this area has been active since 1979. There have been numerous
+practical applications and research results reported, perhaps more than
+in any other country outside of Japan. In 1987 Chinese scientists
+presented almost one quarter of the papers at an international fuzzy
+society conference in Japan, equal to those presented by Japanese
+attendees. Further, I was told that the (US) Journal of Fuzzy Sets and
+Systems is being flooded with papers from Chinese scientists. In China
+some specific applications include the following (these are all
+anecdotal).
+
+ * CAS (Institute of Semiconductors) has built almost two dozen multi-
+ logic circuits (two-value, multi-value, continuous-value, e.g.
+ fuzzy). Chinese researchers are very much aware of work in Japan by
+ Yamakawa who has built fuzzy-logic circuits using CMOS technology and
+ in fact two researchers from Tsinghua Univ (Beijing) report that they
+ have also built (using 5 micron) CMOS, various basic circuits that
+ they claim are simpler and more reliable than Yamakawa's.
+ * Electronics Industry Computing Center has developed a fuzzy-
+ information processing command decision-support system designed
+ specifically for use in communications networks used for military
+ command decision support.
+ * Math Dept of Beijing Teachers' Univ (BTU) developed a fuzzy inference
+ engine capable of 15M inferences/second. BTU has also built hardware
+ claimed to be able handle 30K (sic) basic rules with 2000
+ input/output variables for fuzzy based inference, and that products
+ are being marketed this year.
+ * Beijing Normal Univ has proposed a new method for fuzzy inference,
+ called Truth-valued Flow Inference, which they claim can represent
+ knowledge more effectively than traditional fuzzy inference.
+ * North China Industrial Univ (NCIU) did a 6 year study on microcomputer
+ fuzzy control theory and applications.
+ * Various papers on fuzzy control simulation and adaptiveness of fuzzy
+ control.
+ * Staff & Workers College of Shanghai Instrument and Meter Industrial Co
+ have developed proportionality-factor-type fuzzy controller and
+ three-loop fuzzy controller.
+ * Hunan Univ is using fuzzy composite control in gas smelter control
+ systems.
+ * Wuha Fist Sci Research Inst of Light Industry has a fuzzy control
+ system for glass kilns.
+ * Handran Resin Plant has a fuzzy control system for PVC resin
+ polymerization process.
+ * Univ of Petroleum used fuzzy control in large hysteresis systems for
+ chemical engineering processes.
+ * Chemical Fertilizer Industrial Inst, Jilin Industrial Univ, and Metal
+ Products Inst have used fuzzy control for compressor regulation,
+ power factor compensation, DC reversible-speed regulation, and a
+ digital dual-frequency-channel amplitude frequency instrument.
+ * Air Force Inst of Engineering developed a fuzzy quantitative
+ evaluation expert system for aircraft maintenance.
+ * Nanjing Univ use fuzzy theory to analyze evaluation of sound quality
+ in high-fi sound systems.
+ * Armed Forces Eco Inst used natural fuzzy language in expert systems.
+ * Zhenjiang Shipping Inst used dBASE III to develop a fuzzy database
+ inquiry system.
+ * Central China Univ of S&T has used fuzzy quantization in knowledge
+ engineering.
+ * Univ of S&T for National Defense developed a PCB logic
+ diagram/manuscript pattern-recognition system in C, using fuzzy
+ relations among text areas. On a PC AT it is claimed to have a speed
+ of 912 characters/minute and an accuracy of 98.9%. Another
+ institute has also used fuzzy techniques and has complete system
+ including software and scanner for installation on a variety of
+ micros.
+
+It is not possible to know just how successful these projects have been
+as their descriptions are often brief, but the point is that Chinese
+scientists are exploring applications aggressively. At the same time
+there does not appear to be much emphasis on basic research for its own
+sake in this area.
+
+PARALLEL PROCESSING.
+My visit did not lead to learning about any parallel computing except for
+old ELXSI systems that appeared to be not seriously used, but the
+literature does describe several projects of potential interest.
+
+Wuhan Digital Engin Res Inst developed the 980 STAR systolic array
+computer. This is composed of a host (Intel 310/286), image subsystem,
+interface processor, and systolic computing array. The latter consists of
+a 4x4 matrix of cells. Pipeline beat is 200ns, and each cell is capable
+of 10mips. Maximum throughput is 80Mbytes/sec. Various system software
+has also been developed. This is considered mid 1980's technology. A new
+model is currently being developed, and is claimed to have 100 times
+greater performance.
+
+Programming on China's YH-1 (Galaxy-1) supercomputer has been via
+vectorized Fortran. (I am trying to learn more about this.) Current work
+is also in progress to develop a parallel programming capability, centered
+on C. There is also research on analyzing blocks of vector Fortran for
+vector block dependencies and a Pascal scheduler has been developed. It
+is claimed that some Cray 1 calls such as VF.MUL (vector float mult) can
+be reduced from 644 to 381 beats. The Galaxy is a 100mips machine. One
+specific application has been has been for processing seismological data
+from sections taken from petroleum prospecting areas.
+
+East China Inst of Computing Tech has a microcomputer parallel processing
+system based on 12 Inmos T800 transputers grouped into three clusters
+(boards), and connected to a PC-AT. One processor on each cluster is the
+main control processor. Peak performance is 80mips or 10MFlops.
+
+Jiangnam Institute has developed and marketed a PC board insert with an
+Inmos Transputer and 8Mbyte RAM, and software for development.
+
+Qinghua Univ has developed boards with 1, 2, or 4 transputers (TTH-1A, -
+2A, and -4A) that will plug into PC-ATs, and also developed a transputer
+development system. These products are claimed to be fully compatible
+with European Transputers at the late 1980's level.
+
+Shantou & Nanjing Univ researchers have built an eight processor parallel
+computer (Transcube) built around 8 Inmos T414 transputers and an
+additional 1Mbyte of memory on each processor. The 8 PEs are the bottom
+layer of the 3-layer system, in which the top layer is the PC AT host,
+and the middle layer is an interface buffer controller. The researchers
+claim that it is easy to expand the system beyond 8 PEs.
+
+Graduate students at a research institute of Ministry of Machine-Building
+& Electronics Industry have used two TI DSP chips to design a real-time
+parallel signal processing circuit for a pulse doppler ground
+surveillance (moving target) radar. They claim to have solved two key
+problems which had caused bottlenecks related to data input and
+synchronous coordination of both chips, and that the system performs at
+20M multiplications/additions per second and consumes 5 watts.
+
+Fudan Univ researchers have developed a sea-wave processing system based
+on diffraction analysis of sea-waves. The system (which runs on an XT)
+can estimate the spectrum of a 2D 512x512 image array with 16 azimuthal
+inputs in 9 minutes with wave direction accuracy of 6 degrees, and 18
+minutes for 32 inputs and accuracy of 3 degrees.
+
+SOFTWARE.
+RT/VMS is a Chinese developed military real-time operating system. The
+Chinese military feels that a major threat of future wars will be from
+computer viruses, rather than traditional weapons, and there has been a
+substantial effort to study and eliminate computer viruses within China.
+(Frankly I had not thought about this before, but it is an intriguing
+view.) RT/VMS is claimed to have innovations in channel interfacing, job
+scheduling, low system overhead, and hardware debugging technology.
+
+The Commission of Science, Tech and Industry for National Defense has
+developed an Ada compiler (in C), which is claimed to be the first Ada
+compiler to simulate a multiprocessor environment on a single processor
+Unix systems. More than 4000 modules in the compiler have passed ACVC1.10
+verification as specified by DOD in 1989.
+
+CAS has moved all the Unix SVR3.1 source code from an ATT 3B2 to a Vax
+11/750 by cross compilation and reverse engineering. They have also moved
+the top layers of this system to a 386/Xenix. CAS claims that this is the
+first domestic (Chinese) movement of a full Unix system.
+
+ROBOTS.
+* Chinese Academy of Science reports that in the early 1980s they proposed
+establishment of a robot demonstration project which began operation in
+1989. The cost was 58M Yuan plus $5.9M (US) foreign exchange. This is
+now called CAS Shenyang Robotics Engineering R&D Center and occupies
+34,000m^2 of building space. The plan is to use this a base to produce
+robots and develop and manufacture more products. Many related projects
+spring from this one.
+
+* A medium-size underwater robot (Recon-IV-300-SIA-02) is being sold to
+the US. This is claimed to be an improvement on a prototype brought from
+the US. 90% of this robot's parts are of Chinese manufacture. Robot has
+audio, video, sonar, two hands and can perform five or six functions.
+Closed-loop control of depth and direction of navigation is included,
+payload is 160kg, and maximum speed is 3knots.
+
+* A light-weight underwater robot (Gold Fish) also made in China is
+used in oil drilling, sea rescue, dam inspection and repair.
+
+* Nankai and Tianjin University have jointly developed a robot with
+vision, hearing and touch capability (NKRC-03), which can automatically
+control the amount of force when it grabs an object. This is claimed to
+be at the 1980s level world wide and state of the art in China. This
+robot uses the NKV robot language to allow high level language
+programming; a standard second generation robot.
+
+FACTORY AUTOMATION.
+China Huajiing Electronics group claims that after a two year effort by
+more than 100 scientists they have developed China's first independently
+designed integrated-circuit CAM system, consisting of 10 subsystems
+(planning, production, management, process technique, quality control,
+economics, operations, materials, plate making, statistics, system
+management).
+
+Beijing Inst of Machine Tools has built a physical simulation system for
+studying the various software parts of a flexible manufacturing system
+based on linear rail guided carts. The system can simulate transport,
+loading/unloading, control, and specific aspects of a machining
+operation.
+
+The above suggests that there is are a great many projects in the area of
+manufacturing. Most of these are related to automation and associated
+machine tool and numerical control equipment. For example, last year the
+Second Chinese Machine Tool and Instruments Expo was held in Beijing, and
+various newly developed machine tools, numerical control systems,
+sensors, CAD software systems, etc., were on display (226 metal cutting
+machines, 67 lathes, 37 grinders, turning centers, etc). There are, in
+fact over 2000 machine tool products manufactured in China, mostly for
+domestic use. However the Chinese machine-too building industry is also
+trying to design products that will be marketable internationally (some
+have been already) and have identified several products that they claim
+are of world class, for example a six-axis, four-link hobbing machine
+computer numerical control system which can be used for machining
+ellipsoidal gears. Another example is a unit for machining small diameter
+holes which is claimed to be twice as fast and equal in other
+specifications to a Raycon (US) product. There are also cooperative
+agreements with major international companies such as Fanuc-Besc, GE,
+Werner-Kolb, and Schiess (German). It is not necessary to be an expert in
+this area to appreciate the main thrust, that the Chinese want not only
+to become self sufficient but also to become net exporters of this
+technology.
+
+
+OPTOELECTRONICS.
+* 140Mbit/s hybrid optical terminal, and 622 Mbit/s hybrid integrated-
+ component module and distributed feedback laser diode.
+* 1.5micron single-mode narrow-line-width tunable semiconductor laser,
+ semiconductor travelling-wave optical amp, Er-doped glass fiber amp,
+ lithium-niobate optical-waveguide high speed modulator, 1.1-1.6micron
+ avalanche photodiode detector, and duplex frequency-division-
+ multiplexing coherent optical communications devices.
+* Various quantum-well optoelectronic devices.
+* Optoelectronic IC made domestically.
+* Superlattice growth of II-VI semiconductors and fabrication of
+ optically bistable devices, bismuth-silicate spatial light modulator,
+ molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs, and GaAs/Si LEDs and MESFETs
+ have been fabricated.
+
+-----------------------END OF REPORT----------------------------------
+