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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
committerNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
commite0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch)
tree60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /language/aramaic/serto/sertodoc.ptex
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+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
+%\newif\ifpdf\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined\pdffalse\else\pdftrue\fi
+
+%\usepackage{german}
+\usepackage{times}
+%\usepackage{mathptm}
+%\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+%\usepackage{covington}
+%\usepackage{multicol}
+%\usepackage{fancyhdr}
+%\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{url}
+\usepackage{alltt}
+\usepackage{rotating}
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{maketitel}
+\usepackage{serto}
+\usepackage{assyr}
+\usepackage{longtable}
+\usepackage{chicago2}
+%\ifpdf
+\usepackage[pdftex,colorlinks=true,
+urlcolor=urlcol, % URL: http://
+citecolor=bibcol, % bibTeX
+linkcolor=linkcol, % sections, footnotes, ...
+pagecolor=linkcol, % links to other pages
+filecolor=filecol, % URL: file:/
+pdftitle={Serto - A font for Syriac (Aramaic)},
+pdfauthor={Johannes Heinecke},
+pdfsubject={Oriental alphabets, Semitic languages},pdfkeywords={},pagebackref,
+pdfpagemode=None,bookmarksopen=true]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{color}
+\definecolor{linkcol}{rgb}{0.75,0,0}
+\definecolor{bibcol}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
+\definecolor{urlcol}{rgb}{0,0,0.75}
+\definecolor{filecol}{rgb}{0,0,0.75}
+
+%\else
+%\fi
+
+%\addtolength{\topmargin}{-15mm}
+%\addtolength{\textheight}{30mm}
+%\addtolength{\textwidth}{0mm}
+%\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{0mm}
+%\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{0mm}
+
+% EDIT sertodoc.ptex
+% serto.py sertodoc.ptex > sertodoc.tex
+% pdflatex sertodoc.tex
+
+\usepackage{parskip}
+
+
+%\let\S=S % for verbatim
+%\let\T=T % for verbatim
+\def\st{Ser\d to}
+\def\texxet{{\tt TeX-{}-XeT}}
+\def\pdflatex{{\tt pdflatex}}
+\def\SertoVersion{1.0}
+
+\newcommand{\showS}[1]{{\tt <S{}>#1</S{}>}}
+\newcommand{\showT}[1]{{\tt <{}T>#1</{}T>}}
+\newcommand{\showST}[1]{{\tt <S{}T>#1</S{}T>}}
+\newcommand{\showC}[1]{{\tt <C{}>#1</C{}>}}
+\newcommand{\showCT}[1]{{\tt <C{}T>#1</C{}T>}}
+\newcommand{\SE}{{\tt <S>}}
+\newcommand{\eSE}{{\tt </S>}}
+\newcommand{\TR}{{\tt <T>}}
+\newcommand{\eTR}{{\tt </T>}}
+\newcommand{\ST}{{\tt <ST>}}
+\newcommand{\eST}{{\tt </ST>}}
+
+\font\logo=logo10 scaled \magstep1
+\def\MF{{\logo METAFONT}}
+\begin{document}
+\title{<S>ser.t=a'</S> \emph{\st} -- a font for Syriac (Aramaic)}
+\author{Johannes Heinecke}
+\date{Version \SertoVersion, 30\textsuperscript{th} March 2013}
+\maketitle
+
+\tableofcontents
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+\emph{\st} is a form of the alphabet used for Aramaic (a
+western semitic language) which has been spoken
+in the Near East since at least 1100 BC. More precisely, \st is used for
+Syriac which is the variant of Aramaic spoken since the second century
+AD.\footnote{See \citeNP{ungnad1932},
+\citeNP{brockelmann1960}, \citeNP{costaz1986} or \citeNP{noeldeke1986}
+(English translation \citeNP{noeldeke2001}) for further
+information on Syriac.}
+
+Syriac used other alphabets as well, notably \emph{Es\d
+trangelo}, which is not (yet) contained in this package. Since \st{} is
+as the Arabic alphabet a syllabic script, vowels are marked by
+diacritic marks above (or under) the consonantic letters.
+Modern forms of Aramaic still use either \st{}, the Chaldean alphabet
+or Es\d trangelo.
+
+Since Syriac split up in two main dialects in the fifth century AD,
+two differing systems of vowel-marking were established: Whereas the
+western dialect (Edessean) used Greek letters as vowel symbols (these
+are the only ones provided by this package for the time being), the
+eastern dialects uses dots to indicate the vowels (Chaldean vowels).
+
+
+This package enables you to typeset words or paragraphs in \st{} using a
+preprocessor which chooses the correct letter form depending on
+context. In order to typeset paragraphs the use of a
+recent version of \pdflatex\ is needed, which
+can handle the right-to-left typesetting.
+For older version of \LaTeX, the preprocessor must be used with the
+option {\tt -o} (see section \ref{prep}).
+
+This package also included an adapted version of a Chaldean font (thanks to Tony
+Khoshaba, who put this font to the Web).
+
+%<S>qa.t.tel qa.tel</S>
+
+%<S> ^sapiyr biy^s l=ak .</S>
+
+\section{The alphabets}
+
+Every letter in \st{} (and some letters in the Chaldean alphabet)
+has several forms, depending on its position in
+the word: An initial, medial or final form. Since some letters do not
+connect to the following letter, there are isolated forms as well
+(i.e. a letter which is not connected to the right nor the left).
+The coding column in the following table refers to the preprocessor
+described below (section \ref{prep}). If you do not want to use the
+preprocessor, please refer to the encoding table in section \ref{enc}.
+
+\subsection{Consonants}\label{consonants}
+
+
+
+%\begin{tabular}{| >{\rule[-2mm]{0pt}{9mm}}c|c|c|c| r >{\it}l | >{\tt}c|}
+\begin{longtable}{| >{\rule[-2mm]{0pt}{9mm}}c|c|c|c| c |
+ r l |
+ >{\it}c | >{\tt}c | }
+\hline
+\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{ser\d to forms} & & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{name} & \rm translit. & \rm coding \\
+\cline{1-4}
+%\hline
+\begin{turn}{90}isolated\end{turn} &
+\begin{turn}{90}final\end{turn} &
+\begin{turn}{90}medial\end{turn} &
+\begin{turn}{90}initial\end{turn} &
+\begin{turn}{90}Chaldean\end{turn} & & & & \endhead
+\hline
+<S>'</S> & <S>-'</S> & & & <C>'</C> &
+ <S>'=alap+</S> & <T>'=alap+</T> & \raise.2ex\hbox{$\rhook$} & '\\
+\hline
+<S>b</S> & <S>-b</S> & <S>-b-</S> & <S>b-</S> & <C>b</C> &
+ <S>beyt+</S> & <T>beyt+</T> & b\footnotemark & b \\
+ & & & & <C>v</C>\footnotemark &
+ & & v & v \\
+\hline
+<S>g</S> & <S>-g</S> & <S>-g-</S> & <S>g-</S> &<C>g</C> &
+ <S>g=amal</S> & <T>g=amal</T> & g & g\\
+ & & & & <C>.g</C> &
+ & & \d g & g \\
+ & & & & <C>j</C> &
+ & & j & j \\
+\hline
+<S>d</S> & <S>-d</S> & & &<C>d</C> &
+ <S>d=alat+</S> & <T>d=alat+</T> & d & d\\
+\hline
+<S>h</S> & <S>-h</S> & & &<C>h</C> &
+ <S>he'</S> & <T>he'</T> & h & h\\
+\hline
+<S>w</S> & <S>-w</S> & & &<C>w</C> &
+ <S>waw</S> & <T>waw</T> & w & w \\
+\hline
+<S>z</S> & <S>-z</S> & & &<C>z</C> &
+ <S>zayn</S> & <T>zayn</T> & z & z \\
+\hline
+<S>.h</S> & <S>-.h</S> & <S>-.h-</S> & <S>.h-</S> &<C>.h</C> &
+ <S>.heyt+</S> & <T>.heyt+</T> & \d h & .h\\
+\hline
+<S>.t</S> & <S>-.t</S> & <S>-.t-</S> & <S>.t-</S> &<C>.t</C> &
+ <S>.teyt+</S> & <T>.teyt+</T> & \d t & .t\\
+\hline
+<S>y</S> & <S>-y</S> & <S>-y-</S> & <S>y-</S> &<C>y</C> &
+ <S>y=ad+</S> & <T>y=ad+</T> & y & y \\
+\hline
+<S>k</S> & <S>-k</S> & <S>-k-</S> & <S>k-</S> &<C>k</C> &
+ <S>k=ap+</S> & <T>k=ap+</T> & k & k\\
+ & & & & <C>_k</C> &
+ & & \b h & \verb._k. \\
+ & & & & <C>^k</C> &
+ & & \v c & \verb.^k. \\
+\hline
+<S>l</S> & <S>-l</S> & <S>-l-</S> & <S>l-</S> & <C>l</C> &
+ <S>l=amad+</S> & <T>l=amad+</T> & l & l\\
+\hline
+<S>m</S> & <S>-m</S> & <S>-m-</S> & <S>m-</S> & <C>m</C> &
+ <S>miym</S> & <T>miym</T> & m & m\\
+\hline
+<S>n</S> & <S>-n</S> & <S>-n-</S> & <S>n-</S> &<C>n</C> &
+ <S>nuwn</S> & <T>nuwn</T> & n & n\\
+\hline
+<S>s</S> & <S>-s</S> & <S>-s-</S> & <S>s-</S> &<C>s</C> &
+ <S>semkat+</S> & <T>semkat+</T> & s & s\\
+\hline
+<S>`</S> & <S>-`</S> & <S>-`-</S> & <S>`-</S> &<C>`</C> &
+ <S>`e'</S> & <T>`e'</T> & \raise.2ex\hbox{$\lhook$} & ` \\
+\hline
+<S>p</S> & <S>-p</S> & <S>-p-</S> & <S>p-</S> &<C>p</C> &
+ <S>pe'</S> & <T>pe'</T> & p & p \\
+ & & & & <C>f</C> &
+ & & f & f \\
+\hline
+<S>.s</S> & <S>-.s</S> & & &<C>.s</C> &
+ <S>.s=ade'</S> & <T>.s=ade'</T> & \d s & .s\\
+\hline
+<S>q</S> & <S>-q</S> & <S>-q-</S> & <S>q-</S> &<C>q</C> &
+ <S>q=ap+</S> & <T>q=ap+</T> & q & q \\
+\hline
+%\newpage
+%\hline
+<S>r</S> & <S>-r</S> & <S>-r-</S> & <S>r-</S> &<C>r</C> &
+ <S>riy^s</S> & <T>riy^s</T> & r & r \\
+%\hline
+<S>R</S> & <S>-R</S> & <S>-R-</S> & <S>R-</S> &<C>R</C> &
+ & & & R\\
+\hline
+<S>^s</S> & <S>-^s</S> & <S>-^s-</S> & <S>^s-</S> &<C>^s</C> &
+ <S>^siyn</S> & <T>^siyn</T> & \v s & \verb.^s.\\
+\hline
+<S>t</S> & <S>-t</S> & & &<C>t</C> &
+ <S>taw</S> & <T>taw</T> & t & t\\
+ & & & & <C>_t</C> &
+ & & \b{t} & \verb._t. \\
+
+\hline
+\end{longtable}
+%\end{tabular}
+
+\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}
+\footnotetext{The \emph{be\=ga\b dke\=pa\b t} are not yet always processed.
+In general, the doubling of the consonant creates a <ST>qu^s^s=ay=a'</ST> in
+the syriac text and does not change the
+transliteration. On the other hand, a consonant followed by {\tt+} will
+receive a <ST>ruwkk=ak+=a'</ST> and in the transliteration \emph{bgdkft}
+will appear as \emph{\b b\=g\b d\b h\=p\b t}.}
+
+\stepcounter{footnote}
+\footnotetext{Modern Aramaic dialects using the Chaldean alphabet have
+diacritic symbols (dots and tildes) which can be typeset directly.}
+
+
+\subsection{Vowels}\label{vowels}
+
+The package allows to typeset the greek vowels or Chaldean vowels symbols.
+To have the vowel symbol written in inversed form
+under the consonant, user upper case input.
+
+
+\begin{quote}
+{\bf ATTENTION:} I had to change the coding of <T>zq=ap+=a'</T>
+(<S>_=a</S>) from {\tt o} to \verb.=a. in order to accomodate the new
+letter <S>_o</S> (coding {\tt o}). In texts encoded up to version 0.4
+{\tt o} has to be replaced by \verb.=a. Sorry for any
+inconveniances.
+\end{quote}
+
+
+\begin{tabular}[t]{| >{\rule[-3mm]{0pt}{11mm}}c | c | r l | c | >{\tt}c |}
+\hline
+Greek & Chaldean & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{name} & \rm transliteration & \rm coding \\
+%form & form & & & & \\
+\hline
+<S>_a</S> & <S>_:a</S> & <S>pt+=a.h=a'</S> & <T>pt+=a.h=a'</T> & <T>a</T> & a \\
+\hline
+<S>_e</S> & <S>_:e</S> & <S>rb+=a.s=a'</S> & <T>rb+=a.s=a'</T> & <T>e</T> & e \\
+\hline
+<S>_i</S> & <S>_:i</S> & <S>.hb+=a.s=a'</S> & <T>.hb+=a.s=a'</T> & <T>i</T> & i \\
+\hline
+<S>_=a</S> & <S>_:=a</S> & <S>zq=ap+=a'</S> & <T>zq=ap+=a'</T> & <T>=a</T> & =a \\
+\hline
+<S>_u</S> & <S>_:u</S> & <S>`.s=a.s=a'</S> & <T>`.s=a.s=a'</T> & <T>u</T> & u \\
+\hline
+<S>_o</S> & <S>_:o</S> & & & <T>=a</T> & o \\
+\hline
+<S>_P</S> & & <S>sy=a--Pme'</S> & <T>sy=a--Pme'</T> & & P \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+~~~~~~
+\begin{tabular}[t]{| >{\rule[-4mm]{0pt}{11mm}}c | >{\tt}c |}
+\hline
+Greek & \rm coding \\
+%form & \\
+\hline
+<S>_A</S> & A \\
+\hline
+<S>_E</S> & E \\
+\hline
+<S>_I</S> & I \\
+\hline
+<S>_=A</S> & =A \\
+\hline
+<S>_U</S> & U \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+Note: The <T>.hb+=a.s=a'</T> and <T>`.s=a.s=a'</T> of the Eastern or
+Chaldean vowels do in general occur together with a \emph{mater
+lectionis}:
+<S>l:iy</S>, <S>l:ow</S> (or <C>l:iy</C>, <C>l:ow</C>)
+
+The <ST>sy=a--Pme'</ST> is processed as a vowel sign, even if it is not so
+from a linguistic point of view. Its coding \showS{P} is chose because
+of its plural signification. If you do not want it over a letter, put
+it over a word stretch: The Aramaic at the beginning of this paragraph
+has been typset in the following: \showS{sy=a--Pme'}.
+
+
+To avoid that the simple preprocessor does not mess about
+with vowels in ligatures (notably \emph{L\=ama\b d-\=alaf}
+and \emph{\=Alaf-l\=ama\b d} the vowel must be set after both
+consonants of the ligature:
+
+\showS{l=a'} yields (incorrect) <ST>l=a'</ST>
+but \showS{l'=a} yields the vocalized ligature <ST>l'=a</ST>
+
+\showS{'Al=Ah=a'} yields (incorrect) <ST>'Al=Ah=a'</ST>
+but \showS{'la=Ah=a'} yields the vocalized ligature <ST>'la=Ah=a'</ST>
+
+The Chaldean letters do not have this ligature. Instead, a
+<T>taw-=al=af</T> ligature is provided:
+<CT>sipr=ayuwt'a</CT>
+
+The default vowels are the greek-based vowels. In order to get
+Chaldean vowels, it suffices to add {\tt:} in front of the vowel in
+coding.
+Thus you can set the most famous Aramaic phrase in all Syriac
+alphabets in either vowel system:
+
+\showS{eliy eliy lm=an=a' s=ab=akt=aniy}\\
+<S>eliy eliy lm=an=a' s=ab=akt=aniy</S>
+
+\showS{:el:iy :el:iy lm:=an:=a' s:=ab:=akt:=an:iy}\\
+<S>:el:iy :el:iy lm:=an:=a' s:=ab:=akt:=an:iy</S>
+
+\showC{eliy eliy lm=an=a' s=ab=akt=aniy}\\
+<C>eliy eliy lm=an=a' s=ab=akt=aniy</C>
+
+\showC{:el:iy :el:iy lm:=an:=a' s:=ab:=akt:=an:iy}\\
+\hfill <C>:el:iy ':el:iy lm:=an:=a' s:=ab:=akt:=an:iy</C>
+
+
+
+\subsection{Transliteration and long vowels}
+
+As mention in section \ref{prep} below, the preprocessor can produce a
+transliteration as well. The transliteration can be defined in the
+table used by the preprocessor {\tt serto.font} and {\tt assyr.font}. The current
+definition uses the transcription as shown in the tables in sections
+\ref{consonants} and \ref{vowels}, with the exception of long vowels.
+In words using a vowel symbol together with a \emph{mater lectionis},
+the transliteration shows the transcription instead, for instance
+<S>.heyt+</S> transliterates as <T>.heyt+</T> and not \emph{\d hey\b
+t} and <ST>q=aye'm</ST>:
+
+\begin{tabular}{| >{\rule[-4mm]{0pt}{11mm}}r | r | c | >{\tt}c |}
+\hline
+Greek & Chaldean & \rm transliteration & \rm coding \\
+\hline
+<S>--=a'</S> & <C>--:=a'</C> & <T>_=a'</T> & =a' \\
+\hline
+<S>--ey</S> & <C>--:ey</C> & <T>_ey</T> & ey \\
+\hline
+<S>--e'</S> & <C>--:e'</C> & <T>_e'</T> & e' \\
+\hline
+<S>--iy</S> & <C>--:iy</C> & <T>_iy</T> & iy \\
+\hline
+<S>--uw</S> & <C>--:uw</C> & <T>_uw</T> & uw \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+
+
+\subsection{Punctuation and paragraph marks}
+
+\begin{tabular}{| >{\rule[-4mm]{0pt}{11mm}}c | >{\tt}c |}
+\hline
+form & \rm coding \\
+\hline
+<S>.</S> & . \\
+\hline
+<S>:</S> & : \\
+\hline
+<S>.X.</S> & .X. \\
+\hline
+<S>.:.</S> & .:. \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+~~~~~~~
+\begin{tabular}{| >{\rule[-4mm]{0pt}{11mm}}c | >{\tt}c |}
+\hline
+form & \rm coding \\
+\hline
+<S>:: </S> & :: \\
+\hline
+<S>:- </S> & :- \\
+\hline
+<S>.~. </S> & \verb:.~.: \\
+\hline
+<S>./.</S> & ./. \\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+\subsection{Unicode}
+
+This package has a limited Unicode support in that texts encoded in UTF8
+can be directly typeset. In order to activate the UTF8 interpretation, either
+use UTF8 for your whole document by declaring \verb+\usepackage[utf8]+\verb+{inputenc}+
+in the preamble of you document, or just put
+\verb+%\usepackage[utf8]+\verb+{inputenc}+ somewhere at the beginning of your document.
+
+\subsection{The encoding}\label{enc}
+
+\def\cell#1{\char'#1}
+
+\def\cellrow#1{
+& \cell{#10} & \cell{#11} & \cell{#12} & \cell{#13} &
+\cell{#14} & \cell{#15} & \cell{#16} & \cell{#17} \\ \hline}
+
+\def\reihe#1{\it '#10 \cellrow{#1}}
+
+
+
+\def\xcell#1{\char"#1}
+\def\xcellrow#1{
+& \xcell{#10} & \xcell{#11} & \xcell{#12} & \xcell{#13} &
+ \xcell{#14} & \xcell{#15} & \xcell{#16} & \xcell{#17} &
+ \xcell{#18} & \xcell{#19} & \xcell{#1A} & \xcell{#1B} &
+ \xcell{#1C} & \xcell{#1D} & \xcell{#1E} & \xcell{#1F} \\ \hline}
+\def\xreihe#1{\it "#1n \xcellrow{#1}}
+
+The following table shows the internal encoding of the
+defined letters of \st\ and the Chaldean variant.
+
+\newif\ifhextabelle
+\hextabelletrue
+%\pdfoutput\undefined\pdffalse\else\pdftrue\fi
+
+\ifhextabelle
+{\serto
+\begin{tabular}{ r || c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c |
+ c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | }
+& \it 0 & \it 1 & \it 2 & \it 3 & \it 4 & \it 5 & \it 6 & \it 7
+ & \it 8 & \it 9 & \it A & \it B & \it C & \it D & \it E & \it F \\
+\hline\hline
+\xreihe{0}
+\xreihe{1}
+\xreihe{2}
+\xreihe{3}
+\xreihe{4}
+\xreihe{5}
+\xreihe{6}
+\xreihe{7}
+\xreihe{8}
+\xreihe{9}
+\xreihe{A}
+%\xreihe{B}
+%\xreihe{C}
+%\xreihe{D}
+%\xreihe{E}
+%\xreihe{F}
+\end{tabular}}
+
+
+{\assyr
+\begin{tabular}{ r || c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c |
+ c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | }
+& \it 0 & \it 1 & \it 2 & \it 3 & \it 4 & \it 5 & \it 6 & \it 7
+ & \it 8 & \it 9 & \it A & \it B & \it C & \it D & \it E & \it F \\
+\hline\hline
+\xreihe{0}
+\xreihe{1}
+\xreihe{2}
+\xreihe{3}
+\xreihe{4}
+\xreihe{5}
+\xreihe{6}
+\xreihe{7}
+\xreihe{8}
+\xreihe{9}
+\xreihe{A}
+%\xreihe{B}
+%\xreihe{C}
+%\xreihe{D}
+%\xreihe{E}
+%\xreihe{F}
+\end{tabular}}
+
+\else
+
+
+{\serto
+\begin{tabular}{ r || c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | }
+& \it 0 & \it 1 & \it 2 & \it 3 & \it 4 & \it 5 & \it 6 & \it 7 \\
+\hline\hline
+\reihe{00}
+\reihe{01}
+\reihe{02}\reihe{03}
+\reihe{04}
+\reihe{05}%\reihe{06}
+\reihe{07}
+\reihe{10}\reihe{11}
+\reihe{12}\reihe{13}%\reihe{14}
+\reihe{15}\reihe{16}
+\reihe{17}
+\reihe{20}
+\reihe{21}
+\reihe{22}
+\reihe{23}
+\reihe{24}
+\reihe{25}
+\end{tabular}}
+
+
+
+{\assyr
+\begin{tabular}{ r || c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | }
+& \it 0 & \it 1 & \it 2 & \it 3 & \it 4 & \it 5 & \it 6 & \it 7 \\
+\hline\hline
+\reihe{00}
+\reihe{01}
+\reihe{02}
+\reihe{03}
+\reihe{04}
+\reihe{05}
+%\reihe{06}
+\reihe{07}
+\reihe{10}
+\reihe{11}
+\reihe{12}
+\reihe{13}
+\reihe{14}
+\reihe{15}
+\reihe{16}
+\reihe{17}
+%\reihe{20}
+%\reihe{21}
+%\reihe{22}
+%\reihe{23}
+%\reihe{24}
+%\reihe{25}
+\end{tabular}}
+\fi
+
+\urlstyle{same}
+
+\section{The preprocessor {\tt serto.py}}\label{prep}
+
+Typesetting of texts is still not yet possible with standard \LaTeX, since the
+right-to-left typesetting (as for
+instance as in Arab\TeX) has not yet been implemented. For the time
+being I propose a preprocessor (written in {\sc
+Python}\footnote{Every version from 2.4 onwards up to version 2.7 should do; Python 3.* however does not work {\sc
+Python} is an interpreted
+object oriented programming language available for many operating
+systems (\url{http://www.python.org}).}) and \pdflatex.
+
+I'm well aware that {\tt serto.py} is not part of the most beautiful pieces
+of software code, on the contrary, it's rather spaghetti code. Many things could
+have been in a more intelligent way, but it works, which is the most important thing.
+If you find the time to improve it please share your changes with me!
+
+
+\subsection{Using the preprocessor}
+
+The preprocessor is called with the \LaTeX-file as argument:
+
+\verb| serto.py [-o] ppfilename.tex > filename.tex|
+
+The resulting \LaTeX-file can be \LaTeX ed as usually. Please make
+sure to have the \verb.\usepackage{serto}. included in your preamble.
+
+The option {\tt -o} is necessary if you use an older version of \LaTeX\ which is
+not capable to typeset texts from the right to the left (\texxet extension). The {\tt -o}
+-option tells the preprocessor to inverse the letters on its
+own. In order to typeset whole paragraphs \pdflatex\ is the better
+solution. Usually it comes with every modern \TeX-distribution.
+At least on Ubuntu 12.04 (texlive package), the standardly installed \pdflatex\ behaves correctly.
+
+The preprocessor recognizes two types of commands. Within a
+single line you can put Syriac words between \SE\ and \eSE:
+For example \showS{ser.t=a'} becomes <S>ser.t=a'</S>.
+
+\ST\ and \eST\ generate the enclosed part in \st\ and
+generates a transliteration as well
+(\showST{mdiyt=a'} becomes <ST>mdiyt=A'</ST> ``city''),
+whereas \TR\ and \eTR\ can be used for parts only need in
+transliterated form (\showT{ser.t=a'} becomes <T>ser.t=a'</T>).
+Since in transliteration a ``neutral vowel'' is needed, which does not
+appear in \st, the code \verb.@. can be used:
+\showST{\^{}s\symbol{64}m=a`} produces <ST>^s@m=a`</ST>
+
+For multiple lines, start a block using {\tt <SERTO>}\footnote{Using
+{\tt <SERTO>} or {\tt <TRANS>} implies the using of the {\tt -e}
+option of the preprocessor {\tt serto.py}. If you do not use the {\tt -e}
+option the resulting \LaTeX-file is likely to be syntactically incorrect.}
+in a line on its
+own. This block can be closed by {\tt </SERTO>}.
+%To have a block in \st\ and in transliterated form, use {\tt
+%<SERTOTRANS} and {\tt </SERTOTRANS>}.
+If you need transliterated Syriac,
+use {\tt </TRANS>} and {\tt </TRANS>}. The commands {\tt <SERTO>}/{\tt
+</SERTO>} and {\tt </TRANS>}/{\tt </TRANS>} do not work properly with the
+{\tt -o} option of the preprocessor and and older \LaTeX. If you add
+\TeX-commands in these blocks, a right-to-left typesetting version of \LaTeX\ is obligatory.
+
+
+
+
+For the time being the preprocessor tries to set the hard sign
+<ST>qu^s^s=ay=a'</ST> %\emph{qu\v s\v s\=oy\=o}
+on top of a consonant if the consonant
+is doubled in the input:
+
+\showS{q.tl} yields <S>q.tl</S>
+but \showS{q.t.tl} yields <S>q.t.tl</S>
+
+In cases where you need a <ST>qu^s^s=ay=a'</ST> %\emph{qu\v s\v s\=oy\=o}
+without wanting to double the consonant, a {\tt *} can be used after
+the letter to typeset a dot above a letter: \showS{h*=anon} produces
+<ST>h*=anon</ST> and \showS{\^{}sl=amk+on} results in <ST>^sl=amk+on</ST>
+
+%<ST>wadd*=ame'</ST>
+
+To avoid a <T>qu^s^s=ay=a'</T> (when you need to adjacent identical consontants, either use
+a vowel on the first,
+use the stretching symbol:
+
+\showS{maml'e} yields <ST>maml'e</ST>\\
+{\tt <S{}>m\verb.^.ml'</S{}>} yields <ST>m^ml'</ST>\\
+\showC{maml'e} yields <CT>maml'e</CT>\\
+{\tt <C{}>m\verb.^.ml'</C{}>} yields <CT>m^ml'</CT>\\
+
+
+To get the soft sign <ST>ruwkk=ak+=a'</ST> %\emph{rukk\=o\b h\=o}
+a {\tt +} must \emph{follow} the letter:
+\showS{'ab+d=a'} yields <S>'ab+d=a'</S>
+
+
+An \emph{\=alaf} is autmatically prefixed before an initial vowel:
+
+\showS{etqa.tel} and \showS{'etqa.tel} both yield <S>etqa.tel</S>
+
+Sometimes the letter \emph{r\=\i\v s} is written with two points. To
+achieve this, use {\tt R} instead of {\tt r} in the input:
+
+\showS{\^{}sapiyRe'} yields <S>^sapiyRe'</S>
+
+Silent consonants have a bar <ST>mb+a.tl=an=a'</ST> %\emph{mva\d tl\=on\=o}
+(\emph{linea occultans})
+under the line which is produced by {\tt =} just before the consonant
+(attention {\tt =a}, however, yields <S>=a</S>:
+
+\showS{'an=tt} yields <S>'an=tt</S>
+
+In order to have the \emph{linea occultans} on top of the letter, use {\tt ==}:
+
+\showS{h==wiyt} yields <S>h==wiyt</S>
+
+There is no automatic stretching yet, but the \verb.--. can be used to
+insert a ``manual stretch'':
+
+\showS{napiyqt=a'} becomes <S>napiyqt=a'</S> but
+\showS{na-{}-piyq-{}-t=a'} is printed as <S>na--piyq--t=a'</S>
+
+This works also for the Chaldean letters
+\showC{n:ap:iyqt:=a'} becomes <C>n:ap:iyqt:=a'</C> but
+\showC{n:a-{}-p:iyq-{}-t:=a'} is printed as <C>n:a--p:iyq--t:=a'</C>
+
+If you do not use the preprocessor, you can activate \st\ by the
+command \verb.\serto.. In this case you have to choose the correct
+letters yourself, and use the commands
+\verb.\upperserto{.\emph{vowelnumber}\verb.}{.\emph{letter}\verb.}. or
+\verb.\lowerserto{.\emph{vowelnumber}\verb.}{.\emph{letter}\verb.}. to
+set vowels. Please see the encoding table in section \ref{enc} for the
+correct vowel numbers.
+
+In order to get bold letters, you can use \verb.\sertob. with or
+without preprocessor (see section \ref{prep} for more information
+on the preprocessor.
+
+\section{The format of the {\tt*.font} files}
+
+These files are necessary to tell the preprocessor where (in the font)
+a certain letter is found, and whether it has different forms. The
+format is straight forward, with, however, a few idiosynchrasies.
+In general there are two sections, the first (starting with a line
+\verb.#FONT.) indicates which letter has which form in which position
+and a second (\verb.#TRANS.) to define the transcription.
+
+The first part consists of lines like the following\\
+\verb.b beth 66+124 66 66 66+124 1.\\
+which reads, coding \verb.b. is for the letter \emph{beth}, its
+isolated form is character 66 followed by character 124, its initial
+and medial form is character 66, it's final form is character 66
+followed by character 124 and the next letter (if any) must take it's
+medial form.
+
+However, if one of the four last columns has a value of $-1$, no form
+is provided in the font.
+Values from 0 to 15 are reserved for accents/vowels above the line,
+values from 16 to 31 are reserved for vowels under the line.
+
+The lines
+
+\verb. ~ blank 32 32 32 32 0.\\
+\verb. Q shadda 6 6 6 6 2.\\
+\verb. -- stretch 45 45 45 45 1.\\
+
+must not be deleted.
+
+The coding for digits (starting with 0 up to 9 in the first column
+cannot have the \verb.+. in the position definition
+
+The transcription definition defines for each coding symbol (defined
+in the font-section) a valid \TeX-string to be used if transcription
+is needed, e.g.
+
+\verb- .t \d{t}-
+
+i.e. the coding \verb-.t- will be representend by \emph{\d{t}} in
+transcribed portions.
+
+\section{Two examples}
+
+Some of the following can be found in {\tt example.ptex}
+which comes
+with this package.
+%If you do not have \elatex, you cannot set texts in \st\ but only
+%single words.
+
+
+The following input was used to generate the output below:
+
+
+\begin{quote}\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
+usepackage{serto}
+
+\begin{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\begin{alltt}
+<S{}>men qadiy^se' ho' tetqada^s</S{}>
+
+<S{}T>kmo' dat+basb@suwn pagdo'</S{}T>
+\end{alltt}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+\end{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+
+\begin{quote}
+<S>men qadiy^se' h=a' tetqada^s</S>
+
+<ST>km=a' dat+basb@suwn pagd=a'</ST>
+\end{quote}
+
+
+
+%In order to set more than just words
+%\elatex\ (needed for the \texxet\ extension) must be used.
+%\elatex\ properly sets text from the right to the left.
+
+
+
+\begin{quote}
+<SERTO>
+wk=ad .hzaw kuwmd'e da.h.tIyt=A': medem da`bad na.siy.h=a':
+lAbkuwh=y= wa'sruwh=y= wa'ytIywh=y= qd=am malk=a'.
+we'^stA`iyw lmalk=a' me----dem da`bad {\sertob l'Al=Ahayhwn}. m=alk=a'
+deyn 'ema----r. l'=a hw=a' me^stAwd=ay=aw 'e^stEwdiyt lIy dtEdba.h
+l'Ap=aluw: na.siy.h=a' 'emar. liy 'la=Ahe' 'ayleyn dma't`eyn. l'=a
+hw=a' 'la=Ahe' 'Enuwn. qareb 'Enuwn lIy lh=ark=a'.
+\sertob wl'=A
+^suwbh=adhuwn dakiys.ty=ane' l'=a ^s=abeq '=n=a' .had menhuwn
+dl'=a mdaqeq '=n=a' `adm=a' lram^s=a'.
+</SERTO>
+\end{quote}
+
+
+
+The preceding text was set typeset with the following
+input:
+
+
+\begin{quote}\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
+\usepackage{serto}
+\begin{document}
+\end{verbatim}
+\verb.<SERTO>.
+\begin{verbatim}
+wk=ad .hzaw kuwmd'e da.h.tIyt=A' : medem
+da`bad na.siy.h=a': lAbkuwh=y=
+wa'sruwh=y= wa'ytIywh=y= qd=am malk=a'.
+we'^stA`iyw lmalk=a' me----dem da`bad
+{\sertob l'Al=Ahayhwn}. m=alk=a' deyn 'emar. l'=a hw=a'
+me^stAwd=ay=aw 'e^stEwdiyt lIy dtEdba.h
+l'Ap=aluw: na.siy.h=a' 'emar. liy 'la=Ahe'
+'ayleyn dma't`eyn. l'=a hw=a' 'la=Ahe'
+'Enuwn. qareb 'Enuwn lIy lh=ark=a'. \sertob wl'=A
+^suwbh=adhuwn dakiys.ty=ane' l'=a ^s=abeq
+'=n=a' .had menhuwn dl'=a mdaqeq '=n=a'
+`adm=a' lram^s=a'.
+\end{verbatim}
+\verb.</SERTO>.
+
+\verb.\end{document}.
+\end{quote}
+
+Replacing {\tt <SERTO>} by {\tt <CHALDEAN>}
+results in this
+
+\begin{quote}
+<CHALDEAN>
+wk=ad .hzaw kuwmd'e da.h.tIyt=A': medem da`bad na.siy.h=a':
+lAbkuwh=y= wa'sruwh=y= wa'ytIywh=y= qd=am malk=a'.
+we'^stA`iyw lmalk=a' me----dem da`bad {\assyrb l'Al=Ahayhwn}. m=alk=a'
+deyn 'ema----r. l'=a hw=a' me^stAwd=ay=aw 'e^stEwdiyt lIy dtEdba.h
+l'Ap=aluw: na.siy.h=a' 'emar. liy 'la=Ahe' 'ayleyn dma't`eyn. l'=a
+hw=a' 'la=Ahe' 'Enuwn. qareb 'Enuwn lIy lh=ark=a'.
+\assyrb wl'=A
+^suwbh=adhuwn dakiys.ty=ane' l'=a ^s=abeq '=n=a' .had menhuwn
+dl'=a mdaqeq '=n=a' `adm=a' lram^s=a'.
+</CHALDEAN>
+\end{quote}
+
+
+
+The file was preprocessed using {\tt serto.py}.
+
+\section{Things still missing}
+
+The todo-list is long. I try to add features etc. as soon as possible.
+Please tell me items you would like to have, but which are not yet on
+this list. Any volunteers are welcome!
+
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item proper typsetting of texts (without preprocessor,
+maybe in the Arab\TeX\ package)
+\item proper treatment of \emph{matr\=es lectionis} (long vowels)
+%\item treatment of the <ST>sy=ame'</ST> %\emph{sey\=om\=e}
+\item proper treatment of the silent bar <ST>mb+a.tl=an=a'</ST>
+%\emph{mva\d tl\=on\=o}
+\item proper treatment of \emph{be\=ga\b dke\=pa\b t} with
+hard sign <ST>qu^s^s=ay=a'</ST> %\emph{qu\v s\v s\=oy\=o}
+and soft sign <ST>ruwkk=ak+=a'</ST> %\emph{rukk\=o\b h\=o}
+\item automatic transcription mode
+\item interpunction
+\item proper dealing with ligatures
+%\item Chaldean vowels
+%\item unicode input
+\item <ST>'es.trangel=a'</ST> %and Chaldean glyphs
+\item numbers
+%\item support for typical encodings and for unicode (UTF-8) either via
+%%the preprocessor or via
+the \verb:inputenc.sty: package.
+%\item creating Type 1 fonts from the \MF-sources
+\item support for existing Syriac fonts
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{Installation}
+
+The easiest way to install the fonts and the preprocessor is by installing
+the debian package (this includes only the {\tt pfb}, {\tt tfm} and {\tt afm} files for the fonts),
+the needed styles and the preprocessor, but not the \MF{} sources:
+
+{\verb+ +\tt sudo dpkg -i serto-\SertoVersion.deb}
+
+If you are not on a Debian or Ubuntu plateform, you need to install
+manually from the {\tt .tgz} file:
+
+
+\subsection{Using Metafont sources}
+Put the {\tt *.mf} files into a subdirectory {\tt serto} of your
+metafont branch in your {\tt texmf}-directory. For example using
+the texlive distribution under Linux, you should put them into
+{\tt\url{/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/source/serto/}}. Do not forget to call {\tt texhash}
+in order to make the tex software find the newly installed fonts.
+
+\subsection{Using vector fonts}
+Using vector fonts depends a little from the \TeX-installation used, the following
+is tested for Ubuntu 12.04 and 10.04, it will probably work on Debian platforms as well, or
+other platforms using the texlive installation.
+
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item copy {\tt syriac.map} to {\tt /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/map/dvips/config/}
+ \item copy {\tt *.afm} to {\tt /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/afm/syriac/serto/}
+ \item copy {\tt *.pfb} to {\tt /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/syriac/}
+ \item add {\tt Map syriac.map} to {\tt /etc/texmf/updmap.d/10local.cfg}
+ \item run {\tt sudo update-updmap}
+ \item run {\tt sudo updmap-sys}
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+\subsection{Other files}
+The Stylefile etc. {\tt *.sty}, {\tt *.fd} go into a directory for
+stylefiles,
+e.g. \url{/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/serto/}.
+
+The preprocessor {\tt serto.py} and the encoding file {\tt
+serto.font} somewhere where it can be found (e.g
+{\tt \url{/usr/local/bin}}). They must reside in the same directory unless you specify
+in the environment variable {\tt SERTOFONTDIR} the directory containing
+{\tt serto.font} and {\tt assyr.font}.
+Possibly you have to adjust the first line
+of the preprocessor \verb.#!/usr/bin/python. if your python
+interpreter is somewhere else.
+
+\section{License}
+
+This Material is subjec to the LaTeX Project Public LiĀ­cense 1.3
+(\url{http://ctan.org/license/lppl1.3}).
+
+\section{Changelog}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Version 1.0
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item adding a character for the \emph{linea occultans} above the letter
+ \item {\tt SERTOFONTDIR} enviromnment variable to specify the directory of {\tt *.font} files
+ \item some UTF8 support
+ \end{itemize}
+\item Version 0.7
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Chaldean vowels
+ \item Integration of the Chaldean font provided by Tony Khoshaba
+ \item Major adjustements to the {\tt serto.py} preprocessor
+ \end{itemize}
+\item Version 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item can't remember, didn't keep track of changelog those days\dots
+ \end{itemize}
+\item Version 0.1
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Initial version
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\bibliographystyle{engl}
+\bibliography{buch}
+
+
+\end{document}