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author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
commit | e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch) | |
tree | 60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /info/tcdmanual/la_furth.tex |
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diff --git a/info/tcdmanual/la_furth.tex b/info/tcdmanual/la_furth.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a901d2732a --- /dev/null +++ b/info/tcdmanual/la_furth.tex @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +\sectiontitle{Further Features of \LaTeX} +\label{la-furth} +\subsectiontitle{Producing Blank Space in \LaTeX} +To produce (horizontal) blank space within a paragraph, use +\verb?\hspace? and \verb?\hspace*?, followed by the length +of the blank space enclosed within curly brackets. The length +of the skip should be expressed in a unit recognized by \TeX. +These recognized units are given in the following table: +\begin{quote} +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\verb?pt? & point & (1 in = 72.27 pt) \\ +\verb?pc? & pica & (1 pc = 12 pt) \\ +\verb?in? & inch & (1 in = 25.4 mm) \\ +\verb?bp? & big point & (1 in = 72 bp) \\ +\verb?cm? & centimetre & (1 cm = 10 mm) \\ +\verb?mm? & millimetre & \\ +\verb?dd? & didot point & (1157 dd = 1238 pt) \\ +\verb?cc? & cicero & (1 cc = 12 dd) \\ +\verb?sp? & scaled point & (65536 sp = 1 pt) +\end{tabular} +\end{quote} +Thus to produce a horizontal blank space of 20 mm in the middle +of a paragraph one would type \verb?\hspace{20 mm}? (or +\verb?\hspace*{20 mm}?. + + The difference between \verb?\hspace? and \verb?\hspace*? +is that if \TeX\ decides to break between lines at the point +where an \verb?\hspace? is specified, then the \verb?\hspace? +is ignored. Using \verb?\hspace*? forces \TeX\ to produce a +horizontal space, whether of not \TeX\ breaks between lines. + +To produce (vertical) blank space between paragraphs, use +\verb?\vspace? and \verb?\vspace*?, followed by the length +of the blank space enclosed within curly brackets. A +\verb?\vspace? will be ignored if it comes at a +break between pages, whereas blank space will always be +produced by \verb?\vspace*?, whether or not there is a +page break. Thus to obtain +\begin{quotation} +{\small This is the first paragraph of some text. It is +separated from the second paragraph by a vertical skip of +10 millimetres.} + +\vspace{10 mm} + +{\small This is the second paragraph.} +\end{quotation} +one should type +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +This is the first paragraph of some text. It is +separated from the second paragraph by a vertical skip of +10 millimetres. + +\vspace{10 mm} + +This is the second paragraph. +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +\subsectiontitle{Blank Spaces: Fine Tuning} +We describe certain features of \TeX\ relating to blank spaces +and paragraph indentation which will improve the appearance +of the final document. Experienced users of \TeX\ will improve +the appearance of their documents if they bear these remarks in mind. + + First note that, as a general rule, you should never put +a blank space after a left parenthesis or before a right +parenthesis. If you were to put a blank space in these +places, then you run the risk that \TeX\ might start a +new line immediately after the left parenthesis or before +the right parenthesis, leaving the parenthesis marooned at +the beginning or end of a line. + + \TeX\ has its own rules for deciding the lengths of blank +spaces. For instance, \TeX\ will put an extra amount of space +after a full stop if it considers that the full stop marks the +end of a sentence. + +\begin{quotation} +\footnotesize +The rule adopted by \TeX\ is to regard a period (full stop) as +the end of a sentence if it is preceded by a lowercase letter. +If the period is preceded by an uppercase letter then +\TeX\ assumes that it is not a full stop but follows the +initials of somebody's name. +\end{quotation} + + This works very well in most cases. However +\TeX\ occasionally gets things wrong. This happens with +a number of common abbreviations (as in `Mr.\ Smith' or +in `etc.'), and, in particular, in the names of +journals given in abbreviated form (e.g., +`Proc.\ Amer.\ Math.\ Soc.'). The way to overcome this +problem is to put a backslash before the blank space in +question. Thus we should type +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +Mr.\ Smith +etc.\ and +Proc.\ Amer.\ Math.\ Soc. +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + + \TeX\ determines itself how to break up a paragraph into +lines, and will occasionally hyphenate long words where this +is desirable. However it is sometimes necessary to tell +\TeX\ not to break at a particular blank space. The special +character used for this purpose is \verb?~?. It represents +a blank space at which \TeX\ is not allowed to break between +lines. It is often desirable to use \verb?~? in names where +the forenames are represented by initials. Thus to obtain +`W.~R.~Hamilton' it is best to type \verb?W.~R.~Hamilton?. +It is also desirable in phrases like `Example~7' and `the +length~$l$ of the rod', obtained by typing \verb?Example~7? +and \verb?the length~$l$ of the rod?. This feature of +\TeX\ may be safely ignored by beginners, though more +experienced \TeX nical typists should gradually accustom +themselves to using it occasionally where appropriate. + + \TeX\ will automatically indent paragraphs (with the +exception of the first paragraph of a new section). One +can prevent \TeX\ from indenting a paragraph though by +beginning the paragraph with the control sequence +\verb?\noindent?. Thus one obtains +\begin{quotation} +\small + +\noindent +This is the beginning of a paragraph which is not +indented in the usual way. This has been achieved +by placing an appropriate control sequence at the +beginning of the paragraph. + +\end{quotation} +by typing +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} + +\noindent +This is the beginning of a paragraph which is not +indented in the usual way. This has been achieved +by placing an appropriate control sequence at the +beginning of the paragraph. + +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + +Conversely, the control sequence \verb?\indent? forces +\TeX\ to indent the paragraph. + +\subsectiontitle{The Preamble of the \LaTeX\ Input file} + We describe the options available in \LaTeX\ for specifying +the overall style of a document. + +Every \LaTeX\ document should begin with a \verb?\documentstyle? +command followed by the \verb?\begin{document}? command, and +must end with the \verb?\end{document}? command. A typical such +document is the following: +\begin{quote} +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \documentstyle[tcda,12pt]{article} +\begin{verbatim} +\documentstyle[a4,12pt]{article} +\begin{document} + +This is the first paragraph of a typical document. It is +produced in a `12~point' size. A {\it point} is a unit of +length used by printers. One point is approximately +$1/72$~inch. In a `12~point' font the height of the +parentheses is 12~points (i.e. about $1/6$~inch) and the +letter~`m' is about 12 points long. + +This is the second paragraph of the document. There are +also `10 point' and `11 point' styles available in \LaTeX. +The required size is specified in the `documentstyle' +command. If no such size is specified then the 10~point +size is assumed. + +\end{document} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} + + The syntax of the \verb?\documentstyle? command is as +follows. The command begins with \verb?\documentstyle? +and ends with the names of one of the available styles, +enclosed in curly brackets. The available styles are +`{\tt article}', `{\tt report}', `{\tt book}' and +`{\tt letter}'. Between the ``\verb?\documentstyle?'' +and the name of the document style, one may place a +list of {\it options}. These options are separated by +commas and the list of options is enclosed in square +brackets (as in the above example). The options +available (which are usually the names of certain +`style files') include the following: +\begin{description} +\item[11pt] Specifies a size of type known as + {\it eleven-point}, which is ten percent larger than + the ten-point type normally used. +\item[12pt] Specifies a twelve-point type size, which is + twenty percent larger than ten-point. +%%\item[twoside] Formats the output for printing on both +%% sides of the page. +\item[twocolumn] Produces two-column output. +%% \item[tcda] A (locally produced) `style file' which +\item[a4] A `style file' which + ensures that the page is appropriately positioned + on A4 size paper. It is recommended that most \LaTeX\ + documents produced on the LaserWriter in the School of + Mathematics use this option. +%% \item[tcdh] A (locally produced) `style file' which +%% ensures that the page is appropriately positioned on +%% the headed notepaper of the T.C.D. School of Mathematics. +\end{description} + +\begin{quotation} +\small + Typing simply \verb?\documentstyle{article}? will produce a +document in ten-point type size. However the printed output +will not be nicely positioned on A4 paper, since the default +size is intended for a different (American) paper size. +\end{quotation} + + Pages will be automatically numbered at the bottom of the +page, unless you specify otherwise. This can be done using the +\verb?\pagestyle? command. This command should come after the +\verb?\documentstyle? command and before the +\verb?\begin{document}? command. This command has the +syntax \verb?\pagestyle{?{\it option}\verb?}?, where +the {\it option} is one of the following: +\begin{description} +\item[plain] The page number is at the foot of the page. + This is the default page style for the {\tt article} + and {\tt report} document styles. +\item[empty] No page number is printed. +\item[headings] The page number (and any other information + determined by the document style) is put at the top of + the page. +\item[myheadings] Similar to the {\bf headings} pagestyle, + except that the material to go at the top of the + page is determined by \verb?\markboth? and + \verb?\markright? commands (see the \LaTeX\ manual). +\end{description} +For example, the input file +\begin{quote} +%% \begin{verbatim} +%% \documentstyle[tcda]{article} +\begin{verbatim} +\documentstyle[a4]{article} +\pagestyle{empty} +\begin{document} + +The main body of the document is placed here. + +\end{document} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +produces a document without page numbers, using the +standard ten-point type size. + +\newcommand{\inftyint}{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}} +\newcommand{\intwrtx}[1]{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} #1 \,dx} +\newcommand{\intwrt}[2]{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} #2 \,d #1} + +\subsectiontitle{Defining your own Control Sequences in \LaTeX} +Suppose that we are producing a paper that makes frequent +use of some mathematical expression. For example, +suppose that integrals like +\[ \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} f(x)\,dx. \] +occur frequently throughout the text. This formula is +obtained by typing +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\[ \int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} f(x)\,dx. \] +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +It would be nice if we could type \verb?\inftyint? (say) +to obtain the integral sign at the beginning. This can +be done using \verb?\newcommand?. What we do is to place +a line with the command +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\newcommand{\inftyint}{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +near the beginning of the input file (the best place being +after the \verb?\documentstyle? command but before the +\verb?\begin{document}? command). Then we only have to +type +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\[ \inftyint f(x)\,dx. \] +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +to obtain the above formula. + +We can modify this procedure slightly. Suppose that we +we defined a new control sequence \verb?\intwrtx? by +putting the line +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\newcommand{\intwrtx}[1]{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} #1 \,dx} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +at the beginning of the input file. If we then type the line +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\[ \intwrtx{f(x)}. \] +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +then we obtain +\[ \intwrtx{f(x)}. \] +What has happened is that the expression in curly brackets +after \verb?\intwrtx? has been substituted in the expression +defining \verb?\intwrtx?, replacing the \verb?#1? in that +expression. + + The number 1 inside square brackets in the +\verb?\newcommand? line defining \verb?\intwrtx? indicates +to \LaTeX\ that it is to expect one expression (in curly +brackets) after \verb?\intwrtx? to substitute for \verb?#1? +in the definition of \verb?\intwrtx?. If we defined a +control sequence \verb?\intwrt? by +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\newcommand{\intwrt}[2]{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} #2 \,d #1} +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +then it would expect two expressions to substitute in for +\verb?#1? and \verb?#2? in the definition of \verb?\intwrt?. +Thus if we then type +\begin{quote} +\begin{verbatim} +\[ \intwrt{y}{f(y)}. \] +\end{verbatim} +\end{quote} +we obtain +\[ \intwrt{y}{f(y)}. \] + |