diff options
author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
---|---|---|
committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
commit | e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch) | |
tree | 60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /info/latex.hlp |
Initial commit
Diffstat (limited to 'info/latex.hlp')
-rw-r--r-- | info/latex.hlp | 3918 |
1 files changed, 3918 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/info/latex.hlp b/info/latex.hlp new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a5605fee6 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/latex.hlp @@ -0,0 +1,3918 @@ +!!! ====================================================================== +!!! @Digital-HELP-Text-file{ +!!! filename = "latex.hlp", +!!! version = "1.0a", +!!! date = "6 January 1993", +!!! ISO-date = "1993.01.06", +!!! time = "13:14:51.77 CST", +!!! author = "George D. Greenwade", +!!! address = "Department of Economics and Business Analysis +!!! College of Business Administration +!!! P. O. Box 2118 +!!! Sam Houston State University +!!! Huntsville, Texas, USA 77341-2118", +!!! email = "bed_gdg@SHSU.edu (Internet) +!!! BED_GDG@SHSU (BITNET) +!!! SHSU::BED_GDG (THENET)", +!!! telephone = "(409) 294-1266", +!!! FAX = "(409) 294-3712", +!!! supported = "yes", +!!! archived = "*Niord.SHSU,edu:[FILESERV.VMS-LATEX-HELP]", +!!! keywords = "VMS, help, librarian, LaTeX", +!!! codetable = "ISO/ASCII", +!!! checksum = "20125 3918 18451 123110", +!!! docstring = "This is a replacement for LATEX.HLP in the VMS +!!! Help Library. It is a modification of the DECUS +!!! LATEX.HLP file with the LaTeX command strings +!!! copied into a higher level so that the command +!!! HELP LATEX COMMAND topic +!!! is immediately accessible. SEE ALSO strings are +!!! included to point the user back to the original +!!! entry area of broader related topics. +!!! +!!! This version differs from 1.0 in that it +!!! corrects some prior oversights by the author. +!!! +!!! The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 +!!! checksum as the first value, followed by the +!!! equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word +!!! count) utility output of lines, words, and +!!! characters. This is produced by Robert +!!! Solovay's checksum utility." +!!! } +!!! ====================================================================== +1 LaTeX + + The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and + the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an + input file containing the text of a document with interspersed + commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces + two files as output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains + commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output + devices, and a `transcript' or `log file' that contains summary + information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the + input file. + + For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The + TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by + the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing + Company. Some documentation can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...]. + + For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation + System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published + jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley + Publishing Company. Some documentation can be found in + TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...]. + + Format: + + LATEX input-file +2 Commands + + A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ + followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. + Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments + contained in braces {} are required. + + NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case + unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. +3 Counters + + Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The + name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or + command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list + of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control + numbering. + + part part figure enumi + chapter subparagraph table enumii + section page footnote enumiii + subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv + subsubsection + +4 \addtocounter + + \addtocounter{counter}{value} + + The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount + specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. +4 \alph + + \alph{counter} + + This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic + alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes + upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C... +4 \arabic + + \arabic{counter} + + The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + arabic numbers, i.e., 3. +4 \fnsymbol + + \fnsymbol{counter} + + The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering + footnotes. +4 \newcounter + + \newcounter{foo}[counter] + + The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional + argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the + counter named in the optional argument is incremented. +4 \roman + + \roman{counter} + + This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman + numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e., + i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman + numerals, i.e., I, II, III... +4 \setcounter + + \setcounter{counter}{value} + + The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that + specified by the value argument. +4 \usecounter + + \usecounter{counter} + + The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list + environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the + list items. +4 \value + + \value{counter} + + The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the + mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or + number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter + command, or in + \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} + + It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters. +3 Cross_References + + One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer + the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." +4 \label + + \label{key} + + A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the + number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered + environment assigns that number to the key. + + A key can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation + characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. +4 \pageref + + \pageref{key} + + The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text + where the corresponding \label command appears. +4 \ref + + \ref{key} + + The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation + number, ... of the corresponding \label command. +3 Definitions + +4 \newcommand + + \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + + These commands define (or redefine) a command. + + - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must + not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for + \renewcommand it must already be defined. + + - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of + the command being defined. The default is for the command to + have no arguments. + + - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a + parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the + nth argument when this substitution takes place. + +4 \newenvironment + + \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + + These commands define or redefine an environment. + + - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there + must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the + command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the + environment must already be defined. + + - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of + the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + + - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of + \begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by + the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. + + - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. + It may not contain any argument parameters. + +4 \newtheorem + + \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] + \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption} + + This command defines a theorem-like environment. + + - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters. + Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter. + + - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment, + right before the number. + + - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a + sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem + counter within the sectional unit. + + - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like + environment. + + + The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. +4 \newfont + + \newfont{cmd}{font_name} + + Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to + be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the + current font. +3 Document_Styles + + Valid LaTeX document styles include: + + o article + + o report + + o letter + + o book + + + Other document styles are described under the Help Topic LaTeX_Styles. + + They are selected with the following command: + + \documentstyle [options] {style} + + The options for the different styles are: + + 1. article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, + acm + + 2. report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm + + 3. letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm + + 4. book: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + + + If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a + comma. +4 \flushbottom + + The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, + adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. +4 \onecolumn + + The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces + single-column output. +4 \raggedbottom + + The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text + on that page. No extra vertical space is added. +4 \twocolumn + + The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column + output. +3 Environments + LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. + Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. + + \begin{environment-name} + . + . + . + \end{environment-name} +4 array + + \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{array} + + Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single + mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment + within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that + tells how items in that row should be formatted. + + - c for centered + + - l for flushleft + + - r for flushright + + + Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include + other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with + the string \\. +4 center + + \begin{center} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{center} + + The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of + lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the + current page. Each line must be terminated with the string \\. +5 \centering + + This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by + putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table + environment. + + Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start + a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. + To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration + must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like + quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +4 description + + \begin{description} + \item [label] First item + \item [label] Second item + . + . + . + \end{description} + + The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label + is bold face and flushed right. +4 enumerate + + \begin{enumerate} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{enumerate} + + The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can + be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also + be nested within other paragraph-making environments. + + Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There + must be at least one \item command within the environment. +4 eqnarray + + \begin{eqnarray} + math formula 1 \\ + math formula 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{eqnarray} + + The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or + inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, + with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a + row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line + unless that line has a \nonumber command. +4 equation + + \begin{equation} + math formula + \end{equation} + + The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places + the equation number in the right margin. +4 figure + + \begin{figure}[placement] + + body of the figure + + \caption{figure title} + \end{figure} + + Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are + usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. + Figures will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to + place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put + a float: + + - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure + environment appears. + + - t: Top - at the top of a text page. + + - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + + - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + + The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp. + + + The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, + etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. +4 flushleft + + \begin{flushleft} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushleft} + + The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting + of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line + must be terminated with the string \\. +5 \raggedright + + This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. + + Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not + start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an + environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +4 flushright + + \begin{flushright} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushright} + + The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting + of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line + must be terminated with the string \\. +5 \raggedleft + + This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. + + Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not + start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an + environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. +4 itemize + + \begin{itemize} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{itemize} + + The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be + nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be + nested within other paragraph-making environments. + + Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There + must be at least one \item command within the environment. +4 list + + \begin{list}{label}{spacing} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{list} + + The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This + argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the + label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX + commands. + + The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing + parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e., + {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for + most cases. +4 minipage + + \begin{minipage}[position]{width} + text + \end{minipage} + + The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes + the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You + may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. + + Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is + particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A + \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of + the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the + mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. + + NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using + footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. +4 picture + + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + . + picture commands + . + \end{picture} + + The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of + picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell + LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their + coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point + and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate + specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if + \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a + length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength + anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things + will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment. + + A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the + point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are + specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is + normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a + position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the + parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + + The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a + position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment + produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this + argument's x- and y-coordinates. + + The picture environment also has an optional position argument, + following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike + ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square + brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at + the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). + For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command + + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) + + produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 + millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose + upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first + draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the + origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your + picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional + argument. + + The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of + the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture + really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the + picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by + TeX in determining how much room to leave for it. + + Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The + command + + \put (11.3,-.3){...} + + puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference + point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various + objects will be described below. + + The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text + argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an + \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point + will be the lower left corner of the box. +5 \circle + + \circle[*]{diameter} + + The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If + the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. +5 \dashbox + + \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){...} + + The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each + dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are + multiples of the dash length. +5 \frame + + \frame{...} + + The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object + specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left + corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the + object. +5 \framebox + + \framebox(width,height)[position]{...} + + The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. +5 \line + + \line(x slope,y slope){length} + + The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. +5 \linethickness + + \linethickness{dimension} + + Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture + environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does + not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter + circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. +5 \makebox + + \makebox(width,height)[position]{...} + + The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the + normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and + height in multiples of \unitlength. + + The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your + text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + + - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + + - b: Moves the item to the bottom + + - l: Moves the item to the left + + - r: Moves the item to the right + +5 \multiput + + \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object} + + The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same + object in a regular pattern across a picture. +5 \oval + + \oval(width,height)[portion] + + The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The + optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. + + - t: Selects the top portion + + - b: Selects the bottom portion + + - r: Selects the right portion + + - l: Selects the left portion + +5 \put + + \put(x coord,y coord){ ... } + + The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument + at the given coordinates. +5 \shortstack + + \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} + + The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid + positions are: + + - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack + + - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack + + - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) + +5 \vector + + \vector(x slope,y slope){length} + + The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified + length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, + inclusive. +4 quotation + + \begin{quotation} + text + \end{quotation} + + The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and + the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is + paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a + new paragraph. +4 quote + + \begin{quote} + text + \end{quote} + + The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the + right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line + between text produces a new paragraph. +4 tabbing + + \begin{tabbing} + text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ + second row \> \> more \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabbing} + + The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It + works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do + with an ordinary typewriter. +5 \= + + The \= command sets the tab stops. +5 \> + + The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. +5 \< + + The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local + margin without changing the margin. +5 \+ + + The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the + following commands one tab stop to the right. +5 \- + + The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the + following commands one tab stop to the left. +5 \' + + The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far in the + current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', + \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush + against the current column's tab stop. +5 \` + + The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab + stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right + of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command + moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and + the command that ends the line. +5 \kill + + The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. + It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line + instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- + commands in that line remain in effect. +4 table + + \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + + Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are + usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. + Tables will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to + place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put + a float: + + - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table + environment appears. + + - t: Top - at the top of a text page. + + - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + + - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + + The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp. + + The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, + etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. +4 tabular + + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular} + + or + + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular*} + + These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of + items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional + arguments consist of: + + o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There + must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out + the specified width. + + o pos: Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on + the center of the environment. + + - t - align on top row + + - b - align on bottom row + + + o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a + sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the + sequence of columns and intercolumn material. + + - l - A column of left-aligned items. + + - r - A column of right-aligned items. + + - c - A column of centered items. + + - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the + environment. + + - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression + suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between + columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the + adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} + command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd + to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until + countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike + ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not + suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can + be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument. + + - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox + of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} + command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in + the following situations: (i) inside an environment like + minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox, + or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or + \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear + inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column + element. + + - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is + any positive integer and cols is any list of + column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression. + + +5 \cline + + \cline{i-j} + + The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns + specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are + identified in the mandatory argument. +5 \hline + + The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the + table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, + and between the rows of the table. +5 \multicolumn + + \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} + + The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. + The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns + to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the + formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for + flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text + is to make up the entry. +5 \vline + + The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full + height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move + the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an + @-expression. +4 thebibliography + + \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + . + . + . + \end{thebibliography} + + The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference + list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled + "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". + + o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide + as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. + +5 \bibitem + + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + + The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the + label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using + the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, + and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes + an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. + When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the + item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to + cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label. +5 \cite + + \cite[text]{key_list} + + The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command + generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the + keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the + \begin{document} command. +5 \nocite + + \nocite{key_list} + + The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a + list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. +4 theorem + + \begin{theorem} + theorem text + \end{theorem} + + The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by + your theorem text. +4 titlepage + + \begin{titlepage} + text + \end{titlepage} + + The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no + printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to + be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The + \today command comes in handy for title pages. +4 verbatim + + \begin{verbatim} + text + \end{verbatim} + + The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets + LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a + typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect + that they would on a typewriter. +5 \verb + + \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char + + Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters + and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no + space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for + clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. +4 verse + + \begin{verse} + text + \end{verse} + + The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find + other uses for it. +3 Footnotes + + Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced + with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced + with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. + See the specific command for information on why you would use one over + the other. +4 \footnote + + \footnote[number]{text} + + The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom + of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change + the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer + paragraph mode. +4 \footnotemark + + The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This + command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote + is supplied by the \footnotetext command. +4 \footnotetext + + \footnotetext[number]{text} + + The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom + of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark + command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph + mode. + + The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote + number. +3 Lengths + + A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length + as an argument. +4 \newlength + + \newlength{\gnat} + + The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a + length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat + command already exists. +4 \setlength + + \setlength{\gnat}{length} + + The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. + The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX + understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. +4 \addtolength + + \addtolength{\gnat}{length} + + The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount + specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. +4 \settowidth + + \settowidth{\gnat}{text} + + The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to + the width of the text argument. +3 Letters + + You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The + letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once, + although you can make just one if you so desire. + + Your .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the other + document styles, i.e., you must have the following commands as a + minimum: + + \documentstyle{letter} + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} + + Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and + address of the recipient. For example, you might have + + \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St. + \\ Oakland, CA 91123} + ... + \end{letter} + + The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the + letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that + make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter + closes with a \closing command. + + After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command + produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command + for a list of enclosures. +4 Declarations + + The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. +5 \address + + \address{Return address} + + The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the + envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ + commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the + letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization's + standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the + letter will be formatted as a personal letter. +5 \signature + + \signature{Your name} + + Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath + the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines + should be separated by \\ commands. +5 \location + + \location{address} + + This modifies your organization's standard address. This only + appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. +5 \telephone + + \telephone{number} + + This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage + pagestyle is selected. +4 \opening + + \opening{text} + + The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, + text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e., + + \opening{Dear John,} +4 \closing + + \closing {text} + + The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e., + + \closing{Best Regards,} +3 Line_and_Page_Breaking + + The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to + translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To + produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and + these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do + the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does + it for you. +4 \\ + + \\[*][extra-space] + + The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional + argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is + to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + + The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it + tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. +4 \- + + The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that + point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find + all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the + exceptional cases. +4 \cleardoublepage + + The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all + figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be + printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a + right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. +4 \clearpage + + The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures + and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +4 \hyphenation + + \hyphenation{words} + + The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where + words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each + hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. +4 \linebreak + + \linebreak[number] + + The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the + point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can + convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number + must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. + + The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends + to the right margin. +4 \newline + + The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline + command can be used only in paragraph mode. +4 \newpage + + The \newpage command ends the current page. +4 \nolinebreak + + \nolinebreak[number] + + The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line + at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you + can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The + number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. +4 \nopagebreak + + \nopagebreak[number] + + The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page + at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you + can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The + number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. +4 \pagebreak + + \pagebreak[number] + + The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the + point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can + convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number + must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. +3 Making_Paragraphs + + A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines + not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new + paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument + of a sectioning command. +4 \indent + + This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the + paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where + it would otherwise be suppressed. +4 \noindent + + When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the + paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a + paragraph. +4 \par + + Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment + definitions easier to read. +3 Math_Formulas + + There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, + displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that + appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas + that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same + as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number + in the right margin. + + The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but + the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in + paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so + often that they have the following short forms: + + \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} + + \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} + + In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter + form: + + $ ... $ instead of \(...\) + +4 Subscripts_and_Superscripts + + To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type + _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX + handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the + natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a + subscript and a superscript. +4 Math_Symbols + + TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The + commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For + example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol + "pi" in your output. +4 Spacing_in_Math_Mode + + In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in + the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way + it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX + provides the following four commands for use in math mode: + + 1. \; - a thick space + + 2. \: - a medium space + + 3. \, - a thin space + + 4. \! - a negative thin space + +4 Math_Miscellany +5 \cdots + + The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are + raised to the center of the line. +5 \ddots + + The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. +5 \frac + + \frac{num}{den} + + The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. +5 \ldots + + The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any + mode, not just math mode. +5 \overbrace + + \overbrace{text} + + The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. +5 \overline + + \overline{text} + + The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. +5 \sqrt + + \sqrt[root]{arg} + + The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The + optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e., the + cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. +5 \underbrace + + \underbrace{text} + + The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. +5 \underline + + \underline{text} + + The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. + This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. +5 \vdots + + The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. +3 Modes + + When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three + modes: + + o Paragraph mode + + o Math mode + + o Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short + + LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a + different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. + Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or + when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing + commands. + + Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when + processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into + lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when + it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph + mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of + words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX + keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. + Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep + typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then + complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + + LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. + You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, + you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There + are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a + box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these + commands or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in + paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph + mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called + outer paragraph mode. +3 Page_Styles + + The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the + page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. +4 \maketitle + + \maketitle + + The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - + except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top + of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained + from the following declarations. +5 \author + + \author{names} + + The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of + authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within + a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's + institution or address. + + NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined the \maketitle + command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown + below that has any meaning. +5 \date + + \date{text} + + The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no + \date command, the current date is used. +5 \thanks + + \thanks{text} + + The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. +5 \title + + \title{text} + + The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell + LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title. +4 \pagenumbering + + \pagenumbering{num_style} + + Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: + + - arabic: Arabic numerals + + - roman: Lowercase roman numerals + + - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals + + - alph: Lowercase letters + + - Alph: Uppercase letters + +4 \pagestyle + + \pagestyle {option} + + The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on + throughout the remainder of your document. + + The valid options are: + + - plain: Just a plain page number. + + - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. + + - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document + style specifies what goes in the headings. + + - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the + \markboth or the \markright commands. + +5 \mark + + \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head} + + The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with + the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right + heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, + you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings + style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. + You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last + \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand + heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes + on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the + page. +4 \thispagestyle + + \thispagestyle{option} + + The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle + command except that it changes the style for the current page only. +3 Sectioning + + Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into + units. + + o \part + + o \chapter (report style only) + + o \section + + o \subsection + + o \subsubsection + + o \paragraph + + o \subparagraph + + o \subsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only) + + o \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only) + + + All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e., + + \chapter[optional]{title} + + In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory + argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: + + 1. the table of contents + + 2. the running head at the top of the page + + You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as + appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning + commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these + other two purposes. + + The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not + include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. + For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like: + + \subsection*{Example subsection} +4 \appendix + + \appendix + + The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. + The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the + numbering or parts. +3 Spaces_and_Boxes +4 \addvspace + + \addvspace{length} + + The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height + length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same + point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this + command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length + of the total vertical space equal to length. +4 \bigskip + + The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where + bigskipamount is determined by the document style. +4 \dotfill + + The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots + instead of just spaces. +4 \fbox + + \fbox{text} + + The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except + that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. +4 \framebox + + \framebox[width][position]{text} + + The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, + except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it + creates. + + The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and + leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. +4 \hfill + + The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or + shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. +4 \hrulefill + + The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch + or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. +4 \hspace + + \hspace[*]{length} + + The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space + can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, + inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an + \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. + + LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If + you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * + argument. Then the space is never removed. +4 \makebox + + \makebox[width][position]{text} + + The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The + width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The + position of the text within the box is determined by the optional + position argument. + + - c - centered (default) + + - l - flushleft + + - r - flushright + +4 \mbox + + \mbox {text} + + The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text + created by its argument. +4 \medskip + + The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where + medskipamount is determined by the document style. +4 \newsavebox + + \newsavebox{cmd} + + Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already + defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. +4 \parbox + + \parbox[position]{width}{text} + + A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The + \parbox has two mandatory arguments: + + 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox; and + + 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox. + + LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of + the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to + line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. + + A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of + text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any + of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For + larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making + environment, you should use a minipage environment. +4 \raisebox + + \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text} + + The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first + mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or + lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in + LR mode. + + Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different + size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would + normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how + tall it is. + + The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the + text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second + optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text + extends below the line by the amount specified. +4 \rule + + \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness} + + The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments + are defined as follows. + + o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) + + o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) + + o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) + +4 \savebox + + \sbox{cmd}[text] + \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} + + These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. + However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin + cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. +4 \smallskip + + \smallskip + + The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where + smallskipamount is determined by the document style. +4 \usebox + + \usebox{cmd} + + Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. +4 \vfill + + The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or + shrink vertically. +4 \vspace + + \vspace[*]{length} + + The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can + be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, + inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an + \vspace command. + + LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you + don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * + argument. Then the space is never removed. +3 Special_Characters + + The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called + special printing characters, or simply special characters. + + # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } + + Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you + are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be + printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the + character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output. + + The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own + special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. +3 Splitting_the_Input + + A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the + whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it + into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you + use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you + type when you run LaTeX. +4 \include + + \include{file} + + The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly + command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the + first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file + names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no + \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to + + \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage + + except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning + message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the + file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. + + The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read + by another \include command. +4 \includeonly + + \includeonly{file_list} + + The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an + \include command. It can only appear in the preamble. +4 \input + + \input{file} + + The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, + exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at + that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension + or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used. +3 Starting_and_Ending + + Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. + + \documentstyle{style} + \begin{document} + ... your text goes here ... + \end{document} + + where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See + Document_Styles within this help file. + + You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and + the \begin{document} commands. +3 Table_of_Contents + + A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You + put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; + LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not + automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the + table of contents, include a \newpage command after the + \tableofcontents command. + + There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for + producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. + Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. + + NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not + have the \nofiles command in your document. +4 \addcontentsline + + \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry} + + The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or + table where + + - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be + written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot + (list of tables). + + - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one + of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: + + o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or + subsection. + + o lof: figure + + o lot: table + + + - entry is the text of the entry. + +4 \addtocontents + + \addtocontents{file}{text} + + The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly + to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or + tables. + + - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be + written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot + (list of tables). + + - text is the information to be written. + +3 Terminal_Input_and_Output + +4 \typeout + + \typeout{msg} + + Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that + are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their + definitions before being printed. + + LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and + ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command + in msg causes a single space to be printed. +4 \typein + + \typein[cmd]{msg} + + Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you + to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is + missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in + the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument + is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then + defined or redefined to be the typed input. +3 Typefaces + + The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is + also called a font. +4 Styles + The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + + o \rm: Roman. + + o \it: Italics. + + o \em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). + + o \bf: Boldface. + + o \sl: Slanted. + + o \sf: Sans serif. + + o \sc: Small caps. + + o \tt: Typewriter. + +4 Sizes + The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. + + o \tiny + + o \scriptsize + + o \footnotesize + + o \small + + o \normalsize (default) + + o \large + + o \Large (capital "l") + + o \LARGE (all caps) + + o \huge + + o \Huge (capital "h") +3 _{exp} (subscript) + + To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type + _{exp}. Use in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts +3 ^{exp} (superscript) + + To get an expression exp to appear as a superscript, you just type + ^{exp}. Use in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts +3 \\ + + \\[*][extra-space] + + The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional + argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is + to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + + The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it + tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \- + + The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that + point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find + all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the + exceptional cases. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \; + + Include a thick space in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode +3 \: + + Include a medium space in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode +3 \, + + Include a thin space in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode +3 \! + + Include a negative thin space in math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode +3 \= + + The \= command sets the tab stops. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \> + + The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \< + + The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local + margin without changing the margin. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \+ + + The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following + commands one tab stop to the right. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \- + + The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following + commands one tab stop to the left. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \' + + The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far in the + current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', + \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush + against the current column's tab stop. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \` + + The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab + stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right + of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command + moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} + command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing + environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the + command that ends the line. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \addcontentsline + + \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry} + + The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or + table where + + - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be + written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot + (list of tables). + + - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one + of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: + + o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or + subsection. + + o lof: figure + + o lot: table + + + - entry is the text of the entry. + + SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents +3 \addtocontents + + \addtocontents{file}{text} + + The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly + to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or + tables. + + - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be + written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot + (list of tables). + + - text is the information to be written. + + SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents +3 \addtocounter + + \addtocounter{counter}{value} + + The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount + specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \address + + \address{Return address} + + The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the + envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ + commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter + will be formatted for copying onto your organization's standard + letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will + be formatted as a personal letter. + + SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations +3 \addtolength + + \addtolength{\gnat}{length} + + The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount + specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. + + SEE ALSO Lengths +3 \addvspace + + \addvspace{length} + + The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height + length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same + point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this + command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length + of the total vertical space equal to length. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \alph + + \alph{counter} + + This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic + characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper + case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C... + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \appendix + + \appendix + + The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. + The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the + numbering or parts. + + SEE ALSO Sectioning +3 \arabic + + \arabic {counter} + + The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + arabic numbers, i.e., 3. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 array + + \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{array} + + Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single + mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment + within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that + tells how items in that row should be formatted. + + - c for centered + + - l for flushleft + + - r for flushright + + Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include + other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with + the string \\. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \author + + \author{names} + + The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of + authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a + single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution + or address. + + NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined the \maketitle + command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown + below that has any meaning. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle +3 \bf + + Boldface typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \bibitem + + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + + The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the + label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using + the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, + and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes + an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. + When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's + label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key + by a \cite command to produce the associated label. + + SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography +3 \bigskip + + The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where + bigskipamount is determined by the document style. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \cdots + + The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are + raised to the center of the line. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 center + + \begin{center} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{center} + + The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of + lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the + current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \centering + + This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by + putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table + environment. + + Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a + new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To + affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must + contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) + that ends the paragraph unit. + + SEE ALSO Environments, center +3 \circle + + \circle[*]{diameter} + + The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If + the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \cite + + \cite[text]{key_list} + + The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command + generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the + keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the + \begin{document} command. + + SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography +3 \cleardoublepage + + The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all + figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be + printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a + right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \clearpage + + The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures + and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \cline + + \cline{i-j} + + The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns + specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are + identified in the mandatory argument. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabular +3 \closing + + \closing{text} + + The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e., + + \closing{Best Regards,} + + SEE ALSO Letters +3 \dashbox + + \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... } + + The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each + dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples + of the dash length. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \date + + \date{text} + + The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no + \date command, the current date is used. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle +3 \ddots + + The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 description + + \begin{description} + \item [label] First item + \item [label] Second item + . + . + . + \end{description} + + The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label + is bold face and flushed right. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \dotfill + + The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots + instead of just spaces. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \em + + Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 enumerate + + \begin{enumerate} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{enumerate} + + The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can + be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also + be nested within other paragraph-making environments. + + Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There + must be at least one \item command within the environment. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 eqnarray + + \begin{eqnarray} + math formula 1 \\ + math formula 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{eqnarray} + + The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or + inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, + with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a + row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line + unless that line has a \nonumber command. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 equation + + \begin{equation} + math formula + \end{equation} + + The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places + the equation number in the right margin. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 figure + + \begin{figure}[placement] + + body of the figure + + \caption{figure title} + \end{figure} + + Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are + usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. + Figures will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to + place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put + a float: + + - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure + environment appears. + + - t: Top - at the top of a text page. + + - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + + - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + + The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp. + + + The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, + etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \fbox + + \fbox{text} + + The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except + that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \flushbottom + + The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, + adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. + + SEE ALSO Document_Styles +3 flushleft + + \begin{flushleft} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushleft} + + The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting + of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line + must be terminated with a \\. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 flushright + + \begin{flushright} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushright} + + The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting + of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line + must be terminated with a \\. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \fnsymbol + + \fnsymbol{counter} + + The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in + a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering + footnotes. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \footnote + + \footnote[number]{text} + + The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom + of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change + the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer + paragraph mode. + + SEE ALSO Footnotes +3 \footnotemark + + The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This + command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote + is supplied by the \footnotetext command. + + SEE ALSO Footnotes +3 \footnotesize + + Third smallest of 10 typefaces available. This is the default size + for footnotes. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \footnotetext + + \footnotetext [number] {text} + + The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom + of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark + command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph + mode. + + The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote + number. + + SEE ALSO Footnotes +3 \frac + + \frac{num}{den} + + The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \frame + + \frame{ ... } + + The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object + specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left + corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the + object. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \framebox + + \framebox[width][position]{text} + + The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, + except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it + creates. + + The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and + leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes, Environments, picture +3 \hfill + + The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or + shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \hline + + The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. + It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between + the rows of the table. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabular +3 \hrulefill + + The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch + or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \hspace + + \hspace[*]{length} + + The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space + can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, + inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an + \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. + + LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If + you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * + argument. Then the space is never removed. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \huge + + Second largest of 10 typefaces available. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \Huge (capital "h") + + Largest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in + this size. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \hyphenation + + \hyphenation{words} + + The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where + words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each + hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \include + + \include{file} + + The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly + command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the + first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file + names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no + \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to + + \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage + + except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning + message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the + file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. + + The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read + by another \include command. + + SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input +3 \includeonly + + \includeonly{file_list} + + The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an + \include command. It can only appear in the preamble. + + SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input +3 \indent + + This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the + paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where + it would otherwise be suppressed. + + SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs +3 \input + + \input{file} + + The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, + exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at + that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension + or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used. + + SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input +3 \it + + Italics typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 itemize + + \begin{itemize} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{itemize} + + The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be + nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be + nested within other paragraph-making environments. + + Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There + must be at least one \item command within the environment. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \kill + + The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. + It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line + instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- + commands in that line remain in effect. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 \label + + \label{key} + + A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the + number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered + environment assigns that number to the key. + + A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation + characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. + + SEE ALSO Cross_References +3 \large + + Slightly larger than default typeface size. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \Large (capital "l") + + Fourth largest of typefaces available. Is generally the default for + titles. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \LARGE (all caps) + + Third largest of typefaces available. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \ldots + + The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any + mode, not just math mode. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \line + + \line(x slope,y slope){length} + + The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \linebreak + + \linebreak[number] + + The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the + point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can + convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number + must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. + + The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends + to the right margin. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \linethickness + + \linethickness{dimension} + + Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture + environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does + not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter + circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 list + + \begin{list}{label}{spacing} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{list} + + The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This + argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the + label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX + commands. + + The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing + parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. + {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for + most cases. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \location + + \location {address} + + This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears + if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. + + SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations +3 \makebox + + \makebox[width][position]{text} + + The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The + width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The + position of the text within the box is determined by the optional + position argument. + + - c - centered (default) + + - l - flushleft + + - r - flushright + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes + * * * + \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... } + + The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the + normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and + height in multiples of \unitlength. + + The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your + text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + + - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + + - b: Moves the item to the bottom + + - l: Moves the item to the left + + - r: Moves the item to the right + + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \maketitle + + \maketitle + + The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - + except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top + of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained + from the following declarations. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles +3 \mark + + \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head} + + The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the + page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right + heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you + can use them to override the normal headings in the headings style, + since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. You + should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last + \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand + heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes + on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the + page. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \pagestyle +3 \mbox + + \mbox{text} + + The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text + created by its argument. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \medskip + + The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where + medskipamount is determined by the document style. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 minipage + + \begin{minipage}[position]{width} + text + \end{minipage} + + The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes + the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You + may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. + + Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is + particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A + \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of + the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the + mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. + + NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using + footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \multicolumn + + \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} + + The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. + The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to + span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of + the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The + third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the + entry. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabular +3 \multiput + + \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object} + + The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object + in a regular pattern across a picture. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \newcommand + + \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + + These commands define (or redefine) a command. + + - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must + not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for + \renewcommand it must already be defined. + + - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of + the command being defined. The default is for the command to + have no arguments. + + - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a + parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the + nth argument when this substitution takes place. + + SEE ALSO Definitions +3 \newcounter + + \newcounter{foo}[counter] + + The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional + argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the + counter named in the optional argument is incremented. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \newenvironment + + \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + + These commands define or redefine an environment. + + - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there + must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the + command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the + environment must already be defined. + + - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of + the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + + - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of + \begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by + the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place. + + - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. + It may not contain any argument parameters. + + SEE ALSO Definitions +3 \newfont + + \newfont{cmd}{font_name} + + Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to + be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the + current font. + + SEE ALSO Definitions +3 \newlength + + \newlength{\gnat} + + The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a + length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat + command already exists. + + SEE ALSO Lengths +3 \newline + + The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline + command can be used only in paragraph mode. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \newpage + + The \newpage command ends the current page. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \newsavebox + + \newsavebox{cmd} + + Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already + defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \newtheorem + + \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] + \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption} + + This command defines a theorem-like environment. + + - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters. + Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter. + + - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment, + right before the number. + + - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a + sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem + counter within the sectional unit. + + - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like + environment. + + + The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. + + SEE ALSO Definitions +3 \nocite + + \nocite{key_list} + + The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a + list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. + + SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography +3 \noindent + + When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the + paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a + paragraph. + + SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs +3 \nolinebreak + + \nolinebreak[number] + + The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current + line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, + number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a + request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the + number, the more insistent the request is. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \normalsize (default) + + The size of \normalsize is defined by as 10pt unless the 11pt or 12pt + document style option is used. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \nopagebreak + + \nopagebreak[number] + + The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page + at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you + can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The + number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \onecolumn + + The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces + single-column output. + + SEE ALSO Document_Styles +3 \opening + + \opening{text} + + The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, + text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e., + + \opening{Dear John,} + + SEE ALSO Letters +3 \oval + + \oval(width,height)[portion] + + The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The + optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. + + - t: Selects the top portion + + - b: Selects the bottom portion + + - r: Selects the right portion + + - l: Selects the left portion + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \overbrace + + \overbrace{text} + + The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \overline + + \overline{text} + + The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \pagebreak + + \pagebreak[number] + + The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the + point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can + convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number + must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more + insistent the request is. + + SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking +3 \pagenumbering + + \pagenumbering{num_style} + + Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style + are: + + - arabic: Arabic numerals + + - roman: Lowercase roman numerals + + - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals + + - alph: Lowercase letters + + - Alph: Uppercase letters + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles +3 \pageref + + \pageref{key} + + The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text + where the corresponding \label command appears. + + SEE ALSO Cross_References +3 \pagestyle + + \pagestyle{option} + + The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on + throughout the remainder of your document. + + The valid options are: + + - plain: Just a plain page number. + + - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. + + - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document + style specifies what goes in the headings. + + - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the + \markboth or the \markright commands. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles +3 \par + + Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment + definitions easier to read. + + SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs +3 \parbox + + \parbox[position]{width}{text} + + A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The + \parbox has two mandatory arguments: + + 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox, and + + 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox. + + + LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of + the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to + line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. + + A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of + text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any + of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For + larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making + environment, you should use a minipage environment. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 picture + + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + . + picture commands + . + \end{picture} + + The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of + picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell + LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their + coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point + and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate + specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if + \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a + length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength + anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things + will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment. + + A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the + point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are + specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is + normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a + position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the + parentheses serve to delimit the argument. + + The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a + position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment + produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this + argument's x- and y-coordinates. + + The picture environment also has an optional position argument, + following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike + ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square + brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at + the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). + For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command + + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) + + produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 + millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose + upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first + draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the + origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your + picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional + argument. + + The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of + the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture + really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the + picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by + TeX in determining how much room to leave for it. + + Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The + command + + \put (11.3,-.3){ ... } + + puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference + point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various + objects will be described below. + + The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text + argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an + \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point + will be the lower left corner of the box. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \put + + \put(x coord,y coord){ ... } + + The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument + at the given coordinates. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 quotation + + \begin{quotation} + text + \end{quotation} + + The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and + the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is + paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a + new paragraph. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 quote + + \begin{quote} + text + \end{quote} + + The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the + right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line + between text produces a new paragraph. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \raggedbottom + + The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text + on that page. No extra vertical space is added. + + SEE ALSO Document_Styles +3 \raggedleft + + This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. + + Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not + start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an + environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + SEE ALSO Environments, flushright +3 \raggedright + + This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This + declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a + parbox. + + Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not + start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph + units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the + declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an + environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + SEE ALSO Environments, flushleft +3 \raisebox + + \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text} + + The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first + mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or + lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in + LR mode. + + Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different + size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would + normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how + tall it is. + + The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the + text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second + optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text + extends below the line by the amount specified. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \ref + + \ref{key} + + The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation + number, ... of the corresponding \label command. + + SEE ALSO Cross_References +3 \rm + + Roman typeface (default). + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \roman + + \roman {counter} + + This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman + numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e., + i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman + numerals, i.e., I, II, III... + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \rule + + \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness} + + The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments + are defined as follows. + + o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) + + o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) + + o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \savebox + + \sbox{cmd}[text] + \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} + + These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. + However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin + cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \sc + + Small caps typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \scriptsize + + Second smallest of 10 typefaces available. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \setcounter + + \setcounter{counter}{value} + + The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that + specified by the value argument. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \setlength + + \setlength{\gnat}{length} + + The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. + The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX + understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. + + SEE ALSO Lengths +3 \settowidth + + \settowidth{\gnat}{text} + + The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to + the width of the text argument. + + SEE ALSO Lengths +3 \sf + + Sans serif typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \shortstack + + \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} + + The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid + positions are: + + - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack + + - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack + + - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \signature + + \signature{Your name} + + Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the + space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines + should be separated by \\ commands. + + SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations +3 \sl + + Slanted typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \small + + Slightly smaller than default typeface size. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \smallskip + + \smallskip + + The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where + smallskipamount is determined by the document style. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \sqrt + + \sqrt[root]{arg} + + The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The + optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the + cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 tabbing + + \begin{tabbing} + text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ + second row \> \> more \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabbing} + + The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It + works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do + with an ordinary typewriter. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing +3 table + + \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + + Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are + usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. + Tables will not be split between two pages. + + The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to + place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put + a float: + + - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table + environment appears. + + - t: Top - at the top of a text page. + + - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + + - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + + + The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp. + + The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, + etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 tabular + + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular} + + or + + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular*} + + These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of + items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional + arguments consist of: + + o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There + must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out + the specified width. + + o pos: Specified the vertical position; default is alignment on + the center of the environment. + + - t - align on top row + + - b - align on bottom row + + + o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a + sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the + sequence of columns and intercolumn material. + + - l - A column of left-aligned items. + + - r - A column of right-aligned items. + + - c - A column of centered items. + + - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the + environment. + + - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression + suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between + columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the + adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} + command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd + to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until + countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike + ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not + suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can + be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument. + + - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox + of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} + command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in + the following situations: (i) inside an environment like + minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox, + or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or + \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear + inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column + element. + + - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is + any positive integer and cols is any list of + column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \telephone + + \telephone{number} + + This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage + pagestyle is selected. + + SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations +3 \thanks + + \thanks{text} + + The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle +3 thebibliography + + \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + . + . + . + \end{thebibliography} + + The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference + list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled + "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". + + o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide + as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 theorem + + \begin{theorem} + theorem text + \end{theorem} + + The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by + your theorem text. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \thispagestyle + + \thispagestyle{option} + + The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle + command except that it changes the style for the current page only. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles +3 \tiny + + Smallest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in + this size. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes +3 \title + + \title{text} + + The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell + LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title. + + SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle +3 titlepage + + \begin{titlepage} + text + \end{titlepage} + + The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no + printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to + be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The + \today command comes in handy for title pages. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \tt + + Typewriter typeface. + + SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles +3 \twocolumn + + The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column + output. + + SEE ALSO Document_Styles +3 \typeout + + \typeout{msg} + + Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that + are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their + definitions before being printed. + + LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and + ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command + in msg causes a single space to be printed. + + SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output +3 \typein + + \typein[cmd]{msg} + + Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you + to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is + missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in + the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument + is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then + defined or redefined to be the typed input. + + SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output +3 \underbrace + + \underbrace{text} + + The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \underline + + \underline{text} + + The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This + command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \usebox + + \usebox{cmd} + + Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \usecounter + + \usecounter {counter} + + The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list + environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the + list items. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \value + + \value {counter} + + The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the + mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or + number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter + command, or in + + \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} + + It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters. + + SEE ALSO Counters +3 \vdots + + The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. + + SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany +3 \vector + + \vector(x slope,y slope){length} + + The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length + and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. + + SEE ALSO Environments, picture +3 \verb + + \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char + + Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters + and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no + space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for + clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. + + SEE ALSO Environments, verbatim +3 verbatim + + \begin{verbatim} + text + \end{verbatim} + + The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets + LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a + typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect + that they would on a typewriter. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 verse + + \begin{verse} + text + \end{verse} + + The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find + other uses for it. + + SEE ALSO Environments +3 \vfill + + The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or + shrink vertically. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +3 \vline + + The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height + and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line + to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. + + SEE ALSO Environments, tabular +3 \vspace + + \vspace[*]{length} + + The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can + be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, + inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an + \vspace command. + + LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you + don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * + argument. Then the space is never removed. + + SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes +2 Parameters + + input-file, ... + + The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX + uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input file + entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command + options using the conventional VAX/VMS arrangement -- options begin + with a slash mark (/), and are placed following the command name or + following the input file specification. + + Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVI file + has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS. When + you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on + the file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT. + +2 Qualifiers +/FORMAT + + /FORMAT=[file-spec] D=/FORMAT=TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN + + Indicates which format file TeX uses upon activation. The default + format file is TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN.FMT. This is the LaTeX format + discussed in "A Document Preparation System: LaTeX." + +/INIT + + /INIT + /NOINIT + + Indicates that you wish run TeX in the initialization, or INITeX, + mode. This mode is used to compile format files. + +/BATCH + + Set batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to the + terminal. Normally, TeX is set up for interactive use; it stops when + it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints status + and diagnostic information at the terminal. The /BATCH setting is + preferred for batch use; TeX will barrel on through as though you had + specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q' in response to + the first error message. + +/OUTPUT + + /OUTPUT[=file-spec] + /NOOUTPUT + + Controls where the output of the command is sent. If you do not enter + the qualifier, or if you enter /OUTPUT without a file specification, + the output is sent to a file with the same name as the input file, + only with the extension .DVI. + + If you enter /NOOUTPUT, output is suppressed. + +/LOG_FILE + + /LOG_FILE[=file-spec] + /NOLOG_FILE + + Controls where the log output of the command is sent. If you do not + enter the qualifier, or if you enter /LOG_FILE without a file + specification, the log output is sent to the a file with the same name + as the input file, only with the extension .LIS. + + If you enter /NOLOG_FILE, the log output file is suppressed. + +/TEXFONTS + + /TEXFONTS=(name,...) D=/TEXFONTS=TEX_FONTS: + + Specify directories containing TeX Font Metric (TFM) font definition + files, and the order in which they will be searched to locate each TFM + file. A null value in the list indicates the current directory. The + search procedure TeX uses to locate font files is to search each of + directories specified by the /TEXFONTS option. + + A complete TFM file name specification is formed by combining a TFM + file name from the input file with a default directory and default + file type of TFM. It is normal practice to specify only a simple file + name in the input file and let TeX supply the defaults, since this + tends to protect the user from installation dependencies and changes + to TeX. When searching for a TFM file, TeX will try alternate default + directories until it finds the TFM file or runs out of alternatives. + + Default is /TEXFONTS=(TEX_FONTS); TeX looks in the directory + associated with the logical name TEX_FONTS for font definition files. + +/TEXINPUTS + + /TEXINPUTS=(name,...) + + Specify directories containing input files, and the order in which + they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value in the + list indicates the current directory. This qualifier operates in a + manner similar to /TEXFONTS. The search procedure TeX uses to locate + input files is to first search your default directory and then search + each of the directories specified by the /TEXINPUTS option. + + Default is /TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS); TeX looks in the directory + associated with the logical name TEX_INPUTS. + +/TEXFORMATS + + /TEXFORMATS=(name,...) + + Specify directories containing format files, and the order in which + they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value in the + list indicates the current directory. This qualifier operates in a + manner similar to /TEXFONTS. The search procedure TeX uses to locate + input files is to search each of directories specified by the + /TEXFORMATS option. + + Default is /TEXFORMATS=(TEX_FORMATS); TeX looks in the directory + associated with the logical name TEX_FORMATS. + +/EDITOR + + /EDITOR=name D=/EDITOR=(TEX_EDIT:) + /NOEDITOR + + Specify the editor TeX is to use when the "e" (edit) option is used + when TeX finds an error. The editors can be callable editors such as + TPU or EDT, or command procedures. This works similarly to how the + MAIL program allows use of editors under SEND/EDIT. + + The default is to use the editor defined by the logical name TEX_EDIT. + + Valid callable editors are EDT, TPU, and LSE. Any other editor must + be called by way of a command procedure. + +/DIAGNOSTICS + + /DIAGNOSTICS=[file-spec] + /NODIAGNOSTICS + + Create a Diagnostics file for the Language Sensitive Editor (LSE). + +/JOBNAME_SYMBOL + + /JOBNAME_SYMBOL + + Indicates the name of a symbol in which TeX should store the name of + the DVI file it writes. Default is /JOBNAME_SYMBOL=TEX_JOBNAME. + +/CONTINUE + + /CONTINUE + /NOCONTINUE [D] + + Indicates that TeX should continue after editing a file. |