summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/info/latex.hlp
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
committerNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
commite0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch)
tree60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /info/latex.hlp
Initial commit
Diffstat (limited to 'info/latex.hlp')
-rw-r--r--info/latex.hlp3918
1 files changed, 3918 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/info/latex.hlp b/info/latex.hlp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a5605fee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/info/latex.hlp
@@ -0,0 +1,3918 @@
+!!! ======================================================================
+!!! @Digital-HELP-Text-file{
+!!! filename = "latex.hlp",
+!!! version = "1.0a",
+!!! date = "6 January 1993",
+!!! ISO-date = "1993.01.06",
+!!! time = "13:14:51.77 CST",
+!!! author = "George D. Greenwade",
+!!! address = "Department of Economics and Business Analysis
+!!! College of Business Administration
+!!! P. O. Box 2118
+!!! Sam Houston State University
+!!! Huntsville, Texas, USA 77341-2118",
+!!! email = "bed_gdg@SHSU.edu (Internet)
+!!! BED_GDG@SHSU (BITNET)
+!!! SHSU::BED_GDG (THENET)",
+!!! telephone = "(409) 294-1266",
+!!! FAX = "(409) 294-3712",
+!!! supported = "yes",
+!!! archived = "*Niord.SHSU,edu:[FILESERV.VMS-LATEX-HELP]",
+!!! keywords = "VMS, help, librarian, LaTeX",
+!!! codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
+!!! checksum = "20125 3918 18451 123110",
+!!! docstring = "This is a replacement for LATEX.HLP in the VMS
+!!! Help Library. It is a modification of the DECUS
+!!! LATEX.HLP file with the LaTeX command strings
+!!! copied into a higher level so that the command
+!!! HELP LATEX COMMAND topic
+!!! is immediately accessible. SEE ALSO strings are
+!!! included to point the user back to the original
+!!! entry area of broader related topics.
+!!!
+!!! This version differs from 1.0 in that it
+!!! corrects some prior oversights by the author.
+!!!
+!!! The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
+!!! checksum as the first value, followed by the
+!!! equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word
+!!! count) utility output of lines, words, and
+!!! characters. This is produced by Robert
+!!! Solovay's checksum utility."
+!!! }
+!!! ======================================================================
+1 LaTeX
+
+ The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and
+ the LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an
+ input file containing the text of a document with interspersed
+ commands that describe how the text should be formatted. It produces
+ two files as output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains
+ commands that can be translated into commands for a variety of output
+ devices, and a `transcript' or `log file' that contains summary
+ information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the
+ input file.
+
+ For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The
+ TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by
+ the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing
+ Company. Some documentation can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...].
+
+ For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation
+ System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published
+ jointly by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley
+ Publishing Company. Some documentation can be found in
+ TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...].
+
+ Format:
+
+ LATEX input-file
+2 Commands
+
+ A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \
+ followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
+ Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments
+ contained in braces {} are required.
+
+ NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case
+ unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+3 Counters
+
+ Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
+ name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
+ command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list
+ of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control
+ numbering.
+
+ part part figure enumi
+ chapter subparagraph table enumii
+ section page footnote enumiii
+ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+ subsubsection
+
+4 \addtocounter
+
+ \addtocounter{counter}{value}
+
+ The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount
+ specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.
+4 \alph
+
+ \alph{counter}
+
+ This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic
+ alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes
+ upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C...
+4 \arabic
+
+ \arabic{counter}
+
+ The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ arabic numbers, i.e., 3.
+4 \fnsymbol
+
+ \fnsymbol{counter}
+
+ The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
+ footnotes.
+4 \newcounter
+
+ \newcounter{foo}[counter]
+
+ The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional
+ argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the
+ counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
+4 \roman
+
+ \roman{counter}
+
+ This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman
+ numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e.,
+ i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman
+ numerals, i.e., I, II, III...
+4 \setcounter
+
+ \setcounter{counter}{value}
+
+ The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that
+ specified by the value argument.
+4 \usecounter
+
+ \usecounter{counter}
+
+ The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list
+ environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the
+ list items.
+4 \value
+
+ \value{counter}
+
+ The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the
+ mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
+ number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter
+ command, or in
+ \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
+
+ It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
+3 Cross_References
+
+ One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+ the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
+4 \label
+
+ \label{key}
+
+ A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the
+ number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+ environment assigns that number to the key.
+
+ A key can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation
+ characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
+4 \pageref
+
+ \pageref{key}
+
+ The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
+ where the corresponding \label command appears.
+4 \ref
+
+ \ref{key}
+
+ The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation
+ number, ... of the corresponding \label command.
+3 Definitions
+
+4 \newcommand
+
+ \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+ \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+
+ These commands define (or redefine) a command.
+
+ - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must
+ not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for
+ \renewcommand it must already be defined.
+
+ - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+ the command being defined. The default is for the command to
+ have no arguments.
+
+ - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a
+ parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the
+ nth argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+4 \newenvironment
+
+ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+ \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+
+ These commands define or redefine an environment.
+
+ - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there
+ must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the
+ command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the
+ environment must already be defined.
+
+ - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+ the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+
+ - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of
+ \begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by
+ the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+ - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}.
+ It may not contain any argument parameters.
+
+4 \newtheorem
+
+ \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
+ \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
+
+ This command defines a theorem-like environment.
+
+ - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters.
+ Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
+
+ - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment,
+ right before the number.
+
+ - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a
+ sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem
+ counter within the sectional unit.
+
+ - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like
+ environment.
+
+
+ The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
+4 \newfont
+
+ \newfont{cmd}{font_name}
+
+ Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to
+ be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the
+ current font.
+3 Document_Styles
+
+ Valid LaTeX document styles include:
+
+ o article
+
+ o report
+
+ o letter
+
+ o book
+
+
+ Other document styles are described under the Help Topic LaTeX_Styles.
+
+ They are selected with the following command:
+
+ \documentstyle [options] {style}
+
+ The options for the different styles are:
+
+ 1. article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno,
+ acm
+
+ 2. report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm
+
+ 3. letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm
+
+ 4. book: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+
+ If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a
+ comma.
+4 \flushbottom
+
+ The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+ adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
+4 \onecolumn
+
+ The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
+ single-column output.
+4 \raggedbottom
+
+ The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text
+ on that page. No extra vertical space is added.
+4 \twocolumn
+
+ The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column
+ output.
+3 Environments
+ LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.
+ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
+
+ \begin{environment-name}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{environment-name}
+4 array
+
+ \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{array}
+
+ Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
+ mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
+ within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that
+ tells how items in that row should be formatted.
+
+ - c for centered
+
+ - l for flushleft
+
+ - r for flushright
+
+
+ Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include
+ other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with
+ the string \\.
+4 center
+
+ \begin{center}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{center}
+
+ The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+ lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
+ current page. Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
+5 \centering
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by
+ putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table
+ environment.
+
+ Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start
+ a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.
+ To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
+ must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
+ quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+4 description
+
+ \begin{description}
+ \item [label] First item
+ \item [label] Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{description}
+
+ The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label
+ is bold face and flushed right.
+4 enumerate
+
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can
+ be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
+ be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+ Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There
+ must be at least one \item command within the environment.
+4 eqnarray
+
+ \begin{eqnarray}
+ math formula 1 \\
+ math formula 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{eqnarray}
+
+ The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
+ inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment,
+ with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a
+ row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line
+ unless that line has a \nonumber command.
+4 equation
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ math formula
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places
+ the equation number in the right margin.
+4 figure
+
+ \begin{figure}[placement]
+
+ body of the figure
+
+ \caption{figure title}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+ usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+ Figures will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+ place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+ a float:
+
+ - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure
+ environment appears.
+
+ - t: Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+
+ The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.
+
+
+ The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+ etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
+4 flushleft
+
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushleft}
+
+ The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+ of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line
+ must be terminated with the string \\.
+5 \raggedright
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox.
+
+ Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not
+ start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+ declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
+ environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+4 flushright
+
+ \begin{flushright}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushright}
+
+ The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+ of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line
+ must be terminated with the string \\.
+5 \raggedleft
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox.
+
+ Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not
+ start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+ declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
+ environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+4 itemize
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
+ nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+ nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+ Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There
+ must be at least one \item command within the environment.
+4 list
+
+ \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{list}
+
+ The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This
+ argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
+ label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX
+ commands.
+
+ The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing
+ parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.,
+ {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
+ most cases.
+4 minipage
+
+ \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
+ text
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes
+ the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You
+ may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
+
+ Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
+ particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+ \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of
+ the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+ mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.
+
+ NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+4 picture
+
+ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+ .
+ picture commands
+ .
+ \end{picture}
+
+ The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of
+ picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell
+ LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+ coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point
+ and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate
+ specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if
+ \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
+ length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength
+ anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things
+ will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.
+
+ A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
+ point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
+ specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
+ normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
+ position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
+ parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+
+ The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+ position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
+ produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
+ argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+
+ The picture environment also has an optional position argument,
+ following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+ brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+ the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+ For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command
+
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+
+ produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+ millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
+ upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
+ draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the
+ origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
+ picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional
+ argument.
+
+ The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
+ the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
+ really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
+ picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by
+ TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
+
+ Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
+ command
+
+ \put (11.3,-.3){...}
+
+ puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference
+ point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+ objects will be described below.
+
+ The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text
+ argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an
+ \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point
+ will be the lower left corner of the box.
+5 \circle
+
+ \circle[*]{diameter}
+
+ The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If
+ the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
+5 \dashbox
+
+ \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){...}
+
+ The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each
+ dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are
+ multiples of the dash length.
+5 \frame
+
+ \frame{...}
+
+ The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object
+ specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left
+ corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the
+ object.
+5 \framebox
+
+ \framebox(width,height)[position]{...}
+
+ The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.
+5 \line
+
+ \line(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+ The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.
+5 \linethickness
+
+ \linethickness{dimension}
+
+ Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
+ environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does
+ not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
+ circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
+5 \makebox
+
+ \makebox(width,height)[position]{...}
+
+ The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the
+ normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and
+ height in multiples of \unitlength.
+
+ The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your
+ text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+
+ - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
+
+ - b: Moves the item to the bottom
+
+ - l: Moves the item to the left
+
+ - r: Moves the item to the right
+
+5 \multiput
+
+ \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}
+
+ The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same
+ object in a regular pattern across a picture.
+5 \oval
+
+ \oval(width,height)[portion]
+
+ The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+ optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
+
+ - t: Selects the top portion
+
+ - b: Selects the bottom portion
+
+ - r: Selects the right portion
+
+ - l: Selects the left portion
+
+5 \put
+
+ \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
+
+ The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument
+ at the given coordinates.
+5 \shortstack
+
+ \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}
+
+ The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+ positions are:
+
+ - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack
+
+ - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack
+
+ - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)
+
+5 \vector
+
+ \vector(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+ The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
+ length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4,
+ inclusive.
+4 quotation
+
+ \begin{quotation}
+ text
+ \end{quotation}
+
+ The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and
+ the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is
+ paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a
+ new paragraph.
+4 quote
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ text
+ \end{quote}
+
+ The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the
+ right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
+ between text produces a new paragraph.
+4 tabbing
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
+ second row \> \> more \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+ The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It
+ works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do
+ with an ordinary typewriter.
+5 \=
+
+ The \= command sets the tab stops.
+5 \>
+
+ The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
+5 \<
+
+ The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local
+ margin without changing the margin.
+5 \+
+
+ The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the
+ following commands one tab stop to the right.
+5 \-
+
+ The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the
+ following commands one tab stop to the left.
+5 \'
+
+ The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far in the
+ current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',
+ \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush
+ against the current column's tab stop.
+5 \`
+
+ The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab
+ stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right
+ of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command
+ moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}
+ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
+ environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and
+ the command that ends the line.
+5 \kill
+
+ The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text.
+ It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
+ instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
+ commands in that line remain in effect.
+4 table
+
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+
+ Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+ usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+ Tables will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+ place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+ a float:
+
+ - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table
+ environment appears.
+
+ - t: Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+
+ The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.
+
+ The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+ etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.
+4 tabular
+
+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular*}
+
+ These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+ items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
+ arguments consist of:
+
+ o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There
+ must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out
+ the specified width.
+
+ o pos: Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on
+ the center of the environment.
+
+ - t - align on top row
+
+ - b - align on bottom row
+
+
+ o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a
+ sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the
+ sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
+
+ - l - A column of left-aligned items.
+
+ - r - A column of right-aligned items.
+
+ - c - A column of centered items.
+
+ - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
+ environment.
+
+ - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression
+ suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
+ columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the
+ adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd}
+ command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd
+ to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until
+ countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike
+ ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
+ suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can
+ be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
+
+ - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox
+ of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}
+ command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in
+ the following situations: (i) inside an environment like
+ minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,
+ or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or
+ \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear
+ inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column
+ element.
+
+ - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is
+ any positive integer and cols is any list of
+ column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.
+
+
+5 \cline
+
+ \cline{i-j}
+
+ The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+ specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are
+ identified in the mandatory argument.
+5 \hline
+
+ The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the
+ table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,
+ and between the rows of the table.
+5 \multicolumn
+
+ \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
+
+ The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.
+ The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns
+ to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the
+ formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for
+ flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text
+ is to make up the entry.
+5 \vline
+
+ The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full
+ height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move
+ the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
+ @-expression.
+4 thebibliography
+
+ \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{thebibliography}
+
+ The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference
+ list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled
+ "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".
+
+ o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide
+ as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.
+
+5 \bibitem
+
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+
+ The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the
+ label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using
+ the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,
+ and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes
+ an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.
+ When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the
+ item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to
+ cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
+5 \cite
+
+ \cite[text]{key_list}
+
+ The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command
+ generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the
+ keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the
+ \begin{document} command.
+5 \nocite
+
+ \nocite{key_list}
+
+ The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a
+ list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
+4 theorem
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ theorem text
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by
+ your theorem text.
+4 titlepage
+
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ text
+ \end{titlepage}
+
+ The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no
+ printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to
+ be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
+ \today command comes in handy for title pages.
+4 verbatim
+
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ text
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+ The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets
+ LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
+ typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect
+ that they would on a typewriter.
+5 \verb
+
+ \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char
+
+ Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters
+ and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no
+ space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for
+ clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
+4 verse
+
+ \begin{verse}
+ text
+ \end{verse}
+
+ The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+ other uses for it.
+3 Footnotes
+
+ Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
+ with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced
+ with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.
+ See the specific command for information on why you would use one over
+ the other.
+4 \footnote
+
+ \footnote[number]{text}
+
+ The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom
+ of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change
+ the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer
+ paragraph mode.
+4 \footnotemark
+
+ The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This
+ command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote
+ is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
+4 \footnotetext
+
+ \footnotetext[number]{text}
+
+ The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
+ of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark
+ command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph
+ mode.
+
+ The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote
+ number.
+3 Lengths
+
+ A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length
+ as an argument.
+4 \newlength
+
+ \newlength{\gnat}
+
+ The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a
+ length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat
+ command already exists.
+4 \setlength
+
+ \setlength{\gnat}{length}
+
+ The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.
+ The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX
+ understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
+4 \addtolength
+
+ \addtolength{\gnat}{length}
+
+ The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount
+ specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.
+4 \settowidth
+
+ \settowidth{\gnat}{text}
+
+ The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to
+ the width of the text argument.
+3 Letters
+
+ You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+ letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once,
+ although you can make just one if you so desire.
+
+ Your .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+ document styles, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
+ minimum:
+
+ \documentstyle{letter}
+ \begin{document}
+ ... letters ...
+ \end{document}
+
+ Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and
+ address of the recipient. For example, you might have
+
+ \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St.
+ \\ Oakland, CA 91123}
+ ...
+ \end{letter}
+
+ The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the
+ letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
+ make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter
+ closes with a \closing command.
+
+ After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command
+ produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command
+ for a list of enclosures.
+4 Declarations
+
+ The following commands are declarations which take a single argument.
+5 \address
+
+ \address{Return address}
+
+ The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
+ envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\
+ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the
+ letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization's
+ standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the
+ letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
+5 \signature
+
+ \signature{Your name}
+
+ Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath
+ the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines
+ should be separated by \\ commands.
+5 \location
+
+ \location{address}
+
+ This modifies your organization's standard address. This only
+ appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
+5 \telephone
+
+ \telephone{number}
+
+ This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage
+ pagestyle is selected.
+4 \opening
+
+ \opening{text}
+
+ The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,
+ text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,
+
+ \opening{Dear John,}
+4 \closing
+
+ \closing {text}
+
+ The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,
+
+ \closing{Best Regards,}
+3 Line_and_Page_Breaking
+
+ The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
+ translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To
+ produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and
+ these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do
+ the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does
+ it for you.
+4 \\
+
+ \\[*][extra-space]
+
+ The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+ argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
+ to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+ The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it
+ tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+4 \-
+
+ The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
+ point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find
+ all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the
+ exceptional cases.
+4 \cleardoublepage
+
+ The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all
+ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be
+ printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a
+ right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+4 \clearpage
+
+ The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures
+ and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+4 \hyphenation
+
+ \hyphenation{words}
+
+ The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where
+ words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each
+ hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
+4 \linebreak
+
+ \linebreak[number]
+
+ The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the
+ point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+ convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+ must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+
+ The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends
+ to the right margin.
+4 \newline
+
+ The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline
+ command can be used only in paragraph mode.
+4 \newpage
+
+ The \newpage command ends the current page.
+4 \nolinebreak
+
+ \nolinebreak[number]
+
+ The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line
+ at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+ can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+ number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+4 \nopagebreak
+
+ \nopagebreak[number]
+
+ The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
+ at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+ can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+ number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+4 \pagebreak
+
+ \pagebreak[number]
+
+ The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the
+ point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+ convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+ must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+3 Making_Paragraphs
+
+ A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines
+ not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new
+ paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument
+ of a sectioning command.
+4 \indent
+
+ This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
+ paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where
+ it would otherwise be suppressed.
+4 \noindent
+
+ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the
+ paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a
+ paragraph.
+4 \par
+
+ Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
+ definitions easier to read.
+3 Math_Formulas
+
+ There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math,
+ displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that
+ appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas
+ that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same
+ as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number
+ in the right margin.
+
+ The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
+ the displaymath and equation environments can be used only in
+ paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so
+ often that they have the following short forms:
+
+ \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}
+
+ \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+
+ In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter
+ form:
+
+ $ ... $ instead of \(...\)
+
+4 Subscripts_and_Superscripts
+
+ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+ _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX
+ handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
+ natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a
+ subscript and a superscript.
+4 Math_Symbols
+
+ TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
+ commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
+ example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol
+ "pi" in your output.
+4 Spacing_in_Math_Mode
+
+ In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
+ the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way
+ it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX
+ provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
+
+ 1. \; - a thick space
+
+ 2. \: - a medium space
+
+ 3. \, - a thin space
+
+ 4. \! - a negative thin space
+
+4 Math_Miscellany
+5 \cdots
+
+ The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are
+ raised to the center of the line.
+5 \ddots
+
+ The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
+5 \frac
+
+ \frac{num}{den}
+
+ The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
+5 \ldots
+
+ The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any
+ mode, not just math mode.
+5 \overbrace
+
+ \overbrace{text}
+
+ The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
+5 \overline
+
+ \overline{text}
+
+ The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
+5 \sqrt
+
+ \sqrt[root]{arg}
+
+ The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The
+ optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e., the
+ cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
+5 \underbrace
+
+ \underbrace{text}
+
+ The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
+5 \underline
+
+ \underline{text}
+
+ The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined.
+ This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
+5 \vdots
+
+ The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
+3 Modes
+
+ When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+ modes:
+
+ o Paragraph mode
+
+ o Math mode
+
+ o Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+
+ LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+ different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+ Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or
+ when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing
+ commands.
+
+ Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
+ processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
+ lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when
+ it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph
+ mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
+ words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
+ keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
+ Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep
+ typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
+ complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
+
+ LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command.
+ You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example,
+ you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There
+ are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a
+ box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these
+ commands or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in
+ paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph
+ mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called
+ outer paragraph mode.
+3 Page_Styles
+
+ The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the
+ page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+4 \maketitle
+
+ \maketitle
+
+ The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -
+ except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top
+ of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained
+ from the following declarations.
+5 \author
+
+ \author{names}
+
+ The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of
+ authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within
+ a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's
+ institution or address.
+
+ NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined the \maketitle
+ command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown
+ below that has any meaning.
+5 \date
+
+ \date{text}
+
+ The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no
+ \date command, the current date is used.
+5 \thanks
+
+ \thanks{text}
+
+ The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
+5 \title
+
+ \title{text}
+
+ The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell
+ LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
+4 \pagenumbering
+
+ \pagenumbering{num_style}
+
+ Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are:
+
+ - arabic: Arabic numerals
+
+ - roman: Lowercase roman numerals
+
+ - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals
+
+ - alph: Lowercase letters
+
+ - Alph: Uppercase letters
+
+4 \pagestyle
+
+ \pagestyle {option}
+
+ The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on
+ throughout the remainder of your document.
+
+ The valid options are:
+
+ - plain: Just a plain page number.
+
+ - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
+
+ - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document
+ style specifies what goes in the headings.
+
+ - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the
+ \markboth or the \markright commands.
+
+5 \mark
+
+ \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head}
+
+ The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with
+ the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right
+ heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style,
+ you can use them to override the normal headings in the headings
+ style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads.
+ You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last
+ \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand
+ heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes
+ on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the
+ page.
+4 \thispagestyle
+
+ \thispagestyle{option}
+
+ The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
+ command except that it changes the style for the current page only.
+3 Sectioning
+
+ Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into
+ units.
+
+ o \part
+
+ o \chapter (report style only)
+
+ o \section
+
+ o \subsection
+
+ o \subsubsection
+
+ o \paragraph
+
+ o \subparagraph
+
+ o \subsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only)
+
+ o \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only)
+
+
+ All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,
+
+ \chapter[optional]{title}
+
+ In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory
+ argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
+
+ 1. the table of contents
+
+ 2. the running head at the top of the page
+
+ You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
+ appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning
+ commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these
+ other two purposes.
+
+ The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not
+ include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
+ For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:
+
+ \subsection*{Example subsection}
+4 \appendix
+
+ \appendix
+
+ The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered.
+ The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the
+ numbering or parts.
+3 Spaces_and_Boxes
+4 \addvspace
+
+ \addvspace{length}
+
+ The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height
+ length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
+ point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this
+ command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
+ of the total vertical space equal to length.
+4 \bigskip
+
+ The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where
+ bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
+4 \dotfill
+
+ The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots
+ instead of just spaces.
+4 \fbox
+
+ \fbox{text}
+
+ The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except
+ that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
+4 \framebox
+
+ \framebox[width][position]{text}
+
+ The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,
+ except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+ creates.
+
+ The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and
+ leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
+4 \hfill
+
+ The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+ shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
+4 \hrulefill
+
+ The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
+ or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
+4 \hspace
+
+ \hspace[*]{length}
+
+ The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space
+ can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
+ inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
+ \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.
+
+ LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If
+ you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
+ argument. Then the space is never removed.
+4 \makebox
+
+ \makebox[width][position]{text}
+
+ The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The
+ width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The
+ position of the text within the box is determined by the optional
+ position argument.
+
+ - c - centered (default)
+
+ - l - flushleft
+
+ - r - flushright
+
+4 \mbox
+
+ \mbox {text}
+
+ The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+ created by its argument.
+4 \medskip
+
+ The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where
+ medskipamount is determined by the document style.
+4 \newsavebox
+
+ \newsavebox{cmd}
+
+ Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already
+ defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
+4 \parbox
+
+ \parbox[position]{width}{text}
+
+ A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The
+ \parbox has two mandatory arguments:
+
+ 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox; and
+
+ 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox.
+
+ LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
+ the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to
+ line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.
+
+ A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of
+ text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
+ of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For
+ larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+ environment, you should use a minipage environment.
+4 \raisebox
+
+ \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}
+
+ The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
+ mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
+ lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in
+ LR mode.
+
+ Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different
+ size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
+ normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how
+ tall it is.
+
+ The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the
+ text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
+ optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text
+ extends below the line by the amount specified.
+4 \rule
+
+ \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
+
+ The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments
+ are defined as follows.
+
+ o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
+
+ o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
+
+ o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
+
+4 \savebox
+
+ \sbox{cmd}[text]
+ \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
+
+ These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.
+ However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin
+ cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
+4 \smallskip
+
+ \smallskip
+
+ The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where
+ smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
+4 \usebox
+
+ \usebox{cmd}
+
+ Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
+4 \vfill
+
+ The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+ shrink vertically.
+4 \vspace
+
+ \vspace[*]{length}
+
+ The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can
+ be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
+ inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
+ \vspace command.
+
+ LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
+ don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
+ argument. Then the space is never removed.
+3 Special_Characters
+
+ The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+ special printing characters, or simply special characters.
+
+ # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }
+
+ Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you
+ are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be
+ printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the
+ character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
+
+ The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own
+ special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.
+3 Splitting_the_Input
+
+ A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the
+ whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it
+ into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you
+ use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you
+ type when you run LaTeX.
+4 \include
+
+ \include{file}
+
+ The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly
+ command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the
+ first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file
+ names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no
+ \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to
+
+ \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
+
+ except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning
+ message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the
+ file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
+
+ The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read
+ by another \include command.
+4 \includeonly
+
+ \includeonly{file_list}
+
+ The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an
+ \include command. It can only appear in the preamble.
+4 \input
+
+ \input{file}
+
+ The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
+ exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
+ that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension
+ or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.
+3 Starting_and_Ending
+
+ Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.
+
+ \documentstyle{style}
+ \begin{document}
+ ... your text goes here ...
+ \end{document}
+
+ where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See
+ Document_Styles within this help file.
+
+ You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and
+ the \begin{document} commands.
+3 Table_of_Contents
+
+ A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You
+ put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
+ LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not
+ automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
+ table of contents, include a \newpage command after the
+ \tableofcontents command.
+
+ There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for
+ producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
+ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+
+ NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not
+ have the \nofiles command in your document.
+4 \addcontentsline
+
+ \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
+
+ The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or
+ table where
+
+ - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+ written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
+ (list of tables).
+
+ - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one
+ of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
+
+ o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or
+ subsection.
+
+ o lof: figure
+
+ o lot: table
+
+
+ - entry is the text of the entry.
+
+4 \addtocontents
+
+ \addtocontents{file}{text}
+
+ The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
+ to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
+ tables.
+
+ - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+ written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
+ (list of tables).
+
+ - text is the information to be written.
+
+3 Terminal_Input_and_Output
+
+4 \typeout
+
+ \typeout{msg}
+
+ Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that
+ are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their
+ definitions before being printed.
+
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
+ ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command
+ in msg causes a single space to be printed.
+4 \typein
+
+ \typein[cmd]{msg}
+
+ Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you
+ to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is
+ missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in
+ the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument
+ is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then
+ defined or redefined to be the typed input.
+3 Typefaces
+
+ The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is
+ also called a font.
+4 Styles
+ The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+ o \rm: Roman.
+
+ o \it: Italics.
+
+ o \em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).
+
+ o \bf: Boldface.
+
+ o \sl: Slanted.
+
+ o \sf: Sans serif.
+
+ o \sc: Small caps.
+
+ o \tt: Typewriter.
+
+4 Sizes
+ The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+ o \tiny
+
+ o \scriptsize
+
+ o \footnotesize
+
+ o \small
+
+ o \normalsize (default)
+
+ o \large
+
+ o \Large (capital "l")
+
+ o \LARGE (all caps)
+
+ o \huge
+
+ o \Huge (capital "h")
+3 _{exp} (subscript)
+
+ To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+ _{exp}. Use in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts
+3 ^{exp} (superscript)
+
+ To get an expression exp to appear as a superscript, you just type
+ ^{exp}. Use in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts
+3 \\
+
+ \\[*][extra-space]
+
+ The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+ argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
+ to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+ The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it
+ tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \-
+
+ The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
+ point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find
+ all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the
+ exceptional cases.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \;
+
+ Include a thick space in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
+3 \:
+
+ Include a medium space in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
+3 \,
+
+ Include a thin space in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
+3 \!
+
+ Include a negative thin space in math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
+3 \=
+
+ The \= command sets the tab stops.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \>
+
+ The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \<
+
+ The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local
+ margin without changing the margin.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \+
+
+ The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+ commands one tab stop to the right.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \-
+
+ The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+ commands one tab stop to the left.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \'
+
+ The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far in the
+ current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',
+ \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush
+ against the current column's tab stop.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \`
+
+ The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab
+ stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right
+ of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command
+ moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}
+ command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
+ environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the
+ command that ends the line.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \addcontentsline
+
+ \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
+
+ The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or
+ table where
+
+ - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+ written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
+ (list of tables).
+
+ - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one
+ of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
+
+ o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or
+ subsection.
+
+ o lof: figure
+
+ o lot: table
+
+
+ - entry is the text of the entry.
+
+ SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents
+3 \addtocontents
+
+ \addtocontents{file}{text}
+
+ The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
+ to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
+ tables.
+
+ - file is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+ written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
+ (list of tables).
+
+ - text is the information to be written.
+
+ SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents
+3 \addtocounter
+
+ \addtocounter{counter}{value}
+
+ The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount
+ specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \address
+
+ \address{Return address}
+
+ The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the
+ envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\
+ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter
+ will be formatted for copying onto your organization's standard
+ letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will
+ be formatted as a personal letter.
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
+3 \addtolength
+
+ \addtolength{\gnat}{length}
+
+ The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount
+ specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.
+
+ SEE ALSO Lengths
+3 \addvspace
+
+ \addvspace{length}
+
+ The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of height
+ length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
+ point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this
+ command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
+ of the total vertical space equal to length.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \alph
+
+ \alph{counter}
+
+ This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ alphabetic characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic
+ characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper
+ case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C...
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \appendix
+
+ \appendix
+
+ The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered.
+ The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the
+ numbering or parts.
+
+ SEE ALSO Sectioning
+3 \arabic
+
+ \arabic {counter}
+
+ The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ arabic numbers, i.e., 3.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 array
+
+ \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{array}
+
+ Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
+ mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
+ within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that
+ tells how items in that row should be formatted.
+
+ - c for centered
+
+ - l for flushleft
+
+ - r for flushright
+
+ Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include
+ other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with
+ the string \\.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \author
+
+ \author{names}
+
+ The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of
+ authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a
+ single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution
+ or address.
+
+ NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined the \maketitle
+ command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown
+ below that has any meaning.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
+3 \bf
+
+ Boldface typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \bibitem
+
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+
+ The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the
+ label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using
+ the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,
+ and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes
+ an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.
+ When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's
+ label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key
+ by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
+3 \bigskip
+
+ The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where
+ bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \cdots
+
+ The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are
+ raised to the center of the line.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 center
+
+ \begin{center}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{center}
+
+ The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+ lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
+ current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \centering
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by
+ putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table
+ environment.
+
+ Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a
+ new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
+ affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
+ contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote)
+ that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, center
+3 \circle
+
+ \circle[*]{diameter}
+
+ The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If
+ the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \cite
+
+ \cite[text]{key_list}
+
+ The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command
+ generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the
+ keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the
+ \begin{document} command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
+3 \cleardoublepage
+
+ The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all
+ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be
+ printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a
+ right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \clearpage
+
+ The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures
+ and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \cline
+
+ \cline{i-j}
+
+ The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+ specified, beginning in column i and ending in column j, which are
+ identified in the mandatory argument.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
+3 \closing
+
+ \closing{text}
+
+ The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,
+
+ \closing{Best Regards,}
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters
+3 \dashbox
+
+ \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }
+
+ The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each
+ dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples
+ of the dash length.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \date
+
+ \date{text}
+
+ The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no
+ \date command, the current date is used.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
+3 \ddots
+
+ The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 description
+
+ \begin{description}
+ \item [label] First item
+ \item [label] Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{description}
+
+ The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label
+ is bold face and flushed right.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \dotfill
+
+ The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots
+ instead of just spaces.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \em
+
+ Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 enumerate
+
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+ The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can
+ be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
+ be nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+ Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There
+ must be at least one \item command within the environment.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 eqnarray
+
+ \begin{eqnarray}
+ math formula 1 \\
+ math formula 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{eqnarray}
+
+ The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
+ inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment,
+ with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a
+ row separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line
+ unless that line has a \nonumber command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 equation
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ math formula
+ \end{equation}
+
+ The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places
+ the equation number in the right margin.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 figure
+
+ \begin{figure}[placement]
+
+ body of the figure
+
+ \caption{figure title}
+ \end{figure}
+
+ Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+ usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+ Figures will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+ place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+ a float:
+
+ - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure
+ environment appears.
+
+ - t: Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+
+ The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.
+
+
+ The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+ etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \fbox
+
+ \fbox{text}
+
+ The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except
+ that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \flushbottom
+
+ The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+ adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
+
+ SEE ALSO Document_Styles
+3 flushleft
+
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushleft}
+
+ The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+ of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line
+ must be terminated with a \\.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 flushright
+
+ \begin{flushright}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushright}
+
+ The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+ of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line
+ must be terminated with a \\.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \fnsymbol
+
+ \fnsymbol{counter}
+
+ The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+ a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
+ footnotes.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \footnote
+
+ \footnote[number]{text}
+
+ The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom
+ of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change
+ the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer
+ paragraph mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Footnotes
+3 \footnotemark
+
+ The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This
+ command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote
+ is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Footnotes
+3 \footnotesize
+
+ Third smallest of 10 typefaces available. This is the default size
+ for footnotes.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \footnotetext
+
+ \footnotetext [number] {text}
+
+ The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
+ of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark
+ command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph
+ mode.
+
+ The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote
+ number.
+
+ SEE ALSO Footnotes
+3 \frac
+
+ \frac{num}{den}
+
+ The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \frame
+
+ \frame{ ... }
+
+ The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object
+ specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left
+ corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the
+ object.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \framebox
+
+ \framebox[width][position]{text}
+
+ The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,
+ except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+ creates.
+
+ The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and
+ leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes, Environments, picture
+3 \hfill
+
+ The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+ shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \hline
+
+ The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table.
+ It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between
+ the rows of the table.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
+3 \hrulefill
+
+ The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
+ or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \hspace
+
+ \hspace[*]{length}
+
+ The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space
+ can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
+ inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
+ \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.
+
+ LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If
+ you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
+ argument. Then the space is never removed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \huge
+
+ Second largest of 10 typefaces available.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \Huge (capital "h")
+
+ Largest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in
+ this size.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \hyphenation
+
+ \hyphenation{words}
+
+ The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where
+ words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each
+ hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \include
+
+ \include{file}
+
+ The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly
+ command for selective inclusion of files. The file argument is the
+ first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file
+ names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no
+ \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to
+
+ \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
+
+ except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning
+ message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the
+ file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
+
+ The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read
+ by another \include command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
+3 \includeonly
+
+ \includeonly{file_list}
+
+ The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an
+ \include command. It can only appear in the preamble.
+
+ SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
+3 \indent
+
+ This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
+ paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where
+ it would otherwise be suppressed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
+3 \input
+
+ \input{file}
+
+ The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
+ exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
+ that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension
+ or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.
+
+ SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
+3 \it
+
+ Italics typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 itemize
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{itemize}
+
+ The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
+ nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+ nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+ Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There
+ must be at least one \item command within the environment.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \kill
+
+ The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text.
+ It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
+ instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
+ commands in that line remain in effect.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 \label
+
+ \label{key}
+
+ A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the
+ number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+ environment assigns that number to the key.
+
+ A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation
+ characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
+
+ SEE ALSO Cross_References
+3 \large
+
+ Slightly larger than default typeface size.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \Large (capital "l")
+
+ Fourth largest of typefaces available. Is generally the default for
+ titles.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \LARGE (all caps)
+
+ Third largest of typefaces available.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \ldots
+
+ The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any
+ mode, not just math mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \line
+
+ \line(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+ The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \linebreak
+
+ \linebreak[number]
+
+ The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the
+ point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+ convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+ must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+
+ The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends
+ to the right margin.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \linethickness
+
+ \linethickness{dimension}
+
+ Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
+ environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does
+ not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
+ circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 list
+
+ \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{list}
+
+ The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This
+ argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
+ label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX
+ commands.
+
+ The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing
+ parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.
+ {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
+ most cases.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \location
+
+ \location {address}
+
+ This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears
+ if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
+3 \makebox
+
+ \makebox[width][position]{text}
+
+ The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The
+ width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The
+ position of the text within the box is determined by the optional
+ position argument.
+
+ - c - centered (default)
+
+ - l - flushleft
+
+ - r - flushright
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+ * * *
+ \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }
+
+ The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the
+ normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and
+ height in multiples of \unitlength.
+
+ The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your
+ text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+
+ - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
+
+ - b: Moves the item to the bottom
+
+ - l: Moves the item to the left
+
+ - r: Moves the item to the right
+
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \maketitle
+
+ \maketitle
+
+ The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -
+ except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top
+ of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained
+ from the following declarations.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles
+3 \mark
+
+ \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head}
+
+ The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the
+ page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right
+ heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you
+ can use them to override the normal headings in the headings style,
+ since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. You
+ should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the last
+ \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-hand
+ heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comes
+ on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the
+ page.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \pagestyle
+3 \mbox
+
+ \mbox{text}
+
+ The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+ created by its argument.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \medskip
+
+ The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where
+ medskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 minipage
+
+ \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
+ text
+ \end{minipage}
+
+ The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes
+ the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You
+ may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
+
+ Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
+ particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+ \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of
+ the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+ mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.
+
+ NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \multicolumn
+
+ \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
+
+ The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.
+ The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to
+ span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of
+ the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The
+ third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the
+ entry.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
+3 \multiput
+
+ \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}
+
+ The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object
+ in a regular pattern across a picture.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \newcommand
+
+ \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+ \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+
+ These commands define (or redefine) a command.
+
+ - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must
+ not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for
+ \renewcommand it must already be defined.
+
+ - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+ the command being defined. The default is for the command to
+ have no arguments.
+
+ - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a
+ parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the
+ nth argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+ SEE ALSO Definitions
+3 \newcounter
+
+ \newcounter{foo}[counter]
+
+ The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional
+ argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the
+ counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \newenvironment
+
+ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+ \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+
+ These commands define or redefine an environment.
+
+ - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there
+ must be no currently defined environment by that name, and the
+ command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the
+ environment must already be defined.
+
+ - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+ the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+
+ - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of
+ \begin{name}; a parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by
+ the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+ - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}.
+ It may not contain any argument parameters.
+
+ SEE ALSO Definitions
+3 \newfont
+
+ \newfont{cmd}{font_name}
+
+ Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to
+ be a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the
+ current font.
+
+ SEE ALSO Definitions
+3 \newlength
+
+ \newlength{\gnat}
+
+ The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a
+ length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat
+ command already exists.
+
+ SEE ALSO Lengths
+3 \newline
+
+ The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline
+ command can be used only in paragraph mode.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \newpage
+
+ The \newpage command ends the current page.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \newsavebox
+
+ \newsavebox{cmd}
+
+ Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already
+ defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \newtheorem
+
+ \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
+ \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
+
+ This command defines a theorem-like environment.
+
+ - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters.
+ Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.
+
+ - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment,
+ right before the number.
+
+ - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a
+ sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem
+ counter within the sectional unit.
+
+ - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like
+ environment.
+
+
+ The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
+
+ SEE ALSO Definitions
+3 \nocite
+
+ \nocite{key_list}
+
+ The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a
+ list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
+3 \noindent
+
+ When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the
+ paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a
+ paragraph.
+
+ SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
+3 \nolinebreak
+
+ \nolinebreak[number]
+
+ The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current
+ line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,
+ number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a
+ request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the
+ number, the more insistent the request is.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \normalsize (default)
+
+ The size of \normalsize is defined by as 10pt unless the 11pt or 12pt
+ document style option is used.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \nopagebreak
+
+ \nopagebreak[number]
+
+ The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
+ at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+ can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+ number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \onecolumn
+
+ The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces
+ single-column output.
+
+ SEE ALSO Document_Styles
+3 \opening
+
+ \opening{text}
+
+ The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,
+ text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,
+
+ \opening{Dear John,}
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters
+3 \oval
+
+ \oval(width,height)[portion]
+
+ The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+ optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
+
+ - t: Selects the top portion
+
+ - b: Selects the bottom portion
+
+ - r: Selects the right portion
+
+ - l: Selects the left portion
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \overbrace
+
+ \overbrace{text}
+
+ The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \overline
+
+ \overline{text}
+
+ The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \pagebreak
+
+ \pagebreak[number]
+
+ The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the
+ point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+ convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+ must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+ insistent the request is.
+
+ SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
+3 \pagenumbering
+
+ \pagenumbering{num_style}
+
+ Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style
+ are:
+
+ - arabic: Arabic numerals
+
+ - roman: Lowercase roman numerals
+
+ - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals
+
+ - alph: Lowercase letters
+
+ - Alph: Uppercase letters
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles
+3 \pageref
+
+ \pageref{key}
+
+ The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
+ where the corresponding \label command appears.
+
+ SEE ALSO Cross_References
+3 \pagestyle
+
+ \pagestyle{option}
+
+ The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on
+ throughout the remainder of your document.
+
+ The valid options are:
+
+ - plain: Just a plain page number.
+
+ - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
+
+ - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document
+ style specifies what goes in the headings.
+
+ - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the
+ \markboth or the \markright commands.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles
+3 \par
+
+ Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
+ definitions easier to read.
+
+ SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
+3 \parbox
+
+ \parbox[position]{width}{text}
+
+ A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The
+ \parbox has two mandatory arguments:
+
+ 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox, and
+
+ 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox.
+
+
+ LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
+ the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to
+ line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.
+
+ A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of
+ text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any
+ of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For
+ larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+ environment, you should use a minipage environment.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 picture
+
+ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+ .
+ picture commands
+ .
+ \end{picture}
+
+ The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of
+ picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell
+ LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+ coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point
+ and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate
+ specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if
+ \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
+ length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength
+ anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange things
+ will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.
+
+ A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
+ point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
+ specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
+ normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a
+ position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
+ parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
+
+ The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+ position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
+ produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
+ argument's x- and y-coordinates.
+
+ The picture environment also has an optional position argument,
+ following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+ brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+ the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+ For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command
+
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+
+ produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+ millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
+ upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
+ draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the
+ origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
+ picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional
+ argument.
+
+ The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
+ the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture
+ really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the
+ picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by
+ TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.
+
+ Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
+ command
+
+ \put (11.3,-.3){ ... }
+
+ puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference
+ point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+ objects will be described below.
+
+ The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text
+ argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an
+ \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point
+ will be the lower left corner of the box.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \put
+
+ \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
+
+ The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument
+ at the given coordinates.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 quotation
+
+ \begin{quotation}
+ text
+ \end{quotation}
+
+ The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and
+ the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is
+ paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a
+ new paragraph.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 quote
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ text
+ \end{quote}
+
+ The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the
+ right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
+ between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \raggedbottom
+
+ The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text
+ on that page. No extra vertical space is added.
+
+ SEE ALSO Document_Styles
+3 \raggedleft
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox.
+
+ Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not
+ start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+ declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
+ environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, flushright
+3 \raggedright
+
+ This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This
+ declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+ parbox.
+
+ Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not
+ start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+ units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
+ declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an
+ environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, flushleft
+3 \raisebox
+
+ \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}
+
+ The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
+ mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
+ lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in
+ LR mode.
+
+ Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different
+ size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would
+ normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how
+ tall it is.
+
+ The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the
+ text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
+ optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text
+ extends below the line by the amount specified.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \ref
+
+ \ref{key}
+
+ The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation
+ number, ... of the corresponding \label command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Cross_References
+3 \rm
+
+ Roman typeface (default).
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \roman
+
+ \roman {counter}
+
+ This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman
+ numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e.,
+ i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman
+ numerals, i.e., I, II, III...
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \rule
+
+ \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
+
+ The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments
+ are defined as follows.
+
+ o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
+
+ o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
+
+ o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \savebox
+
+ \sbox{cmd}[text]
+ \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
+
+ These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.
+ However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin
+ cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \sc
+
+ Small caps typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \scriptsize
+
+ Second smallest of 10 typefaces available.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \setcounter
+
+ \setcounter{counter}{value}
+
+ The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that
+ specified by the value argument.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \setlength
+
+ \setlength{\gnat}{length}
+
+ The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.
+ The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX
+ understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
+
+ SEE ALSO Lengths
+3 \settowidth
+
+ \settowidth{\gnat}{text}
+
+ The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to
+ the width of the text argument.
+
+ SEE ALSO Lengths
+3 \sf
+
+ Sans serif typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \shortstack
+
+ \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}
+
+ The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+ positions are:
+
+ - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack
+
+ - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack
+
+ - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \signature
+
+ \signature{Your name}
+
+ Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+ space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines
+ should be separated by \\ commands.
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
+3 \sl
+
+ Slanted typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \small
+
+ Slightly smaller than default typeface size.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \smallskip
+
+ \smallskip
+
+ The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where
+ smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \sqrt
+
+ \sqrt[root]{arg}
+
+ The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The
+ optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the
+ cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 tabbing
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
+ second row \> \> more \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+ The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It
+ works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do
+ with an ordinary typewriter.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
+3 table
+
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+
+ Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+ usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+ Tables will not be split between two pages.
+
+ The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+ place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
+ a float:
+
+ - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table
+ environment appears.
+
+ - t: Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+ - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+
+ The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.
+
+ The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
+ etc., you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 tabular
+
+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular*}
+
+ These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+ items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
+ arguments consist of:
+
+ o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There
+ must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out
+ the specified width.
+
+ o pos: Specified the vertical position; default is alignment on
+ the center of the environment.
+
+ - t - align on top row
+
+ - b - align on bottom row
+
+
+ o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a
+ sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the
+ sequence of columns and intercolumn material.
+
+ - l - A column of left-aligned items.
+
+ - r - A column of right-aligned items.
+
+ - c - A column of centered items.
+
+ - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the
+ environment.
+
+ - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression
+ suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between
+ columns; any desired space between the inserted text and the
+ adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd}
+ command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd
+ to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until
+ countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike
+ ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is not
+ suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can
+ be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
+
+ - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox
+ of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}
+ command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in
+ the following situations: (i) inside an environment like
+ minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,
+ or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedright, or
+ \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear
+ inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column
+ element.
+
+ - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is
+ any positive integer and cols is any list of
+ column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \telephone
+
+ \telephone{number}
+
+ This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage
+ pagestyle is selected.
+
+ SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
+3 \thanks
+
+ \thanks{text}
+
+ The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
+3 thebibliography
+
+ \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{thebibliography}
+
+ The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference
+ list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled
+ "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".
+
+ o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide
+ as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 theorem
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ theorem text
+ \end{theorem}
+
+ The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by
+ your theorem text.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \thispagestyle
+
+ \thispagestyle{option}
+
+ The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
+ command except that it changes the style for the current page only.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles
+3 \tiny
+
+ Smallest of 10 typefaces available. All fonts may not be available in
+ this size.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
+3 \title
+
+ \title{text}
+
+ The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell
+ LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
+
+ SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
+3 titlepage
+
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ text
+ \end{titlepage}
+
+ The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with no
+ printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to
+ be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
+ \today command comes in handy for title pages.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \tt
+
+ Typewriter typeface.
+
+ SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
+3 \twocolumn
+
+ The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column
+ output.
+
+ SEE ALSO Document_Styles
+3 \typeout
+
+ \typeout{msg}
+
+ Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that
+ are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their
+ definitions before being printed.
+
+ LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
+ ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command
+ in msg causes a single space to be printed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output
+3 \typein
+
+ \typein[cmd]{msg}
+
+ Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you
+ to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is
+ missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in
+ the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument
+ is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then
+ defined or redefined to be the typed input.
+
+ SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output
+3 \underbrace
+
+ \underbrace{text}
+
+ The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \underline
+
+ \underline{text}
+
+ The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This
+ command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \usebox
+
+ \usebox{cmd}
+
+ Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \usecounter
+
+ \usecounter {counter}
+
+ The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list
+ environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the
+ list items.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \value
+
+ \value {counter}
+
+ The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the
+ mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
+ number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter
+ command, or in
+
+ \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
+
+ It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
+
+ SEE ALSO Counters
+3 \vdots
+
+ The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+ SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
+3 \vector
+
+ \vector(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+ The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length
+ and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, picture
+3 \verb
+
+ \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char
+
+ Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters
+ and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no
+ space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for
+ clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, verbatim
+3 verbatim
+
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ text
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+ The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets
+ LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
+ typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect
+ that they would on a typewriter.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 verse
+
+ \begin{verse}
+ text
+ \end{verse}
+
+ The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+ other uses for it.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments
+3 \vfill
+
+ The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+ shrink vertically.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+3 \vline
+
+ The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
+ and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line
+ to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.
+
+ SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
+3 \vspace
+
+ \vspace[*]{length}
+
+ The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can
+ be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points,
+ inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an
+ \vspace command.
+
+ LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
+ don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *
+ argument. Then the space is never removed.
+
+ SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
+2 Parameters
+
+ input-file, ...
+
+ The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
+ uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input file
+ entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify command
+ options using the conventional VAX/VMS arrangement -- options begin
+ with a slash mark (/), and are placed following the command name or
+ following the input file specification.
+
+ Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVI file
+ has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS. When
+ you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the output names on
+ the file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT.
+
+2 Qualifiers
+/FORMAT
+
+ /FORMAT=[file-spec] D=/FORMAT=TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN
+
+ Indicates which format file TeX uses upon activation. The default
+ format file is TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN.FMT. This is the LaTeX format
+ discussed in "A Document Preparation System: LaTeX."
+
+/INIT
+
+ /INIT
+ /NOINIT
+
+ Indicates that you wish run TeX in the initialization, or INITeX,
+ mode. This mode is used to compile format files.
+
+/BATCH
+
+ Set batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to the
+ terminal. Normally, TeX is set up for interactive use; it stops when
+ it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints status
+ and diagnostic information at the terminal. The /BATCH setting is
+ preferred for batch use; TeX will barrel on through as though you had
+ specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q' in response to
+ the first error message.
+
+/OUTPUT
+
+ /OUTPUT[=file-spec]
+ /NOOUTPUT
+
+ Controls where the output of the command is sent. If you do not enter
+ the qualifier, or if you enter /OUTPUT without a file specification,
+ the output is sent to a file with the same name as the input file,
+ only with the extension .DVI.
+
+ If you enter /NOOUTPUT, output is suppressed.
+
+/LOG_FILE
+
+ /LOG_FILE[=file-spec]
+ /NOLOG_FILE
+
+ Controls where the log output of the command is sent. If you do not
+ enter the qualifier, or if you enter /LOG_FILE without a file
+ specification, the log output is sent to the a file with the same name
+ as the input file, only with the extension .LIS.
+
+ If you enter /NOLOG_FILE, the log output file is suppressed.
+
+/TEXFONTS
+
+ /TEXFONTS=(name,...) D=/TEXFONTS=TEX_FONTS:
+
+ Specify directories containing TeX Font Metric (TFM) font definition
+ files, and the order in which they will be searched to locate each TFM
+ file. A null value in the list indicates the current directory. The
+ search procedure TeX uses to locate font files is to search each of
+ directories specified by the /TEXFONTS option.
+
+ A complete TFM file name specification is formed by combining a TFM
+ file name from the input file with a default directory and default
+ file type of TFM. It is normal practice to specify only a simple file
+ name in the input file and let TeX supply the defaults, since this
+ tends to protect the user from installation dependencies and changes
+ to TeX. When searching for a TFM file, TeX will try alternate default
+ directories until it finds the TFM file or runs out of alternatives.
+
+ Default is /TEXFONTS=(TEX_FONTS); TeX looks in the directory
+ associated with the logical name TEX_FONTS for font definition files.
+
+/TEXINPUTS
+
+ /TEXINPUTS=(name,...)
+
+ Specify directories containing input files, and the order in which
+ they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value in the
+ list indicates the current directory. This qualifier operates in a
+ manner similar to /TEXFONTS. The search procedure TeX uses to locate
+ input files is to first search your default directory and then search
+ each of the directories specified by the /TEXINPUTS option.
+
+ Default is /TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS); TeX looks in the directory
+ associated with the logical name TEX_INPUTS.
+
+/TEXFORMATS
+
+ /TEXFORMATS=(name,...)
+
+ Specify directories containing format files, and the order in which
+ they will be searched to locate each input file. A null value in the
+ list indicates the current directory. This qualifier operates in a
+ manner similar to /TEXFONTS. The search procedure TeX uses to locate
+ input files is to search each of directories specified by the
+ /TEXFORMATS option.
+
+ Default is /TEXFORMATS=(TEX_FORMATS); TeX looks in the directory
+ associated with the logical name TEX_FORMATS.
+
+/EDITOR
+
+ /EDITOR=name D=/EDITOR=(TEX_EDIT:)
+ /NOEDITOR
+
+ Specify the editor TeX is to use when the "e" (edit) option is used
+ when TeX finds an error. The editors can be callable editors such as
+ TPU or EDT, or command procedures. This works similarly to how the
+ MAIL program allows use of editors under SEND/EDIT.
+
+ The default is to use the editor defined by the logical name TEX_EDIT.
+
+ Valid callable editors are EDT, TPU, and LSE. Any other editor must
+ be called by way of a command procedure.
+
+/DIAGNOSTICS
+
+ /DIAGNOSTICS=[file-spec]
+ /NODIAGNOSTICS
+
+ Create a Diagnostics file for the Language Sensitive Editor (LSE).
+
+/JOBNAME_SYMBOL
+
+ /JOBNAME_SYMBOL
+
+ Indicates the name of a symbol in which TeX should store the name of
+ the DVI file it writes. Default is /JOBNAME_SYMBOL=TEX_JOBNAME.
+
+/CONTINUE
+
+ /CONTINUE
+ /NOCONTINUE [D]
+
+ Indicates that TeX should continue after editing a file.