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author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
commit | e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch) | |
tree | 60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /info/digests/texline/no7 |
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diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/about-fac.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/about-fac.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..db1dd8f6a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/about-fac.tex @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +\centerline{\bf About Face!} +\medskip +\noindent +Sub-titled ``Design, Choice and use of `Type' in +Electronic Publishing and Page Design'', this +was {\it another} {\sc bcs-ep} meeting, this time +held on February 11th, at the usual venue, the +School of African and Oriental Studies in Bloomsbury. +This was a very well attended meeting, with +many people who were not {\sc bcs-ep} regulars +(as well as a number of familiar faces). + +The first talk was from David Saunders of Monotype. +He presented a historical account of the rise +of typefaces, from their early, handwritten origins, +via Trajan's column through the rise of moveable type +to the present day. Naturally covering such a sweep +meant that he was selective, but he was also fascinating, +interesting, educational and thought provoking. + +One of his themes was the interaction between design +and technology. This is inevitable, but often the +constraints are not obvious after the event. +Early typefaces were derived from calligraphy (especially +lower case, for which there were no stone cut originals). +But gradually the calligraphic characteristics disappear, +to be replaced by conventions more suited to the medium. + + +Saunders also noted that new letterforms arose in the +early industrial revolution, notably sans serifs, which +were then regarded as expressions of the new age. + +In comparing quality we were shown comparisons between +various laser printed and `conventionally' printed +letterforms. The key issue here was that with good quality +paper, laser printed material could be of good quality, +and that all conventional printing was not automatically +good. There are (or can be) problems with all types of +printing. A conclusion to be drawn +was that higher resolution does not ensure higher quality. + + +From looking at the way in which typefaces have evolved, +we looked next at some of the physiological and psychological +bases for recognising the marks on the paper. +John Richardson of Loughborough University described +some of the results of studies which has been done +by psychologists in this area. Most of this work is rather +old now. From the +way in which the eye handles text, it would seem that +speed of reading for type of 9--12 points is about +the same, but that it reduces for both smaller and larger +sizes. Not surprisingly, there is a certain amount +of visual interference in type set solid. The eye +has difficulty skipping to the beginning of the next line. +In the end we would seem to have to quote Eric Gill, +who, in 1931 wrote ``Legibility, in practise, amounts +simply to what one is accustomed to''. + +John Durham, assisted by the keyboard skills of Jenny +Hearne, described the font editing +software which has been developed by Archetype to +permit modification of the fonts used by the large +high volume laser printers (Xerox 9700). + +Essentially the system permits bitmap editing. Durham +argued that hand tuning of algorithmic fonts would still +be needed, and that simply scaling of a font to another +size could not be expected to give good results. +In order to achieve some degree of fidelity between +screen and page, they used a high resolution monitor +--- 100\,dpi, and grey scale fonts. In other words, the +monitor's pixels were not simply black and white, but +black, white and a range of grey. +He also touched briefly on the problem of font licensing, +since of course some of the fonts on these laser +printers are proprietry. + +This was an interesting example of a small company +siezing on a niche which the original vendor had +failed to fill (for whatever reason), and exploiting it +rather thoroughly. + +After lunch Kathy Lang +described some font practicalities. In most ways she +seemed most interested in larger scale typographic +issues, but she described the sorts of things you expect to +get in the better known dtp packages. +I was surprised to see letterspacing included as +something one expected, since I had just +finished reading in Kleper's book that +``letterspacing should be avoided if possible''. Perhaps this +is a feature incorporated because it is easy to do, +regardless of its desirability (like `strike through' and +underlining --- easy to implement, but useless). +Lang went on to discuss the relative merits of +`write white' and `write black' laser printers. +One of the audience was able to reveal that the new +Apple LaserWriter II is capable of 400\,dpi +(although it only does 300\,dpi just now). + +John Miles, of Banks \& Miles +described the employment of dtp in his design +studio. Even if you don't realise, you +will be familiar with some of the output of this studio. +They designed the logos for the Post Office and British +Telecom (among other well known corporate identifiers). The studio +uses a couple of Macs with PageMaker and RSG!. +But before describing what they did with the Macs, +he stood back a little to explain what it was they +were trying to achieve in the first place. He identified +a necessary focussing on function. What was the intention +of the material, how would it be used? One of the distinctions he made +was between legibility (the property of a typeface) +and readability (a function of the arrangement of typefaces). + +Most of this talk was illustrated with reference to designs +on bits of paper, rather than a screen, but tempered by +the knowledge that they would end up as grids on a +dtp system. The starting point was a sheet of paper, +not the screen. +He noted that it was the job of the designer to +fulfill the function expected by the client, not +to demonstrate the versatility of the equipment. +He also attempted to dispell the myth that there was +anything valuable to be gained by changing typeface +or leading etc.\ `at a stroke'. Any designer worthy of +his hire would know these characteristics before he started +to look at the computer. + +The last talk was by the type designer, Richard Southall, who, as +many will know bears some responsibility for some bits of +Computer Modern, and who has a considerable ability +with \MF. But even if you didn't know that, +you would be familiar with Richard's work. He designed +the sub-titling font which is used by the {\sc bbc} +for its films (also seen on Channel 4). + +Early in his talk Richard made the distinction between +\item{$\bullet$}a character image --- the marks which +a marking engine makes for readers to see. This includes +the letters made by laser printers, dot matrix printers, or +even those made on a vdu screen. +\item{$\bullet$}a font --- a set of instructions to a marking +engine to make a character image. This might be a bit map +or an algorithm, or even a piece of type. +\item{$\bullet$}typeface --- the sets of visual attributes for the +characters of a script. As such a typeface has no concrete +existence, it is an abstract object. The nearest concrete +entity is probably the designer's original drawings. +\smallskip +Richard expressed the view that the changes which were +taking place now, since the introduction of dtp in 1984 +closely paralleled those which took place between 1965 +(with the introduction of photo composition) and the virtual +extinction of hot metal typesetting in 1971. + He also pointed +out the short period which had elapsed since the introduction +of digital photocomposition (in 1965). To an extent the old +constraints had been removed, such that almost anyone +can now design a typeface. + +He pointed out that the commercial pressures to use +outline fonts were overwhelming, but that the +outline was a long way distanced from the typeface it +purported to represent. He commented too on the use of +intelligent outlines, citing \PS, but also the more +recently announced Bitstream, Compugraphics and Imagen +fonts which add information to the character outlines. +But he also said that he could not ``see how to make the +outline intelligent enough''. + +However, Richard has slightly retracted from his earlier +view that \MF\ was unusable, and he now expresses the +view that, subject to some pretty massive constraints, +`You can use \MF' + +A good set of talks which from the extent +of interest shown and the questions asked +met some sort of need. The next {\sc bsc-ep} meeting +is on April 28th. Later this year there will be a meeting +on technical typesetting. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} +\bigskip diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/ack.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/ack.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d5f951dbb --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/ack.tex @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +\centerline{\bf Acknowledgments} +\medskip +\noindent +Besides thanking all the people whose names +appear in \TeXline\ 7, in whatever capacity, +I would also like to +thank Peter Bradshaw, and +Audun Clark, star of Mac and screen. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/amy.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/amy.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dd90dcf58b --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/amy.tex @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +%\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em +% T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} +\def\MT{Macro\TeX} +\centerline{\bf\MT} +\medskip\noindent +\MT\ is a new set of general purpose macros, designed for the person who +simply wants to create a normal looking book or report using \TeX\ without +going to the trouble of creating dozens (if not hundreds) of macros. Knuth, +quite correctly, gave us very low level and generalised tools when he wrote +\TeX, which has made it useable in such a wide variety of applications, from +Japanese to music. The two most famous general purpose macro packages are +\AmSTeX\ and \LaTeX, with the former concentrating specifically on the +facilities needed for AMS publications; both are freely distributed, and in +very wide use. What is the market, then, for a package that actually costs +money, and does the same sort of job? In this review, I will briefly outline +what it does, and how it compares against \LaTeX. + +Amy Hendrickson's 4000 or so lines of +\MT\ came on an IBM PC floppy disc, in about 8 files, +easily transferred to the Sun 3/50 I used it on; I presume it could be +supplied on a Mac disc as well. The only `installation' needed was to edit the +main {\tt mt.tex} file to reflect the fonts I use. Here I had to do some work, as +\MT\ assumes you want either the AM or CM fonts, and has a number of +subsidiary font declaration files which optionally set up \PS\ fonts, +but only for headings and the like. To set it up to use our normal standard of +\PS\ Palatino, I had to rename all the fonts in the font declaration +file, and use a version of \TeX\ with a {\tt plain.tex} similarly doctored (as +of course Macro\TeX\ assumes the base set of 16 fonts in Plain \TeX); this +procedure would cause problems for a beginner who wanted to use a \PS\ +printer, but of course the package as it stands will be fine for the great +unwashed who use the CM fonts. + +All facilities are provided with +macros compatible with plain \TeX, so you can include your own macros +anywhere, and all plain \TeX\ commands. A clever feature is that all the +commands are known about in the main `|mt.tex|' file; all you need do is add +|\input mt| +at the start of your document, and subsidiary files will be pulled in only if +needed (saving memory). +\MT\ has the sort of facilities you would expect: style options (it defaults +to `documentation' but also has book, report, note (memorandum) and letter +styles); automatic sorting out of 4 or 5 levels of headings; nested lists; +cross-referencing; tables of contents etc. +More interesting are: +\item{$\bullet$}Modular page numbering (I--1, I--2 etc), coupled with facilities to insert new +pages (I--2a, I--2b, I--2c etc) at any point, obviously useful for software +documentors. + +\item{$\bullet$}Floating figures, which can be wrapped around with text (so one can specify a +3$\times$1 inch box on the +right side of the page, and paragraph shapes change +accordingly). + +\item{$\bullet$}Indexing and glossaries look quite sophisticated (I didn't try them). + +\item{$\bullet$}Various verbatim environments for quoting code, including a feature to enclose +a code quote in a screen-shaped box. + +\item{$\bullet$}Tables can be split over pages, and maintain their headings (Hendrickson has +had to modify the plain \TeX\ output routine slightly. + +\item{$\bullet$}A number of macros for boxing text in more or less felicitous ways. + +\medskip +These features are all documented in a manual created with \MT; it has to be +said that the manual is not very well organised --- it does not have an index +(madness!), and I have to say I find Hendrickson's layout style fairly +unpleasant; Americans seem very fond of large fonts, huge spacing and thick +lines around tables. Eventually one finds what one wants, and there are plenty +of examples (sometimes at the expense of an {\it explanation} of what is +happening); parameters that one can easily change are described, but if you +want to go further into customisation you will have to attack the sparsely +commented source. + +The amount of customisation I had to do immediately to get +what I wanted (resetting values that the manual mentions) makes me think that +it won't be long before I am driven to the source, which is sad. +Hendrickson does, however, make a point of saying that she wrote \MT\ in a +modular way, so that hackers can use whole chunks (like the verbatim +environments) in their own macros. I have not yet succeeded in prising +anything loose from its setting to use in \LaTeX\ (I suspect multi-page tables +could be a major act of surgery all round), but I am sure it could be done. +You could even use the code just as a source of ideas---whatever the faults of +this package, Amy Hendrickson is no mean \TeX nician, and there is a {\it lot} +of work here. + +Hendrickson is also a confirmed boxer; there are a number of different +macros for boxing text, either in-line or marginally; you can even +have a column of boxed text in-line, but it doesn't seem to work +quite as described in the documentation (another bug?). On a grander +scale you can create a `screen' box to emulate the appearance +of a terminal screen, suitable for software documentation (see the +example). + +\midinsert +\vskip300pt +\endinsert + +\MT\ is good for {\it ad hoc} layout of text; +lines may be typed one word per line and an +|\autoright| +takes care of the layout --- each input line is then +right justified. On the other hand |\autorighttab| does not work +as promised, it generates a \TeX\ error; and using |\fn| for +automatically numbered and incremented footnotes requires the +addition of an |\hfill| to sort it out: the footnote comes +out as +\hfil\break +\llap{$^1$}`The cape, Larry, go for the cape'\break +rather than\hfil\break +\llap{$^1$}`The cape, Larry, go for the cape'\hfil\break +(extraordinary!). + +Of great interest are the tables; \MT\ is an interesting addition to the +repertoire of table description languages. Like {\sc unix} |tbl| it can maintain +tables over pages, with duplicated headings, but in +this case you have to decide the column widths (it wraps within the width). If +your table is single page, it will work out column widths (like |tbl| and +\LaTeX\ |tabular|), and if you have just numbers, you need not even bother +with column separators, just white space. Combinations of rules, spanning +columns and the like are caterered for, but the facility +to provide a template for a row (as in {\sc unix} |tbl| and \LaTeX\ |tabular|) to indicate that +(say) columns 3 to 6 are right justified is not as powerful as it might be. +In fact, when I used it, it ran my \TeX\ out of memory. +There is a facility to have text span several columns, but it just +generates complicated \TeX\ errors, so I gave up. + +The table I tested these commands on was generated by the +Ingres database report writer, which inserted +the \MT\ commands; I would have got very bored with all the typing necessary. +The beginning of the table is shown in the screen box example. + + +Does it work as promised? More or less; the problems range from the irritating +(some commands seem to have to be on a line by themselves or they +do not work; I am sure there is rational \TeX planation, but I would prefer +things to be intuitive), through the buggy (the macro +|\dropcap| +to set a huge first letter of a paragraph simply does not work; the examples +have only one parameter, but the macro definition calls for two, and I cannot +work out what it wants), to the bizarre---the |\endverb| complement to the +|\beginverb| (not |\verb| +as in the manual examples!) verbatim environment construct simply does not get +defined in the macros, yet is called! It is, admittedly, only version 0.9, +but this sort of bug seems extraordinary. If you are a poor typist, the +extraordinarily long macro names may annoy (try typing +|\endautorighttab| several times). + +I have not yet used all the facilities, and those I have tried did not +produce a very beautiful result at first, but I think with patience I could +get the package producing reasonable documents. Do I want to persevere? If I +did not have \LaTeX, I might be tempted, but after several books and many +smaller documents I have grown to admire Lamport's work. He did a much more +thorough and flexible job than Hendrickson, and if you want to produce a +substantial book, his system is probably better. \MT\ may tempt us, however, +with its better verbatim work, its indexing, its more flexible figures and +some features of its tables. In addition, it is compatible with plain \TeX, +which will endear it to those who dislike Lamport's arbitrary usurpation of +favourite macros, and his authoritarian `LL knows best' attitude +(a \LaTeX-compatible version is promised --- {\sc mwc}). All in all, +I think \MT\ probably {\it will\/} be worth the money as a source of ideas and facilities, +but is not complete nor yet reliable enough to be considered +as a daily production +system, and I certainly cannot recommend the current +version (unless all the bugs are my fault). + +\MT\ will set you back something in the region of \$200 for a +single-user license, and more for a site license. +Amy Hendrickson is +{\obeylines +\TeX nology Inc +57 Longwood Avenue +Brookline +MA 02146 +USA +} + +\rightline{\sl Sebastian Rahtz} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/archive.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/archive.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6e819c8327 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/archive.tex @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +\input texline +\newbox\leftside +\newbox\rightside +\long\def\entry#1{\let\p=\par\def\par{\strut\p\strut}#1} +\long\def\mitem#1#2{\parindent=0pt% +\global\setbox\leftside\vtop{\hsize70pt% +\everypar{\strut}\overfullrule0pt\noindent +\strut#1\strut} +\global\setbox\rightside\vtop{\tolerance=20000\hfuzz4pt% +\def\\{{\tt\char'134}}\hsize142pt +\everypar{\strut}\noindent +\strut#2\strut} +\box\leftside&\quad\box\rightside\cr +} +\font\rmnine=cmr9 +\font\ttnine=cmtt9 +\font\itnine=cmti9 +\centerline{\bf\LaTeX\ style files} +\medskip\noindent +Ken Yap has provided short +descriptions of the items included +in the \LaTeX\ repository: +\medskip +{\rmnine\let\tt=\ttnine\let\it=\itnine\baselineskip=11pt\parindent0pt +\def\strut{\relax\hbox{\vrule height8pt depth3pt width0pt}} +\vbox{\tabskip=0pt%\offinterlineskip +\halign{#&#\cr +\mitem{a4.sty}{set page size to A4} +\mitem{a4wide.sty}{adjusts width too to suit A4} +\mitem{aaai-instructions}{intructions to authors} +\mitem{aaai-named.bst}{\BibTeX\ style for {\tt +aaai.sty}} +\mitem{aaai.sty}{style file for AAAI conference 1987} +\mitem{acm.bst}{ACM \BibTeX\ style} +\mitem{agugrl.sty}{AGU Geophysical Research Letters style} +\mitem{agugrl.sample}{{\it ditto}, sample} +\mitem{agujgr}{AGU J. Geophysical Research style} +\mitem{agujgr.sample}{{\it ditto}, sample} +\mitem{alltt.sty}{verbatim with embedded commands} +\mitem{amssymbols.sty}{load AMS symbol fonts} +\mitem{article.txt\par art10.txt\par art11.txt\par art12.txt} +{standard files in text format, with places to make language +specific changes indicated} +\mitem{biihead.sty}{underlined heading} +\mitem{cyrillic.sty}{load Cyrillic font} +\mitem{dayofweek.tex}{macros to compute day of week and +phase of moon: examples of how to use \TeX's arithmetic +capabilities} +\mitem{deproc.sty}{DECUS Proceedings style} +\mitem{deprocldc.tex}{paper describing above} +\mitem{docsty.c\par docsty.readme}{program to convert {\tt.doc} to +{\tt.sty} by stripping comments} +\mitem{doublespace.sty}{double spacing in text} +\mitem{draft.sty}{draft option for documents for +debugging} +\mitem{drafthead.sty}{prints DRAFT in heading} +\mitem{dvidoc.shar1\par dvidoc.shar2}{sh archive of {\tt DVIDOC}, +{\tt dvi} to character device filter for Unix BSD systems} +\mitem{dvidoc.sty}{style file to substitute all fonts with +doc font} +\mitem{epic.shar1\par epic.shar2}{sh archive of extended picture +environment} +\mitem{espo.sty}{style file for Esperanto} +\mitem{format.sty}{print floating point numbers in fixed format} +\mitem{fullpage.doc\par fullpage.sty}{get more out of a page} +\mitem{geophysics.sty}{Geophysics J. style} +\mitem{german.sty}{redefines keywords for German documents} +\mitem{ieeetr.bst}{IEEE Transactions \BibTeX\ style} +\mitem{ist21.sty}{IST21 document style option for cover page} +\mitem{latex.bug}{latest listing of bugs found in \LaTeX} +\mitem{layout.readme}{prints nice diagram} +\mitem{lcustom.tex}{useful macros and definitions for +\LaTeX} +\mitem{lfonts\_ams.readme\par lfonts\_ams.tex}{use AMS symbols +in \LaTeX} +\mitem{lgraph.shar}{sh archive of data to graph command filter +in Pascal} +}} +\vbox{\offinterlineskip\tabskip=0pt +\halign{#&#\cr +\mitem{local.suppl}{supplement~to~local~guide; describes +{\tt a4}, {\tt tgrind}, {\tt sfwmac}, {\tt trademark}, +{\tt lcustom} and {\tt vdm}} +\mitem{memo.sty}{memo style option} +\mitem{mfr.sty}{modifier to above} +\mitem{mitthesis.sty}{MIT thesis format} +\mitem{natsci.bst}{Natural sciences generic \BibTeX\ +style} +\mitem{natsci.sty}{formats citations created with above} +\mitem{newalpha.sty}{modified alphabetic \BibTeX\ style} +\mitem{nl.sty}{customised Dutch style file} +\mitem{nopagenumbers.doc\par nopagenumbers.sty}{\quad remove +page numbers} +\mitem{remark.sty}{like newtheorem but no {\tt\\it}} +\mitem{resume.sty}{format for resum\'es} +\mitem{resume.sample}{sample file} +\mitem{rscsencode.shar}{} +\mitem{sc21.sty}{ISO/TC97/SC21 document style} +\mitem{sc21-wg1.sty}{option for cover page} +\mitem{sfwmac.sty}{useful macros for Unix doc\-u\-ment\-a\-tion} +\mitem{showlabels.sty}{shows labels and references to them} +\mitem{siam.bib}{SIAM \BibTeX\ style} +\mitem{siam.bst}{} +\mitem{siam.doc}{SIAM \LaTeX\ style} +\mitem{siam.sty}{} +\mitem{siam.tex}{} +\mitem{siam10.doc}{} +\mitem{siam10.sty}{} +\mitem{siam11.sty}{} +\mitem{siam12.sty}{} +\mitem{slem.doc}{change {\tt\\sl} to {\tt\\em}} +\mitem{slem.sty}{} +\mitem{spacecites.doc\par spacecites.sty}{modified +to give spacing between citations} +\mitem{suthesis.doc\par suthesis.sty}{Stanford U thesis +style} +\mitem{texindex.doc\par texindex.sty\par texindex.pas} +{style file and processor for index entries --- works +under VMS} +\mitem{texnames.doc\par texnames.sty}{define a couple more \TeX\ names} +\mitem{tgrind.sty}{tgrind macros for \LaTeX\ instead of +\TeX} +\mitem{threepart.sty}{three part page headers} +\mitem{titlepage.txt}{style file in text format +to go with {\tt article.txt}} +\mitem{trademark.sty}{definitions of common trademarks} +\mitem{uct10.doc\par uct11.doc\par uct12.doc\par +ucthesis.doc\par ucthesis.readme}{U of California thesis style} +\mitem{vdm.doc\par vdm.sty\par vdm.tex}{Vienna Development Method +\LaTeX\ style} +\mitem{ws87.p}{Wordstar 8-bit filter} +\mitem{wsltex.c}{Wordstar to \LaTeX\ filter, C version} +\mitem{wsltex.p}{Wordstar to \LaTeX\ filter} +\mitem{xxxcustom.tex}{supplementary macros for +xxx-tex, for some xxx} +\mitem{xxxslides.sty}{supplementary macros for +Sli\TeX, includes {\tt slides.sty}} +}}} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/atari-st.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/atari-st.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9dfb8e65d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/atari-st.tex @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ + \centerline{\bf Atari-ST \TeX} +\medskip +\noindent +There are several implementations of \TeX\ for the {\sc atari-st}. + The review program was version 1.1 of + \TeX\ (version 2.1) from TooLs GmbH. +This implementation will run on the {\sc atari {\rm 520} st}+, the 1040 {\sc stf}, +and any of the larger machines. It is supplied on three diskettes, +but will run quite happily on a machine with two disk drives. A hard disk +is not essential. + +The main program is executed + from the desktop by double-clicking the |tex.ttp| file. This + implementation does not preload any formats (e.g.~|plain.fmt|), but + the required formats are specified as parameters at start-up or + alternatively can be introduced once the program has loaded. A + sample file, previously used on an {\sc ibm} version of \TeX, was tested + and as expected there were no major surprises, it worked! To cater + for the different ST-system configurations, a facility has been + provided for specifying a search-path for the various +input\slash output\slash font\slash format files which is achieved by means of +environment-variables (similar to {\sc unix}), and these can be defined + in a separate file |environm.ent| which must be present in the + current directory. A useful idea for tailoring your own set-up. + + A single program provides both a preview facility on the + screen, and drives a selection of printers. The |dvi| information is + converted into a bitmap-graphic image in memory and, depending on + the selected options, is either sent to the screen or to the + printer. The options are selected from the familiar GEM-Menu and + if required, these can be stored on a file called |dvi.inf| and + recalled in the future using the file options. The display uses a + default screen resolution of 95 pixels/inch so that the width of a + standard A4 page fits nicely on a single screen avoiding + having to shift the text sideways in order to see the covered + portion. The text is quite legible at this resolution, though + subscript and superscripts do suffer. However, the screen + resolution can be altered to suit one's particular preferences, + but this is only possible provided the appropriate fonts are + available at the chosen resolution. Consequently it would be quite + handy to have the ST-\MF\ package (also by TooLs GmbH) with + which to generate the necessary fonts. Apart from altering the + screen resolution, the same effect can be achieved using the + magnification option, but once again lack of suitable fonts may be + a hinderance. However, using the latter option, it is possible + to substitute + different (probably smaller) fonts to get an idea of the + final layout. + + At high resolutions, the machine memory may not be sufficient + to hold the Bitmap-graphic image of an entire page, + but an option is provided where the page is formed in `stripes', and +this will overcome the memory problem. + + When processing the |dvi| file the entire file will be + processed by default. Options have been provided to override this + and these enable the user to specify the starting page and the + number of pages required. Furthermore, by preceeding the starting + page number by a '?', it is possible to format and view the + pages in any order one desires simply by entering the required + page number. Alternatively it is possible to specify the order in + a file called |dvi.pag|, which is helpful when it comes to printing + the pages in a predetermined order. + + A very wide range of printers are supported, including 9-pin and + 24-pin dot-matrix printers, {\sc atari} Laserprinter and {\sc hp} Laserjet. +It can support the Laserjet in 150\,dpi draft resolution, as well as 300\,dpi. + Unfortunately, \PS\ printers + have not yet been catered for. Printout is possible in draft and + quality mode (provided the necessary fonts in the required + resolution are present). For some printers, landscape mode is also + possible. The sample file was printed on an {\sc epson} compatible + {\sc juki}-5510 9-pin dot-matrix printer and the + printout was impressive. There exist an additional option for + improving the printout, analogous to switching the printer from a + bidirectional mode to unidirectional print mode. However + the printed results are impressive even without + using this extra facility. + + The mode of operation of the preview\slash print program is such + that options are selected first before formatting of the |dvi| + information takes place. Thus everytime the |dvi| processing is + initiated, the required fonts need to be loaded in first and this + can be time consuming. To by-pass this slow process a library + manager program has been supplied. This can be used to set-up a + library of fonts which are regularly used and this font library + once loaded will remain in-core. + + Apart from the main \TeX\ program and the preview/print + program, |initex| comes supplied as standard, and can be + used to generate the format form of macro-packages, such as \LaTeX\ + and \AmSTeX. These can then be linked in at \TeX\ load time. +The \LaTeX\ format file and associated fonts can be + purchased separately to complement the basic package. \LaTeX\ is +priced at 70 DM, and \BibTeX\ at 17.50 DM. + + This particular implementation of \TeX\ on the + {\sc atari-st} at 230 DM (approx. \quid80) +must be excellent value for money + and I have not come across any major bugs. The accompanying manual +(in German, and soon in English) + is quite good and covers the various aspects of the implementation + in detail. + + I would like to see a number of enhancements + in future versions to extend the scope of the package as well as + making it more user-friendly. It would be nice if a GEM-based + shell environment could be provided with access to a simple text + editor so that errors or other changes to the \TeX\ file could be + done without the need to leave the \TeX\ environment and load in an + editor. I would also like additional fonts to be supplied so that + the preview could be magnified one or two steps in either + direction without the need to purchase the \MF\ package in + order to generate the necessary font information. Printing onto a + \PS\ device would also be a welcomed addition, and the + option of \AmSTeX, though I agree that this may not be widely + used, it should appeal to those of us who are involved with + writing scientific reports. + +A comparison of this and the Kettler-{\sc edv} implementation was +published in the July/August '87 German edition of +{\it Atari Computer} --- `\TeX\ auf dem Atari ST'. + +For further details contact: +{\obeylines +TooLs GmbH +Kaiserstra\ss e 48 +D-5300 Bonn 1 +FRG +} + + +\rightline{\sl Bijan Djahansouzi} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/barb.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/barb.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..58e41681bf --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/barb.tex @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +\centerline{\bf PostScript and math} +\medskip\noindent +Various comments on this subject (mainly +appearing in \TeX{\sc hax}) have finally goaded me into putting in my +two cents' worth. For a publisher of mathematics, there are two problems +with trying to generate \TeX\ output on a \PS\ typesetter --- fonts and +speed. + + Leaving aside the fact that some people just like other fonts +better than Computer Modern, there is really no good alternative at present +to the Computer Modern math fonts. And, in my opinion, even if they're +generated from outlines in the ``native'' \PS\ fashion, the CM math +shapes simply don't mix well with other styles. It's got to be possible +to make other alphabets (e.g.~Times Italic) behave well in math --- in fact, +it's been done at the American Math Society for some non-\PS\ Times fonts +--- but it's a {\it lot} of work! And I didn't realize until the job was done, +and I was seeing competent math coming out of our typesetter in Times, the +extent of the subtlety in the Computer Modern math. + +With Computer Modern, +someone with a trained eye can spot math very quickly. The spacing of the +italic is clearly different from that of the math, but also, the shapes +are different. (Take a closer look sometime.) This means that in theorems, +traditionally set in italic (here I personally like Knuth's innovation of +slanted, but my opinion is not shared by my employer's editorial staff), +it's possible to distinguish math from text quite easily, even the single +letter a ({\it a} versus $a$). +I know of no other fonts, anywhere, where this sort of distinction +has been made. (But I'd welcome hearing about it if anyone else does.) + +Regarding speed, most of the \PS\ rips (raster image +processors) are geared for low-resolution production, say 300\,dpi, the +resolution that requires 1\,Mbyte of memory to hold a full bitmap of a US +letter-size page. Even keeping up +with a relatively fast print engine like the 40\,ppm {\sc dec}\-server40 is child's +play compared to keeping up with the rated speed of a real typesetter, +with over 1000\,dpi resolution. I would welcome +some statistics for typesetters performing ``real'' jobs --- using a large +selection of (native) fonts in several sizes. Without outline fonts for +math, any math job statistics are probably meaningless, since the time +to download bitmaps is relatively much greater than to use outline fonts. + +A promising development I've read about recently ({\it Seybold Report}, Dec 28) +is a new rip designed to handle Alphatype's Alphacomposer, which has a +resolution of $5300\times5300$\,dpi and runs at a maximum speed of 3 minutes/page. +That's a 280\,Mbyte bitmap requirement for $8\times10\,\hbox {in}$! (The same article gives +benchmark results from Linotype showing that its present rip can't even +keep up with a 1270\,dpi engine.) The new rip is supposed to be ready for +demonstration sometime during the first quarter of 88; it was developed +by Medianet, not Alphatype, and the agreement is non-exclusive. This +looks like it's worth watching. Until this kind of speed is available +for \PS\ typesetters, they just won't be practical for technical +publishers, and 300\,dpi (even 600\,dpi) just isn't good enough for the +highest-quality typesetting that most major publishers are looking for. + +\rightline{\sl Barbara Beeton} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/bcs-ep.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/bcs-ep.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efa619718b --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/bcs-ep.tex @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +\centerline{\bf BCS-EP Meeting, November 26th, 1988} +\medskip +\noindent +Entitled `Desk Top Publishing -- The Reality!', this +meeting promised much. The reality of course was +publishing reality --- remember printing presses +and all that sort of stuff? Most of the speakers +had been +involved with the printing and publishing industry +for some years, and were therefore able to offer +a more sober view than the usual `gee-whizz, sooper, +what's kerning?' picture that you might pick up +from glossy brochures and trade exhibitions. + +Paul Luna of Oxford University Press argued that +electronic manuscripts could lead to a premature fixing +of form, especially as authors moved more and more +into the areas usually reserved for the publisher. The +safety net that the publisher traditionally holds +beneath authors was disappearing. He also discussed +the problems of resolution. In some projects laser +printing is acceptable, but there are many cases where +visual cueing is an important factor, and higher quality +is required. He also noted that typefaces are not +always identical on different devices. + +Pierre Macke of the Cotswold Press described himself +as a `jobbing printer'. He noted the problem of +upgrades and software compatibility. Cotswold Press +will take disks from many varieties of electronic +processing (and many types of hardware) and typeset the +content. Not everyone follows new releases of software +slavishly (after all, they have work to do), so Macke can +be handling (say) PageMaker disks over several +different versions of PageMaker. Not all upgrades +are upwards compatible, and this means that Cotswold +Press must have the corresponding version of the software +to ensure that the file will print as the customer +expects. +And of course, the customer must know which version of +the software he was using. He also made the valuable +point that many dtp packages are complex, and that +learning could be the single biggest expense for a +customer. Another reason why the clients don't keep abreast +of upgrades. In terms of upgrades and new releases he +stated that ``Aldus are the biggest culprits for denying +things''. Adobe, on the other hand get the Macke seal of +approval, always giving a response within 48 hours. +(Perhaps Cotswold Press's reputation helps there, they +don't even reply to my letters.) + +Peter Ferris of John Wiley's cautioned us that despite +the rise of dtp, authors have still not abandoned the +typewriter. He also noted the multiplicity of hardware +and software that is around, posing certain problems of +data transfer. Many authors wanted to become more +involved in aspects of book production, but he considered +this a rather expensive approach. The advantages of dtp +to a publisher included the fast turnaround of proofs, +but there were also threats from dtp, like the demands +for better royalties, and rather different ideas on +quality. He still thought that the savings on cost and +publication time were somewhat in the future, especially +when line drawings were considered, and in the whole area +of technical publishing. + +Michael Bywater of Punch described a rather different +publishing viewpoint. Punch uses (a rather old version of) +PageMaker for page layout. Clearly magazine layout and +make up is rather different in concept from book +production. One of the advantages he saw was the ability +to ensure that copy exactly fitted the available space +--- and letting the author decide what should be cut or +added, rather than the copy-editor. He declared that +laser printing was not good enough for camera ready copy + (again the problem of drawings\slash +cartoons +and halftones arises). One of his favourite words was +``crufty'', which isn't in my dictionary, but I take to +be slighting or perjorative. Perhaps I should start +reading Punch. + +Peter Hammersley edits {\it The Computer Journal\/}. +He saw some differences between his r\^ole in +`scholarly' publishing and the mainstream. Among the +differences were the fact that he was dealing with a +specialist subject where the publisher had very direct +access to his authors; there was also a vested interest +in experimentation; partly related to this was access to +equipment on a research basis (like academic networks); +there was also a willingness to consider multiple +outlets, like paper, softstrip, cd-rom and on-line +access; the marketing network was less critical; he also +felt that this sort of publishing was more on the side of +the author. + +As an editor he also saw himself as an interface between +the author and the publisher (the {\sc BCS}), promoting new +types of publication, advising on document preparation, +and maintaining standards (on behalf of both parties). On +this aspect of quality, he suggested that dtp had done +for writing what {\sc basic} had done for programming +(read that how you will). + +Lastly he outlined some of the reasons for pursuing the +ep/dtp route. Inevitably cost reduction was one reason; +here it was possible to quote the savings which ensued +from typesetting rather than typewriting (say) conference +proceedings. The savings permitted more papers to be +printed for the same amount of paper. The improvement in +the quality of presentation also helped sales, sometimes +turning uneconomic projects into economic ones. There was +elimination of rekeying errors (a particular problem with +technical material). On-line refereeing was possible, and +again, should speed up the publication process, making +the product more timely, and therefore more desirable. +This could also mean that conference proceedings appeared +much closer to the conference. However Peter did note +that all was not light: authors consistently ignore +instructions from the publisher. The editor ends up +having to collect machine readable documents, which of +course presents a whole host of problems. He looked to a +time when there would be {\sc sgml}-based editors and a +document type definition which could be used to aid +manuscript submission. Paper is not going to go away, but +other forms of `documents' will become established. He +particularly noted depositories, accessible over academic +networks. + +There was one further paper, from Jeremy Sparkes of +Baddeley Associates, but I couldn't stay for it. + +It was a relief to see the extent to which the new +technology was being taken seriously by some parts of the +printing and publishing industry. It became clear that +`cost saving' was not as inevitable as the vendors of dtp +software would have us believe, and of course it was +emphasised that it was very easy to have your dustbin +overflowing with high quality (but poorly designed) +publications. One other point which was stressed was the +frequency with which new versions of software appeared +with some new features added, some taken away, a few bugs +removed, a few left in, and a few new ones added. It was +often better to live with old, friendly, known bugs than +commit to something that might be marginally better. The +new might solve all the known problems, but it had to be +learned anew. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/bcsep.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/bcsep.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..93bb06236f --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/bcsep.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +\noindent +this meeting +looks to be up to the usual high standard of +this Specialist Group's meetings. Speakers include +Kathy Lang and Richard Southall. The meeting costs \quid35 +for Group members and \quid45 for others. You can register in +advance, or on the morning. Contact: +{\obeylines +BCS EP Specialist Group +c/o Microrite Ltd +Gate House +1 St John's Square +London EC1M 4DH +tel: 01 251 8567 +} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/contribut.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/contribut.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cf59aa3b39 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/contribut.tex @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +\centerline{\bf Contributors} +\medskip +\noindent +Contributors to this edition, without +whom etc., include: +{\obeylines +Tom Blyth +Dept of Mathematics +University of St Andrews +North Haugh +St Andrews KY16 9SS +|pmstb@st-and.savb| +\medskip +Sebastian Rahtz +Dept of Electronics and Computer Science +Southampton University +Southampton SO9 5NH +|spqr@soton.cm| +\medskip +Laurie Benfield +Computing Centre +University of East Anglia +Norwich NR4 7TJ +|s050@uea.cpc865| +\medskip +Barbara Beeton +American Mathematical Society +PO Box 6248 +Providence +RI 02940 +|bnb@xx.lcs.mit.edu| +|bb@sail.stanford.edu| +\medskip +David Brightly +Daresbury Lab +Keckwick Lane +Warrington WA4 4AD +|brightly@daresbury| +\medskip +Joan Smith, {\sc sobemap} +17 Tansa Road +London NW3 2UA +tel: 01 435 9300 +\medskip +Bijan Djahansouzi +Dept of Aeronautics +Imperial College +London SW7 2BP +} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/dble.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/dble.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0c4859d7df --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/dble.tex @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + +\catcode`@=11 % from plain.tex +\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight \newdimen\ruleht +\newif\ifvrule\vruletrue +% These values were modified: +%\hsize and \vsize are also used in the \output routine + \hsize=35pc \vsize=54pc \maxdepth=2.2pt \parindent=2pc + \hoffset=.4in +\pagewidth=\hsize \pageheight=\vsize \ruleht=.5pt + +% This routine is used by \output ; this is different from +% the one found in App. E since some are not needed here. +\def\onepageout#1{\shipout\vbox{\offinterlineskip + \vbox to \pageheight {\makeheadline + #1 % the content of page + \makefootline \boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth}} + \advancepageno} + +\output{\onepageout{\unvbox255}} +\newbox\partialpage +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup + \output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox255\bigskip}}\eject + \output={\doublecolumnout} \hsize=17pc \vsize=109pc} +% Again the sizes have been changed !! %note new values for \hsize and \vsize +% this needs to be done more tidily +\def\enddoublecolumns{\output={\balancecolumns}\eject + \endgroup \pagegoal=\vsize} +\def\doublecolumnout{\splittopskip=\topskip \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + \dimen@=54pc \advance\dimen@ by-\ht\partialpage + % Need to change the value of \dimen@ also... + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen@ + \onepageout\pagesofar + \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty} +\def\pagesofar{\unvbox\partialpage + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil + \ifvrule\vrule\fi\hfil\box2}} +\def\balancecolumns{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255} \dimen@=\ht0 + \advance\dimen@ by\topskip \advance\dimen@ by-\baselineskip + \divide\dimen@ by2 \splittopskip=\topskip + {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0 + \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen@ + \ifdim\ht3>\dimen@ \global\advance\dimen@ by1pt \repeat} + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox1} + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen@{\dimen2=\dp3 \unvbox3\kern-\dimen2 \vfil} + \pagesofar} +\vrulefalse + +%Example use: +% \hrule \bigskip +% \centerline{THE BEAUTY AND THE MOUSE} \bigskip +% Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful girl in a place far, far away... +% \begindoublecolumns +% Her only friend was a computer that came with a mouse as its input device. +% \enddoublecolumns +% The beauty and the mouse lived happily ever after. +% \end + + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/decus.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/decus.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b1447999d --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/decus.tex @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +\centerline{\bf Decus}\hyphenation{grey-scale} +\medskip +\noindent +VAX users will probably be aware of +the {\sc dec} Users' Group, {\sc decus}. +One of its advantages is that it has an index of +software which can be provided through the +User Group. Many of the \TeX\ related items +are paralleled by similar offerings in the +Aston archive, but for some people, {\sc decus} +may be an easier routeway. I went through the +catalogue recently, and the relevant material +includes: +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-135: DVItoVDU: a \TeX\ Page Previewer (July 1985). +This is an oldish version of Andy Trevorrow's +previewer. You would also require some +{\sc modula}-2 library routines (not included). +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-155: {\sc deproc} --- a \TeX\ header for formatting +{\sc decus} Proceedings articles. Self explanatory. +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-171: \LaTeX\ templates and help files for {\sc lse} +(Language Sensitive Editor). Essentially this is +a smart editor for \LaTeX, which helps cut down +the hardship of inputting a range of \LaTeX\ document +styles. +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-179: {\sc deproc} --- \LaTeX\ for the +{\sc decus} Proceedings. Self explanatory. +{\it cf.}\ \LaTeX\ style file |deproc.sty|. +\medskip +\noindent +V-SP-58: \LaTeX\ version 2.09; \TeX\ version 2.0 (July 1987). +This distribution also contains fonts for the LN03 +laser printer (and the printer driver). Complete +sources are not included. This is a rather old version +of \TeX. The current `version' number is at least 2.9. +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-261: Idx\TeX\ \& Glo\TeX, version 2.0. Glo\TeX\ +automates glossary generation in \LaTeX, while +Idx\TeX\ automates index generation from a \LaTeX\ +document. Written in C. +\medskip +\noindent +VAX-283: Halftone greyscale font for the LN03. +``{\sc\lowercase {GREYSC.FNT}} is a downline loadable halftone +greyscale font in `{\sc dec} font file format' for the +LN03 laserprinter'' and is based on the +font described by Don Knuth in TUGboat 8(2). +\medskip\noindent +If you want to obtain any of these, the first step is +to talk to your local friendly system manager (all +VAX system managers are friendly, that's the first +thing they teach us on the course), and find out if +your site is a {\sc decus} member. I don't know what to +do if you aren't. If you are, it is possible +the tapes are already festering in some cupboard +and all you have to do is persuade someone to unearth +them, otherwise you should contact: +{\obeylines +DECUS +PO Box 53 +Reading +Berks, RG2 0TW +tel: 0734 853728 +} + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/double.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/double.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4a65fb6c7e --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/double.tex @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +%double column macros from the TeXbook +\def\makeheadline{\vbox to 0pt{\vskip-22.5pt + \fullline{\vbox to 8.5pt{}\the\headline}\vss}\nointerlineskip} +\def\makefootline{\baselineskip=24pt \fullline{\the\footline}} +\newdimen\fullhsize +\fullhsize=6.5in \hsize=3.1in +\def\fullline{\hbox to\fullhsize} +\let\lr=L \newbox\leftcolumn +\output={\if L\lr + \global\setbox\leftcolumn=\columnbox \global\let\lr=R + \else + \doubleformat \global\let\lr=L\fi + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi} + \def\doubleformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline + \fullline{\box\leftcolumn\hfil\columnbox} + \makefootline} + \advancepageno} + \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/ed-it.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/ed-it.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..62fb4d8d28 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/ed-it.tex @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +\centerline{\bf Editor's Prerogative} +\medskip\noindent +This edition of \TeXline\ should arrive together +with a complimentary copy of {\it Electronic Publishing, +Origination --- Dissemination --- Design}, or, more +manageably, {\sc ep-odd}. And not only do Wiley's +send this out to you, they also cover the postage +involved. Bear in mind that +\TeXline\ is (as yet) free. Most of the costs, like +my time, laser printing and reproduction can remain +hidden, but postage is a rather obvious and expensive +item. A large number of copies go +to the US and Europe to the extent that +non-UK postage exceeds that for the UK. + +This isn't a plea for money (in any case it would +confuse the bureaucrats). It is a plea for a few more +people to contribute articles. I don't think I have ever +turned anything down, and the amount of editing that +I do is limited to grammar, style-consistency, and +length. I always have the ultimate +sanction of not bothering to do the newsletter at all. +But as all editors know, it's too much of an ego trip +to let go. Many of the articles in \TeXline\ are the +direct result of me suggesting to people that they may +have something to say, and phoning/emailing them +at irregular intervals. +We're all busy, but one of the major attractions +of \TeX\ for many people is its `public domain' image. +There's no point wingeing about the cost of a \TeX\ +implementation and then not being prepared to do anything +yourself, is there? Ask not what \TeX\ can do for you +etc. + +What would I like to see? More reports on meetings +for one. I'm always conscious that my reports reflect +my own views: in itself no bad thing, but I would like +to hear other interpretations. I don't report all the +`relevant' meetings I go to, for a variety of reasons, +but mainly unsatisfactory ones. In particular, I missed out +the recent {\sc sgml} meeting at the Publisher's +Association --- an excellent meeting; and I have omitted a + useful +if exhausting meeting organised through Alvey (remember them?) +at which Yvonne Perry of Adobe did her +`firehouse into the brain' rendition of \PS. +And of course I don't go to every relevant meeting there is. + +What else? We really do need some information on the +various public domain laser printer drivers. Andy +Trevorrow's drivers look good to me, but what's this +Modula-2 stuff? Who are Nelson Beebe's family? +Is Flavio Rose? Deep and meaningful questions like these +need some sort of answer. If you are using one of +these drivers could you share your experiences +(!) with the rest of us? + +There are a number of ways of getting pictures into +\TeX\ --- one of them is described in this issue +by David Brightly --- details of the others might help +in deciding which one(s) to pursue. + +Book reviews would be nice too. I'm surely not the +only one who can read. A volunteer is needed who would +dare review {\it The Joy +of \TeX}. There are more macros appearing, and associated +\TeX ware. How about some evaluation? It doesn't have to +be exhaustive, but it could alert others to the existence +of the software, and give some idea of its value, or +even just where to get hold of it. + +But more pressing is \TeX88. As you will see from the +accompanying announcement, plans are well advanced. There are about 30 +offered papers at this time (five of them share the same +title {\it `To be Announced'}). +Ellis Horwood of Chichester are to publish the +proceedings (did you know that neither Addison-Wesley nor +John Wiley do conference proceedings?). I've done books +with Ellis Horwood before and I'm confident that the +proceedings will be well produced, and quickly produced. +One of the most encouraging aspects of the conference has +been the response from Europe. There is a real chance +that the conference language will be German, not +English. Book now to avoid disappointment. + +What else is in the pipeline? The next issue +of \TeXline\ (perhaps to coincide with \TeX88) +{\it should} contain a comparison of three table-creation +macro packages which sit on top of plain \TeX\ --- +Ray Cowan's, Michael Ferguson's, and Michael Spivak's. +There will also be \DW's comprehensive report +on the availablility of other \MF-designed +fonts. This is really directed towards other alphabets, +but is a good summary of what is available, or being +worked on. It arrived just too late to be included +in this edition. + +Lastly, an oddness, or perhaps a reflection of the +times: I receive a few email requests for \TeXline. +Fine, but more often than not, they do not include +`snail-mail' addresses. And I have had a few requests to +send \TeXline\ to electronic bulletin boards. The future +is clearly with electronic communication. Perhaps we +shall yet see a |dvi2email| driver. We won't +see an electronic \TeXline, not while I do it. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/felici.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/felici.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fa7df8bfb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/felici.tex @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +\pageno=22 +\input texline +\centerline{\bf Another Book Review} +\medskip +\noindent +{\it Desktop Publishing Skills, James Felici +\& Ted Nace, 180pp, Addison-Wesley, {\sc isbn}:0 201 11537 9.} +\smallskip +\noindent +Perhaps the title may put you off. After all, `desktop publishing' +covers such a multitude of sins. But first look at the +sub-title: {\it A Primer for Typesetting with Computers +and Laser Printers}. This is a far more accurate description +(although it might sell fewer books). Felici \& Nace are really +talking about computerised typesetting, with low or +medium resolution output devices. + +The book itself was typeset on a Linotron 202, having +been prepared with MagnaType. This is a commercial +(and rather expensive) typesetting program, which will +run from {\sc at}-compatible micros. At the time +Felici \& Nace did their book MagnaType had no +preview facilities, although current versions of the software +do. Since many books on dtp seem to have been done +at home (possibly with potato cut-outs), this provides +a welcome alternative: it is typeset quality throughout. + +The authors take some time before they delve into +software. They provide a clear and distinct account +of the vocabulary of traditional typesetting +(and later we realise they also have the vocabulary +of computing). At last the jargon that is so often thrown +at us: `signatures', `h\&j', `letterspacing', `tracking', +`quad left' +and so on, is explained. Letterspacing and tracking are +rather interesting, since they are features not provided +by \TeX. It is interesting to speculate why. Perhaps +they were not used by Monotype Modern 8A, the model used +by Knuth for Computer Modern (that's {\it why} it is +called {\it Modern}: in fact, {\it Modern} doesn't +really imply anything recent --- the first {\it modern} +typeface was Bodoni's of 1775). + +Letterspacing refers +to a stretching out of the interletter spacing of a line +to make it fit better. As far as I can see, squeezing +the line does not count. This is commonly found in +newspapers (and found also in Felici \& Nace): +tracking is a more global concept. Again it involves the +interletter spacing, but it does so universally, +affecting all interletter spacing equally, everywhere. +Tracking is a typographic response to the way the eye +reacts to type in different sizes. As type grows in size, +the eye perceives the interletter spaces growing +faster than the letters themselves. To compensate, +the interletter spacing should be proportionately +tighter for larger sizes. I assume that the |tfm| files +associated with different design sizes help to compensate +for this, but of course you could introduce a more tightly +tracked font by giving it its own |tfm|. You might have +to alter the ligaturing too. A loosely tracked font +would probably not require ligaturing at all. Of course +you would not be able to alter the tracking in this way +for a font with only one design size (like the \PS\ +fonts). + +Naturally there is some discussion on letter +forms. At last someone explains something about +`the rhythm of vertical strokes' and `stroke frequency'. +And the examples bring this out very well. +They also explain why there are 72.27\,points to the inch, +and not the apparently more rational 72. +An America pica is +defined as equalling 0.166040\,inches. Presumably this +was to obtain an `exact' conversion which still gave +about 72 points to the inch. 72 points to the inch gives +an irrational conversion for picas to inches. Simple really. + +Like Richard Southall, they too distinguish {\it font} +and {\it typeface}, describing a typeface as a set +of characters sharing a common design that distinguishes +that typeface from all other character sets, while a +font is the physical source from which the typeface is +generated ({\it cf\/} fountain --- a source or wellspring). +A daisywheel for example can correctly be described +as a font. The marks on the paper are not a font. + +Besides explaining the typographic side they also +discuss the hardware --- especially the imaging +device (not just {\it laser} printers, but {\it led}, +{\it lcs}, {\it ion-deposition} and the rest). And having +described the digital nature of the marking engine, +they also discuss the digital nature of fonts. +They describe outline and bit-mapped fonts, and +bring out their relative merits. + +It should be clear that Felici \& Nace are not going +to favour one system over another, and this allows them +to look at a number of {\it page description languages} +reasonably objectively. + +How does \TeX\ fare? Quite well. References to \TeX\ crop +up a few times, and an example occurs under `Professional +Composition Systems'. The example is actually from +\AmSTeX, but the principles are the same. + +One of the achievements of Felici \& Nace is that +once they have explained something, it sounds rather +obvious. They make it all sound quite easy and straightforward. + +In the last chapter they consider the assembly +of a dtp system, outlining several sets of criteria +which can be used to evaluate different systems, +in the light of perceived needs. This provides a set +of reasonably objective criteria. In the end though, +choice of an appropriate system depends to a large extent +on knowing what it is you want to do. + +Right at the end of the book is a glossary of terms, +quite useful in its own right. The index is more useable +than some I have seen. + +I have no hesitation in recommending this book to anyone +with any interest in getting more out of +computerised typesetting. It is easily the best book +I have yet seen on the subject, both in terms +of its treatment of the subject, and in the presentation +of the material. For once, form and content +enhance one another. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W Clark} + + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/formulato.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/formulato.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..260d2b10f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/formulato.tex @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +\centerline{\bf Formulator} +\medskip +\noindent +{\it Formulator} is an equation processor +for the Macintosh which allows {\it wysiwyg} +creation of displayed equations, through selection +from pull-down menus (or, for the more skilled) +the Mac's command-key sequences. The interesting +feature of {\it Formulator} is that it was clearly +inspired by \TeX, and that one of its options +is to create a \TeX-version of the equation. +The writer of this software, Bob Pollard, was +also responsible for much of {\it MacAuthor}, and +the two applications were clearly designed to live +together. + +Icon Technology generously sent me a pre-release version +of {\it Formulator} (with a neat time expiry on +it, so that I have to reset the date on my Mac in order +to use it). What I have is version 0.7. My comments +should therefore be read in the light of +this not being the `final' version. There were also +some bits of the {\it Formulator Reference}, which +summarised many of the possible commands, and a +stack for use with HyperCard. In passing, this is +a very valuable approach adopted by Apple: almost +all software now comes with a hypertext stack or two which +almost replaces a manual. Since every new Mac comes +with HyperCard, this is obviously the beginning of +a new growth industry --- writing hypertext stacks. + +Perhaps I am not the best person to use {\it wysiwyg} +software. I'm rather fond of mark-up, and I find +the buildup of an equation through menus rather +laborious and exhausting. By now I know \TeX\ well +enough to be able to tackle problems up to at +least \TeX pert level. My preconceptions get in the way. +But lets try it anyway. After a few false starts --- +well it is user-friendly and intuitive, or so I thought --- +I looked through the stacks and read the reference pages. +The first thing I tried was one of the examples +from {\it Icon Technology's} flyer, and given here as +a Macintosh screen dump after construction through +{\it Formulator}: +\smallskip +\noindent{\overfullrule0pt +\scaledpicture 141truemm by 21truemm (icontech scaled 400) +}\par +\noindent +(Some of the lumpiness in the example is due to scaling +it to fit the page. {\it Formulator\/} itself permits +you to work in one of two scales. The smaller is close +to `true' size, while the larger is the one which allows +more control.) +The \TeX\ which this generated is +\smallskip +\begintt +$${1\over{2\pi}} +{\int^{\sqrt{}y}_{-\infty}} +{\left({\sum^n_{k=1}} +{\sin^2}{x_t}(t)\right)} +(f(t)+g(t))dt\hbox{}$$ +\end +\endtt +\smallskip\noindent +It generated the |\end| itself too. In the original +this was one continuous line, which is impossible to +print here, so I have broken it up into more +digestible units. The first thing that strikes me is +the multiplicity of braces. No bad thing, although +it does reduce the human readability. However, just +as we would expect machine generated \PS\ to be +machine rather than human readable, we should not +expect this to be easy to understand. The real problem +seems to me to be the mistake. Did you spot it? +What does |\sqrt{}y| give? It gives $\sqrt{}y$, +rather than $\sqrt y$. In this context it is not +ambiguous, but neither is it what appeared when +we manipulated the symbols through {\it Formulator}. +Therefore any claim to {\it wysiwyg\/}ness is dashed. + +Perhaps the feature I liked best in {\it Formulator} +was the ease with which you could edit the {\it wysiwyg} +version. This is a major advance over something like +Mac$\Sigma$qn, where editing really means doing things +over. On the other hand I did find selection of the elements +very sensitive. It took some care to mark the part of +the equation you wanted to deal with. If you do not +make sure that you have finished the parts of an equation +off correctly (usually by pressing {\it enter}), and +try to shortcut by placing the cursor, you can generate +fallacious \TeX. A nice feature is the automatic +balancing of brackets. But it was not clear to me just how +you could choose a particular size of parentheses, for +those times when \TeX\ does not know best. + +But let's tackle a more interesting equation, +whose {\it Formulator} version is: +\par +\vskip-0.8truein +\noindent +\picture 150truemm by 36truemm (bezier.pic scaled 400) +\par +\noindent + My main interest here was to see +how the limits on the summation would be handled. +I, of course, was expecting to handle them through +|\atop|, with some lip service to |\scriptstyle|. +{\it Formulator} very sensibly makes no mention of +|\over| as a way of creating fractions (surely one +of Don's little mistakes), but uses +a Fraction selection instead. But in doing so we have lost +|\atop|. So instead, we use a subscripted one column matrix. +Now, in the {\it Formulator} version of this, the +subscripts are nicely displayed at a smaller size. +The \TeX\ produced looks like\smallskip +\begintt +$$\phi({\zeta_1}, +{\zeta_2}, +{\zeta_3})= +{\sum^{}_\matrix{{i+j+k=2}\cr +{i,j,k\geq0}\cr}} +{{2!}\over{i!j!k!}} +{\zeta^i_1} +{\zeta^j_2}{\zeta^k_3}\ +{\phi_{ijk}} +\hbox{}$$ +\end +\endtt +\smallskip\noindent +Unfortunately, this doesn't work. In order to +subscript a matrix, you have to group, writing +something like +\begintt +\sum_{\matrix i+j+k=2\cr +i,j,k\geq0\cr} +\endtt +As we all know, \TeX's error messages are not always +easy to understand. This one was a real mare's nest. +And naturally, when you subscript a matrix, the +elements do not appear at a smaller size. + +At this point, I was getting a little despondent, +and I stopped. I have no doubt that these bugs will have +been ironed out by the final release. But one +or two things do still worry me. +\item{$\bullet$}Who is this intended for? +If you have {\it MacAuthor}, and are happy with it +--- it is after all a very powerful {\it wysiwyg} +processor --- would you be using \TeX\ at all? +\item{$\bullet$}It is only a \TeX\ generator, +not an \AmSTeX\ or +\LaTeX\ generator, nor does it seem to be +able to be extended to take account of your own +macros. I'm not at all clear how you could reference +a control sequence which was not part of the menus. +Say you had a special relational +operator, constructed through |\buildrel|, +how would you use it? +\item{$\bullet$}Is this for unskilled hands, those who do +not know the names of the symbols? Would they know +to use Matrix in order to get multiple subscripts? +And would they be surprised when the {\it Formulator} +version and the \TeX\ version were rather different? +The Symbols menu also gives a few symbols (like +therefore) not in |plain|\TeX; these come through +as question marks. +\smallskip +I can't see how it makes things +already tricky in \TeX\ any easier; and easy things +seem more roundabout. +The benefits are probably mostly from \TeX\ +to {\it Formulator}, which has been able +to absorb \TeX's mathematical +sophistication. + +I feel very iffy about the whole thing. {\it Formulator} +clearly has an appeal, because \TeX\ is in there somewhere, +but I don't think it is something which existing +\TeX\ users will adopt, nor can I see its use bringing +any more users into the \TeX\ fold. I would like to +be wrong. + +{\it Formulator} may be obtained from +{\obeylines +Icon Technology +9 Jarrom Street +Leicester LE2 7DH +tel: 0533 546225 +} + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/glossary.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/glossary.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..350dfca687 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/glossary.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1486 @@ +% first draft of TeXpert desktop publishing glossary... +% +%double column macros from the TeXbook +\def\makeheadline{\vbox to 0pt{\vskip-22.5pt + \fullline{\vbox to 8.5pt{}\the\headline}\vss}\nointerlineskip} +\def\makefootline{\baselineskip=24pt \fullline{\the\footline}} +\newdimen\fullhsize +\fullhsize=6.25truein \hsize=3.0truein +\def\fullline{\hbox to\fullhsize} +\let\lr=L \newbox\leftcolumn +\output={\if L\lr + \global\setbox\leftcolumn=\columnbox \global\let\lr=R + \else + \doubleformat \global\let\lr=L\fi + \ifnum\outputpenalty>-20000 \else\dosupereject\fi} + \def\doubleformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline + \fullline{\box\leftcolumn\hfil\columnbox} + \makefootline} + \advancepageno} + \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}} +\vsize9.3truein +\nopagenumbers +\parindent15pt +% +\def\g#1{\goodbreak\vskip0pt plus .5pt\par +\hang\noindent{\bf #1: }\ignorespaces} +% +\def\s#1{{\sl #1\/}} +% +\font\sc=cmcsc10 +\def\dtp{{\sc dtp}} +% +% +\g{A4} +The standard European size paper used in most \s{laser +printers}. A few printers can handle A3 pages, but are +considerably more expensive. + +\g{Accent} +a punctuation mark that appears above a character in a +line of text. See also \s{floating accents}. + +\g{Ad:Ed ratio} +the proportion of advertising to editorial space. + +\g{Adobe systems} +author of \s{PostScript}, a \s{page description +language}. + +\g{Aldus} +author of Pagemaker, the first \dtp\ program to be +marketed (in 1985). + +\g{Alignment} +lining up text and graphical material using a horizontal +base, or vertical line as a reference point. + +\g{Alphabet (length or width)} +the measurement of a complete set of \s{lower case} +alphabet characters in a given \s{typesize}, expressed +in \s{points} or \s{picas}. + +\g{Apex} +the point of a character where two lines meet at the top, +such as in the letters A or W. + +\g{Apple} +an American company responsible for the Macintosh +computer, the original `desktop publishing' machine. + +\g{Artwork (a/w)} +an original copy of an image, such as a line drawing, to +be photographed for inclusion in the final +\s{plate}-making process, prior to traditional printing + +\g{Ascender} +any part of a lower case letter which extends above the +\s{x-height}. For example, the upper half of the +vertical in the letters b, d, f, h, k, l and t. + +\g{Author's corrections} +changes made to the \s{copy} by the author after +\s{typesetting} but not including those made as a result +of errors in \s{keying in} the text. + +\g{Backslant} +letters that slant the opposite way from \s{italic} +characters. + +\g{Banner} +a heading or title extending the width of a page. + +\g{Baseline} +the imaginary line on which the base of capital +(\s{upper case}) letters sit. \s{Descenders} on \s{lower +case} letters like the g or y will extend below the +baseline. + +\g{Binding} +to join together the pages of a publication, complete +with covers. Some common methods include \s{saddle +stitching} and \s{perfect binding}. + +\g{Bit map graphics} +a common method of defining an image by breaking it down +into dots. Each dot is represented by a bit (binary +digit), either zero or one. Images that are \s{scanned} +into a \dtp\ program, or output from \s{paint programs} +tend to be bit mapped, and generally appear more ragged +and at a lower \s{resolution} than \s{graphics} from other +sources such as \s{draw programs}. An potential +alternative to the bit mapped image may be to describe +the image using vectors, which hold its resolution better. + +\g{Black letter} +a term used to describe \s{typefaces} made up of both +thick and thin lines, such as Old English. + +\g{Bleed} +the area of the page between the outside edge of the +margin and the edge of the page. In most cases this is +not printed upon, but for magazine work bleed printing +may be necessary. + +\g{Blow up} +publishing terminology for enlarging a photograph. + +\g{Body} +often called `body text', `body copy' or `body type'. +The bulk of the text in a document, in a particular style +and size of \s{type}, as opposed to headings, titles etc. + +\g{Body size} +the height of the \s{type} measured from the top of the +tallest \s{ascender} to the bottom of the lowest +\s{descender}. Normally given in \s{points}, the +standard unit of type size. + +\g{Bold type} +\s{type} with a heavier darker appearance. Most +\s{typefaces} include a boldface \s{font}. + +\g{Break} +the end of a line, paragraph or page. + +\g{Bromide} +a special sort of coated paper upon which +\s{photo-typeset} material is printed. Output from +\s{typesetters} is processed photographically to produce +a bromide master, which can then be used for \s{page +makeup} and \s{plate} making. Se also \s{galley proofs}. + +\g{Bullet} +a large solid dot ($\bullet$) used to precede text for +emphasis, as in an itemised list. + +\g{By-line} +the name of the author of an article as printed on the +page. + +\g{Camera-ready} +in traditional typesetting, the finished page, including +all text and illustrations, and any +\s{artwork} or \s{pasted-up} material, ready for the +printer to begin the \s{film} and \s{plate} making +process for reproduction. This phrase is also used to +refer to \dtp\ output onto a \s{laser printer}, although +the \s{resolution} of laser printers cannot match that of +\s{typesetters}, and some publishers may not regard laser +printed pages as sufficiently high quality to use as +camera-ready. + +\g{Canon} +the company responsible for the low-cost \s{laser +printer} --- the Canon \s{print engine} has been used +as the basis for various makes of laser printer, +including the \s{LaserWriter} and the \s{Laserjet}. + +\g{Cap line} +an imaginary line across the top of capital (\s{upper +case}) letters. The distance from the cap line to the +\s{baseline} is the cap size. + +\g{Cap size} +see \s{cap line}. + +\g{Caps} +an abbreviation for capital, or \s{upper case} letters. + +\g{Caps and small caps} +a style of \s{type} that shows capital letters used in +the normal way, while the remaining letters are set in +capital letters of a slightly smaller size, {sc Like +This}. + +\g{Caption} +the short piece of text which describes a photograph or +graphic illustration on a page. + +\g{Caret} +marks an indication to the printer of an omission in the +\s{copy}. + +\g{Cartridge font} +a physical medium for holding a selection of +\s{typefaces}. It is inserted into a printer (notably +\s{laser printers}) to provide some extra choice of +\s{fonts}. Some \dtp\ packages restrict the fonts only +to those contained in one cartridge, plus any +\s{resident fonts}, whereas others permit +\s{downloading} of additional typefaces. + +\g{Case binding} +the hard back binding of books. + +\g{Casting-off} +estimating the length of the \s{copy} when it has been +typeset. + +%\g{Century Schoolbook} +%a popular \s{serifed typeface} used in magazines and +%books for text setting. It has a large \s{x-height} and +%an open appearance. +% +\g{Character count} +the number of characters, i.e.~letters, numbers, signs +or spaces, in a line of text or piece of \s{copy}. + +\g{Close up} +a \s{proof correction mark} to reduce the amount of +space between characters or words. + +\g{Collating} +the process of putting the pages of a publication +together in the correct order. + +\g{Colour-separated artwork} +in traditional printing, \s{artwork} for use in a +multi-colour publication, where the different colours +have been indicated by using separate \s{overlays} for +each colour. The four basic printing colours are black, +cyan, yellow and magenta. Colour separations are +usually produced by a specialist firm rather than +through software. As an alternative, a few \dtp\ programs +can generate colour output directly, provided the printer +is capable of reproducing the colours. + +\g{Column} +a vertical area of running \s{text} on a page. Many +\dtp\ packages use \s{frames} to define the positions of +columns prior to filling with text. + +\g{Column rule} +a light vertical rule sometimes used to separate columns +of text. + +\g{Compose} +in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, to set \s{copy} +into \s{type}. + +\g{Compositor} +in traditional printing, the skilled member of a +\s{typesetting} team who actually lays out the +\s{bromides} in the correct position on a page. + +\g{Condensed} +a \s{font} or \s{typeface} style in which the characters +have an elongated appearance, i.e.~very narrow for their +height. + +\g{Continuous tones} +a normal black and white photograph which has continuous +shades of grey, also known as a contone. + +\g{Copy} +printing trade jargon for \s{text}, the original written +material which makes up the publication. + +\g{Copyright} +the right of copyright gives protection to the originator +of material to prevent use without express permission or +acknowledgement of the originator. Often represented by +the symbol \copyright. + +\g{CRC} +camera ready copy. See \s{camera-ready}. + +\g{Cropping} +cutting off unwanted areas of a photograph or +illustration. The remanining part of the image can then +be resized to fit the space. + +\g{Cross head} +a heading set into the \s{body text}, used to break it up +into easily readable sections or sub-sections. + +\g{Cursive} +used to describe \s{typefaces} that resemble handwritten +script. + +\g{Cut-out} +a \s{tone} that is cut to a specific outline shape, rather +than a rectangle. + +\g{Dagger and double dagger} +symbols (\dag\ \ddag) used mainly as reference marks for +footnotes. + +\g{Dash} +a short horizontal rule used for punctuation. See +\s{em-dash} and \s{en-dash}. + +\g{DDL} +Document Description Language. A \s{page description +language} developed by Imagen and popularised by Hewlett +Packard. Designed for documents rather than pages, and a +rival to \s{PostScript}, although relatively few \dtp\ +packages support DDL as yet, preferring to access +Hewlett Packard's popular \s{Laserjet} printers using the +Laserjet's older printer command language PCL. + +\g{Descender} +any part of a \s{lower case} letter that extends below +the \s{x-height}, or below the \s{baseline} of the line +of text, as in the g, j, p, q and y. + +\g{Desktop Publishing (DTP)} +producing good quality publications in-house using a +system based around a general-purpose personal +computer and a cheap \s{laser printer}. The total +cost for the whole system might typically be around +{\it\$10,000}. Most \dtp\ software aims to emulate +\s{typesetting}, and has borrowed much typsetting +terminology and jargon. The range and detail of features +is far greater in true typesetting, resulting in +published documents of far higher quality. Not all levels +of document require the use of an expensive +\s{typesetter} however, and it is here that \dtp\ comes +into its own. \s{Laser printed} output can be sufficient +in its own right for documents such as newsletters, +brochures, price lists, reports, manuals, theses and +papers, as well as some books, where the laser printed +pages may be suitable as \s{camera-ready} masters. When +a higher quality is required, many \dtp\ programs will +optionally convert the files for printing on a +typesetter, through a bureau service, or similar. + + +\g{Design size} +the default size for a particular \s{font} or +\s{typeface} --- the size at which the characters will +produce maximum readability. Some \s{typesetting} and +\dtp\ systems then \s{scale} the fonts to produce other +sizes, whereas others provide a discrete font definition +for each size required. + +\g{Digitiser} +a device which converts images such as graphics and +photographs into electronic information which can be +manipulated by a computer. See also \s{scanner}. + +\g{Discretionary hyphen} +see \s{soft hyphen}. + +\g{Display type} +larger \s{type} used for headings etc. Normally about 18 +\s{points} or larger. + +\g{Dot for dot} +in printing terminology, a special technique for the +reproduction of photographic material which has already +been \s{screened}. + +\g{Dot matrix} +a regular pattern of dots. This term is often used to +refer to \s{impact printers} that, instead of printing +formed characters, print an array of dots. It is +conventionally used to refer to `dot matrix printers'. +\s{Laser printers} and \s{photo-typesetters} also +produce characters by means of dots, but by a different +process that is not impact printing. + +\g{Downloadable fonts} +\s{laser printer fonts} stored on disc (usually the +\s{hard disc}, which can be sent to the printer and +stored in the printer's temporary \s{memory} (RAM). +\s{Font} definitions for use with a \dtp\ program are +either stored permanently in the printer as \s{resident} +or \s{ROM} fonts, or else they must be downloaded to the +printer at the beginning of the print \s{job}. This +downloading may be handled automatically by the \dtp\ +software. Most \dtp\ software will download just those +fonts needed by a particular document, and then delete +them from memory when the print job is complete. +Others will cache the fonts to minimise font downloading +for subsequent print \s{runs}. + +\g{Dots per inch (dpi)} +see \s{resolution}. + +\g{DPI} +dots per inch. See \s{resolution}. + +\g{Dropped cap (drop cap)} +a large initial letter at the beginning of a paragraph of +text, which extends below that line, overlapping one +or more lines below. + +\g{DTP} +see \s{Desktop Publishing}. + +\g{Edition} +all of the copies of an issue. + +\g{Electronic publishing (EP)} +the usual term for more up-market publishing systems, +with prices starting around {\it\$}25,000. + +\g{Embedded codes} +characters placed in the \s{body} of the \s{text} for +controlling the format of the printed output, as used by +\dtp\ software using the \s{markup} approach. An +embedded code can be used to force a change of +\s{font} into \s{italic}, for example, or to indicate +the title of a section. + +\g{Em} +a measure of \s{typeface} width. 1~em is usually +equivalent to the chosen \s{point} size, such that 1~em +equals 10 points if using a 10 point font, but alters +to 12 points wide if a 12 point \s{font} is +selected. The name originates from the upper +case M, which was originally (and frequently still is) as +wide as the point size. Sometimes called a \s{mutton}. + +\g{Em-dash} +a dash used in punctuation within a sentence --- 1~em +wide. + +\g{En} +half an \s{em}. Sometimes called a \s{nut}. + +\g{En-dash} +a dash used to indicate a range of numbers, as in Pages +3--7, and half the width of an \s{em-dash}. + +\g{End papers} +the page leaves at the front and end of a book, which are +pasted to the insides of the front and back covers +(boards). + +\g{Ex-height} +another spelling for \s{x-height}. + +\g{Expanded type} +a \s{typeface} where the characters are slightly wider +than usual in relation to their height, giving a flatter, +squat appearance. + +\g{Face} +an abbreviation for \s{typeface}, referring to a \s{font +family} in a given style, as in Helvetica or Times Roman. + +\g{Family} +a \s{font} family is another term for a \s{typeface}. + +\g{Film} +in \s{typesetting} terminology, a large photographic +record of the \s{camera-ready copy}, used to made a +\s{plate} for printing. + +\g{Finishing} +in traditional printing, the various processes which +turn the output of the printing \s{press} into +acceptable publications --- this includes trimming the +paper to the correct size. + +\g{Flatpan} +a single sheet of paper with miniature representations +of each page of a publication, including details of the +contents of each page. Especially used to define the +position of advertisements in commercial publications. + +\g{Floating accent} +a diacritical mark which is set separately from the main +character, and is then placed either under or over it, +as in \=m or \d x. Most \dtp\ packages only provide +complete accented characters, such as the more usual \'e +or \`a, such that the accent cannot be divorced from the +character being accented. + +\g{Flush left} +\s{copy} aligned along the left margin. + +\g{Flush right} +text or \s{copy} aligned along the right margin, giving +right \s{justified} text, which may or may not also be +\s{flush left}. + +\g{Folio} +most commonly used to refer to the page number. May +also include other basic information like the title and +date of the publication etc. In book publishing, a folio +is a page of typescript as sent to a \s{typesetter}. + +\g{Font (fount)} +a complete set of characters in a \s{typeface}, in a +particular variant, style and size, such as an italic or +boldface style at 12 \s{point} size. Thus we get the fonts +12 point Helvetica Bold, or 10 point Helvetica Italic, +both having `Helvetica-like' similarities. Helvetica is +the \s{typeface}, 12 point Helvetica is a \s{type size}, +whilst Helvetica Bold is a \s{type style}. + +\g{Footer line} +a line of text which is repeated at the bottom of every +page. Also called a \s{running foot}. See also \s{header +line}. + +\g{Formatting} +a general term for processing \s{text} to produce page +\s{layouts}, whether in a \s{word processor}, a \dtp\ +program, or for \s{typesetting}. + +\g{Full measure} +a line of text occupying the complete line length across +a page. + +\g{Full point} +a full stop, or period. + +\g{Galley (galley proof)} +in traditional typesetting, a column of +\s{typeset} material or \s{bromide}, not cut or positioned +on a page. %the +%printing term for long metal trays used to hold \s{type} +%after \s{setting} and before printing. Now also used to +%refer to the \s{bromide} output from +%\s{photo-typesetters} --- +To be proofread and checked +before being \s{pasted-up} into pages. + +\g{Gothic} +a typeface with no \s{serifs} and broad even strokes. + +\g{Greeking} +the process of representing the smaller \s{screen fonts} +merely by black shapes, whilst still retaining an +overall view of the page \s{layout}. Often used within +\dtp\ systems when pages are being displayed at a +reduced size, such as in a two page \s{spread}. + +\g{Grid} +a systematic division of a page into areas to enable +designers to \s{layout} pages into columns etc, showing +the position of text and illustrations. The \s{frames} +used by many \dtp\ packages follows this principle. + +\g{GSM} +grammes per square metre, used to express paper weight. + +\g{Gutters} +the width of the space between columns, or alternatively, +the central blank area between facing pages. + +\g{Hard disc} +almost essential for any serious \dtp\ work, +particularly if \s{memory}-hungry garphics or scanned +images are being included. + +\g{Hairline} +the thinnest rule that can be printed. + +\g{Hairlines} +the thinnest of the strokes in the characters of a +\s{typeface}. + +\g{Half-tone} +an illustration, such as from a photograph, reproduced +by breaking down the original continuous tone into a +pattern of dots of varying sizes. Light areas have small +dots, and darker areas or shadows have larger dots, or +denser agglomerations of small dots. This can +be done through use of a \s{scanner}, which creates a dot +structure, giving different shades of grey, or \s{grey +scales}. + +\g{Hanging indent} +\s{text} where the left edge of each line starts further +to the right, or indented from the left margin. + +\g{Hanging punctuation} +punctuation that is allowed to fall outside the margins +instead of staying within the \s{measure} of the text. + +\g{Head} +the margin at the top of a page, within which the +\s{header line} is positioned. + +\g{Header line} +a line of text which is repeated at the top of every +page, containing information such as the document title. +Also called a \s{running head}. The headline could +include the page number (\s{folio}), and some +\dtp\ packages will allow alternate header lines to +automatically be printed on odd and even page numbers (see +\s{recto} and \s{verso}). + +\g{Headline} +lines of large or \s{displayed type}, such as to draw +attention to the title of an article. + +\g{Helvetica} +a \s{sans serif typeface}. A variant of this is frequently +provided within \dtp\ packages under the name `Swiss'. + +\g{House style} +the basic rules covering the \s{layout} and style of +documents within an organisation, providing a consistent +image, or corporate style. Many \dtp\ packages provide +`style sheets' which may be applied to a series of +documents, such that the contents are always formatted +in a consistent way. The content of the documents (as +provided by the author) can be separated from their +appearance (as designed in the document style). + +\g{Hyphenation} +the splitting of a word into two parts, on two +consecutive lines of text, and the insertion of a short +dash or hyphen. This helps produce \s{justified} lines +of equal length, without stretching or squeezing the +inter-word (or inter-character) spacing too much. Some +\dtp\ packages will hyphenate automatically, using +either an inbuilt dictionary of acceptable hyphenation +points, or alternatively, a hyphenation algorithm. + +\g{IBM} +a latecomer to the \dtp\ market, but there are now a +multitude of packages supplied by third-party vendors, +running on the AT, XT and PC. + +\g{Icons} +Images used on \s{screen} to represent many of the +commands and functions available within a \dtp\ +packages. A particular icon is selected using a +\s{mouse}, within a \s{wimp} environment. + +\g{Impact printer} +a printer in which the printing head hits against the +paper to create the printed text, such as a dot matrix or +daisy wheel printer. + +\g{Imposition} +the arrangement of the pages on a printing machine. + +\g{Imprint} +the name and place of the publisher and printer required +by law if a publication is to be published. Sometimes +accompanied by codes indicating the quantity printed, +month\slash year of printing, and an international +control number (see \s{ISBN}). + +\g{Ink jet printer} +a printer which breaks up a stream of ink into +electrostatically charged droplets which can be deflected +either to print or not, in order to create an image on +the printing surface. Images are built up as a series of +dots. + +\g{Interface} +a link or boundary between two different types of +equipment or systems or channels of communication, such +as between a computer and a printer. + +\g{Interpress} +a \s{page description language} developed by Xerox. + +\g{ISBN} +International Standard Book Number. A reference number +given to every published work. Usually found on the back +of the title page. + +\g{Issue} +a single copy of a publication produced on a particular +date. + +\g{Italic} +a \s{type} or \s{font} with sloping, maybe cursive, +letters. + +\g{Job} +the printing of an \s{edition}. + +\g{Justification} +the alignment of lines of text along a margin or both +margins. Frequently applied to text where +both margins are straight. It is achieved by adjusting +the spacing between the words and characters as necessary +so that each line of text finishes at the same point +(except where a paragraph ends). Words may also be +\s{hyphenated} as necessary. + +\g{Kerning} +the adjustment of spacing between certain character +pairs, as between A and V to produce AV, rather than +A{}V. This produces a more even text spacing, making it +more pleasing and easier to read. Not all \dtp\ packages +can achieve this, and some only allow {\it manual} +kerning, rather than the character pairs having been +already set up to kern automatically. + +\g{Keyline} +a narrow line drawn on a \s{camera-ready} copy to show +the position of a photograph which needs adding. + +\g{Landscape} +work in which the width of the page is greater than its +height, as in tables which may need to be printed +`sideways on' to fit on the page. The opposite of +\s{portrait}. + +\g{Laserjet} +the model name for Hewlett Packard's strong selling +\s{laser printer}. The most commonly supported laser +printer within \dtp\ packages, along with \s{PostScript} +devices. + +\g{Laser printer} +a key component of a good \dtp\ system --- it +uses laser technology to give sophisticated output in +a variety of \s{font} sizes and styles along with +\g{graphic} elements and rules. They +provide a cheap alternative to \s{typesetters}, printing +at a lower \s{resolution} --- usually at 300 dpi, although +newer models can manage 400 or 600 dpi. The \dtp\ +software will convert a file for printing on a particular +make of laser printer through use of some conversion +software known as a \s{printer driver}. + +\g{LaserWriter} +Apple's \s{laser printer}, using the \s{PostScript page +description language}. + +\g{Layout} +the design of a page, including the positioning of all +\s{text}, \s{columns}, \s{graphics}, \s{artwork}, +\s{headlines}, \s{rules} etc. + +\g{Leading (lead)} +the vertical space between the \s{baselines} of +consecutive lines of text, usually larger than the +\s{point} size of the \s{typeface}, so that +the \s{descenders} of letters on one line do not +touch the \s{ascenders} of the next. +Such as a 10~point \s{font}, using 12~points of leading, +referred to as 10 on 12, or 10/12, giving 2 extra points +of space between consecutive lines. Named after the +strips of lead which used to be inserted between lines of +metal type to increase legibility. + +\g{Leader} +a line\hbox to 1truein{\dotfill}made up of dots to join +up separated text. + +\g{Letterspacing} +the addition of space between the letters of words to +help increase the line length to a required width, or to +improve the appearance of a line. Not all \dtp\ packages +support this feature. See also \s{tracking}. + +\g{Ligatures} +letters which are joined together as a single unit of +type, such as \oe\ or fi or ffl. + +\g{Lightface} +\s{type} having finer strokes than the medium \s{font} +in a \s{typeface}. + +\g{Literal} +a spelling mistake in \s{typeset copy}, often used to +refer to occasions when two characters in a word are +transposed. See \s{typo}. + +\g{Litho} +see \s{offset litho}. + +\g{Logo} +short for logotype. A word or combination of letters set +as a single unit. Also used to denote a specially +styled company name designed as part of a corporate +image. + +\g{Lower case} +the small letters of the alphabet, like a, b, c etc. + +\g{Macro} +a stored set of commands, control sequences or +definitions that may be substituted for a shorter macro +name when the name is inserted into the \dtp\ program. +Frequently occurring series of commands can therefore be +abbreviated to a single name, and the expansion handled +automatically when the text is formatted. This useful +feature is more common in the \dtp\ systems that have +adopted the \s{markup} approach, rather than \s{wysiwyg}. + +\g{Make-up} +in traditional printing, the act of manually composing a +page by a \s{compositor}. In \dtp, the act of using a +program to design pages, plus the assembly of blocks of +text, headings and illustrative material into pages with +headlines, folios, columns etc. + +\g{Margins} +the non-printing areas around the edges of the page. +The top and bottom margins may however contain a +\s{headline} or \s{footline}. + +\g{Markup} +in traditional \s{typesetting}, the bare \s{manuscript} or +printed text annotated with handwritten instructions +setting out in detail all the typesetting +instructions. Markup also refers to the approach +adopted by some \dtp\ or typesetting systems, where +\s{typographical} commands are \s{embedded} within the +text to control the \s{formatting}. These instructions +would be carried out at a later stage, when the marked up +text is processed through the relevant text formatting +software. Generally this approach offers greater control +over document structuring, page \s{layouts} and +typographical details than is possible with \s{wysiwyg} +style \dtp\ software. \dtp\ packages that have adopted +the mark up route include PC$\,$\TeX, \TeX tures and Just +Text. + +\g{Masking} +indicating unwanted areas of photographs, which will be +cut or \s{cropped}. + +\g{Master} +the original of a page, which will be used to generate +multiple copies, as in \s{camera-ready} master. + +\g{Masthead} +the main title of a publication set on the front. + +\g{Measure} +denotes the line width to be used when \s{setting} text, +often expressed in \s{picas}. + +\g{Memory} +the part of a computer's memory (\s{RAM}) +that stores information temporarily while you are +working on it from within the \dtp\ program. +The number of text pages that can be produced +by a \dtp\ program may depend on the +available memory. Others are only limited by +available \s{disc} space. \s{Graphics} and \s{scanned} +images in particular require large amounts of memory, +both within the computer and in the printer, as well as +large amounts of disc space. + +\g{Menu} +a list of options displayed on \s{screen}, +frequently accessed via a \s{mouse}, as in the \s{wimp} +environment, with \s{pull-down menus}. The user selects an +action to be performed either by typing a letter or +positioning the cursor, or highlighting the option +with the \s{mouse}. + +\g{Metrics} +the dimensions of \s{fonts}, such as the height and +depth of characters, and possibly other +numerical information about the font, such as +\s{kerning} and \s{ligatures}. + +\g{Microns} +an expression of the thickness of board. + +\g{Modern} +refers to \s{typestyles} introduced towards the end of +the 19th century. Times Roman is a good example. + +\g{Monitor} +a computer \s{screen} or visual display unit (VDU). + +\g{Monospaced} +a \s{font} in which all characters occupy the same amount +of horizontal width, {\tt such as this type here}. Such fonts are often referrred to by +their \s{pitch}, as in 10~pitch, meaning 10 characters to +the inch horizontally. An example is Courier, which is a +10 pitch font. See also \s{proportional}. + +\g{Mouse} +a moveable device used to control the positioning +of a cursor on a computer +\s{monitor} or \s{screen}, such as to access +\s{pull-down menus}, or to highlight chunks of \s{text} +for manipulation. Part of the \s{wimp} environment used by +many \dtp\ packages and essential for most \dtp\ work. + +\s{Mutton} +another name for an \s{em}. + +\g{Negative} +a term borrowed straight from photography.The film used to +photograph \s{artwork} or \s{camera-ready copy} before +making a printing \s{plate}. + +\g{Nut} +another name for an \s{en}. + +\g{Octavo} +one of the standard sizes of books. + +\g{Offset litho} +the most popular print process. A litho plate is produced +by making a negative \s{film} image of the page of +\s{artwork}. The image is then etched into the +\s{plate} and ink applied. The paper is then inked by +a second, offset, roller. + +\g{Orphan} +a line of type at the end of a paragraph, left +stranded on a line of its own at the top of a column or +page. Some \dtp\ programs will avoid these automatically. + +\g{Outline} +a \s{typeface} in which the characters are formed with +only the outline defined, rather than from solid strokes. + +\g{Overlay} +the piece of tracing paper placed over photographs for +cropping and sizing. + +\g{Overmatter} +the material left over after a page or publication is +filled. Some \dtp\ programs can avoid overmatter, either +by adjusting the existing page \s{layouts}, or by +automatically creating additional pages. + +\g{Page description language (pdl)} +a sophisticated form of \s{printer driver}. Essentially, +a software program to convert files for printing on a +particular type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}. +The most well known pdl is \s{PostScript} which is +understood by a range of laser printers as well as some +typesetters. Others are \s{DDL} and \s{Interpress}. + +\g{Page printer} +a kind of printer similar to a photocopier where entire +pages are printed at once, not line by line. The most +common are \s{laser printers}, although LED and ion +deposition techniques are also used. The opposite to an +\s{impact printer} such as a \s{dot matrix} or +daisywheel. + +\g{Page proofs} +the stage following galley proofs in the typesetting +process, in which pages are made up (see \s{make up}), +and \s{paginated}. + +\g{Pagination} +the numbering of pages in a book, frequently done as a +separate later stage in more traditional typesetting. +\dtp\ systems tend to incorporate pagination in with the +page \s{make up}. + +\g{Paste up} +in traditional publishing, the various elements of a +\s{layout} mounted in position to form \s{camera-ready +artwork}. The \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems have incorporated +this stage as the on-\s{screen} page \s{make up}, +prior to printing out onto a \s{laser printer}. + +\g{PDL} +see \s{page description language}. + +\g{Perfect binding} +a common method of binding paperback books and some +large magazines. After the printed sections have been +\s{collated}, the spines will be ground off and the cover +glued on. + +\g{Period} +see \s{full point}. + +\g{Photo-digitiser} +see \s{digitiser}. + +\g{Photo-typesetter (photo-setter)} +see \s{typesetter}. + +\g{Pic} +a photograph. + +\g{Pica} +a printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 +\s{points} to a pica, and 6 picas to an inch. + +\g{Pi fonts} +characters not usually included in a \s{font}, but which +are added specially, such as mathematical symbols. + +\g{Plate} +a perfect impression of \s{camera-ready copy} from which +actual copies of a publication are printed on a printing +\s{press}. + +\g{Point} +the standard unit of \s{typesize}.There are exactly +72.27~points to an inch, although many systems assume +72~points to the inch. A \s{typeface} is typically +defined by its pointsize, such as 10 point Times Roman, +or 12 point Helvetica. A \s{typeface} or \s{font} is +measured from the top of the highest \s{ascender} to the +bottom of the lowest \s{descender}. + +\g{Portrait} +an upright image or page, where the height is greater +than the width. The opposite of \s{landscape}. + +\g{Positive} +an alternative method to \s{negative} film. + +\g{PostScript} +a \s{page description language} +developed by Adobe Systems, Inc. for describing graphics +output. The PostScript language is independent of the +\s{resolution} of the output deviceand is understood by a +range of PostScript compatible \s{laser printers} as well +as some \s{typesetters} like the Linotron 300. + Most \dtp\ software includes a \s{driver +program} to convert the on-\s{screen} page \s{layout} for +printing on any PostScript device. Many \s{fonts} are +available in PostScript format, and +PostScript permits clever effects, such as rotating and +skewing of graphic images. + +\g{Print engine} +the essential part of a \s{page printer} which performs +the physical task of printing a page. The number of +different print engines is very much lower than the +number of brand names of printers. It is distinct from +a \s{raster} image processor (\s{RIP}), which creates an +image then controls the printing process. + +\g{Printer driver} +software within the \dtp\ program that converts the page +\s{layout} codes into those understood by a particular +type of \s{laser printer} or \s{typesetter}. It +is important to ensure that the \dtp\ software +includes a driver program to work with your +chosen printer. The most +commonly supported \s{printers} include Hewlett Packard's +Laserjet series of printers, and all \s{PostScript} +devices. + +\g{Proof} +a photocopy of a \s{typeset} page \s{layout} for +correction and approval. In \dtp, a publication could be +draft proofed onto a \s{laser printer} prior to being +sent to a \s{typesetter}. Laser printer output could +instead be used directly as \s{camera-ready copy}, +provided the \s{resolution} meets printing requirements. + +\g{Proof correction marks} +a standard set of signs and symbols manually inserted +in the preparation of text for typesetting, and to +indicate corrections on \s{proofs}. Marks are placed both +in the text and in the margin. + +\g{Proportional spacing} +a method of spacing whereby each character is spaced to +accommodate the varying widths of letters or figures, so +increasing readability. A letter m for example, would +occupy more space than a narrower i or j. Most +\dtp\ packages assume the use of proportionally spaced +\s{fonts}, although a \s{monospaced} {\tt typewriter +style} font is usually also available. + +\g{Pull-down menus} +see \s{menus}. + +\g{Quadding (quads)} +the addition of space to fill out a line of text, using +\s{em} or \s{en} sized blocks. + +\g{Quarto} +a standard book size. + +\g{Quotes} +``quotation marks'', or a small piece of \s{text} taken +out of the \s{body copy} and set in \s{display type} to +add emphasis or break up a page. + +\g{Ragged (ragged edge)} +non-\s{aligned} text where lines end at different places +in the right-hand margin (ragged right), or left-hand +margin (ragged left). See also \s{ranged left/right}. + +\g{RAM} +Random Access Memory. See \s{memory}. + +\g{RAM cache} +some \dtp\ programs permit you to use part of the +computer's \s{RAM} as if it were a temporary disc --- it +can be used to store documents, but its contents will be +lost when the computer is powered off. + +\g{Ranged left/right} +Another term for \s{ragged}, or non-\s{justified} text, +where successive lines of type are +aligned at either the right or left hand side of the page. + +\g{Raster} +a regular array of dots or lines. Raster image +\s{fonts}, for example, are not formed characters, but +are drawn as a pattern of dots, as in most \s{laser +printers} and \s{typesetters}. Most have a raster image +processor (RIP), which +interprets software instructions in order to construct +an image for printing. + +\g{Recto} +the right hand page of a two page \s{spread}. See also +\s{verso}. + +\g{Reference marks} +symbols used in text to direct the reader to a footnote, +or similar reference. Examples include the asterisk (*), +dagger (\dag), double dagger (\ddag), section mark (\S) +and paragraph mark (\P). + +\g{Register} +the correct positioning of an image especially when +printing one colour on another, using illustrations +generated from \s{colour separated artwork}. `Out of +register' printing has multi-colour shadows around the +edges, and no true colour in the middle of the picture. + +\g{Resolution} +the definition of display capability often described in +terms of pixels on the \s{screen} or \s{dots per inch} +(dpi) on the printed page. \s{Laser printers} generally +have a resolution of 300 dpi, whereas \s{typesetters} +have a minimum of 1000 dpi, resulting in higher quality +output. See also \s{screen fonts} and \s{camera-ready}. + +\g{Reversal (reverse out)} +an image with white lettering or +illustrations on a black background. Sometimes known as a +`WOB' (white on black). + +\g{RIP} +see \s{raster}. + +\g{River} +a line of white space running downwards within a +\s{column} or page of \s{text}. Caused by poor +\s{justification}, a lack of \s{hyphenation}, or the use +of too large a \s{type size} for the column width. + +\g{Roman} +the basic style of \s{type} --- a \s{font} which has +vertical stems as distinct from \s{italics} or oblique +which are set at angles. + +\g{Run} +the number of copies a printer is required to produce. + +\g{Run around} +\s{text} which flows around the shape of a \s{graphic} +or picture. Most \s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ packages include this +feature. + +\g{Run on} +extra copies required from a printer after the \s{run} +is complete. + +\g{Running foot} +another name for a \s{footer line}. + +\g{Running on} +starting a paragraph immediately after the previous one +with no break. + +\g{Running head} +another term for a \s{header line}. + +\g{Saddle stitching} +a method of binding where the folded pages are stitched +through the spine from the outside, using wire staples. +Usually limited to 64 pages size. + +\g{Same size (s/s)} +where \s{graphics} do not require \s{scaling}. + +\g{Sans serif} +a \s{typeface} that has only straight edges, with no +\s{serifs}, such as Helvetica. + +\g{Scaling} +resizing a \s{graphic} image --- reducing or enlarging it +to fit a space in the page layout without losing any of +the image, i.e.~ no \s{cropping}. Also refers to the +process of obtaining additional \s{font} sizes, based on +an original \s{design size} for the font. + +\g{Scanner} +a machine similar to a \s{digitiser} which can turn +images on paper into electronic information for use in +\dtp\ programs. It is the normal means of introducing +\s{artwork}, photos or \s{logos} into a document. The main +varieties are flatbed or roller fed scanners, and quality +depends on the number of grey scales they can use. +Scanners require a lot of \s{memory} in the computer and +printer, as well as \s{hard disc} space --- an \s{A4} +size image at 300 dpi \s{resolution} can take 1MB. + +%\g{Schoolbook} +%see \s{Century Schoolbook}. +% +\g{Screen} +in traditional printing, a device which breaks up +\s{continuous tones} into a series of black and white +dots (see \s{screening}). In \dtp, the monitor +or VDU used for the input and design of page \s{layouts}, +and page \s{make up}, and display of a representation +of the finished pages using \s{screen fonts}. The +\s{wysiwyg} \dtp\ systems tend to use a \s{wimp} +environment, whereas \s{markup} systems usually include a +screen \s{preview} of the layouts. + +\g{Screen font} +a \s{font} intended for display on a computer +\s{screen}. These fonts tend to be at a lower +\s{resolution} than the printed version, due to +limitations in the display hardware. + +\g{Screening} +a process of turning \s{continuous tones} in an image +such as a photograph, into \s{half-tones}. A \s{scanner} +provides one means of screening photographs and line art +for inclusion in the page \s{layout}. + +\g{Serif} +a small curved cross stroke at the +end of the main stroke of the letter. \s{Typefaces} +which are serifed include Times Roman and Garamond. + +\g{Set} +to \s{typeset} a document. Also used within \dtp\ to +refer to the formatting of pages, irrespective of +whether they are to be typeset on a \s{typesetter}, or +just \s{laser printed}. + +\g{Set solid} +text set without \s{leading} (line +spacing) between the lines, such as a 10 point \s{font} +on 10 point leading (10 on 10). + +\g{Sheet fed} +a type of printer used for small print \s{runs} where +single sheets of paper are fed through one at a time. + +\g{Side heading} +a subheading set flush into the text at the left edge. + +\g{Signature} +groups of pages which are then joined together in +\s{binding}. + +\g{Size up} +to increase text by an increment of 1~point. + +\g{Sizing} +working out the reduction or enlargement of a graphic or +photograph for inclusion on a page. See also \s{scaling}. + +\g{Small Caps} +see \s{Caps and small caps}. + +\g{Soft hyphen} +also called a discretionary hyphen. A specially coded +hyphen which is only displayed when formatting requires +the word to be split at the end of a line. + +\g{Solid} +rules, lines or bars. Also used to describe text which +has no \s{leading} (see \s{set solid}). + +\g{Solid setting} +see \s{Set solid}. + +\g{Spread} +two facing pages (\s{recto} and \s{verso}) which can be +viewed together on \s{screen} in a \dtp\ system. To +acieve this on a normal size screen, the smaller sizes +of \s{fonts} may be \s{greeked}. It is important to get +the design of spreads correct since they will be viewed +simultaneously by readers. + +\g{Spot colour} +the ability to place a tint or colour on a page, such as +for a box or a heading. Much cheaper than using full +colour. + +\g{Squared up} +tones which are to be reproduced in square or rectangular +shapes. + +\g{Stem} +the main vertical stroke making up a \s{type} character. + +\g{Stories} +individual articles for inclusion in a publication. + +\g{Strap} +a sub-heading used above the main headline in a +newspaper article. + +\g{Sub-editing} +checking \s{copy} for \s{house style}, grammar, +spelling, accuracy and so on. + +\g{Subscript (or inferior)} +the small characters set below the normal letters or +numbers, as in H$_2$0. + +\g{Superscript (also superior)} +the small characters set above the normal letters or +numbers, such as $E=mc^2$. + +\g{Tabloid} +a standard newspaper size. In \dtp\ terminology this is +taken to be A3 size, although most \s{laser printers} +can only print onto \s{A4} paper. + +\g{\TeX} +a document formatting system adopting the \s{markup} +approach, which runs on a wide variety of computer +systems. Many versions also support \s{screen preview}. +It is a \s{typesetting} system, printing +out onto a range of \s{laser printers} and +\s{typesetters}, as is especially suited to the +production of high quality mathematical, scientific and +technical texts. + +\g{Text} +also called \s{copy}. Words or characters without +reference to the \s{font} and \s{typeface} in which they +will eventually appear when \s{typeset}, or \s{laser +printed}. The \dtp\ software will determine the font and +typeface to use. Also used to refer to the +written or printed material which forms the main \s{body} +of a publication. + +\g{Text type} +\s{typefaces} used for the main text of written +material. Generally no larger than 14 \s{point} in size. + +\g{Thin space} +the thinnest space normally used to separate words. + +\g{Thumbnails} +like a \s{flatpan} but can include a basic design for +each page. + +\g{Times Roman} +a \s{serifed typeface}, very widely used in +\s{typesetting} and \dtp\ work. Variants of this +typeface may be referred to as `Dutch'. + +\g{Tints} +creating various degrees of shading from one colour by +altering the size or density of dots in the +background. + +\g{Type} +printed or \s{typeset} characters. + +\g{Typeface} +in traditional hot metal \s{typesetting}, the raised +surface carrying the image of a \s{type} character +cast in metal. Also used to refer to a complete set of +\s{font} styles. Examples of typefaces +include Helvetica, Garamond, or Times Roman. Within each +typeface are a range of font styles, such as +Helvetica Bold, Helvetica Italic etc. A set of +visually related typefaces with differing +styles is also called a family of typefaces, or +\s{font family}. Some \dtp\ packages confuse typefaces +with fonts. + +\g{Typesetting} +the process whereby \s{text} or \s{copy} is turned +into high quality output comprised of one or more +\s{typefaces} using a \s{typesetter} machine which +photographs onto \s{bromide}. \s{Graphics} may be +included at this stage, or alternately the \s{artwork +pasted in} afterwards. Some \dtp\ packages will allow you +to convert files for printing on a typesetter as opposed +to a \s{laser printer}, particularly those using the +\s{postScript} language. + +\g{Typesetter} +a printing machine that \s{sets type} by a photographic +process, or on to photographic film (\s{bromide}). It +allows for a high \s{resolution} of at least 1000 dots per +inch, producing very high quality \s{typeset} output. + +\g{Typo} +an abbreviation for a typographical error --- an error +in the \s{typeset copy}. Sometimes also called a +\s{literal}. + +\g{Upper case} +the capital letters in the alphabet, like A, B, C etc. + +\g{Verso} +the left hand page of a two page \s{spread}. The opposit +page is \s{recto}. + +\g{Visual} +a rough idea, or sketch of what the finished work will look +like. + +\g{Web fed} +a type of printing \s{press} which accepts paper from a +large roll. + +\g{Weight} +the degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or +\s{font}. + +\g{Widow} +the first line of a new paragraph, left stranded at the +bottom of a page. + +\g{WIMP} +\s{windows}, \s{icons}, \s{mouse} and \s{pull-down +menus}. An `easy to use' working environment +incorporated into most \dtp\ systems, particularly the +\s{wysiwyg} variety. Text and graphics are highlighted +and manipulated on \s{screen} by using the mouse pointer, +and commands to control \s{formatting} are chosen from +selected iconographic images and/or pull-down menus. +Separate displays may be overlaid on the same screen by +use of windowing. + +\g{Windowing} +the facility to have more than one progarm or display +visible on \s{screen} at the same time. Many +\dtp\ packages incorporate some form of +windowing, such as Digital Research's GEM or Microsoft +Windows on the IBM-PC. The Macintosh incorporates +windowing as standard. + +\g{WOB} +see \s{reversal}. + +\g{Word processor} +software used to generate \s{text} prior to reading the +word processor file into the \dtp\ package. Most \dtp\ +software only has very limited text \s{editing} +facilities, so that the bulk of text creation should +first be done in a word processor or editor program. Many +\dtp\ packages will accept files in a variety of word +processor formats, although generally only the +word processor's \s{font} change commands will be +retained. Any page \s{layouts} must then be reinstated +using commands from within the \dtp\ software. Some +\dtp\ packages will however allow \dtp\ commands to be +embedded within the text in the word processor, to be +automatically converted when the file is read into the +\dtp\ program. + +\g{WYSIWYG} +What You See (on the \s{screen}) Is (more or less) What +You Get (on the paper). + +\g{X-height} +the height of a letter excluding the \s{ascenders} and +\s{descenders}, such as the height of an x. + +\bye diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/joan.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/joan.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f34c720d5f --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/joan.tex @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +\centerline{\bf SGML Users' Group Meeting} +\medskip +\noindent +A meeting of the {\sc sgml} Users' Group took +place at the British Standards Institution in London time +on January 11th, 1988. It was informative with software demonstrations +taking place at the back of the room in the break periods. + +{\sc sobemap} products were presented by Joan Smith and +Jean-Pierre Gaspart, introducing new releases of the +full features parser, as well as new products +destined to enter the marketplace. Among these were +an interactive editor intended as an authoring tool, +a formatter, and a graphical editor. This last product would enable document +type definitions ({\sc dtd}s) to be represented graphically, +and also {\sc sgml} databases. In this way hypertext +applications would become possible. If you have an {\sc ibm} +or compatible pc, and are at a university (or other educational +institution), {\sc sobemap} will make the parser +available free of charge for teaching or basic research. +More details of this offer are given in the next article. + + +Martin Bryan of Quorum followed with +a very practical look at {\sc sgml} from typesetting markup +through to {\sc sgml} itself, listing +the advantages of going to {\sc sgml}. His advice was to +take a simple +starting point, using no more than twenty tags to markup a manual, treating +tables, figures, and other exotic elements as externals. +The main advantage of {\sc sgml} was its rigour, checking the document +against its previously formulated description. + +Elsevier is already taking the {\sc sgml} route. Jan Bleeker +described a study carried out prior to their +adoption of the standard. A start has been made with bibliographic data and +abstracts, and there are plans for electronic document delivery and +making the publication process electronic, in addition to the +availability of information through a database host for the provision of secondary +services. + +A parser under consideration by Elsevier was that developed at the +Free University of Amsterdam. The author of this, Jos Warmer, spoke +of its capabilities --- it is for basic {\sc sgml} and has been tailored +to the Elsevier {\sc dtd}. Next on his wish list is an interactive +editor, within a two-year timescale. + +Mike Cowlishaw of {\sc ibm} rounded off the day with a very professional +presentation of {\sc lexx}, the structured editor developed whilst +he was seconded to the New Oxford English Dictionary project. The +examples were illustrated in glorious technicolour as +he gave a slide show on the capabilities of the editor. The snag is +that you need a blue mainframe for this product. + +The next meeting of the Group is April 11th, again +at the {\sc bsi} in London. All are welcome. + +\rightline{\sl Joan Smith} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/kleper.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/kleper.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af131df82f --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/kleper.tex @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +\centerline{\bf Book Review} +\medskip\noindent +{\it The Illustrated Handbook of +Desktop Publishing and Typesetting, +Michael L Kleper, 770pp, +John Wiley, \quid24.25, {\sc isbn}:0 83060 700 5.} +\smallskip\noindent +Weighing in at 2.1 kilos, and with a page size +of $11 \times 8.5\,$inches, this is a substantial +book. +My first reaction was one of +disappointment, since the text gives the appearance of +having been assembled from +lots of other bits and pieces. Naturally, it does +contain a wealth of useful information even if +that information is not always easy to find (this will +come as no hardship to \TeX ies, inured to the +obscuratism of the \TeX book). + +To a large extent the book helps to reinforce my +suspicion that many aspects of typography are +intuitive, or at least, that there is little +urge within the typographic world to place +their art on a more accessible level. +Some of the `rules' of typography are in there, +and where explanations are known, Kleper gives them. +This leaves a lot which is merely prescribed +(not Kleper's fault by any means). At least he does +describe the processes which go on (or went on) in +traditional printing (that is, publishing before +the introduction of the desktop: what on earth did they +do without desk tops?). + +But in the end I'm left with a hollow feeling +that there isn't much theory in there. Kleper is +at his best, and most voluminous, when he describes +some of the multitude of systems around. This +probably contributes to about 75\% of the book. +Fortunately, it isn't just a re-hash of {\it PageMaker\/} +but includes some genuine typesetting systems, +and from time to time includes information about +the `anecdotal' history behind the hardware +and software. As a trivia lover I find +this most illuminating, but I do wish that some of +the descriptions didn't sound like reworkings +of manuals. On the other hand, I was fascinated to learn +that the first successful machine that Ottmar Merganthaler +(known in his home village as ``cleverhead'') +installed in the offices of +the {\it New York Tribune} in +July 1886 had the entire process of +character assembly, justification, casting, and distribution +under the control of a single operator. Plus \c ca change. + +At a historical level, +the book is quite useful, but Kleper's approach +to history is really at the anectodal or +straight factual level. He draws +no inferences, nor does he place technological innovation +within the social framework of the time. This is +quite understandable, but often infuriating. + +Kleper makes some creditable attempts to answer the +questions `Why typeset at all?' and `When should I typeset in-% +house?' Too often it seems that dtp\slash typesetting +is taken for granted as a good thing --- the latest +gadget, without which no street-credible +thrusting innovative hitch-hiker's guide writer can survive. + +One of the criteria for any book in this general subject +area is how it handles \TeX. \TeX\ in fact gets +two pages, and what Kleper chooses to emphasise +is its `output device independence'. Actually, this +is one of the redeeming aspects of the book. +Dtp is not taken to imply merely +Pagemaker\slash +Ventura\slash Xpress\slash RSG!4. And output +devices are not merely laser printers. +{\it Wysiwyg} is merely one +approach among many. This book does help to broaden +horizons. + + The early chapters bring together a good +amount of material which seems often to be taken +for granted. Many of the illustrations are useful too. +At last I know how ugly a Linotype hot-metal +machine was. +Some of the systems described are available only +in the US, and the `Helpful Sources of Information' +Appendix, as you would probably expect, is +very US-oriented. But even if I was to remove +all the superflous material, and end up + with a smaller, more compact +book (which would be handy), it would still +represent terrific value for money. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/last.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/last.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fdc8865b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/last.tex @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +\input texline +\pageno=19 +\input atari-st\bigskip +%\input about-face\bigskip +%\input contributers diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/laurie.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/laurie.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5bfc08682 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/laurie.tex @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +\def\sect#1{\smallskip{\bf\leftline{#1}}\par\noindent\ignorespaces} +\centerline{\bf Preview in the Public Domain} +\medskip\noindent +This note describes a previewing system for \TeX\ on an {\sc ibm-pc} with a Hercules +compatible graphics screen. +The system is implemented as a pair of programs --- the first program creating +the bitmap file for the screen and the second displaying it. + +\sect{Background} +The incentive for writing this tool was to allow me to preview the +\TeX\ |.dvi| files from the {\sc c-tex} program +written by Pat Monardo. +Having established that {\sc c-tex} worked in a {\sc pc-dos} environment, there was no +way of examining the output on the screen without paying out hard cash for a +commercial previewer. + +The main priority in deciding how to implement a previewing system was that +while the time taken to generate the |.dvi| and other intermediate files was to +a certain extent immaterial, the speed of viewing of the output should be +dictated by the user, rather than be restrained by the computational +processing ability of the {\sc pc}. +My initial experiments with {\sc c-tex} showed that processing +\TeX\ files was a fairly leisurely process on an {\sc xt}-class machine. The +cpu-bound nature of the task was all the more apparent with the +Beebe (University of Utah) +|dvi| driver code generating a bit map output. +Thus generating the screen in real-time could be intolerably slow. The notion +of a post-previewer was formed. + +The Beebe Apple Imagewriter driver is used as a base for the screen driver, as +both the screen and that particular printer require a bit-mapped file. +The modifications required to convert to a new output format were minor. +The new derivitive of the device driver is called {\sc dviherc}. + +The prototype of the screen viewing program was a very crude minimal +implementation. It just displayed a screen's worth at a time. A resolution of +92 dpi was originally tried which would allow an A4 page to be represented as +$n$ screens deep by one screen wide. Unfortunately however, the +{\sc cmr\oldstyle10} font +generated at that resolution was too squiggly --- any resemblance +between this and the 300 dpi version was entirely accidental. +As the Hercules card is capable of holding two screens in its display buffer, +it seemed logical to double the resolution by displaying a page as {\it n} +screens deep by two screens wide. With the two screens in the card's buffer, the +display could be flipped between the left and right halves of the page +virtually instantaneously. The modifications to both {\sc dviherc} and +{\sc hview} ({\sc texview}'s prototype) to allow this were +trivial. The image quality at 174 dpi (the nearest legal setting to 180) was +vastly superior to the previous test. + + +\sect{The system} +The previewer system is a tool developed for my own use of \TeX\ developed +mostly in my spare time. The only screen adapter supported is the Hercules +monochrome graphics type. To make the system portable I have removed the +dependency of the pilot program for the Hercules {\sc graphx} toolkit utility. +{\sc texview} is not restricted to displaying files produced by +{\sc dviherc}; any picture graphics files can be displayed so long as they conform +to the file format used. + +\sect{Description of {\sc texview}} +Upon loading, the program allocates all the available memory of the {\sc pc} for +cache buffers. The aim of this is twofold. +Firstly, the file reader task within the program attempts to be two pages +ahead of the screen. +Pressing any key to activate a command will interrupt the file reader almost +immediately. +If part of the file is already in the memory then the +time writing a new screen is minimised. On a typical {\sc pc-xt} clone the screen +update time takes about one second. +Secondly, a limited amount of reverse scrolling is possible if the cache data +has not been overwritten. On a {\sc pc} with 640\,Kbytes of memory the screen can be +rolled back by about four pages. + +In addition to the file `cache' the program uses two tables. One is used to +hold the cache locations of the page boundaries seen, and the other to hold the +locations of the screen boundaries within the current page. + +A user normally views the file by moving down a screenful at a time. Whilst he +is doing this the page and screen location descriptor tables are being built +up. For explanation purposes, the furthest point down the file reached by +moving a screenful at a time is known as the endpoint. +These tables enable a user to move backwards by either a screenful at a time +until the top of the current page is reached, or directly to the start of the +current page, or to the start of the previous page (assuming that it still +exists within the cache). +Once the user has moved back, he can move forward either by pages until the +endpoint has been reached, or normally by the screenful. +Thus a limited amount of movement from the current page is possible. + +The horizontal and vertical overlaps between screens are initially zero +pixels. These can be set to any reasonable values to aid in legibility when +viewing a file. If the horizontal overlap is changed, it is rounded to a +multiple of eight pixels in order to eliminate bit shifting. + +\sect{Using the system on a {\sc pc-xt}} +The usual cycle of commands in revising a document (analogous to the compile, +load and fail process when programming) is: + +\line{\quad{\sc virtex \it file} \hfil create a {\tt .dvi} file} +\line{\quad{\sc dviherc \it file \tt -m868}\hfil create a screen pixel file} +\line{\quad{\sc texview \it file}\hfil view it} + +\sect{{\sc texview's} limitations} +This implementation is certainly not frugal in its use of disc storage. +The set of {\tt .gf} files for magnifications up to magstep 2.0 occupy around +3\,Mbyte of disc space. The pixel files produced by {\sc dviherc} average around 100\,Kbyte +per full page of text. +{\sc texview} has some design limitations which I do not consider important +(because they don't affect me). These are detailed below. + +The screen descriptor tables are of a finite length. Thus should the vertical +overlap value be set to too high a value then reverse scrolling within a page +will be inaccurate. +A similar effect can be noticed with the page descriptor table. The length of +this is such, that in normal circumstances the limiting factor for +the number of pages that can be backscrolled is determined by the size of the +cache area. However, if the pages are very short then the descriptor table +would fill before the cache. + +The screen is reset to the left side after any screen movement. This could be +annoying for a user working in two-column mode. The obvious remedy is to +incorporate an additional command to enable or disable this effect. + +If the vertical overlap parameter is changed, then scrolling back by +screenfuls uses the value in force when the forward movements were executed +rather than the new value. + +A user cannot skip ahead either a page at a time (once the endpoint has been +reached) or to a specified page. Considering the profligate amount of disc +space used by the pixel files, the lack of such facilities is probably not of +consequence. + +\sect{Obtaining a copy} +Peter Abbott will be putting the set of files (sources, executables, |gf|s, and +threadbare installation and operating documentation) into the Aston +University \TeX-archive. +An announcement will be made in the {\sc uktex} electronic bulletin when the files are +available. +For people not connected to {\sc janet} I would be willing to write the files to a +set of supplied preformatted 1.2\,Mbyte or 360\,Kbyte diskettes. + +\sect{Support} +Any bug reports would be welcome, as would suggestions for improving the +viewing facilities. However, implementation of enhancements could be fairly +slow in execution as work on this project is mostly undertaken in my spare +time. + + +\rightline{\sl Laurie Benfield} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/markit.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/markit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73916713c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/markit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +\centerline{\bf SGML software} +\medskip +\noindent +{\sc sgml} has recently moved into a more +accessible form with the introduction of +software suitable for micros. In +particular, {\sc sobemap} offers {\sc mark-it} +``a full features {\sc sgml} parser''. +It is written in {\sc C}, and will therefore run +on most computer systems, including the +ubiquitous {\sc unix} and {\sc ms-dos}. +{\sc mark-it} combines four processes --- +character translation, string replacement, validation +and the generation of processing instructions. + +{\sc sobemap} is offering a free software licence +for {\sc mark-it} +to universities and other higher education +establishments. Contact: +{\obeylines +Joan Smith, {\sc sobemap} +17 Tansa Road +London NW3 2UA +tel: 435 9300 +} + diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/meetings.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/meetings.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22cc861a75 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/meetings.tex @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +\centerline{\bf Forthcoming Meetings} +\medskip\noindent +{\bf RIAO 88}: User-Oriented Context-Based Text +and Image Handling, MIT, Cambridge MA, March 21--24 +1988. + +The sharp end of electronic publishing, with +very little about non-electronic documents. +It is very much an international conference, +although dominated by US and French researchers. +The conference cost is about \$300 or 1750FF (which +turn out to be about the same in sterling, despite the +demise of the dollar). Accommodation extra. +Contact: +{\obeylines +RIAO 88-CID +36 bis, rue Ballu +75009 Paris +France} + +\bigskip\noindent +{\bf EP88}: International Conference on +Electronic Publishing, Document Manipulation +and Typography, Nice (France), April 20--22, 1988. + +It's too late now to submit a paper to this conference +(apparently over 100 were submitted --- not in +abstract, but in full, final form --- and only +18 selected). There are 22 papers in the conference, +4 of which were invited (starring Richard Southall, +Brian Reid, Richard Morris, Peter Brown and I.~Mandel). +Being French, there is a proper 2-hour lunch break. +The cost is dependent on two things: whether you +are from a University or not, and whether you +pay the registration fees before or after March 15th. +The cheapest is 1,200\,FF (early, University), and +the most expensive 3,000\,FF (late, non-University). +This does not cover accommodation. +The programme suggests that there will be 400 +participants. +Contact: +{\obeylines +INRIA, Service des Relations Exterieures +``Bureau des Colloques'' +Domaine de Voluceau +Rocquencourt, BP 105 +F-78153 Le Chesnay Cedex +France +} + +\bigskip\noindent +{\bf Markup'88}: The Sixth International Conference +and Showcase on Standard Generalized Markup +Language {\sc sgml} and related topics, +Ottowa, Canada, May 24--26, 1988. + +Lots of initials in the titles of the talks, +some of which I can decode. The most notable +growth area is in {\sc sgml} software. +Cost, \$US440--560, depending on what group +you are a member of. This does not include hotel +accomodation. +Contact: +{\obeylines +Graphic Communications Association +1730 North Lynn Street/Suite 604 +Arlington +Virginia 22209-2085 +USA} +\vfill\eject diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/mitem.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/mitem.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8808e42c09 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/mitem.tex @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +\nopagenumbers +\newbox\leftside +\newbox\rightside +\long\def\entry#1{\let\p=\par\def\par{\strut\p\strut}#1} +\long\def\mitem#1#2{\parindent=0pt% +\global\setbox\leftside\vtop{\hsize70pt% +\everypar{\strut}\overfullrule0pt\noindent +\strut#1\strut} +\global\setbox\rightside\vtop{\tolerance=20000\hfuzz4pt% +\def\\{{\tt\char'134}}\hsize142pt +\everypar{\strut}\noindent +\strut#2\strut} +\box\leftside&\quad\box\rightside\cr +} +% +% +%\vbox{\tabskip=0pt%\offinterlineskip +%\halign{#&#\cr +%\mitem{This is on the left hand side}{While this +%very much longer entry is supposed to go on the right. +%I may have to say it a few times, just to get it right +%and to test it properly, but I think I can. +%\par +%And try a paragraph too} +%}} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/pragma.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/pragma.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2391222212 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/pragma.tex @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +\centerline{\bf More Laser News} +\medskip\noindent +As the \PS\ snowball gathers momentum, +more and more laser printers are released which +support this standard. The more +recently introduced ones tend to have other +facilities too. +{\sc qms} laser printers have been used as \TeX\ +output devices for many years now. Pragma supply {\sc qms} +laser printers, and have two \PS\ offerings: +\smallskip\noindent +{\sc qms ps \oldstyle 810} --- the first \PS\ laser printer based +on the compact Canon {\sc sx} engine. It comes with +1\,Mbyte +of {\sc rom} and +2\,Mbye of {\sc ram}, expandable to 3\,Mbyte. +The 35 standard \PS\ fonts are resident. +Resolution is the usual 300\,dpi. Besides supporting +\PS\ there are resident emulations for the HP LaserJet+ +and for the {\sc hpgl} plotter language. It has a +recommended duty cycle of 5000 prints per month. +\smallskip\noindent +{\sc qms lg \oldstyle1510} --- designed for the high-volume, +complex vector and bit-mapped graphics environment. +It is based on the 300\,dpi Ricoh 4150 print +engine. The printer can process two fully bit-mapped +pages concurrently, thanks to 8\,Mbyte of +{\sc ram}. This together with an operating speed of 16\,MHz allows +a claimed speed of 15 pages per minute. The duty +cycle is suitably high at 15,000 pages per month. +It has fewer resident fonts --- only 16 --- but +other resident and downloadable fonts are available. +Besides \PS, it will support Tektronix 4010/4014 +emulation, +and {\sc qms'} proprietary pdl, {\sc quic}. + +For more information, contact: +{\obeylines +Peter Lamb +Pragma Ltd +Pragma House +Radlett Road +Colney Street +St Albans +Herts AL2 2EP +tel: 09276 3411 +} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/psfig.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/psfig.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eebc27dbd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/psfig.tex @@ -0,0 +1,342 @@ + +%\hoffset=-0.1in +\voffset=-2pc +\raggedbottom +%\hsize=39pc %\vsize=59pc +%\maxdepth=2.2pt \parindent=1pc +\vsize=720pt +\hsize=6.5in +\baselineskip12pt +\parskip0pt +\parindent1em +\hfuzz1.5pt +\tolerance2000 + +\hyphenation{Post-Script} +% Page layout +\newdimen\pagewidth \newdimen\pageheight \newdimen\ruleht +\newdimen\colwidth \newdimen\bigcolheight +\colwidth=3.1in%19pc +\bigcolheight=1450pt%120pc +\pagewidth=\hsize \pageheight=\vsize \ruleht=.5pt +\abovedisplayskip=6pt plus 3pt minus 1pt +\belowdisplayskip=6pt plus 3pt minus 1pt +\abovedisplayshortskip=0pt plus 3pt +\belowdisplayshortskip=4pt plus 3pt + +\newinsert\botins +\def\afoot{\strut\egroup} +\def\botpic#1{\par + \insert\botins\bgroup\hsize=\pagewidth + \offinterlineskip + \interlinepenalty100 \let\par=\endgraf + \leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt + \splittopskip=10pt plus 1pt minus 1pt \floatingpenalty=20000 + \medskip{#1}\medskip\egroup} +\skip\botins=12pt plus 2pt minus 4pt % space added when footnote is present +\count\botins=2000 % footnote magnification factor (1 to 1) +\dimen\botins=36pc % maximum footnotes per page + +\def\toppic#1{\par + \insert\topins\bgroup\hsize=\pagewidth + \interlinepenalty100 \let\par=\endgraf + \offinterlineskip + \leftskip=0pt \rightskip=0pt + \splittopskip=10pt plus 1pt minus 1pt \floatingpenalty=20000 + \medskip{#1}\medskip\egroup} +\skip\topins=12pt plus 2pt minus 4pt % space added when footnote is present +\count\topins=2000 % footnote magnification factor (1 to 1) +\dimen\topins=36pc % maximum footnotes per page + +\newinsert\margin +\dimen\margin=\maxdimen +%\count\margin=0 \skip\margin=0pt % marginal inserts take up no space + +\newif\iftitle +\def\titlepage{\global\titletrue} % for pages without headlines +\def\rhead{{\sl \TeX\kern-0.1em line 7}} + +\def\leftheadline{\hbox to \pagewidth{% + \vbox to 10pt{}% strut to position the baseline + \sl\rhead\hfil\folio % running head flush left + }} +\def\rightheadline{\hbox to \pagewidth{% + \vbox to 10pt{}% strut to position the baseline + \sl\rhead\hfil % running head flush left + \folio % folio to right of text + }} + +\def\onepageout#1{\shipout\vbox{ % here we define one page of output + \offinterlineskip % butt the boxes together + \vbox to 2pc{ % this part goes on top of the 44pc pages + \iftitle % the next is used for title pages + \global\titlefalse % reset the titlepage switch + \setcornerrules % for camera alignment + \else\ifodd\pageno \rightheadline\else\leftheadline\fi\fi + \vfill} % this completes the \vbox to 3pc + \vbox to \pageheight{ + \ifvoid\margin\else % marginal info is present + \rlap{\kern31pc\vbox to 0pt{\kern4pt\box\margin \vss}}\fi + \ifvoid\topins\else % top note info is present + \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt + \unvbox\topins + \vskip\skip\topins \kern-3pt + \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt + \vskip\skip\topins \kern-3pt + \fi + #1 % now insert the main information + \vfill + \ifvoid\botins\else % bot note info is present + \vskip\skip\botins \kern-3pt + \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt + \unvbox\botins + \vskip\skip\botins \kern-3pt + \hrule height\ruleht width\pagewidth \kern-\ruleht \kern3pt + \fi + \boxmaxdepth=\maxdepth + } % this completes the \vbox to \pageheight + } + \advancepageno} + +\def\setcornerrules{\hbox to \pagewidth{\vrule width 1pc height\ruleht + \hfil \vrule width 1pc} + \hbox to \pagewidth{\llap{\sevenrm(page \folio)\kern1pc}% + \vrule height1pc width\ruleht depth 0pt + \hfil \vrule width\ruleht depth 0pt}} + +\output{\onepageout{\unvbox255}} + +\newbox\partialpage +\newdimen\savesize +\def\begindoublecolumns{\begingroup + \savesize=\vsize + \output={\global\setbox\partialpage=\vbox{\unvbox255\bigskip}}\eject + \output={\doublecolumnout} \hsize=\colwidth \vsize=\bigcolheight + \advance\vsize by -2\ht\partialpage + \advance\vsize by -2\ht\botins + \advance\vsize by -2\ht\topins + \pagegoal=\vsize} +\def\enddoublecolumns{\output={\balancecolumns}\eject + \global\output={\onepageout{\unvbox255}} + \global\vsize=\savesize + \endgroup \pagegoal=\vsize} + +\def\doublecolumnout{% +% \splitmaxdepth=\maxdepth + \dimen0=\pageheight + \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\partialpage + \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\botins + \advance\dimen0 by-\ht\topins + \splittopskip=\topskip + \setbox0=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 + \setbox2=\vsplit255 to\dimen0 + \onepageout\pagesofar + \global\vsize=\bigcolheight + \unvbox255 \penalty\outputpenalty} +\def\pagesofar{\unvbox\partialpage + \wd0=\hsize \wd2=\hsize \hbox to\pagewidth{\box0\hfil\box2}} +\def\balancecolumns{\setbox0=\vbox{\unvbox255} \dimen0=\ht0 + \advance\dimen0 by\topskip \advance\dimen0 by-\baselineskip + \divide\dimen0 by2 \splittopskip=\topskip + {\vbadness=10000 \loop \global\setbox3=\copy0 + \global\setbox1=\vsplit3 to\dimen0 + \ifdim\ht3>\dimen0 \global\advance\dimen0 by1pt \repeat} + \setbox0=\vbox to\dimen0{\unvbox1} + \setbox2=\vbox to\dimen0 +% {\unvbox3} + {\dimen2=\dp3 \unvbox3 \kern-\dimen2 \vfil} + \global\output={\balancingerror} + \pagesofar} +\newhelp\balerrhelp{Please change the page into one that works.} +\def\balancingerror{\errhelp=\balerrhelp + \errmessage{Page can't be balanced} + \onepageout{\unvbox255}} + + + + + + + + +\newbox\caption +\setbox\caption=\vbox{ +\hsize=3in +\tolerance=2000 +\leftline{{\bf Portrait of the author on a windy day}} +\medskip +\noindent The picture at left originates from the +following PostScript fragment. +It is 6 inches square.\par +\medskip +{\tt\frenchspacing\parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt\obeyspaces +\def\pc{\char"25}\def\lb{\char"7B}\def\rb{\char"7D}\obeylines % +\pc\pc BoundingBox: 72 216 504 648 +72 72 scale +/picstr 64 string def +/imageshow \lb image showpage\rb def +1 3 translate 6 6 scale +128 128 8 +[128 0 0 128 0 0] +\lb currentfile picstr readhexstring pop\rb +imageshow +967B8D9AA3A7B9B9B9B077614B343027 +27303D42463D3D343434343434302C2C + +\pc\ 1020 lines of hex digits omitted + +534B5358585358585353585861535861 +5858615C5C535C585C61655C5C61615C +}} +\count0=4 +\font\sc=cmcsc10 +%\psdraft +\def\PS{{\sc PostScript}} +\def\PSF{{\it psfig\/}} +\def\Special{{\tt\char"5C special}} +\def\Vbox{{\tt\char"5C vbox}} +\def\input{{\tt\char"5C input}} +\def\Psfig{{\tt\char"5C psfig}} +\def\LaTeX{{\sc L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{a}\kern-.15em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} +\def\bslash{\char"5C} +\def\blob{$\star$} +\def\lb{\char"7B} +\def\rb{\char"7D} +\hrule height 0pt +\botpic{\hbox to \pagewidth {\vbox to 3 in {\vss}\hss +\vbox to 3in {\vss\box\caption\vss}}} +\begindoublecolumns +\centerline{{\bf \TeX\ and graphics --- the {\it psfig\/} package}} +\medskip +\noindent How do you include figures and diagrams in \TeX\ documents? +In traditional publishing you'd probably reserve some space with +a \Vbox\ and paste in a carefully hand\-drawn, photo\-reduced, +cropped illustration. +But this is 1988 and Desktop Publishing is all the rage, so you +want to do everything electronically. +And you can't help feeling rather envious of those people with +{\it Pagemaker\/} and its friends who seem to be able to do +this sort of thing at the click of a mouse button. +After all, aren't we \TeX\ users supposed to be at the leading edge +of electronic publishing? +How come the Macintosh people can do it and we can't? +Well, the simple answer is just one word --- \PS. +(Wake up, Malcolm!) +If you have a \PS\ device all the software you need for scaling, +translating, and clipping your graphics is actually present in the +printer --- all you have to do is to invoke these functions with +the right parameters. +This is what the \PSF\ package achieves automatically. +If you don't have a \PS\ printer or typesetter for your \TeX\ output --- get +one! + +\PSF\ originates from the University of Pennsylvania and was advertised in +\TeX hax early last year. +It consists of a set of \TeX\ macros that you can \input\ at the start of +a Plain \TeX\ job or declare as a \LaTeX\ style option. +\PSF\ assumes that your diagrams exist as separate \PS\ files on the +system you use for \TeX ing. +This lets you prepare your figures using whatever software you might care +to use, provided that the end result is a file of \PS. +At Daresbury there is widespread use of the {\sc ghost-}{\oldstyle 80} graphics package from +{\sc ukaea} Culham, and also {\sc sas}-graph, which can +both generate \PS, and there are tricks for capturing \PS\ +output from {\it MacDraw\/} and other graphics programs +running on PCs. \PSF\ also likes your \PS\ file to have a +``bounding box'' comment near the beginning. +This tells \PSF\ the `natural' size of the \PS\ figure --- i.e. the coordinates +of the bottom left and upper right corners of the figure in the initial \PS\ +coordinate frame. +If the software used to create the figure does not generate a suitable +bounding box comment you can edit one in by hand or supply the information +when you tell \TeX\ to place the figure. + +Suppose you have an picture in the file {\tt mypic.ps} and you want +it centred horizontally and scaled to be just 3 inches high. +A simple way to achieve this is to say +\vskip 0.2ex +\centerline{\tt\bslash centerline\lb\bslash psfig\lb figure=mypic.ps,% +height=3in\rb\rb} +\vskip 0.2ex +\noindent The \Psfig\ macro reads and parses the lines of the {\tt mypic.ps} file +looking for its bounding box comment. +This enables it to compute the desired width of the figure (keeping its +aspect ratio constant) and to reserve a \Vbox\ of exactly the right size. +Within the \Vbox\ \PSF\ inserts \Special\ control sequences which +propagate scaling information and the name of the included \PS\ file +to the {\tt dvi} file. + +More sophisticated effects can be achieved with further arguments in the +\Psfig\ call. +These include:\par +{\parindent=1em\parskip=0pt +\item{\blob}overriding the figure's bounding box comment; +\item{\blob}anamorphic scaling of the figure by giving both +a {\tt width=} and a {\tt height=} argument; +\item{\blob}specifying explicitly the size of the \Vbox\ that \TeX\ +reserves for the figure. +This can be used to overlap figures and text, for example; +\item{\blob}clipping the figure to an explicit bounding box. This +could be used to extract just a part of a larger figure; +\item{\blob}a draft mode where space is reserved for figures but +the figures are suppressed from the output; +\item{\blob}inclusion of a \PS\ prologue file such as the notorious +{\it LaserPrep\/} procedures needed for the correct interpretation +of {\it MacDraw}, {\it MacChart}, etc., output. +\par} +\PSF\ requires surprisingly little support from a {\tt dvi} to \PS\ device +driver. +Essentially just two \Special s are needed: +one assumes that its argument is a fragment of \PS\ to be propagated +unchanged to the output, and the second assumes that its argument is the +name of a file of \PS\ which is to be included, also unmodified, in the +output. +The first type of \Special\ is used to establish the \PS\ environment +(principally the current transformation matrix) in which the \PS\ +included by the second \Special\ is executed. +The work of transforming the original figure is done by the +graphic transformation machinery in the %\PS\ +printer when the output is +printed. +This is in distinct contrast to the code needed in, say, a {\tt dvi} to LN03 +device driver to achieve the same effect, and exemplifies the power +and generality of the \PS\ language. + +To sum up, the \PSF\ package is a practical way of integrating figures +with \TeX\ documents. +Figures can be originated using any software package that can output \PS. +It requires only elementary device driver support for \Special s. +We have found it quite adequate for scientific papers and technical manuals +requiring, for example, graphs of experimental data or schematic +diagrams. +It's tolerably simple to use and works quite nicely with the \LaTeX\ +{\tt figure} environment. +Of course, \PSF\ is firmly in the \PS\ world. +The \LaTeX\ {\tt picture} environment and the Pic\TeX\ package are +device independent but the former supports only a limited range of vector +orientations and circle diameters and the latter, though general, is restricted +to relatively simple line graphics if \TeX's memory capacity is not to be +exceeded. +Under {\sc unix}, {\tt tpic} does for \TeX\ what {\tt pic} and its friends do +for {\tt troff}, but appears to be available only to licencees of {\sc at\&t'}s +{\tt ditroff} typesetting software. +The \TeX tyl system avoids overloading \TeX\ by passing graphics primitives +transparently in {\tt\bslash special}s and relying on a {\tt dvi} postprocessor +to expand them into a (large) {\tt\bslash special}-free {\tt dvi} file. +But for my money +\PS\ is really the only choice today if you must have integrated +text and graphics.\par +%(Sorry, Malcolm!) + +\rightline{\sl David Brightly} +%\leftline{Daresbury Laboratory, SERC} +%\leftline{Warrington, WA4 4AD} +%\leftline{0925 603574} +%\leftline{Janet: {\tt brightly @ daresbury}} +\enddoublecolumns +\toppic{\vbox{\centerline{\vbox to 4.7 in {\vss}}\medskip +\centerline{\bf Mapping the original picture {\it(left)\/} into the +\TeX\ page {\it(right)\/}}}} + +\end diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/public-do.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/public-do.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fc6d2c479d --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/public-do.tex @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +\centerline{\bf Public Domain} +\medskip +\noindent +\TeX\ itself is public domain software, +but much of the support software that you +need, like drivers for screen or laser printer, +is not. However, if you are a confirmed +believer in the public domain, such that you are +prepared to spend some time getting +other people's programs to work on your system, +you can probably put together an entire +working \TeX\ system for (almost) free. +This is certainly true for {\sc ms-dos} systems. +The following note assumes that you have +access to some support software, like compilers +and an editor (although there are lots of +public domain editors around too). + +First, \TeX\ itself. There are a number of +sources for \TeX. I assume you don't want +to type it in yourself from the book. +There are the two C-\TeX\ versions mentioned +in the last \TeXline. Pat Monardo's certainly +works, and is fairly easily available over +{\sc janet} from Aston University's \TeX-archive. + +So far, so good. Preview on {\sc ms-dos} would seem to be +taken care of by Laurie Benfield's Hercules previewer. +If this does not suit you, there is a suite of +{\sc pc} previewers written by Will Sullivan at +University College, Dublin which is available from +the Lancaster University public domain archive. +I'll try to obtain more details on this for a future +\TeXline. + +Let's assume that you want a printer driver next. +Here there is quite a choice. Since \PS\ is obviously +what everyone wants, you can choose between +(at least) Andy Trevorrow's Modula-2 and Nelson Beebe's +C family. Again these are available from Aston. +On the other hand, because you are trying to +do this cheaply, you are more likely to have bought +a good cheap LaserJet Plus emulation laser printer +(say about \quid1600 rather than \PS's outrageous +\quid3500 plus), and one of the Beebe drivers is +probably a better bet. The only real difficulty +with the Aston archive is finding what you want. +There is so much stuff in there (some of it +looks duplicated) that I'm rarely sure that I've found +the right things. + +You might also want the \LaTeX\ style files mentioned +earlier in this issue, and again they are +available from Aston. + +In order to use the Aston archive you will need the +directory index file: this has the name\hfil\break +{\tt aston.kirk::[public]000directory.list} \hfil\break +If you cannot access {\sc janet} you are rather +left out. Some help is at hand. I can currently supply +C-\TeX\ and the \LaTeX\ style files on floppy. +I will shortly be evaluating the laser printer drivers, +and may be in a position to make them available +too, at some future date. In fact, my longer term +goal is to be able to provide a complete public +domain \TeX\ installation for {\sc ms-dos} including +device drivers. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W Clark} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/reading-m.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/reading-m.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b161e8da48 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/reading-m.tex @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +\centerline{\bf Stuff to read} +\medskip +\noindent +$\star$Markup Systems and the Future of Scholarly Text +Processing, James H. Coombs, Allen H. Renear +and Steven J. DeRose, {\it Communications of the ACM}, +November 1987, 30(11) 933--947. + +Although this article promotes descriptive mark\-up +systems over procedural markup, it is really +supporting {\sc sgml}. They reject \LaTeX\ since +``even the beginning \LaTeX\ user must +think in terms of low-level markup'', and cite the +need to separate contiguous quotation marks by +a thin space. +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$\LaTeX, Reinhard Wonneberger, +{\it Addison-Wesley-Kom\-pakt\-f\"uhrer}, 141pp, {\sc isbn} +3-925118-46-2. + +A handbook of \LaTeX\ commands (in German). By page 3 +Reinhard has mentioned TUG, which I think is a record for +any \TeX-related book. From my very (very) limited +grasp of German, this looks quite useful. I +could understand the Appendices which, among other +things give a graphic demonstration of various +dimensions within some formats, and a useful conversion +table for some of the units which \TeX\ understands. +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$The pluses and minuses of \TeX, +Robert F. Goldstein, The Scientist, Jan.~11th 1988, p18. + +A short description of \LaTeX, and a brief discussion +of {\it wysiwyg} versus markup. The most significant +factor about this article is where it appears --- +in a periodical read by professional scientists. +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Two all-in-one programs for the Mac, Malcolm +Brown (yes, the one who does \TeXhax), +{\it The Scientist}, Jan.~11th 1988, p19--20. + +A brief comparison +of \TeXtures\ and Mac\TeX. He scores \TeXtures\ slightly +higher, on the grounds of speed and price. +\smallskip\noindent +$\star${\sc ibm pc} versions: hard to go wrong with +either, Malcolm Brown, +{\it The Scientist}, Jan.~11th 1988, p20--21. + +Another brief review of two \TeX\ implementations, this time +micro\TeX\ and pc\TeX. He favours pc\TeX, +mainly on account of its +manual. Even Brown agrees that the \TeX book is ``a bit +harder to understand for those who are not technically +minded''. An interesting footnote is a benchmark of all +four implementations, using two test input files. +These reveal (to my astonishment) that the AT is +substantially faster than the Mac --- which does not +bear out my experience at all; that pc\TeX\ sometimes +runs out of memory, and that Mac\TeX\ is the slowest of them all. +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Make my page!, Thom Holmes, +{\it Byte}, May 1987, p159--166. + +Basically a checklist of lots of `desktop publishing +programs', which happens to include three of the +\TeX-on-micros group. It also includes {\sc tyxset}, +which might be a \TeX78-based publishing package (anybody +know?). None of these are actually mentioned in the text. +In fact Holmes' list of features to look for in +a dtp package include ``can the programs create +equations as graphics elements in a document'', which +suggests he never did see \TeX\ in action. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$The Desktop-Publishing Phenomenon, John W. Seybold, +{\it Byte}, May 1987, p149--. + +Mildly interesting, but only included here since +\TeX\ gets one glancing mention. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star${\sc sgml} and style sheets: the implications +for electronic document preparation, P. T. Warren, +{\it University Computing\/}, 1987, 9, p81--6. + +A remarkable attempt to simulate many of the features +in the {\sc sgml} starter set from MicroSoft {\it Word} +style sheets. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Desktop publishers learn the language, +Anonymous, {\it Computer News}, July 23rd, 1987, p14--5. + +A lukewarm review of JustText and \TeXtures, which +ends by concluding that ``there will be users +though who need precision setting, or special maths +formulae and for them these packages will be ideal.'' + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Programming in \PS, Denis G. Pelli, {\it Byte}, May 87, 185--. + +A handy introduction, which includes some comments +on hardware and support software. He even dares to suggest +that \PS\ is not perfect. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Designing a Raster-Image Processor, Jon Barrett and +Kirk Reistroffer, {\it Byte}, May 1987, p171--. + +A description of some page description languages +(Interpress, \PS, DDL, RIPrint), as well as a brief +discussion of laser printing. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Tutorial: {\sc unix} Document Formatting and +Typesetting, Narain Gehani, {\it IEEE Software}, September 1986, +p15--24. + +Most of this is reasonably familiar, since the +basic assumptions of Troff and Nroff are pretty similar +to those of \TeX, and |eqn| is very similar, +although a trifle more verbose and clumsy. Curiously, +for a proponent of a typesetting system which +depends on pre- and post-processing, +Gehani criticises \TeX\ (wrongly) for its supposed inability to generate +the table of contents automatically, or to +number equations automatically. although he recognises that +\LaTeX\ will do this. Gehani also has a book out on +this subject: ``Document Formatting and Typesetting +on the {\sc unix} System'', Silicon Press, Summit, N.J., +364pp, \$33.95. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star${\sc sgml}: Complement to Established Text Processing +Systems, {\it {\sc sgml} User's Group Bulletin}, 1987, +2(2), 119--120; {\bf and}\hfill\break +$\star$A Note comparing {\sc sgml} +to Text Processing Macro Languages, {\it ibid.}, 127. + +Both articles note a distinction to be made between +generic markup within {\sc sgml} and within a language +like \TeX. The distinction revolves around context +inadmissability. + +\smallskip\noindent +$\star$Seeing the light on lasers, Anonymous (?Chris Long), +{\it PC Magazine}, January 1988, 5(1), 34--. + +An extensive review of no less than 20 laser printers. +Unfortunately, retrieving the information I want +(will I be able to drive it from \TeX?) was difficult. +I have met too many Laser Jet Plus emulations which +don't. Almost every printer here claims it will emulate +the Laser Jet Plus, and most will also emulate +one or more of the Epson dot matrix printers, but only +two are \PS\ printers (the NEC Silentwriter LC-890 +and the TI Omnilaser 2115, +both of which do Laser Jet Plus emulation). +Still, a creditable attempt to summarise the information, +and the guys at PC Magazine really did try them all out. +No wonder they won `Best Technology Journal of the Year' +last year. Well done Chris. + +\rightline{\sl Malcolm W. Clark} +\bigskip + +\centerline{\bf Periodicals} +\medskip\noindent +$\star${\it Desktop Publisher}, edited +by Henry Budgett and James Johnstone, is now in its third year +of publication. It makes the proud claim that it is +``the first UK newsletter for users and specifiers of +electronic publishing systems''. At \quid125 per annum, +for 12 copies, it does seem rather pricey, but note +that what it is trying to be is a sort of UK `Seybold +Report'. I'm in no position to judge how far it +achieves that, since I don't get Seybold. I do find +it full of interesting stuff, and quite nicely written. +The newsletter itself is quite well produced (through +dtp) and printed on gloss paper. Photographs are included, +but they were pasted in at the printing stage (I've +always had a suspicion that that was the most straightforward +way to include many sorts of graphics). For more +information, contact +{\obeylines +The Desktop Publishing Co Ltd +43 Hithermoor Road, +Stanwell Moor +Staines +Middlesex TW19 6AH +tel: 0753-684633 +} +\medskip\noindent +$\star${\it DTP Desktop Publishing}, one of the Dennis stable +of publications (and looking rather like Mac\-User, if +a little thinner) +is a more recent contender. Again, I find it a useful +source for trying to keep some control over +the range of new products (both hardware and software) +which appear, and also keeping track of the latest +buzz words. If you already read Mac\-User, +you may find quite a degree of overlap in the +many short items which + read like manufacturers' press releases +(perhaps that's what press releases are for\dots). +The magazine's +dependence on advertising means that it is also a good +source for products. +One of the items which I have found +useful has been Max Whitby's accounts of the origins +of various well-known typefaces. +The monthly magazine is \quid2.95 per issue, but if obtained +on subscription, is considerably less (depending +on what offer is current). Contact: +{\obeylines +DTP Desktop Publishing +Dennis Publishing Ltd +14 Rathbone Place +London W1P 1DE +tel: 01 631 1433 +} +\medskip\noindent +$\star${\it Bitstream} looks much more like a traditional newsletter. +Typed, run off on the old Roneo and then stapled. +Curious though that a publication in the +general dtp area is not better produced --- it scarcely +seems a good advert. This does it an injustice. +Its content is good if not wholly original. +Try to put your prejudices to one side. It costs +\quid24.00 per year for 12 issues. +Contact: +{\obeylines +Citech Ltd +PO Box 565 +Iver +Bucks SL0 0QZ +tel: 0753 653967 +} +\medskip\noindent +$\star${\it TSI: Technique and Science of Informatics} +comes out in both a French and English version. In the +recent past they have produced issues which were +dominated by the electronic publishing area. +Contact:\goodbreak +{\obeylines +John Wiley \& Sons Ltd +Baffins Lane +Chichester +Sussex PO19 1UD +tel: 0243 779777 +} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/second.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/second.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9731917586 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/second.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +\input texline +\pageno=6 +%\begindoublecolumns +\input bcs-ep\bigskip +\input barb\bigskip +\input reading-matter\bigskip +\input kleper\bigskip +\input tom\bigskip +\input random\bye\bigskip +\input decus\bigskip +\input meetings\bye\bigskip +\input formulator\bigskip +\vfill\end\bigskip +\input amy +\input contributors +%\enddoublecolumns diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/tex88.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/tex88.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aac376288b --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/tex88.tex @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +FRG --10 + 1 +Austria -- 2 + 0 +Netherlands -- 1 + 0 +USA -- 2 + 2 +UK --10 + 2 +Spain -- 1 + 0 diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/texline.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/texline.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9db42a43a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/texline.tex @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +\vsize720pt +\input double\input verb +\tolerance3000 +\raggedbottom +\font\sc=cmcsc10 +\font\mf=logo10 +\font\mfb=logobf10 +\def\MF{{\rm{\mf META}\-{\mf FONT}}} +\def\MFb{{\rm{\mfb META}\-{\mfb FONT}}} +\def\MarkUp{MarkUp '8\kern-0.2em\lower0.45ex\hbox{7}} +\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} + +\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode\kern0.1em + \raise0.5ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #1}\kern-0.1em + /\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #2}} +\baselineskip12pt +\parskip0pt +\parindent1em +\hfuzz1.5pt +\hyphenation{SGML SGML-ers} +\def\,{\ifmmode\mskip\thinmuskip\else\thinspace\fi} + +\headline{\sl \TeX line 7 \hss \folio} +\nopagenumbers +\def\TeXline{{\sl\TeX line}} +\def\SGML{{\sc sgml}} +\def\PS{{\sc Post\-Script}} +\def\TeXtures{{\sc\TeX tures}} +\def\TeXhax{\TeX{\sc hax}} +\let\ps=\PS +\def\TS{Type \&~Set} +\def\dvi{{\tt dvi}} +\def\tfm{{\tt tfm}} +\def\quid{{\it\$}} +\def\DW{Dominik Wujastyk} +\def\AmSTeX{$\cal A$\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}\kern-.125em + $\cal S$-\TeX} +\def\BibTeX{{\sc Bib}\kern-.2em\TeX} +\def\SliTeX{{\sc Sli}\TeX} +\def\hax{\TeX{\sc hax}} +\abovedisplayskip0pt +\belowdisplayskip0pt +\def\nl{\hfill\break} +%\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt +% \vbox{\kern3pt#1\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}} +\def\,{\ifmmode\mskip\thinmuskip\else\thinspace\fi} +% Look in the 'Windows' menu for the pictures window +% It's like the Scrapbook -- cut and paste pictures +% + +\def\picture #1 by #2 (#3){ + \vbox to #2{ + \hrule width #1 height 0pt depth 0pt + \vfill + \special{picture #3} % this is the low-level interface + } + } + +\def\scaledpicture #1 by #2 (#3 scaled #4){{ + \dimen0=#1 \dimen1=#2 + \divide\dimen0 by 1000 \multiply\dimen0 by #4 + \divide\dimen1 by 1000 \multiply\dimen1 by #4 + \picture \dimen0 by \dimen1 (#3 scaled #4)} + } diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/texlinehe.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/texlinehe.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8ef41ca2c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/texlinehe.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +\nopagenumbers +\hsize=6.5in +\newbox\info +\newbox\banner +\newdimen\infoht +\newdimen\bannerht +\setbox\info=\vbox{% +\hsize=200pt% +\font\small=cmr7% +\baselineskip=7.5pt% +\small +\def\monyr{\ifcase\month\or January\or February\or March\or April + \or May\or June\or July\or August\or September\or October + \or November\or December\fi\ \number\year}% +\line{ \hfill Number 7, \monyr} +\line{ \hfill the Newsletter of \TeX\ users in UK and Ireland} +\line{ \hfill printed at Imperial College Computer Centre} +\line{ \hfill edited and assembled by} +\line{ \hfill Malcolm W Clark} +\line{ \hfill Imperial College Computer Centre} +\line{ \hfill Exhibition Road} +\line{ \hfill London SW7 2BX} +\line{ \hfill Tel: 01 589 5111 ex 4949} +\line{ \hfill Fax: 01 584 7596} +\line{ \hfill Janet: texline@uk.ac.ic.cc.vaxa}} +\setbox\banner=\vtop{% +\hsize=220pt% +\font\huge=times at65pt% +\huge\TeX\kern-0.2ex line} +\infoht=\ht\info +\advance\infoht by\dp\info +\bannerht=\ht\banner +\advance\bannerht by\dp\banner +\advance\infoht by-\bannerht +\divide\infoht by2 +\advance\infoht by 20pt\relax +\leavevmode + +\hbox to \hsize{\box\info\hfill\raise\infoht\box\banner} + +\bigskip diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/tom.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/tom.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3cf2554bc7 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/tom.tex @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +\centerline{\bf Mac\TeX\ --- a mathematician's view} +\medskip\noindent +There are two versions of \TeX\ that are available for use on the Macintosh, +namely \TeXtures\ (from Addison-Wesley) and Mac\TeX\ (from {\sl FTL systems +Inc} of Toronto). Of the two, Mac\TeX\ is the more sophisticated. I have +been using it for more than a year now and have found it a joy to work with. +It costs \quid595 (plus {\sc vat}), but educational discounts +are available (probably about 15\%). Included +in the package are {\sc initex} and \LaTeX\ , as well as useful +on-line help +files for control sequences, with page references to the \TeX book. Optional +extras include \AmSTeX\ +and the Computer Modern Fonts. The User Guide is both comprehensive and +clear. Currently available is Version 2. The basic package comes on four +800K disks, and it is recommended +that it be installed on a hard disc. + +Users of \TeX\ (on no matter which computer) will be aware that a considerable +amount of correcting and adjusting is always needed in processing every +job, be it because of input errors, overfull boxes, or page layout. It +is therefore essential to have +a system that is reasonably fast and user-friendly. Such is Mac\TeX. + As one would expect, it has embedded in it full word-processing facilities +so that +corrections to input material are easy to make. The editor also allows +you to choose your +favourite screen font in which to type your input material. Each input +file has to be named in the form |XYZ.tex| and, +following selection of the format (Plain, \LaTeX, or your own), +is typeset on a simple menu command. The speed +of operation depends on your Mac and +what kind of copy you are setting: for average mathematical input, on a +Macintosh II the +{\tt .dvi} file is created at a rate of about one page every six seconds, +which is of +the order of four times faster than on a MacPlus. When one has a lot of +material to process +and re-process, this can be a significant difference. Very complicated +pages, for example those containing complex diagrams created with +\LaTeX, can take considerably longer. + +In bearing in mind the needs of the users, the designers of Mac\TeX\ have +included several features that are noteworthy. Not least of these is the +possibility of including user-defined macros. Of course, every user of +\TeX\ will be aware that he can +use, for example, the command |\def\1| +to create a macro for which he may have +a lot of use in a particular document, for instance the instruction +|\smallskip\par\noindent|. + In Mac\TeX\ there is the option of doing the same by defining (in a +pull-down menu) |<command>1| to be +|\smallskip\par\noindent|. + The main difference between these two methods is that in the former only + |\1| appears as input on the screen whereas in the latter +the whole of +|\smallskip\par\noindent| +appears. This can be very useful if, like me, you use such things as +|\vartheta| a lot, want to see it on the screen as such, +and are not always successful in typing it! + +A very impressive feature of Mac\TeX\ is the clever way in which one can +include graphics from a variety of sources; for example, Super\-Paint files +(saved as paint files), MacDraw files (saved as {\sc pict} files), and Adobe +Illustrator files (saved as {\sc epsf} +files). This can be done by storing the graphic in the Scrapbook then, +as appropriate, using the command + |\special{!pict n}| followed by a |\vskip| + command, or the command +|\special{!epsf <filename>}|. + On previewing a {\tt .dvi} file with an included graphic, the blank area +that is left by the |\vskip| command has a grey area in it. +Any picture from the Scrapbook can be simply pasted into this area. Once +this has been done, it can be resized and positioned anywhere on the page! + + +Previewing {\tt .dvi} files can be done at normal size, at 2 times or +4 times +magnification, or at full page. If the standard 10\,pt size type is used +then normal screen size, +though readable, is not impressive where +subscripts are concerned. Better screen characters at 10\,pt or a normal + screen image at 12\,pt would be much more +useful to a mathematician. Up to four pages can be previewed simultaneously. +Graphics included as above can be resized or repositioned in any of these +magnifications. + With each {\tt .dvi} file there can be activated a {\tt .log} file which +gives useful error information. + A nice feature when typesetting is that if an error message appears then +on activating the Edit command in the menu bar one is taken to the precise +line in the input file where the error occurs. +Among other choices in the menu bar is a Help command. + + +As for printing, two outlets are available, one to the ImageWriter and +one to the LaserWriter. For the latter, Mac\TeX\ has +its own built-in high speed +spooler and all the necessary fonts are downloaded automatically. If you +share a LaserWriter with +other types of user then it may be necessary to switch it off then on again +before printing (this is probably to get rid of the stuff that +{\it PageMaker} leaves behind). + +Mac\TeX\ is a sophisticated package that contains a lot of useful and + impressive features. As with the Mac itself, in using it one soon gains +a feeling of deep satisfaction. Mac\TeX\ is distributed in the UK by +{\obeylines +McQueen +Buckholm +Galashiels TD1 3NL +tel: 0896 4866 +} + +\rightline{\sl Tom Blyth} diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/try.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/try.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..37fc784f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/try.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +\def\\{\char`134} +\newbox\arg +\newdimen\descwidth +\descwidth=\hsize +\advance\descwidth by-2truein +\newdimen\linewidth +\def\BibTeX{{\sc Bib}\kern-.2em\TeX} +\def\mitem#1#2{\setbox\arg\hbox{\tt#1}\linewidth=\wd\arg +\advance\linewidth by 10truept +\if\linewidth>2truein% +\vbox{\hbox to\hsize{\tt#1\hfil} +\hskip2truein\hbox{\vtop{\hsize\descwidth\noindent#2}}} +\else +\hbox to\hsize{% +\vtop{\hbox to2truein{\tt#1\hfil}} +\vtop{\hsize\descwidth\noindent#2}}% +\fi +\par} +\mitem{a4.sty}{set page size to A4} +\mitem{a4wide.sty}{adjusts width too +to suit A4} +\mitem{aaai-instructions}{intructions to authors} +\mitem{aaai-named.bst}{\BibTeX\ style for {\tt +aaai.sty}} +\mitem{aaai.sty}{style file for AAAI conference 1987} +\mitem{acm.bst}{ACM \BibTeX\ style} +\mitem{agugrl.sty}{AGU Geophysical Research Letters style} +\mitem{agugrl.sample}{{\it ditto}, sample} +\mitem{agujgr}{AGU J. Geophysical Research style} +\mitem{agujgr.sample}{{\it ditto}, sample} +\mitem{alltt.sty}{verbatim with embedded commands} +\mitem{amssymbols.sty}{load AMS symbol fonts} +\mitem{article.txt, art10.txt, art11.txt, art12.txt} +{standard files in text format, with places to make language +specific changes indicated} +\mitem{biihead.sty}{underlined heading} +\mitem{cyrillic.sty}{load Cyrillic font} +\mitem{dayofweek.tex}{macros to compute day of week and +phase of moon: examples of how to use \TeX's arithmetic +capabilities} +\bye diff --git a/info/digests/texline/no7/verb.tex b/info/digests/texline/no7/verb.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f10ed90ee0 --- /dev/null +++ b/info/digests/texline/no7/verb.tex @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +% verbatim macros from the TeXbook +\newskip\ttglue +\ttglue=0.5em plus 0.25em minus 0.15em +\outer\def\begindisplay{\obeylines\startdisplay} +{\obeylines\gdef\startdisplay#1 + {\catcode`\^^M=5$$#1\halign\bgroup\indent##\hfil&&\qquad##\hfil\cr}} +\outer\def\enddisplay{\crcr\egroup$$} +% macros for verbatim scanning +\chardef\other=12 +\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other + \catcode`\$=\other + \catcode`\&=\other + \catcode`\#=\other + \catcode`\%=\other + \catcode`\~=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\^=\other + \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt} + +\outer\def\begintt{$$\let\par=\endgraf \ttverbatim \parskip=0pt + \catcode`\|=0 \rightskip-5pc \ttfinish} +{\catcode`\|=0 |catcode`|\=\other % | is temporary escape character + |obeylines % end of line is active + |gdef|ttfinish#1^^M#2\endtt{#1|vbox{#2}|endgroup$$}} + +\catcode`\|=\active +{\obeylines \gdef|{\ttverbatim \spaceskip\ttglue \let^^M=\ \let|=\endgroup}} + + |