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author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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diff --git a/info/beginlatex/html/appendixC.html b/info/beginlatex/html/appendixC.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ca14c0185c --- /dev/null +++ b/info/beginlatex/html/appendixC.html @@ -0,0 +1,424 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd"> + +<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:03:06--><html> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + + <title>Formatting information: Appendix C — The ASCII character set</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="typebook.css" type="text/css"> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> + </head> + <body> + <table width="100%"> + <tr> + <th class="title" width="66%"> + <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1> + <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with + <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2> + <h3>Appendix C — The ASCII character set</h3> + <h3>Peter Flynn</h3> + <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division + </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005) + </th> + <td class="toc" width="33%"> + <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4> + <dl> + <dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd> + <dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd> + <dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd> + </dl> + <ol> + <li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li> + </ol> + <ol type="A"> + <li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li> + <li class="current"><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li> + <li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> + </ol> + <dl> + <dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd> + <dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd> + </dl> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="credits"> + <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting + Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I + have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention + individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November + 2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the + fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is + constantly under development. There have been revisions to + packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new + interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to + my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two + cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author + felt to be indispensable to users. ¶ I am grateful as always to the people who sent me + corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them + coming: only this way can this book reflect what people + want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no + mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent + books on the market — as well as other online + documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in + <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am + capable of. ¶ The structure remains the same, but I have revised and + rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier + chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have + acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have + been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have + been retested. ¶ As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review + an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which + grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The + author specifically took the writers of documentation to task + for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read + more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some + specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very + difficult for people who write technical documentation to + remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a + familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a + lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but + more with the way in which we view and approach information, + and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have + obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about + <em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so + that I can correct it. + <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>. + </p> + </p> + </td> + <td class="legal"> + <p> + <p>This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by + Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU + Free Documentation License (copyleft). + </p> + <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify + this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation + License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the + Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no + Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the + license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>. + </p> + <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it + without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the + conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has + asserted his right to be identified as the author of this + document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to + inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See + the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>. + + </p> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <div class="chapter"> + <table width="100%"> + <tr> + <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="asciicharset">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1"> + <tr> + <td class="chapno">C</td> + </tr> + </table> + </td> + <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td> + <td> + <p> </p> + <h1>The ASCII character set</h1> + </td> + <td class="toc"> + <p> </p> + <ol></ol> + </td> + <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>The American Standard Code for Information Interchange was + invented in 1963, and after some redevelopment settled down in + 1984 as standard X3.4 of <a name="ANSI" class="acroref">American National + Standards Institute</a> (<small>ANSI</small>). It represents the 95 basic + codes for the unaccented printable characters and punctuation of + the Latin alphabet, plus 33 internal ‘control + characters’ originally intended for the control of + computers, programs, and external devices like printers and + screens. + </p> + <p>Many other character sets (strictly speaking, + ‘character repertoires’) have been standardised for + accented Latin characters and for all other non-Latin writing + systems, but these are intended for representing the symbols + people use when writing text on computers. Most programs and + computers use <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A302" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> internally for all + their coding, the exceptions being <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A303" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>-based languages like <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A304" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>, which are inherently designed to be + usable with any writing system, and a few specialist systems + like APL. + </p> + <p>Although the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file formats can easily be + used with many other encoding systems (see the discussion of the + <span class="package"><a name="m90">inputenc</a></span> in <a href="chapter2.html#accents">section 2.7</a>), they are based on <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A305" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>. It is therefore important to know + where to find <em>all</em> 95 of the printable + characters, as some of them are not often used in other + text-formatting systems. The following table shows all 128 + characters, with their decimal, octal (base-8), and hexadecimal + (base-16) code numbers. + </p> + <div align="center" class="table"> + <table> + <caption><i>Table 1</i>. <a name="asciicodes">The ASCII characters</a></caption> + <tr class="headfoot"> + <th valign="bottom" align="right">Oct</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">0</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">1</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">2</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">3</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">4</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">5</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">6</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">7</th> + <th valign="bottom" align="left">Hex</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'00↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NUL</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SOH</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">STX</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETX</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EOT</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ENQ</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ACK</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BEL</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'01↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BS</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">HT</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">LF</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">VT</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FF</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CR</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SO</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SI</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'02↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DLE</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC1</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC2</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC3</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC4</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NAK</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SYN</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETB</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'03↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CAN</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EM</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SUB</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ESC</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FS</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">GS</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">RS</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">US</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'04↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"></td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">!</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">"</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">#</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">$</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">%</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">'</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'05↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">(</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">)</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">*</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">+</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">,</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">-</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">.</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">/</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'06↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">0</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">1</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">2</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">3</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">4</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">5</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">6</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">7</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'07↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">8</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">9</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">:</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">;</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"><</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">=</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">></td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">?</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'10↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">@</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">A</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">B</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">C</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">D</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">E</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">F</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">G</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'11↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">H</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">I</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">J</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">K</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">L</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">M</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">N</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">O</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'12↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">P</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Q</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">R</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">S</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">T</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">U</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">V</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">W</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'13↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">X</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Y</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Z</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">[</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">\</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">]</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">^</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">_</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'14↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">`</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">a</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">b</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">c</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">d</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">e</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">f</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">g</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'15↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">h</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">i</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">j</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">k</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">l</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">m</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">n</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">o</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6↓</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'16↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">p</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">q</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">r</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">s</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">t</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">u</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">v</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">w</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7↑</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'17↑</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">x</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">y</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">z</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">{</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">|</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">}</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">˜</td> + <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DEL</td> + <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7↓</td> + </tr> + <tr class="headfoot"> + <th valign="top" align="right"></th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">8</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">9</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">A</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">B</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">C</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">D</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">E</th> + <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">F</th> + <th valign="top" align="left"></th> + </tr> + </table> + </div> + <p>The index numbers in the first and last columns are for + finding the octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base-16) values + respectively. Replace the arrow with the number or letter from + the top of the column (if the arrow points up) from the bottom + of the column(if the arrow points down). + </p> + <p>Example: The Escape character (ESC) is octal '033 (03 for + the row, 3 for the number at the top of the column because the + arrow points up) or hexadecimal "1B (1 for the row, B for the + letter at the bottom of the column because the arrow points + down). + </p> + <p>For the decimal value, multiply the Octal row number by + eight and add the column number from the top line (that makes + ESC 27). + </p> + </div> + <hr> + <table width="100%"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><a href="appendixB.html"><img src="previous.png" alt="Previous" border="0"></a></td> + <td align="center"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" alt="Top" border="0"></a></td> + <td align="right"><a href="appendixD.html"><img src="next.png" alt="Next" border="0"></a></td> + </tr> + </table> + </body> +</html>
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