Initial commit

1 files changed, 310 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/fonts/poorman/pmjintro.tex b/fonts/poorman/pmjintro.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d6cc5260c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fonts/poorman/pmjintro.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+% pmjintro.tex --- a brief introduction to poor man's Japanese
+\parskip2pt plus 4pt minus 1.5pt
+\hsize=5in\vsize=7in\hoffset=1in\voffset=1in
+\font\logo=logo10
+\input pmJ
+
+\def\pmJ{{\tt pmJ}{\jfcG\char252\jfcb\char220\jfbI\char236}}
+% uhhm, we are defining and using \pmJ outside a \beginJapanese 
+% environment, that is why we are spelling it out that way
+% unless you may have a conflicting language in use elsewhere in the
+% document, you can make one big \beginJapanese . . . \endJapanese
+% surrounding everything.
+
+\def\mf{{\logo METAFONT}}
+\font\bigfont=cmr17
+\font\russ=wncyr10
+
+\centerline{{\bigfont Poor Man's Japanese in \TeX}}
+\vskip.15in
+\centerline{Thomas Ridgeway}
+\centerline{Humanities and Arts Computing Center}
+\centerline{University of Washington}
+\vskip.1in
+
+This little document is intended as an illustration of and preliminary
+guide to {\it poor man's 
+Japanese} [\pmJ].  \pmJ\ is a temporary expedient for
+printing texts with Japanese via \TeX\ until such time as we have a
+well-thought-out system (and fonts) for handling Japanese.  \footnote{@}{In J\TeX\ there
+exists such a system, but for many individuals and institutions the
+relative cost of fonts/unavailability of free fonts has made installing
+J\TeX\ not seem advantageous.  It is also inconvenient to have to install another separate \TeX\ system for the purpose unless you are doing Japanese in a big way.}
+
+\pmJ\ has a small number of virtues; among these are:
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is available now
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is available free of charge
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ works with standard \TeX3.x
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is device-independent (although it must be admitted that you
+will get relatively more pleasing results on less sophisticated printers)
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is sufficiently simple-minded you will not need to be a rocket
+scientist to make modifications for your own use
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ uses fonts mechanically faked-up from dot matrix quality fonts; if you
+want you can incorporate new characters of your own design using a bitmap
+font editor which {\it may} be easier to use than \mf.\footnote{\ddag}{Need we point out that the presence of user-defined character codes in a document will make the {\tt .tex} file non-standard?  Such a document will not generate correct output
+on a system which does not have the user-defined characters defined (!or has {\it different} user-defined characters defined!).}
+
+{\narrower For those who might be previously unacquainted with \TeX, let us put forth a few of
+the advantages of \TeX\ which are inherited by \pmJ: it can run on almost any
+modern computer; it can print to any of a large number of printers/typesetters;
+it can print (if desired and suitably instructed) elaborate formatting of the text;
+it is available at very low cost, or free (which is an instance of very low cost).
+
+}%end narrower
+
+The disadvantages of \pmJ\ are at least equally compelling:
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is crude and unlikely to ever be greatly improved as regards the quality of its Japanese.
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ uses emulation-in-\mf\ techniques to produce a dot-matrix
+font on your output device.  No matter how talented your printer may be,
+the Japanese output by \pmJ\ will looked like it was stripped in from
+a dot-matrix printer.
+
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ uses a large number of fonts which occupy a finite and
+measurable quantity of diskspace for each font.  Your screen previewer had 
+{\it better} be able to use the same resolution your printer uses, or you
+may experience a little tightness around the disk.  You probably will not want
+the fonts in multiple magsteps 
+(to a not inconsiderable extent they will just get uglier if you enlarge them).
+
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ does not do slanted, bold, or other fancy Japanese although one could
+in principle.  However, insofar as even a minimal installation requires
+88 fonts {\it for Japanese alone}, we must at this point quote The Master:
+
+{\narrower\narrower the format of a {\it char\_node} allows for up to 256
+different fonts and up to 256 characters per font; $\ldots$ \TeX\ intended for oriental languages
+will need even more than 256 $\times$ 256 possible characters when we consider different
+sizes and styles of type.\footnote{*}{Donald E. Knuth, {\it \TeX : The Program}.
+Addison Wesley, Reading MA: 1986. (Volume B of {\it Computers and Typesetting}). \S 134, p.~57.\par
+To ease somewhat the problem of the number of fonts used, the wjisxx fonts 
+which \pmJ\ uses are generated with a $\backslash$magstep2 variant included
+in the same font.  The enlarged version will be printed any time we have
+signalled $\backslash$bigJtrue.  I.e., ordinary \beginJapanese
+^^b2^^a5 versus
+\bigJtrue ^^b2^^a5.\endJapanese}
+
+}%end narrower
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ is based on \TeX\ (hooray!), not on  J\TeX\  (hooray!) nor
+any not-known-to-me to-be-extant Foo\TeX\ (huh?) which might
+know how to set type vertically, handle thousands of fonts, make 
+doughnuts, and do all the other things that we might want software to do.
+\pmJ, therefore, does not set type vertically, handle thousands of fonts,
+emulate Spads or Spitfires, or any of the other real neat stuff.
+
+\item{$\bullet$}\pmJ\ may take a long time to set up if you need to make your
+own fonts.  Preparing {\it one} set of fonts on a NeXT computer for use
+at 400 dpi required a \mf\ run of over 37 hours.%
+%Normally the fontmaking process attempts to generate one font at a time. The \mf\ source code
+%files for the fonts occupied 17 megabytes of disk space when all were 
+%stored.
+\footnote{\dag}{If one looks at the simple-minded brute-force \mf\ code
+which the \pmJ\ fonts use, one may roughly estimate that a staggering number
+of computations (probably even more than eight) are needed to emulate a dot-matrix font through this method.
+There might, indeed, be a better way to do it.  On the other hand, Pac-Man worldwide
+has consumed several hundred million times the number of CPU cycles consumed
+by compiling \pmJ\ fonts, so we are not exactly talking about wasting a scarce
+resource, are we?
+
+Some of you thought I was going to slam NeXTs here, didn't you?  I'm not that kind of guy.}  You will not ordinarily wish to make up the fonts more
+than once, assuming a relative absence of masochism in your personality makeup, nor will you probably want to keep the \mf\ source code permanently
+{\it since you can mechanically regenerate it.}  
+\bigskip
+\centerline{How to use \pmJ}
+\medskip
+Assume a text editor capable of editing text in Shift-JIS-encoded
+Japanese characters.  Assume a text editor capable of editing text in ``normal''
+Latin characters.  Use the first text editor to prepare a plain text file
+containing the Japanese text; {\it plain text file} means that there are no
+tricky codes in the text file which are intended to be used only by the
+program that produced the file---``ASCII file'' frequently conveys what we
+mean by ``plain text file'', but by virtue of having encoded Japanese, your
+file will not be ASCII.  Use the second text editor to enter the Latin-letter
+strings providing instructions to \TeX; (if your first text editor is o.k. for
+Latin too, you can continue using it for this step! --- but watch out, the JIS 
+and Shift-JIS encoding schemes have some Latin characters (graphemes) included in the two-byte code
+space: we need ``normal'' Latin (one-byte coded) text).  On a separate line
+before the first line of Japanese, put a line saying ``$\backslash$input pmJ $\backslash$beginJapanese''.\footnote{**}{We {\it really} do need to have the $\backslash$beginJapanese on a line separate from and preceding the first Japanese character 
+to be printed under its control.  Absent strict adherence to this principle all sorts 
+of unJapanese looking things will happen.}
+pmJ.tex is intended to be the name of a file containing the basic set of 
+instructions for \pmJ.  ``$\backslash$beginJapanese'' is a \pmJ-defined magic-word
+signifying that everything until an ``$\backslash$endJapanese'' is to be interpreted
+as Japanese, if possible.  Using whatever text editor you want, incorporate text in
+whatever other language you want.  Other languages will conflict with Japanese in \pmJ\ only if they
+use character codes in the range 160 to 254;  such languages must be separated from
+Japanese by enclosing the Japanese in ``$\backslash$beginJapanese'' ``$\backslash$endJapanese''
+structures.  Create a new last line saying ``$\backslash$bye''.  Put a blank line
+between paragraphs in the text, and use any other \TeX\ commands with which you
+may be familiar to further adorn your text.  Save the file, and say the appropriate
+words to run \TeX\ on your file, preview it, print it, or whatever.  
+
+\centerline{What can go wrong}
+
+Well, for one, you may not have an editor for entering Japanese.  [Sorry; \pmJ\
+has nothing to offer you if you have no way to compose your text].  Or,
+for another, your editor may not use Shift-JIS-encoding.  [Easy: convert your text
+to Shift-JIS-encoding!  (How?  That's not my problem; or, to be a {\it little} more gracious
+about it, there are some converters out there, see if you can find one $\ldots$)  There is a converter TO\_SJIS
+to translate from NEC, NEW-JIS and OLD-JIS (as described below) to what we want; this converter should be
+included with pmJ.  There are other encoding schemes, however, of which TO\_SJIS knows nothing].
+You may not know ``any other \TeX\ commands with which you
+may further adorn your text''\footnote{\S}{Careful study will reveal this phrase to be a direct
+quotation of nothing except itself.}  [So take a class].  Something else
+goes wrong. [Fix it].  You don't have a copy of \pmJ\null.  [Get one].
+
+\centerline{How to get \pmJ}
+
+From a friend is good.  If you have no friend who has \pmJ\ and is prepared to make
+a copy for you $\ldots$ (that was supposed to be phrased as delicately as possible) 
+$\ldots$ you may get it through an {\it Established Channel}.  There are a number
+of ``\TeX\ distributions'' which may elect to incorporate \pmJ\ in their offerings
+of \TeX\ and \TeX-related software.  You will very likely be able to get a copy
+from the NWCSC, distributors of \TeX\ for Unix systems; they will have to charge you
+a fee, however, as even though they are non-profit they still have to pay their employees, pay phone bills, and all
+the rest of the drag with which I am sure you are familiar.  You might also be able to get it
+electronically and free-of-charge via {\bf ftp} from some place or other, but I
+couldn't tell you where.  As I write, November 30, 1990, none of these alternatives which I
+have suggested will actually work, and there is no way that you can get \pmJ\ short
+of enrolling in a course of study at the University of Washington, or you have a friend
+who has done so, or you make me a really attractive offer.
+
+\centerline{Are we really going to show any Japanese or what?}
+\beginJapanese
+Well, o.k.!  Included below are extracts from 
+{\it Electronic Transfer of Japanese} by Ken R. Lunde [klunde@vms.macc.wisc.edu  or  klunde@wiscmacc].
+It discusses some of the varieties of encoding Japanese as alluded to above.
+If for some reason discernable to neither of us you are reading this and are
+as unfamiliar with computer representations of Japanese as I am, the text will
+be informative in its own right, entirely apart from serving as an example of Japanese.  
+
+\centerline{PART 3: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE THREE 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES}
+ 
+(KANJI-IN will be abbreviated KI; KANJI-OUT, KO)
+{\tt
+\newskip\superskip\tabskip=\superskip
+\halign to \hsize{#\hfil\tabskip=0pt & \quad #\hfil & \quad #\hfil & \quad #\hfil\tabskip=\superskip\cr 
+                 & KI       & KO (JIS-ROMAN) & KO (ASCII)\cr
+\cr
+NEW-JIS (1983)   & $<$ESC$>$\$B  & $<$ESC$>$(J        & $<$ESC$>$(B\cr
+OLD-JIS (1978)   & $<$ESC$>$\$@  & $<$ESC$>$(J        & $<$ESC$>$(B\cr
+NEC CODE         & $<$ESC$>$K   & $<$ESC$>$H         &   n/a\cr}
+}% end \tt
+ 
+NOTE \#1: The difference between KO (JIS-ROMAN) and KO (ASCII) is very minor.
+Also, most terminals can emulate only one of the KO character sets no matter
+which one it receives. For example, NINJA TERM (PDS) by Michiharu Ariza from
+SRA only emulates KO-ASCII.
+ 
+NOTE \#2: The difference between NEW-JIS and OLD-JIS is not significant.
+ 
+     The most commonly used code in Japan for communication is the NEW-JIS.
+NEC CODE is the least used.
+ 
+     The KI escape sequence tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as
+two-bytes per character. KO, on the other hand, tells Japanese terminals to
+treat what follows as one-byte per character (back to JIS-ROMAN or ASCII).
+ 
+     A two-byte per character coding system using 7-bit bytes (ASCII) can
+encode up to 16,384 characters (128 by 128); however, the Japanese only use
+the 94 printable ASCII codes in their matrix, so it can only encode a maximum
+of 8,836 characters (94 by 94).
+ 
+     The NEW-JIS Japanese code includes 6,877 standard characters; 6,353 KANJI
+in 2 levels (level 1: 2,965 KANJI arranged by ON reading; level 2: 3,388 KANJI
+arranged by radical), 86 KATAKANA, 83 HIRAGANA, 10 numerals, 52 English
+characters, 147 symbols, 66 Russian characters, 48 Greek characters, and 32
+line elements (for making charts). This was established in 1983.
+ 
+ 
+PART 4: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODE REPRESENTATIONS
+ 
+(This section contains Japanese text which can be read using appropriate
+software and hardware.)
+
+{\tt
+\halign to \hsize{#\hfil\tabskip=0pt & #\hfil\tabskip=\superskip\cr 
+JAPANESE TEXT:                   これは日本語の文章です。\cr
+(ROMANIZED:               KO RE WA NI HON GO NO BUN SHOU DE SU .\cr
+RAW CODE (NO ESCAPE CODES)       \${}3\${}l\${}OF|K$\backslash$8l\${}NJ8$>$O\${}9!\#\cr
+NEW-JIS:                  $<$ESC$>$\${}B\${}3\${}l\${}OF$\vert$K$\backslash$8l\${}NJ8$>$O\${}G\${}9!\#$<$ESC$>$(J\cr
+OLD-JIS:                  $<$ESC$>$\${}@\${}3\${}l\${}OF$\vert$K$\backslash$8l\${}NJ8$>$O\${}G\${}9!\#$<$ESC$>$(J\cr
+NEC CODE:                  $<$ESC$>$K\${}3\${}l\${}OF$\vert$K$\backslash$8l\${}NJ8$>$O\${}G\${}9!\#$<$ESC$>$H\cr}
+}% end \tt
+ 
+     Notice the correspondences between the ASCII characters and Japanese
+characters, namely that two ASCII characters represent one Japanese
+character; hence, Japanese characters consist of two bytes. For example, the
+HIRAGANA sysmbol for ``RE" is represented by the two ASCII characters ``\${}" and
+``l".
+ 
+     The following paragraphs are Japanese text represented in each of the
+three major Japanese codes. If you are using a Japanese terminal, then you
+can view the Japanese text using the procedures found in later sections of
+this report.
+ 
+NEW-JIS: (KANJI-IN: ``$<$ESC$>$\${}B"; KANJI-OUT: ``$<$ESC$>$(J")
+ 
+　日本語の一文字を７ビット×２バイトのコードで表現する方法には新ＪＩＳ、旧
+ＪＩＳ、ＮＥＣ漢字の三種類があります。これらのコードを用いた文章では日本語
+の前後に漢字イン、漢字アウトという二つのエスケープ・シーケンスを使用するこ
+とにより、その中が日本語であることを示します。
+ 
+OLD-JIS: (KANJI-IN: ``$<$ESC$>$\${}@"; KANJI-OUT: ``$<$ESC$>$(J")
+ 
+　日本語の一文字を７ビット×２バイトのコードで表現する方法には新ＪＩＳ、旧
+ＪＩＳ、ＮＥＣ漢字の三種類があります。これらのコードを用いた文章では日本語
+の前後に漢字イン、漢字アウトという二つのエスケープ・シーケンスを使用するこ
+とにより、その中が日本語であることを示します。
+ 
+NEC CODE: (KANJI-IN: ``$<$ESC$>$K"; KANJI-OUT: ``$<$ESC$>$H")
+ 
+　日本語の一文字を７ビット×２バイトのコードで表現する方法には新ＪＩＳ、旧
+ＪＩＳ、ＮＥＣ漢字の三種類があります。これらのコードを用いた文章では日本語
+の前後に漢字イン、漢字アウトという二つのエスケープ・シーケンスを使用するこ
+とにより、その中が日本語であることを示します。
+ 
+ 
+PART 5: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES
+ 
+     These codes cannot be used reliably in the US since 7-bit paths will strip
+off the 8th bit leaving garbage. These codes are used primarily for internal
+processing of Japanese. The names in the parentheses below are other names for
+the same code (i.e., SHIFT-JIS is also called MS-KANJI).
+ 
+     EXAMPLES:     SHIFT-JIS (MS KANJI)  EUC (AT&T JIS)
+ 
+SHIFT-JIS:
+ 
+     The two-byte 8-bit Japanese code's implementation is quite unlike that
+for the two-byte 7-bit code as was described above. I will explain how
+the two-byte 8-bit code works for the sake of completeness. The two-byte-per-
+character mode is initiated when the Japanese terminal receives a character
+from the ASCII 8-bit extension (i.e., any printable from 128-255).
+This character will be treated as the first byte of an expected two-byte
+sequence. The following character, which may be ANY printable ASCII character
+(including those in the 8-bit extension), is treated as the second byte
+to complete the two-byte sequences. In summary, the first byte in the two-byte
+8-bit Japanese code must be a character which is part of the
+8-bit extension (value 128-255), and the second byte can be ANY
+character. The main difference is that the two-byte 8-bit Japanese code
+does not use KANJI-IN or KANJI-OUT escape sequences to shift to and from the
+two-byte-per-character mode; the two-byte 7-bit code as was discussed above
+does implement KANJI-IN and KANJI-OUT escape sequences.
+ 
+\noindent[End of Lunde extract.]
+
+\endJapanese
+If a little is good, let's try some more!
+
+\input jtexsamp
+\bye